INu mc ch, ngha ca cng tc bo h lao ng

1.1 MT S KHI NIM C BN:

1.1.1 Lao ng

Lao ng ca con ngi l mt s c gng bn trong v bn ngoi thng qua mt gi tr no to nn nhng sn phm tinh thn, nhng ng lc v nhng gi tr vt cht cho cuc sng con ngi, th gii quan lao ng c ghi nhn bi nhng nh hng khc nhau, nhng iu kin v nhng yu cu:

-V x hi: iu kin chnh tr, php lut, x hi v kinh t-V k thut: Qu trnh k thut, s trao i k thut, k thut an ton, k thut lao ng

-V khoa hc: Khoa hc y hc, khoa hc php lut, khoa hc kinh t, khoa hc lao ng.

-V th trng: Nhu cu lao ng, iu kin th trng, th trng lao ng.

V mi trng: V tr, s lan truyn, nh sng, ting n,...

Lao ng c thc hin trong mt h thng lao ng v n c th hin vic s dng nhng tri thc v khoa hc an ton.

1.1.2 Khoa hc lao ng

Khoa hc lao ng l mt h thng phn tch s sp xp th hin nhng iu kin k thut, t chc v x hi ca qu trnh lao ng vi mc ch t hiu qu cao.

Phm vi thc tin ca khoa hc lao ng l:

Bo h lao ng l nhng bin php phng trnh hay xa b nhng nguy him cho con ngi trong qu trnh lao ng.

T chc thc hin lao ng l nhng bin php m bo li gii ng n thng qua vic ng dng nhng tri thc v k thut an ton cng nh m bo pht huy hiu qu ca h thng lao ng.

Kinh t lao ng l nhng bin php khai thc v nh gi nng sut v phng din kinh t, chuyn mn, con ngi v thi gian.

Qun l lao ng l nhng bin php chung ca x nghip pht trin, thc hin nh gi s lin quan ca h thng lao ng.

1.1.3 iu kin lao ngiu kin lao ng l tng th cc yu t k thut, t chc lao ng, kinh t x hi, t nhin th hin qua qu trnh cng ngh, cng c lao ng, i tng lao ng, mi trng lao ng, nng lc ca ngi lao ng v s tc ng qua li gia cc yu t to iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh hot ng ca con ngi trong qu trnh lao ng sn xut.

iu chng ta quan tm l cc yu t biu hin iu kin lao ng c nh hng nh th no n sc khe v tnh mng ca con ngi.

c th lm tt cng tc bo h lao ng, cn phi nh gi c cc yu t iu kin lao ng, c bit l phi pht hin v x l c cc yu t khng thun li e da n an ton v sc khe ngi lao ng trong qu trnh lao ng. Cc yu t nh hng n iu kin lao ng bao gm:

My, thit b cng c

Nh xng

Nng lng, nguyn vt liu

i tng lao ng

Ngi lao ng

Yu t t nhin: nh sng, nhit , ting n, cao, su,...

Yu t kinh t, vn ha x hi lin quan n trng thi tm l ngi lao ng.

Trong cc iu kin lao ng khng thun li c chia ra 2 loi chnh:

Nhng yu t gy chn thng Tai nn lao ng

Nhng yu t c hi n sc khe Gy bnh ngh nghip nh gi, phn tch iu kin lao ng cn phi tin hnh nh gi, phn tch ng thi trong mi quan h tc ng qua li ca tt c cc yu t ni trn.

1.1.4 Cc yu t nguy him v c hi

Trong mt iu kin lao ng c th, bao gi cng xut hin cc yu t vt cht c nh hng xu, nguy him, c nguy c gy tai nn hoc bnh ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng, ta gi l cc yu t gy nguy him v c hi, c th l :

Yu t vt l: Nhit , m, ting n, rung ng, cc bc x c hi, bi,...

-Yu t ha hc: cc cht c, cc loi hi, kh, bi c, cc cht phng x,...

-Yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt: cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng, cn trng, ng vt c nc c,...

-Yu t khng hp l ni lm vic: cao, thp, cht hp, sng ti, mt v sinh,...

-Cc yu t khng thun li v tm l,...

1.1.5 Tai nn lao ng

Tai nn lao ng l nhng chn thng xy ra c th gy t vong hoc gy tn thng cho bt k b phn chc nng no ca c th ngi lao ng, trong qu trnh ngi lao ng ang thc hin cng vic hoc nhim v lao ng.

Nhim c t ngt trong khi lm vic cng l mt dng tai nn lao ng

1.1.6 Bnh ngh nghip

Bnh pht sinh do tc ng ca iu kin lao ng c hi i vi ngi lao ng c gi l bnh ngh nghip. Bnh bi phi Xilicoza, ngtrico thng c ngnh than, khai thc khong sn, ha dt,... Bnh nng tai do lm vic nhng ni c n cao hoc c th gy ic.

2.Nu mc ch, ngha ca cng tc bo h lao ngmc ch:

m bo an ton thn th NL, hn ch n mc thp nht, hoc khng xy ra tai nn, chn thng, gy tn ph hoc t vong trong L.-Bo m NL mnh khe, khng b mc bnh ngh nghip hoc cc bnh tt khc do KL gy ra.

Bi dng phc hi kp thi v duy tr sc khe, kh nng lao ng cho ngi lao ng.. ngha chnh tr:

Bo h lao ng th hin quan im coi con ngi va l ng lc, va l mc tiu ca s pht trin. Vai tr ca con ngi trong x hi c tn trng.

ngha x hi

Bo h lao ng l chm lo i sng, hnh phc NL. BHL l yu cu thit thc ca cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, ng thi l yu cu, l nguyn vng chnh ng ca ngi lao ng

BHL m bo cho x hi trong sng, lnh mnh, mi ngi lao ng c sng khe mnh, lm vic c hiu qu cao v c v tr xng ng trong x hi, lm ch x hi, lm ch thin nhin, lm ch khoa hc k thut.

Tai nn lao ng khng sy ra, sc khe lao ng c m bo th Nh nc v x hi s gim bt c nhng tn tht trong vic khc phc hu qu v tp trung u t cho cc cng trnh phc li x hi.

ngha Kinh t

Thc hin tt cng tc bo h lao ng s em li li ch kinh t r rt.

Trong sn xut nu NL c bo v tt, c sc khe, khng b m au bnh tt, iu kin lm vic thai ma, khng nm np lo s b TNL, mc BNN th s an tm, phn khi sn xut; Phn u c ngy cng, gi cng cao; Phn u nng cao nng sut lao ng v nng cao cht lng sn phm, ghp phn hon thnh tt k hoch sn xut cng tc. Do vy phc li tp th c tng ln, c thm nhng iu kin ci thin i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca NL v tp th lao ng. NN tch cc bo m on kt ni b v y mnh sn xut.

Ngc li, mi trng lm vic qu xuTL, m au xy ra nhiu s gy nhiu kh khn cho sn xut.

Ngi b TNL, m au phi ngh vic cha tr, ngy cng L s gim, nu nhiu NLng b tn ph, mt sc L th ngai vic kh nng L ca h s gim, sc lao ng ca x hi v th cng gim st; X hi cn phi lo vic chm sc cha tr v cc chnh sch x hi khc lin quan.

Chi ph bi thng tai nn lao ng, m au, iu tr ma chay,... l rt ln, ng thi ko theo nhng chi ph ln do my mc, nh xng, nguyn vt liu b h hng.

-TNL, au m xy ra d t hay nhiu u dn ti s thit hi v ngi v ti sn, gy tr ngi cho sn xut. V vy, quan tm thc hin tt cng tc BHL l th hin quan im ng n v SX . SX phi an ton An ton SX An ton l hnh phc ca ngi lao ng; l K m bo cho SX pht trin v em li hiu qu kinh t cao.

3) Nu cc tnh cht ca BHL:-Tnh php lut

k thut: Quy phm, quy trnh, tiu chun k thut an ton. t chc, trch nhim v chnh sch, ch BHL u l nhng vn bn php lut bt buc mi ngi c trch nhim phi tun theo, nhm bo v sinh mng, ton vn thn th v sc khe NL.

