Discourse analysis-5.5-5.9

Đỗ Thị Thanh Lài B1201267Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Mỹ Trang B1201287Lê Thị Huế Trâm B1201364Lâm Thị Ngọc Mỹ B1201272

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Group 8

Content 1. Transactions and topics2. Interactional and transactional talk3. Stories, anecdotes, jokes4. Other spoken discourse types5. Speech and grammar

1.1 TRANSACTIONS

-Transaction: Manage the longer stretches of talk.-Boundary makers marking out openings and closings in conversation.- Examples: Right, now, so, okay,…

Hello, what’s new?, Anyway I must go...

Task-based learning: A task is an acrivity where the target language is used by the learner for a communicative purpose in order to achieve an out come.

+Task: How to arrange a room for a school open day.

+Description: Dividing class into groups, each group has to discuss to decide where they put the furniture for the classroom and what extra furniture will be needed then they write a note to the school caretaker.=> During their discussion, they employ opening and closing boundary markers.

1.1 TRANSACTIONS

A: Now (high key)... Where shall we have the table?B: On the right corner.A: Okay. And the projector should be on the left of the black board.C: All right (low key).

An example conversation:

=> Generating the natural use of transaction markers.

Topping-and-tailing activity:

+ The beginning+ the ending sentences are removed => a “middle” dialogue.

+ Students then discuss dialogue to add the beginning and ending sentences => they meet & talk, then apart.

=> The activity generates: greeting (opening markers), leave-taking (closing marker).

1.1 TRANSACTIONS

• What is a topic? Topics as stretches of talk bounded by certain

topic and/or transaction markers. Topic as titles for the 'subject matter’of speech

events. Topics can be the reason for talk.

1.2 TOPICS

Example of speaking topically

Example A: When did you last speak to Jan?B: I’m not sure. About a week ago. Why?A: I’ve heard from C that she has got engaged /…/

(participant A provides the reason)

1.2. TOPICS

=> What is a sub-topic?A subject that forms part of a topic.

1.2. TOPICS

• Sub-topic

• Look at example 5.13 page 132• Define topic and sub-topic

• Topic-shift is a point in discourse at which the topic is shifted from one to another.

• Some types of topic-shifts:– A shift to a new topic related to the previous

following a pause.– A gradual topic shift during a longer

monologue.– A shift caused by entering of a new participant+ Topic shifts occur in the vicinity of short

silences, indicated by’…..’ in the transcript.

2. TOPICS

The interactive features of topicsThe use of marker:- Opening topics ( by the way, incidentally, I meant to ask you, talking of X)- Closing topics( still, anyway, so there we are)

- Summarizing a stretch of talk(sounds awful, it was all rather unsettling, quite strange, really)

1.2. TOPICS

2. Interactional talk

Transactional talk

Talk focuses more about how the SPEAKERS relate to each other, than what they are talking about.

Talk focuses more on INFORMATION, than on the relationship between the speakers.

Create social interaction (relationship)(Ex: Greeting, small talk and chit chat, recounting recent experiences, compliments)

+ Giving and receiving information (Ex: Asking for directions, describing how to use some thing...)+Getting goods and services (business) (Ex: Checking in a hotel, buying something in a store...)

Reflects speakers’ identity Making the listeners understandcompletely

Unpredictable Predictable

In the transactional of setting, people often engage in interactional talk.Ex1: At the chemist’s shop:Customer: Can you give me a strong pankiller for an abscess //, or else a suide note.Asisstant: (laughing) Oh dear! Well, we’ve got… Successful conversation

Ex2: A universty porter registering some newly arrived students at their campus accommodation:Porter: So,Foti… and Spampina….(writes their names), are you

Italians? // I’m study Italian Art, only part time, of course, I love it, I love Italian Art.Asisstant: (looking bewildered) Excuse me?… Broken conversation

3. INTERACTION & TRANSACTION TALK

According to Belton (1988): In language teaching:

+ Overemphasize transactional language

=> interactional language is limited => Should balance between the two.

+Solution: Service encounter role play, listening activities.

3. INTERACTION & TRANSACTION TALK

- The telling of stories, anecdotes, jokes and

other kinds of narratives are engaged in almost

conversation.

-The ability to tell a good story or joke is a

highly regarded talent, probably in all cultures.