Mi vi phm tiu chun k thut an ton, tiu chun v sinh L trong qu trnh L sn xut u l nhng hnh vi vi phm php lut v BHL.

c bit vi quy phm v tiu chun k thut an ton c tnh cht bt buc rt cao, n m bo tnh mng ca NL, v khng th chm chc hoc h thp. Cc yu cu v bin php quy nh, i hi phi c thi hnh nghim chnh, v n lun lin quan n tnh mng con ngi v ti sn quc gia.

-tnh khoa hc cng ngh

BHL gn lin vi sn xut, KHKT v bo h gn lin vi khoa hc cng ngh sn xut.

NL sn xut trc tip trong dy chuyn phi chu nh hng ca bi, ca hi, kh c, ting n, s rung sc ca my mc, ... v nhng nguy c c th xy ra TNL. Mun khc phc c nhng nguy him , khng c cch no khc l p dng cc bin php khoa hc, cng ngh.

Khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng l khoa hc tng hp da trn tt c cc thnh tu ca cc mn khoa hc c bn nh: C, L, Ha, Sinh, ... v bao gm tt c cc ngnh nh C kh, in, M, Xy dng...

Mun thc hin tt cng tc BHL phi t chc nghin cu KHKT.BHL gn lin vi vic nghin cu trin ci tin trang b, ci tin k thut cng ngh sn xut. cc c s sn xut, nhng vn k thut an ton, ci thin iu kin lm vic... cn c a vo chng trnh tin b k thut, cng ngh huy ng ng o cn b v NL tham gia.

Cng tc BHL ph thuc rt ln vo trnh cng ngh sn xut ca x hi.

Trnh cng ngh sn xut pht trin cng vi nn kinh t pht trin s ghp phn to ra cc KL ngy mt tt hn

Thc cht s tin b ca KHCN chnh l vic s dng my mc thay th L sng bng L qu kh. trnh cao ca k thut, cng ngh sn xut l t ng ha, tng hp cc qu trnh sn xut v s dng ngi my cng nghip. Nh vy qa trnh pht trin k thut, cng ngh sn xut chnh l din ra qu trnh thay i v cht L ca con ngi .L ca con ngi dn c gim nh, tin ti loi b iu kin L nguy him v c hi.

tnh qun chng

Qun chng L trc tip thc hin quy phm, quy trnh v cc bin php k thut an ton, ci thin iu kin lm vic,... V vy ch c qun chng t gic thc hin th mi ngn nga c tai nn L v bnh ngh nghip.

NL,thng xuyn v trc tip lm vic, tip xc vi qu trnh sn xut, my mc, thit b v i tng lao ng.Chnh l ngi pht hin nhng yu t nguy him v c hi trong sn xut. T c th xut cc bin php gii quyt hoc t mnh gii quyt, phng nga TNLv bnh ngh nghip.

T , cng tc BHL cho php ta huy ng mt cch ng b cc bin php KHKT, cng ngh; Vn ng, t chc qun chng kt hp vi vic thc hin cc bin php v lut php, nhm nng cao nhn thc, trch nhim v cng tc BHL, mang li hiu qu hot ng ca cng tc BHL ngy cng tt hn.

Cng tc BHL s t hiu qu tt khi mi cp qun l, mi ngi s dng L v NL t gic v tch cc thc hin.

4) Nhng ni dung ch yu ca cng tc bo h lao ng:

. K thut an ton(KTAT)KTAT l h thng cc bin php v phng tin v t chc v KT nhm phng nga s tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him trong SX i vi NL.

t c mc ch phng nga tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him trong sn xut i vi NL, phi qun trit cc bin php ngay t khi thit k, xy dng hoc ch to thit b my mc, cc qu trnh cng ngh. Trong qu trnh hot ng SX phi thc hin ng b cc bin php v t chc, k thut, s dng cc thit b an ton v cc thao tc lm vic an ton thch ng.

Tt c cc bin php c quy nh c th ti cc quy phm, tiu chun cc vn bn khc v lnh vc k thut an ton.

Ni dung k thut an ton ch yu bao gm nhng vn sau y:

Xc nh vng nguy him

Xc nh bin php v qun l, t chc v thao tc lm vic m bo an ton.

S dng cc thit b an ton thch ng: Thit b che chn, thit b phng nga, thit b bo him, bo hiu, trang b bo v c nhn...

2 V sinh lao ng

V sinh lao ng l h thng cc bin php v phng tin v t chc v k thut nhm phng nga s tc ng ca cc yu t c hi trong sn xut i vi ngi lao ng. ngn nga s tc ng ca cc yu t c hi phi tin hnh mt lot cc bin php cn thit. Trc ht phi nghin cu s pht sinh v tc ng ca cc yu t c hi i vi c th con ngi, trn c s xc nh tiu chun gii hn cho php ca cc yu t trong mi trng lao ng, xy dng cc bin php v sinh lao ng.

Ni dung ch yu ca v sinh lao ng bao gm:

Xc nh khong cch an ton v sinh lao ng

Xc nh cc yu t c hi v sc khe

Bin php v t chc, tuyn truyn, gio dc thc v kin thc v v sinh lao ng, theo di qun l sc khe, tuyn dng lao ng.

Bin php v snh hc, v sinh c nhn, v sinh mi trng.

Cc bin php v k thut v sinh: K thut thng gi, iu ha nhit , chng bi, kh c, k thut chng ting n v rung sc, k thut chiu sng, k thut chng bc x, in t trng...

Cc bin php k thut v sinh phi c qun trit ngay t khu thit k, xy dng cc cng trnh nh xng, t chc ni sn xut, thit k ch to cc my mc, thit b qu trnh cng ngh.

Trong qu trnh sn xut phi thng xuyn theo di s pht sinh cc yu t c hi, thc hin cc bin php b sung lm gim cc yu t c hi, m bo tiu chun v sinh cho php.

.3 Chnh sch, ch bo h lao ng

Cc chnh sch, ch bo h lao ng ch yu bao gm: cc bin php kinh t x hi, t chc qun l v c ch qun l cng tc bo h lao ng.

Cc chnh sch, ch nhm m bo s dng sc lao ng hp l khoa hc; Bi dng phc hi sc lao ng, thi gi lm vic, thi gi ngh ngi

Cc chnh sch, ch bo h lao ng nhm bo m thc y vic thc hin cc bin php k thut an ton, bin php v v sinh lao ng nh ch trch nhim ca cn b qun l, ca t chc b my lm cng tc bo h lao ng, k hoch ha cng tc bo h lao ng, cc ch v tuyn truyn hun luyn, ch thanh tra, kim tra ch v khai bo, iu tra, thng k, bo co tai nn lao ng...

Nhng ni dung ca cng tc bo h lao ng k trn l rt ln. Bao gm nhiu cng vic thuc nhiu lnh vc cng tc khc nhau. Hiu c ni dung ca cng tc bo h lao ng s gip cho ngi qun l cao trch nhim v c bin php t chc thc hin cng tc bo h lao ng t kt qu tt nht

5) tai nn lao ng hay xy ra trong nh my, phn xng c kh, nu nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc:1.Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng: Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tai nn lao ng

Tai nn lao ng trong sn xut cc nh my v phn xng c kh do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, nhng c th tp trung ch yu do nguyn nhn sau:

1. Nguyn nhn do thit k

My mc, dng c thit b khi khng m bo cc iu kin k thut, thiu bn c hc cn thit nn trong qu trnh s dng pht sinh h hng, iu c th gy ra s c mt an ton. Chng hn my tin khng m bo n nh khi quay vi tc cao, gy rung ng ln dn n dao n su vo vt gia cng, c th lm bung phi ra khi my, gy nn tai nn lao ng 2.Nguyn nhn do ch to

Nu c mt chi tit hay cm chi tit ch to sai, khng ng vi thit k, trong qu trnh s dng c th gy ra mt an ton. Chng hn khi ch to c cu an ton trong chuyn ng chy dc ca bn my mi, do chi tit thanh gt ch to sai nn c cu khng ngt chuyn ng ng v tr, iu lm cho mi va vo chi tit mi hay c cu khc ca my, gy v mi, xy ra mt an ton cho ngi v my mc thit b

3Nguyn nhn do bo qun s dng

Cng tc bo qun my khng tt, cht lng my xung cp nhanh, iu cng c th gy ra mt an ton lao ng. Chng hn nu my bo qun khng tt, chi tit b han g, chc nng lm vic mt i, iu s gy s c trong qu trnh lm vic.

S dng my khng ng quy nh, thao tc vn hnh sai l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy ra tai nn lao ng. Mi mt my u c quy trnh vn hnh v nguyn tc s dng nht nh, chng hn trn my tin, khng cho php g vt c chiu di nh ra pha sau trc chnh qu ln, nu khng tun th nguyn tc ny, khi vt gia cng quay vi tc cao, lc li tm ln lm un cong vt, gy va chm vo ngi iu khin my, xy ra vic mt an ton l hin nhin.

4.Nguyn nhn do thiu trang thit b an ton cho ngi v my

trong mi c cu truyn ng ca my, c bit l cc b phn nh bnh rng, dy ai, h thng bng ti rt d gy tai nn lao ng. Thng thng, nhng c cu ny phi c che chn, nu thiu, khi s c th mt phn c th ngi s b cun vo, gy ra tai nn lao ng.

Ngi vn hnh s dng my mc thit b phi c y trang b bo h lao ng m bo an ton. Chng hn khi s dng my mi phi eo knh bo h, nu khng, s c th b bi ht mi bn vo mt, hay khi s dng my tin m khng i giy c th s b phoi ca v chn gy chn thng chy mu.

5.Nguyn nhn do t chc lao ng v iu kin lm vic khng tt

Cng tc t chc lao ng v iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn c nh hng rt ln n nng sut, cht lng sn phm, ng thi n cn nh hng n kh nng xy ra mt an ton. My mc, thit b, dng c, phi liu sp xp mt cch hp l, khong khng gian rng ri s hn ch rt nhiu kh nng mt an ton. c nhiu trng hp dng c khng ng ni quy nh, khi thao tc vng phi lm ri chn gy ra chn thng, hay phi ba bi, gy trt ng vo my ang chy

6 Nguyn nhn do thc t chc, k lut lm vic

Khi ang lm vic i hi ngi vn hnh s dng my phi tp trung tinh thn cao x l mi tnh hung kp thi, nu b my i ni khc hay ni chuyn, a nghch khi ang lm vic c th s dn n tnh trng gy ra s c mt an ton. khng t trng hp khi s dng my dp, do mi ngh vic khc hay ni chuyn vi ngi ngoi m tay vn vng nguy him (vng m chy dp i dp xung ct kim loi) chn iu khn cho my hot ng gy t ngn tay

Ngoi nhng nguyn nhn k trn cn c nhng nguyn nhn khc nh tnh trng sc khe ca ngi vn hnh iu khin my. Khi sc kho yu, mt mi do i, do lm vic ko di hay do lm qu sc, sc khe gim st, thiu ng, thn kinh khng tnh to s lm thao tc mt chun xc, gy ra mt an ton

2 Cc gii php k thut an ton:

a) Phng hng chung

Bin php u tin hng u l tm cch xa mi nguy him ngun xut hin cng nh gim thiu ngun nng lng ca h thng c th to ra mi nguy him, phng hng chung thng thng qua mt s bin php sau:

- S dng cc phng tin lm vic khc hay phng php gia cng khc, chng hn thay cho vic di chuyn vt nng dng sc ngi bng phng tin vn chuyn

- S dng cc phng tin lm vic c c cu an ton nh h thng c, h thng gii hn tc ca my

Thc hin nghim chnh cc bin php an ton theo quy nh

- Trang thit b, dng c kim tra v thng xuyn kim tra cc phng tin lm vic cng nh thc chp hnh ca ngi lao ng v cng tc an ton

b) Cc bin php tc thi

1. Hn ch mi nguy him thng qua cc phng tin an ton

Tu thuc vo iu kin cng ngh v t chc trong qu trnh sn xut m s dng cc phng tin an ton khc nhau, cc phng tin an ton ny bao gm cc chc nng c mc tiu r rng, chng hn nh:

- Chc nng ngn nga s c v tnh

V d: bao che, np chn nhng ni c kh nng mt an ton nh cm bnh rng.

- Chc nng iu khin bng tay

Mc ch bt buc ngi th khi mun vn hnh my phi s dng c hai tay mi thc hin c nhm ngn nga tnh trng mt tay vn v tr nguy him m tay kia cho my hot ng

- Chc nng ngn chn sai st

Mc ch nhm hn ch pht sinh s c khi c sai st trong qu trnh vn hnh s dng my mc, thit b v dng c c kh

Nh vy tt c cc phng tin an ton u c chc nng an ton, tuy nhin cng cn phn bit r chc nng an ton tc dng trc tip v gin tip. Chc nng an ton tc dng trc tip l chc nng ca my m thiu st chc nng ca n trc tip lm tng s ri ro gy ra tn thng. Chc nng an ton tc dng gin tip l Chc nng m sai st ca n khng trc tip gy ra nguy him

2. Trang b cc phng tin t hm

Cc phng tin t hm l cc phng tin an ton dng ngn chn cc s c xy ra. Trong my ct gt, phng tin t hm chng lm cc h thng c hnh trnh, van thu lc, r le Chc nng ca h thng ny l khng cho cc chuyn ng tip tc c thc hin khi ngi th v l do no m cha x l kp.

3. Cc bin php bo v k thut

- Trang b bo v tch bit

Chnh l cc b phn hay c cu my c trang b h thng ngn cch khng cho c th tip xc vi nhng ch nguy him nhm loi tr hay hn ch mi nguy him. V d bao che, np y

- Trang b bo v khng tch bit

L nhng trang b nhm loi tr hay hn ch mi nguy him. Chng hn nh ro chn li di chuyn ca cn trc, bin bo tn hiu

Cn lu rng khi s dng cc thit b an ton phi bit r mc ch ca n, ng thi khi chn trang b an ton cn quan tm chung c h thng, trnh tnh trng ch ch n mt b phn v s c gy mt an ton cso th xy ra bt c ch no v khi no

c) Cc bin php v t chc

- iu chnh v t chc xc nh, kim tra v duy tr nh k kim tra thit b

- Ging dy v hng dn v an ton lao ng cho cc i tng lao ng. Mi i tng lao ng u phi c bit, c hiu v cng tc an ton trnh tnh trng khi cha kin thc v cng tc an ton trong lnh vc mnh s lm vic tin hnh cng vic

- Trang b cho an ton cho c nhn

mi cng vic u c nh hng n sc kho, an ton cho ngi lao ng. Trang b an ton c nhn ph hp vi tnh cht cng vic l cn thit. Chng hn, th vn hnh s dng my mc c kh phi c qun o bo h gn gng, trnh n mc li thi d b cun vo cc b phn chuyn ng trong my, hay mang knh bo h phng phoi bn vo mt

- S dng h thng bin bo

H thng bin bo nhm mc ch thng bo, nhc nh thc thc hin cng tc an ton, ch ra cc vng v kh nng nguy him mi ngi bit m trnh xa. Chng hn nh bin bo nguy him ni s c mt an ton c kh nng xy ra, bin bo khng li gn khu vc cu hay cn trc ang hot ng. Khi s dng h thng bin bo cn thc hin nhng yu cu sau:

Mu sc, hnh nh, k hiu phi theo quy nh chung v d nhn bit t xa

ni d nhn thy, ngay trc vng nguy him

Ngoi ra, tng cng kh nng nhn bit ca mi ngi (nht l vi ngi b khim th) cn s dng c h thng bin bo m thanh nh nhc, ci, chung Vi loi tn hiu ny phi m bo m lng ( cng khong 15 dB), tn hiu r rng, khng nhm ln v khng gy nh hng n nhng ni khng cn thit

- Tng cng cng tc kim tra

Cng tc kim tra bao gm: kim tra cc thit b, phng tin, c cu an ton kim tra vic thc hin cc quy nh v an ton. Thng qua vic kim tra nhm mc ch tng cng thc chp hnh k lut v an ton, thay th sa cha cc phng tin, thit b, c cu b hng. Trong phn ln cc v xy ra tai nn lao ng l do thc chp hnh k lut an ton ca ngi lao ng khng tt v do c cu hay thit b an ton mt tc dng

6) Nhng tai nn lao ng hay xy ra khi s dng my tin, nu nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc: 1Cc tai nn lao ng thng xuyn xy ra v nguyn nhn:- Phoi tin bn vo ngi c bit l vo mt gy tn thng. Phoi tin c nhiu loi nh phoi vn, phoi xp, phoi dy, c loi rt sc nn c th ca vo chn, tay gy chn thng chy mu t gn- Tc, khn qung c b qun vo vt gia cng hay mm cp

Nguyn nhn do tc khng gn gng, khng mang m bo h, khn qung khng gn, khi ng thao tc d b cun vo cc c cu quay.