4. STORIES, ANECDOTES, JOKES

-Abstract (optional): short statement of what the story is

going to be about (It was an unhappy love story)

-Orientation: time, place and characters. (It happened in her

early twenties when she was a university student)

-Complicating event: the main event that make the story

happen. (She came to know her lover’s betrayal)

-Resolution: how the events end. (She dumped him)

-Coda (optional): a bridge between the story world and the

telling moment. (Since then, she no longer believes in men.)

Evaluation

Labov model of narrative


Þ Expecting a learner to tell a decent story in L2 is a tall order

-Jokes are particularly difficult to tell in an L2. However,

awareness of narrative skills can be raised by observing, teaching

and practicing.

- Some common openers and regularly occurring markers for

complicating events. (page 139)

- Evaluation (comments on the event) is added to the basic story


When looking at real data, it is noticeable that:

-Stories are often told collaboratively, by more than one

person.

-Listeners are active, constantly reacting (usually with back-

channel responses) to the narrative and ask questions that

filled out unspecified detail.


-Look at extract 5.17, page 139:

+ A and B are collaboratively telling a series of

stories to C

+ C reacts by using back-channel responses

‘yeah’, ‘God’, ‘good God,…’, ‘well, well, great,

yeah.’, and asking questions ‘You went right

round the city.’, ‘Yeah, what was that?’


What difficulties do learners have when telling or listening to

stories?

=> Moment-by-moment lexico-grammatical encoding at clause

level => Lower-level learners get the bare facts of stories with

little evaluation.See extract 5.18, page 140

+ A had a real-life accident told to B.

+ B listened to the story without having any back-channel

response. B only asked questions for more details as

instructed


situation*Information

&Instruction

Ending

A typical three-phase structure

5. OTHER SPOKEN DISCOURE TYPES

A: Excuse me? Please tell me how do I get to the post

office?B: Are you coming by car or by bus?A: I am coming by car.B: Ok from here you take the second

right. Then go along the supermarket you will see the post office on the right

A: Would you draw me a map, please? I don't know the area.

B: yes. A : Thank you so much.B: You are welcome.

Situation

Information &

Instruction

Ending

At the traffic light

• Spoken data contain forms that would be considered ungrammatical in writing.

• Such “mistakes” occur frequently in natural talk

• Some common grammatical mistakes in speech :verbless clause, ellipses, lack of concord, false starts, slips of the tongue , changes of direction midstream…

6. SPEECH AND GRAMMAR

Definition of verbless clause: A clause-like construction in which a verb element is implied but not present. Such clauses are usually adverbial, and the omitted verb is a form of be.Verbless clause example:1. John believes the prisoner innocent.Þ John believes the prisoner TO BE innocent. (a reduced version of the to-infinitive clause) 2. He considered the girl a good student.=> He considered the girl IS a good student. (the omitted verb to be)


Definition of ellipsis - Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader. - Ellipsis clause (also known as an elliptical expression or elliptical clause).

Examples: 1. How do you feel? Very happy! => ( I feel very happy)2. Bill couldn’t hear you, I could .=> Bill couldn’t hear you, I could hear you.


DefinitionAgreement or concord happens when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates.

Lack of concord ( subject- verb agreement) examples: 1. Each of the divers have an oxygen tank.Þ Each of the divers has an oxygen tank.2. There are a unicorn in the garden.=> There is a unicorn in the garden.


False starts examples: 1. Someone is shown a picture and asked to describe it.

He or she says:"This is a picture of a…of an ice skater, you know.“ ( wrong article)

2. She...er, "he" was late. (wrong sex)3. Sally...no, it was Mary who blushed. (wrong

name/person)

DefinitionFalse starts are when you start to say something then quickly change your mind and never finish saying it.


Slips of tounge examples:- A sound error: "flower pot," one says "power flot.“- - A morpheme error: "self-destruct instruction," one

says, "self-instruct destruction.“- - Word errors: "reading a book to my dog," one says,

"reading a dog to my book."

6. SPEECH AND GRAMMARDefinition of Slips of tounge :A mistake in speaking, usually trivial( not important), sometimes amusing.These types include sound errors, morpheme errors, and word errors.

REFERENCES http://www.professorjackrichards.com/teaching-

speaking-interactional-versus-transactional-purposes/http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/

verblessclauseterm.htm

http://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=67236 (pdf)

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/sliptongueterm.htm

http://mercercognitivepsychology.pbworks.com/w/page/33015683/Slip-of-the-Tongue%20Errors

Discourse analysis-5.5-5.9

Education

Transcript of Discourse analysis-5.5-5.9