- Vt o hoc tay b qun vo vt gia cng hay trc vt m.

Nguyn nhn do o khng gn gng, tay o khng khuy

- Vt gia cng vng vo ngi

Nguyn nhn do g khng chc chn, tc ct qu cao gy rung ng, lm cho phi ri khi v tr c nh v kp cht

- Vt gia cng un cong qut vo ngi

Nguyn nhn do chiu di vt gia cng nh ra ( dng cng x) khi vu cp hay trc chnh qu di, khi vt quay b cun cong p vo ngi. Thng thng chiu di nh ra pha sau trc chnh 0,5 m.

* Nguyn tc an ton khi s dng my tin

m bo an ton khi s dng my tin cn thc hin nghim chnh cc nguyn tc sau:

Trc khi s dng my

- Trang b y bo h lao ng ( qun, o bo h, giy hoc dp c quai hu, knh bo h) khng s dng gang tay.

- Kim tra my: bao gm cc cng vic:

Kim tra phn in xem c n nh khng? C b r in ra my khng ?

Kim tra h thng du v bm du bi trn xem du c khng? Bm c hot ng tt khng ?

Kim tra cc tay gt, nm iu khin v v tr an ton hay cha?Trong khi s dng

- Khng thay i tc trc chnh hay bc tin sao khi trc chnh cn quay. Mun thay i phi tt my v ch cho trc chnh dng hn mi c thay i. Nghim cm vic dng tay mit vo mm cp lm phanh hm tc trc chnh v d gy t tay

- Vt gia cng phi g ng quy nh v chc chn. Khng dng ng ni ko di tay quay ca cha vn mm cp lm phanh hm tc trc chnh v d gy t tay.

- Vt gia cng phi ng quy nh v chc chn. Khng dng ng ni ko di tay quay ca cha vn mm cp, khng g vt c chiu di nh ra ln qu quy nh, c bit cn ch khi g hay tho phi phi a tay gt tc v v tr an ton (i vi cc my khi ng bng cn gt d b ri lm my chy bt ng gy tai nn)

- Khng vt liu phi, dng c ba bi

- Khng dng tay g phoi. Khi c phoi qun vo phi phi tt my v dng mc mc phoi. C gng chn tc ct v dao c gc b phoi hn ch s xut hin ca phoi dy.

- Khi my ang chy khng b i ni khc v nu xy ra s c khng x l kp thi c.

Ngoi ra, trong tng trng hp gia cng c th s c quy nh ring, v d khi ct ren, tc trc chnh nh phng bn dao x vo mm cp

Sau khi s dng

Sau khi thi lm vic phi v sinh lau my, trc khi lau my cn phi tt in vo my, a tay gt v v tr an ton.

7)Nhng tai nn lao ng hay xy ra khi s dng my phay, nu nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc:

* Cc tai nn lao ng thng xuyn xy ra v nguyn nhn

Tai nan lao ng xy ra trn my phay cng ging nh trn my tin. Tuy nhin, do c im ca my phay l vt gia cng chuyn ng thng , dao ct chuyn ng quay nn c th gy ra mt s tai nn nh sau:

-Kt tay vo bnh rng

Nguyn nhn khi tho, lp bnh rng thay th khng tt my, hay v tr tay gia bnh rng khi xit cht khng ng

-Tay qun vo dao

Nguyn nhn do s dng gng tay cm vo dao m v tnh m my lm dao quay, hay khi my ang chy m dng tay gt phoi gn v tr dao ang ct gt

-Phoi bn vo mt ngi

Nguyn nhn do vt gia cng ngang tm mt, dao phay ct gin an v phi nn phoi ngn, lc vng lm phoi bn ra vi tc cao

-Mnh dao bn vo ngi

Nguyn nhn do mi dao thng lm bng vt liu cng gin, d v, khi tc dao va p mnh vo phi hay bn my lm mnh mi dao v ra vng vo ngi.

* Nguyn tc an ton khi s dng my phay

Nhn chung khi s dng my phay cng nh s dng my tin, tuy nhin do kt cu v nguyn l hot ng ca my phay khc vi my tin, nn m bo an ton cn ch thm mt s vn sau:

- Trang b bo h lao ng y v khng c s dng gng tay

- Khi s dng c cu chy nhanh bn my phi ch khng cho chy ht chiu di hnh trnh phng vt qu gii hn gy g bnh rng hay hng c cu truyn ng.

- Khi tho dao phi c tm g k ln bn my, trnh tnh trng cm g dao v dao ri trc tip ln bn my.

- V tr ng thao tc sao cho phoi khng bn vo ngi gy tai nn

- Khi bnh rng thay th phi tt in vo my phng kt tay vo bnh rng

Khng ly tay trc tip gt phoi trn my c bit khi my ang quay v nh vy d b cun tay vo dao

VII)Nhng tai nn lao ng hay xy ra khi s dng my mi hai , nu nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc:

* Cc tai nn lao ng thng xuyn xy ra v nguyn nhn

mi l dng c ct vi tc cao (V = 30 300m/ giy). Vt liu ch to l nhng ht mi ( nh ct silic, gm, baklit) c dnh kt li vi nhau bng cht kt dnh. c m ca mi l ht mi lun bn ra trong qu trnh mi, d v nn khi s dng my mi hai mi dng c ct thng xuyn xy ra mt s tai nn nh sau:

- Phoi bn vo mt

Bi ht mi cha ha cht gy c cho mt, hn na ht mi thng rt nh, kh tm thy v i khi khng gy cm gic kh chu ngay nn d ch quan nhng hu qu li rt ln. Nhiu trng hp lu gy hng mt

- V vng vo ngi

Nguyn nhn do c rn nt t trc hay do mi vt mng gy kt vo khe h gia v b t lm v . V chuyn ng vi vn tc rt cao nn khi bn vo ngi gy chn thng nguy him. c nhiu trng hp v gy cht ngi

- Qut ngn vo tay

Khi mi v tr tay cm vt mi gn im mi, khi mi s ngn tay chm vo gy mn vt ngn tay chy mu

* Nguyn tc an ton khi s dng my mi

-Khi lp mi

mi trc khi lp phi c m bo nghim ngt v vn chuyn v bo qun, khng c chng ln nhau hay nghing trnh v hay rn nt . Khi mang ra lp phi kim tra xem c b rn nt khng ? Vic kim tra c thc hin bng mt hoc dng c chuyn dng. Mt cch kim tra n gin l cm dng treo ln sau dng ba g nh vo , nghe ting ku phn on xem c b rn nt khng , nu ting ku nh kim loi l c. Tuy nhin, phng php kim tra ny chnh xc khng cao v ph thuc v kinh nghim rt nhiu

Khi lp cn m bo chc chn, ng tm vi trc my cao, khng gy cho b rn nt. Sau khi lp cn kim tra v iu chnh cn bng ca .

Sau khi lp xong cn cho quay vi vn tc cao trong thi gian t 3 n 5 pht xem c hin tng khc thng khng? Nu khng c coi nh m bo yu cu, nu c phi xem xt li, tm ra nguyn nhn chnh li cho ng

V che chn ca mi phi thit k sao cho n c th ngn chn khng cho mi khi v bn ra ngoi. Khe h gia v v che chn nm trong khong 10 15mm. Chiu dy vt liu lm v che chn khng c m Ngoi ra cn lu trong vic chn mi, mi phi ph hp vi vt liu gia cng. Chn mi khng ng gy ra ng sut nhit ln dn n v mi. Gc m ca v che chn chn sao cho nh nht hn ch kh nng gy tai nn khi v

Khi s dng

Trc khi mi phi c knh bo h phng bi bn vo mt v thc hin mt s quy nh an ton sau:

- Kim tra khe h gia v b t khe h khong 2mm n 3mm l c.

- Khi mi khng ng i din vi mi, phi ng chch sang mt bn mi phng khi v th gim kh nng mnh bn vo ngi gy chn thng

- Tay cm vo vt chc chn, khi mi nu vt mi nng ln th phi lm ngui bng nc sau mi mi tip

- Lc t vo va phi v khng c mi vo mt bn ca

- Khng c hai ngi cng mi trn mt vin v nh vy d xy ra tai nn

- Khng c t tp ng ngi xung quanh my mi, c bit hng c th v bn ra

- Khng c mi vt c b dy hn 3mm. Khi vt c b dy nh, vic cm kh chc chn d gy tut tay v kt vo khe h gia v b t lm v

- Sau khi mi xong phi tt my

IX) Nhng tai nn lao ng hay xy ra khi s dng my nng chuyn (cu), nu nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc:

1. Ri ti trng

Xy ra ch yu do nng vt nng qu ti lm t cp nng ti, cp nng cn, cp buc ti C nhiu trng hp do cp qu c, b t nhiu si, kh nng chu ti gam xung nn b t. Nhng cng c trng hp so ngi s dng thit b nng khi nng ti hay khi quay ti b vng vo cc vt xung quanh, lc gi lm cng cp t ngt gy t cp

Ngoi cc nguyn nhn k trn, mt s trng hp ri ti xy ra do c cu phanh, cc hm h hng, mi ni cp khng m bo

Do tnh cht cng vic, mt s cn trc hin nay khng dng c cu mc m dng c cu ht t, hin tng ri vt xy ra do ti qa mc quy nh, b mt tip xc km, in p ca nam chm in gim

2. Sp cn

L s c thng xy ra v gy cht ngi do mi ni cp khng ng k tht, kha cp mt hay hng, c cu phanh, c cu cc hm hng. Cng c trng hp khi nng vt c ti trng ln tm vi xa nht, trng lng vt to nn lc cng cp gi cn ln lm t cp gy s c sp cn

3. cn

Do vng t mt bng lm vic khng n nh, t b ln gy nghing cu, hay do mt bng lm vic c nghing qu mc quy nh, tr cu b nghing. Cng c trng hp khi ang quay ti b vng vo vt xung quanh cng gy cu. Tuy nhin cng c trng hp do gi mnh, khi cu vt ln cao, sc gi lm gia tng nghing c ca tr cu, gy s c cu

4. Tai nn v in

Tai nn v in c th xy ra trong cc trng hp sau:

- Thit b in chm v (cn gi l d in) gy cho ngi vn hnh b in git

- Cn cu chm vo ng dy mang in hay b phng in h quang do vi phm khong cch an ton i vi in cao p

- Thit b c nng ln, sau khi h xung ln ng dy mang in

X)Nhng tai nn lao ng hay xy ra khi s dng my t, dp, ct, cn, nu nguyn nhn v bin php khc phc:

* Cc tai nn lao ng thng xuyn xy ra v nguyn nhn

My t, dp ct, cn thng c tc khng ln nhng cng sut my rt ln. Khi s dng nu khng c bin php an ton tt c th xy ra mt s tai nn nh sau:

- Ct t ngn tay

Nguyn nhn ch yu ca tai nn ny c th do s c my khi ang iu chnh phi my hot ng lm cho chy ct i xung ct vo ngn tay hay do thao tc nhm ln, v tr tay ang ni nguy him cho my hot ng gy mt an ton

- Kp ngn tay, bn tay gia phi v bn my (c th l mt khun)

Nguyn nhn ch yu l do tay cm phi ngay v tr trn mt bn my, khi my lm vic phi xung gy kp tay

- Cun tay vo my cn

y l dng tai nn xy ra ch yu trn my cn, nguyn nhn do s , khng tun th quy nh an ton, v tr tay cm phi khng ng, khi my lm vic ko theo tay vo vng cn gy tai nn

- Ri phi vo chn

Phi s dng trn my t, dp ct, cn thng l phi dng tm c kch thc ln, cng knh nn rt d ri vo chn gy tai nn

Ngoi cc tai nn k trn, trong mt s trng hp khi vt gia cng dng nng (gia cng nng) c th xy ra tai nn bng

* Nguyn tc an ton khi s dng my t, dp ct, cn

T cc tai nn thng xy ra nh ni trn, mc thng tt trong mi trng hp khc nhau t nh n nng, thm ch gay t vong. V vy , khi s dng my cn tun th mt s quy nh v an ton nh sau:

- Phi c y trang b an ton lao ng khi s dng my:

Ngoi qun, o bo h lao ng cn c mt s trang b an ton khc. Chng hn khi s dng my ct, phng ri vt nng vo chn th trang b an ton lao ng cn l loi giy bng da cng, hay khi s dng my cn nng cn c qun o bng si aming cch nhit

- My phi c c cu an ton :

C cu an ton trong tng my c trang b t trc, nhng trong qu trnh s dng, ngi th phi thng xuyn kim tra trnh tnh trng c cu b mt tc dng, gy hu qu nghim trng cho ngi v my

- Khng dng tay trc tip ly sn phm t trong lng khun t, dp

Khi s dng tay ly trc tip sn phm rt d xy ra tai nn cha t, dp hot ng bt ng gy tai nn nh trnh by trn. V vy, cch tt nht l s dng km gp hay que mc ly sn phm

Khi lm vic trn my dp ct cn ch v tr tay cm phi sao cho ph hp, sau khi phi chuyn ra v tr thch hp sao cho khng b kt tay gia phi v bn my v v tr chn ng trnh khng cho sn phm khi ct t ri vo chn

- Khi s dng my cn, phng tay b cun theo phi vo my th phi lun lun ch vo v tr qu cn lm vic, khng s dng gng tay cm trc tip vo phi v nh vy gng tay d mc vo phi v b cn vo my gy nguy him. Tt nht l s dng km cp phi hoc c thanh chn an ton

Khong cch t thanh chn n qu cn ln hn chiu di cnh tay, nh vy trong trng hp nu s th tay cng khng th a vo vng qu cn lm vic

Ngoi ra, khi s dng my cn lm tt cng tc kim tra my v c cu an ton trc khi s dng phng trnh cc kh nng xy ra s c gy mt an ton

XI) Nhng yu cu v an ton i vi thit b chu p lc:1. Thit b chu p lc

Thit b chu p lc l cc thit b dng tin hnh cc qu trnh nhit hc, ha hc, sinh hc, cng nh bo qun, vn chuyn cc mi cht trng thi c p sut nh kh nn, kh ha lng2. Cch phn loi thit b chu p lc

-H p

-Trung p

-Cao p-Siu p

b) Nhng yu t nguy him c trng ca thit b chu p lc

1. Nguy c nThit b chu p lc lm vic trong iu kin p sut bn trong ln hn p sut bn ngoi rt nhiu, do gia chng c xu hng cn bng p sut, gii phng nng lng khi iu kin cho php ( nh bn ca thit b khng m bo, nhit cao l p sut bn trong thit b tng ln, va chm mnh). S gii phng nng lng dn cn bng p sut din ra di dng cc v n. Hin tng n thit b chu p lc ch n thun l n vt l, nhng cng c khi l s kt hp gia hai hin tng n ho hc v n vt l xy ra lin tip trong khong thi gian ngn (v d bnh oxy khi s dng hn, do ngn la hn chy qut v lm chy xy, s chy n ha hc lm p sut trong bnh tng ln t ngt vt qu kh nng chu lc ca thit b dn n n bnh cha gi l n vt l)

N vt l l hin tng ph hy thit b cn bng p sut gia bn trong v ngoi khi p sut mi cht trong thit b vt qu tr s cho php c tnh trc. Nguyn nhn c th do chn sai vt liu ch to thit b , c th do lo ho, do b n mn, hay do hin tng gia tng p sut , do mt c cu no b mt tc dng m ta c th nu ra di y:

- p sut tng khng kim sot c do van an ton khng cn tc dng

- T0 tng do b t nng qu mc, do bc x nhit lm tng p bn trong.

Nguyn nhn t chc

l nguyn nhn lin quan n t chc hot ng s dng thit b chu p lc, n trnh hiu bit ca con ngi trong qu trnh khai thc s dng thit b . S hot ng an ton ca thit b ph thuc vo s hon thin ca my mc nhng ch yu vn da vo trnh ca ngi vn hnh v thc t chc ca ngi qun l. Biu hin ca vn ny bao gm:Ngi qun l thiu quan tm n vn an ton trong khai thc, s dng thit b chu p lc. Tnh trng qun l thit b lng lo, khng tun th nguyn tc, khng c h s k thut v thit b nn nhiu khi thit b qu thi hn s dng , hay cha ng kim vn a vo hot ng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n s c xy ra

Trnh vn hnh ca ngi s dng thit b yu, thao tc sai, nhm ln l nguyn nhn trc tip gy nn s c. Hay do thc, trch nhim bo qun gi gn khng tt lm cho thit b xung cp trc thi hn theo quy nh, c bit l c cu an ton mt tc dng trc

2. Nhng bin php phng nga s c

ngn chn s c xy ra, trong qu trnh thit k thit b, khai thc s dng thit b cn c cc bin php sau:

* Bin php k thut

- Khi thit k k thut

Cc gii php k thut an ton cho thit b chu p lc thng c xem xt ngay t khu u tin, l: thit k, ch to. Cc gii php bao gm t vic chn la kt cu, tnh bn, gai php cng ngh hay gia cng ch to.

Mc tiu chnh ca khu thit k ch to l m bo kh nng lm vic lu di, loi tr cc kh nng hnh thnh nguy c gy s c

Thc hin ch kim nghim d phng. y l cng vic tin hnh thng xuyn theo nh k v phi c coi trng mt cch ng mc. Vic kim tra khng nhng c tc dng loi b cc c cu, thit b khng m bo m cn mang tnh gio dc thc trch nhim trong cng tc qun l, s dng v bo qun thit b. Ch kim nghim d phng bao gm:

Kim tra, xem xt bn trong, bn ngoi thit b xc nh tnh trng k thut , pht hin nhng h hng, khuyt tt loi b ngay hay sa cha, thay th

Th nghim kn ca thit b trnh x h mi cht bn trong bng cch s dng kh nn

Th nghim bn bng p lc cht lng xc nh kh nng chu lc ca thit b

Kim tra xc nh chiu dy ca thit b (c bit i vi cc thit b qua s dng nhiu ln, kim tra cc khuyt tt

Cng vic kim tra, khm nghim c p dng ngay khi thit b mi ch to ra, sau khi sa cha ln. Tin hnh mt cch thng xuyn theo nh k hoc bt thng tu theo tnh cht s dng hoc mc nguy him ca thit b khi c s c

- Sa cha d phng

Cng tc sa cha d phng c ngha rt quan trng i vi hot ng an ton ca thit b, sa cha kp thi s gp phn ng k vo vic lm gim s c, tng tui th ca thit b

- Cng tc sa cha thit b p lc bao gm:

Sa cha s c khc phc nhng h hng nh xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh , s dng

Sa cha nh k bao gm sa cha va v ln nhm thay th tng phn hoc ton b thit b khng cn kh nng lm vic an ton

* Bin php v t chc

Nh trnh by trn, cng tc t chc qun l, s dng thit b c nhiu lin quan n nguyn nhn xy ra s c, gy tai nn lao ng. V vy, ngn nga v hn ch s c xy ra th cn thc hin mt s bin php sau:

Qun l thit b theo cc quy nh trong ti liu chun, quy phm nh cng tc ghi chp qu trnh s dng, ch ng kim, ch bo qun , quy trnh vn chun ng thi, quy nh r trch nhim gia ngi qan l v ngi vn hnh, nhm trnh tnh trng v trch nhim km thc

o to hun luyn ngi vn hnh. Theo s liu thng k, 80% s c thit b chu p lc xy ra l do ngi vn hnh x l khng ng hoc vi phm quy trnh vn hnh. iu cho thy vic o to , hun luyn gip ngi vn hnh hiu bit mt cch thu o v chuyn mn, v k thut an ton , nm vng cc thao tc vn hnh v cch x l khi c s c xy ra. Tuyt i khng nhng ngi cha c o to , hun luyn vo vn hnh s dng thit b chu p lc

Xy dng cc ti liu k thut. Cc tiu chun, quy phm hng dn vn hnh l phng tin gip cho vic qan l k thut, khai thc thit b mt cch hiu qu v an ton. H thng ti liu bao gm:

* Cc tiu chun v bn , kh nng chu p lc ca thit b

* Cc quy trnh vn hnh thit b

* L lch thit bc bit l thit b quan trng cn ghi chp y ngy sn xut, ni sn xut, s ln s dng, sa cha, thay th b phn no? Bao gi? Qua ngi qan l theo di, thc hin cc quy nh v an ton mt cch chnh xc.

c) Nhng yu cu v an ton i vi thit b chu p lc

1. Yu cu v qun l thit b

- Ni hi v thit b chu p lc phi c ng k ti cc c quan kim tra k thut an ton, c quan c trch nhim khm nghim thit b ngay khi ng k v theo nh k. Ni hi v thit b chu p lc khi ng kim phi l cc thit b c h s theo quy nh trong cc tiu chun quy phm. Sauk hi ng k phi c lp v ghi vo s theo di- Khng c php a vo vn hnh cc ni hi v thit b chu p lc cha c ng kim

- Ni hi v thit b chu p lc phi c kim tra nh k theo quy nh. Thc t, trong nhiu nm qua, do nhiu l do khc nhau, mt s n v s dng thit b chu p lc khng lm tt vn ny. y chnh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n xy ra s c v thit b khng cn kh nng lm vic an ton vn a vo s dng

- Trong mi c s sn xut u phi c b phn thanh tra an ton. B phn ny c quyn nh ch hot ng ca ni hi v thit b chu p lc khi pht hin thy nhng trc trc, h hng ca thit b trc tip e do v gy s c an ton lao ng, ng thi c trch nhim nhc nh hay phn nh vi cp trn v thi , cch thc thc hin nguyn tc an ton ca ngi s dng vn hnh, nhm mc ch ngn nga s c xy ra do thiu thc ca ngi vn hnh

2. Yu cu i vi thit k, lp t v sa cha

* Yu cu i vi thit k

- Vic thit k, chn la kt cu ca thit b phi xut pht t c tnh ca mi cht cng tc, ca qu trnh hot ng ca thit b

- Kt cu ca thit b phi m bo vng chc, n nh, thao tc thun tin, tho lp d, d kim tra v quan trng nht l phi tin cy. Trnh tnh trng kt cu qu cng knh, phc tp nhng tin cy khng cao, ngc li cng khng c php n gin ho qu mc, loi b cc c cu m theo cm tnh cho l khng cn thit. Bt k thit b no cng c thit k y theo tiu chun quy phm c ban hnh

- Vt liu s dng ch to, kt cu ca thit b phi m bo bn c hc, ha hc, nhit hc. c bit cn ch n h s an ton chung. H s an ton ca thit b ph thuc vo mc v tnh cht nguy him ca thit b

* Yu cu lp t

- Khi tin hnh lp t phi tun th theo thit k, khng c t thay i , ci tin hay vt b cc b phn chi tit ca thit b. Trong qu trnh lp t nu c vn pht sinh hay nhn thy cn thay i cho ph hp th phi bo li cho b phn thit k tnh ton thay i li

- m bo kch thc, khong cch gia cc thit b vi nhau, gia thit b vi b phn my xung quanh, gia thit b vi tng xy v cc kt cu khc theo thit k

- Kim tra cc b phn v chi tit trc khi lp t. Trong khi lp t , nu c chi tit khng m bo th phi thay th ngay (v d bu lng hay inh c b mn ren)

- Sau khi lp t cn vn hnh s dng th, sau kim tra cc thng s k thut

* Yu cu v sa cha

- Vic sa cha thit b chu p lc ch c php tin hnh nhng ni c y iu kin v con ngi ( th sa cha c o to), my mc , thit b cng ngh sa cha , thit b v dng c kim tra m nhim. Cc c s phi thc hin ng theo quy nh v phi c cp thm quyn cho php

- Khi tin hnh sa cha cn m bo rng p sut mi cht bn trong m bo an ton . Trong trng hp p sut bn trong cn ln, mc nguy him cao th cn phi lp k hoch, quy trnh sa cha t m , c kin thng nht ca nhiu ngi v cp lnh o, sau mi tin hnh m bo an ton

- Khi tin hnh cc cng vic sa cha lin quan n hn th phi do th hn c bng hn p lc tin hnh v sau khi hn phi kim tra, nh gi mi hn theo cc tiu chun, quy phm3. Yu cu i vi cc cng tc kim tra v dng c kim tra

Cng tc kim tra phi c tin hnh thng xuyn v khng ch do c quan chc nng cc cp thc hin m c cn b qun l c s cng phi tin hnh kim tra

Vic kim tra c tin hnh mt cch thng xuyn, lin tc xc nh kh nng lm vic an ton ca thit b p lc. Qua loi b hay tin hnh sa cha b phn chi tit h hng nhm mc ch m bo an ton. ng thi thng qua kim tra, thanh tra pht hin ra cc sai st trong qu trnh thc hin s dng thit b p lc vo sn xt, qu trnh chuyn ch bo qun thit b. Ngoi ra, cng tc kim tra cn c ngha thit thc l gio dc, nng cao thc trch nhim ca tt c mi ngi i vi vn an ton ca thit b p lc

Khi kim tra phi c thit b, dng c kim tra chnh xc, tin cy cao. Dng c kim tra, o lng gm c:

Dng c o p sut, o chn khng

Dng c o nhit

Dng c o mc ( mc cht lng, mc nguyn liu), o lu lng

Dng c o v kim tra bin dng, o tc ng ca nhit v p sut

Nhng dng c ny phi c y nhng ni tin hnh kim tra ( ni ng kim). Mt s loi dng c c trang b cho c s c thit b nh n hi, bnh p sut, ni sn xut ( v d ni np oxy, np ga) gip ngi vn hnh theo di cc thng s lm vic ca thit b nhm loi tr nhng thay i c kh nng gy ra s c

Cc thit b, dng c kim tra o lng i vi tng dng thit b l khc nhau v kiu cch chng loi v s lng. thc hin chc nng, cc thit b, dng c kim tra v cng tc kim tra phi tho mn mt s yu cu sau:

C cp chnh xc ph hp. Theo quy phm v cc tiu chun th cp chnh xc ca dng c kim tra, o lng dng cho thit b sn xut t 1.5 n 2.5

C thang o ph hp

C kh nng kim tra s hot ng cng nh chnh xc cc s ch

quan st

Ph hp vi mi cht cn kim tra. Khng c s dng ln ln cc loi dng c cho cc loi mi cht khc nhau.

Khng s dng cc loi dng c qu hn kim chun, nu qu hn m cn s dng th thng s kim tra km chnh xc

Khng c s dng dng c kim tra h hng

4. Yu cu i vi c cu an ton

C cu an ton l phng tin bo v bt buc i vi ni hi v thit b chu p lc . N m bo cho khng b ph hu khi p sut v nhit ca mi cht vt qu gii hn cho php

C cu an ton c nhiu loi, hot ng theo nguyn l khc nhau nh: tc ng trc tip, gin tip, van, mng ngn Mi loi c tnh cht tc ng khc nhau. m bo kh nng bo v chng n, v thit b, c cu an ton phi tha mn yu cu c bn sau:

- m bo tin cy khi hot ng

- t chnh xc theo yu cu. chnh xc khng thay i hay thay i khng ng k khi nhit p sut xung quanh thay i ( v d khi nhit thay i, vt liu lm chi tit ca c cu an ton b thay i, s gin n ca vt liu lm cho chnh xc ca c cu km)

- m bo kh nng thng thot , tc kh nng gii phng mi cht qua tit din van khi p sut trong thit b vt gii hn cho php

- m bo kn kht

- Khng gy nguy him khi tc ng

Tuy nhin, khi s dng c cu an ton cn tun theo nhng quy nh c th nh:

Khng s dng c cu an ton khi cha qua kim nh

Phi thng xuyn kim tra kh nng hot ng ca c cu, thay th chi tit , c cu an ton mt cch kp thi

Khng s dng c cu an ton mt cch tu tin

Khi lp t c cu an ton phi tuyt i tun theo quy nh ca quy phm hay thit k

5. Yu cu i vi h thng ng dn chu p lc

H thng ng ng dn chu p lc bao gm : cc loi kha, van tit lu, van mt chiu, vi, ph kin ng ng. Cht lng ca cc chi tit, ph kin c ngha rt ln trong vic m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b. m bo mc tiu ny, h thng ng dn chu p lc phi c yu cu sau:

- m bo kn kht khi ng, m

- Khng c khuyt tt, rn nt, ren khng b h hng

- Van phi c kt cu ph hp thao tc thun tin v an ton

- Van v ph tng ng ng phi c nhn hiu r rng, c k hiu mi tn ch chiu chun ng ca mi cht, chiu xoay van khi ng, m v phi c thit k, ch to theo tiu chun

Vic chn van , ph tng ng ng phi c cn c vo mi cht s dng. Tnh cht ca mi cht, thng s lm vic ca mi cht, lu lng ca mi cht nh hng rt nhiu n bn v kh nng chu lc ca h thng. V vy, khi thit k ch to phi tnh n cc yu t ny

XII) Nhng kin thc v chy n1)Khi nim chung qu trnh chy:

-l phn ng ha hc(qu trnh oxy ha kh) km theo hin tng ta nhit v pht sng. Do ta nhit ln nn sn phm chy c nhit cao thng t vi trm tr ln nn mi pht sng c2)c ch ca qu trnh chy: qu trnh chy gm hai qu trnh c bn l qu trnh ha hc v qa trnh vt l. Qu trnh ha hc l phn ng ha hc gia cht chy v cht xy ha, qu trnh vt l gm 2 qu trnh: Qu trnh khuych tn kh v qu trnh truyn nhit gia vng ang chy ra ngoi. Khuych tn kh v truyn nhit cng tun theo nhng nh lut ring ca chng, Do tc qu trnh chy ph thuc ng thi vo tc ca phn ng ha hc v tc ca qu trnh vt l. Qu trnh no chm s quyt nh tc chung ca qu trnh chy. Trong thc t cc qu trnh chy xy ra nhit qu cao t vi trm dn hng nghn nn khi tc phn ng ha hc rt ln, cn tc khuych tn v truyn nhit th nh hn nhiu. Khi y, tc qu trnh chy c xc nh bng tc khuych tn kh v truyn nhit.

3)iu kin xy ra qu trnh chy n: 1 - Ngun nhit gy chy

2 - Cht chy

3 - Cht xy ha

4) nguyn nhn gy chy:

ba yu t: Cht chy, cht xy ha vi t l xc nh gia chng v ngun nhit gy chy(yu t then cht).ngun nhit gy ra do cc yu t sau:

Hin tng tnh in: sinh ra do ma st gia cc vt th v n rt hay gp khi bm, rt cc cht lng nht l cc cht lng c cc. Hin tng tnh in to ra mt lp tnh in kp tri du. Khi in p gia cc lp in tch t ti mt gi tr nht nh s pht sinh tia la in v gy chy.

St l hin tng phng tia la in gia cc m my mang in tri du hoc gia cc m my v mt t. in p gia cc m my c th n hng trm triu Vn. Nhit do st gy ra rt cao, hng chc nghn , vt xa nhit t bc chy ca cc cht chy c

Ngun nhit gy chy cng c th sinh ra do h quang in, do chp mch in, do ng cu dao in. Tia la in l ngun nhit gy chy kh ph bin trong mi lnh vc s dng in. Tia la c th sinh ra do ma st v va p gia cc vt rn.v..v

Trong cng nghip hay dng cc thit b nhit c nhit cao. cng l ngun nhit gy chy thng xuyn nh l t, l nung, hoc n gin ta c th th nghim nu d mt thanh ci vo mt on thp c nung nng . V vy, nu thit b b h m khng c pht hin v x l kp thi th cng l nguyn nhn gy chy, n nguy him.

Cc ng dn kh chy, cht lng d bay hi v d chy nu b h cng l mt nguyn nhn tim tng gy chy v n to vi khng kh thnh mt hn hp kh chy n. khi gp ngun nhit bn ngoi nh tn la thuc l hoc bt c mt yu t gy chy no cng u nguy him.

Qua cc v d trn cho thy: Nguyn nhn chy n trong thc t c rt nhiu v rt a dng m khng th m t ht. Cng cn phi lu rng nguyn nhn chy, n cn xut pht t s khng quan tm y trong thit k cng ngh, thit b cng nh s thanh kim tra ca ngi qun l v thc v cng tc phng chy cha chy ca mi ngi.

XIIV) Nguyn l phng, chng chy n:

a, Nguyn tc phng chy v cha chyHuy ng sc mnh tng hp ca ton dn tham gia hot ng phng chy v cha chy.Trong hot ng phng chy cha chy ly ngn nga l chnh, phi tch cc v ch ng phng nga, hn ch n mc thp nht cc v chy xy ra v thit hi do chy gy ra.

Phi chun b sn sng lc lng, phng tin, phng n v cc iu kin khi c chy xy ra th cha chy kp thi, c hiu qu.

Mi hot ng phng chy cha chays trc ht phi c thc hin v gii quyt bng lc lng v phng tin ti ch.

b, Nguyn l phng chy n

Nu tch ri mt trong ba yu t l cht chy, cht xy ha v ngun nhit gy chy th chy n khng th xy ra c. l nguyn l phng chng chy n. Theo bin php c bn trong phng chy l qun l cht ch v s dng an ton cc cht chy, cht n, ngun la, ngun nhit, thit b v dng c sinh la, sinh nhit, cht sinh la, sinh nhit m bo cc iu kin an ton v phng chy. Thng xuyn v nh k kim tra pht hin cc s h, thiu st v phng chy v c bin php khc phc kp thi.

c, Nguyn l chng chy n

l h thp tc chy ca vt liu ang chy ti mc ti thiu v phn tn nhanh nhit lng ca m chy ra ngoi

thc hin c hai nguyn l ny thc t c th s dng cc gii php rt khc nhau, v d:

Hn ch khi lng ca cht chy ( hoc cht xy ha ) n mc ti thiu cho php v phng din k thut, vn ny lin quan nhiu n kch thc v p sut ca cc thit b phn ng hoc b cha kh, b cha cc sn phm lng d bay hi nh xng du, cn, te .v..v vi cc cht rn khc nh than, cc cht n cng nghip v quc phng, cc cht oxy ha mnh nh Clorat kali ( KclO3 ) d bn la th kch thc cc kho cha, thng cha cng rt cn c quan tm. Kch thc ca chng i vi tng loi vt liu c quy nh cht ch theo tiu chun quc gia.

Ngn cch s tip xc ca cht chy v cht xy ha khi chng cha tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut. Cc kho cha tng cht thi phi ring bit v khong cch gia chng cn c quy nh. Kho cha t cch xa cc khu vc c kh nng pht nhit ln nh l nung, l t hoc cc khu vc sn xut c nhit cao. Xung quanh b cha c tng ngn cch bng vt liu khng chy.

Cc thit b khi khi ng c th sinh tia la in nh bm, qut, my nn, ng c in, cu dao in .v..vphi c t trong khu vc ring cch ly vi khu vc sn xut

Tt c cc thit b c kh nng sinh tnh in u phi c ni t

Cc qu trnh sn xut c lin quan n s dng ngn la trn, nhng vt nung nh kim loi, than ang chy d hoc h quang in khng c tin hnh trong mi trng c kh chy

XIV)Quy trnh cu cha mt v chy c s:

a, Nguyn tc phng chy v cha chy

Huy ng sc mnh tng hp ca ton dn tham gia hot ng phng chy v cha chy.

Trong hot ng phng chy cha chy ly ngn nga l chnh, phi tch cc v ch ng phng nga, hn ch n mc thp nht cc v chy xy ra v thit hi do chy gy ra.

Phi chun b sn sng lc lng, phng tin, phng n v cc iu kin khi c chy xy ra th cha chy kp thi, c hiu qu.

Mi hot ng phng chy cha chays trc ht phi c thc hin v gii quyt bng lc lng v phng tin ti ch.

b, Nguyn l phng chy n

Nu tch ri mt trong ba yu t l cht chy, cht xy ha v ngun nhit gy chy th chy n khng th xy ra c. l nguyn l phng chng chy n. Theo bin php c bn trong phng chy l qun l cht ch v s dng an ton cc cht chy, cht n, ngun la, ngun nhit, thit b v dng c sinh la, sinh nhit, cht sinh la, sinh nhit m bo cc iu kin an ton v phng chy. Thng xuyn v nh k kim tra pht hin cc s h, thiu st v phng chy v c bin php khc phc kp thi.

c, Nguyn l chng chy n

l h thp tc chy ca vt liu ang chy ti mc ti thiu v phn tn nhanh nhit lng ca m chy ra ngoi

thc hin c hai nguyn l ny thc t c th s dng cc gii php rt khc nhau, v d:

Hn ch khi lng ca cht chy ( hoc cht xy ha ) n mc ti thiu cho php v phng din k thut, vn ny lin quan nhiu n kch thc v p sut ca cc thit b phn ng hoc b cha kh, b cha cc sn phm lng d bay hi nh xng du, cn, te .v..v vi cc cht rn khc nh than, cc cht n cng nghip v quc phng, cc cht oxy ha mnh nh Clorat kali ( KclO3 ) d bn la th kch thc cc kho cha, thng cha cng rt cn c quan tm. Kch thc ca chng i vi tng loi vt liu c quy nh cht ch theo tiu chun quc gia.

Ngn cch s tip xc ca cht chy v cht xy ha khi chng cha tham gia vo qu trnh sn xut. Cc kho cha tng cht thi phi ring bit v khong cch gia chng cn c quy nh. Kho cha t cch xa cc khu vc c kh nng pht nhit ln nh l nung, l t hoc cc khu vc sn xut c nhit cao. Xung quanh b cha c tng ngn cch bng vt liu khng chy.

Cc thit b khi khi ng c th sinh tia la in nh bm, qut, my nn, ng c in, cu dao in .v..vphi c t trong khu vc ring cch ly vi khu vc sn xut

Tt c cc thit b c kh nng sinh tnh in u phi c ni t

Cc qu trnh sn xut c lin quan n s dng ngn la trn, nhng vt nung nh kim loi, than ang chy d hoc h quang in khng c tin hnh trong mi trng c kh chy

d, Cc bin php, phng php cha chy

Bin php c bn trong cha chy l:

Huy ng nhanh nht cc lc lng, phng tin dp tt ngay m chy

Tp trung cu ngi, cu ti sn v chng chy lan

Thng nht ch huy, iu hnh trong cha chy

Cc phng php cha chy

m chy ang din ra, mun dp tt n, theo nguyn l trn ta c cc phng php cha chy khc nhau nh:

Phng php lm lnh l dng cc cht cha chy c kh nng thu nhit cao h thp nhit ca m chy thp hn nhit bc chy . V d phun nc vo m chy g.

Phng php lm long nng cht chy v cht xy ha bng cch phun cc cht kh khng tham gia phn ng chy vo vng chy nh khu tr, nit, CO2

Phng php km hm phn ng chy bng cch a vo vng chy cc cht km hm phn ng chy v c kh nng bin i chiu ca phn ng t ta nhit thnh thu nhit

Phng php cch ly: Ngn cn tip xc ca cht chy vi xy bng cch phun bt, bt vo m chy xng du nhm lm cch ly cht chy vi khng kh

Trong thc t cha chy c hiu qu, ngi ta thng s dng tng hp cc phng php cha chy trn. V d khi dng mt cht cha chy no cha chy th n va c tc dng lm lnh, va ctcdngcchlychtchyvikhngkh.v..ve, Quy trnh cu cha mt v chy c sTrong qu trnh vn hnh quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c s, nu xy ra chy th quy trnh cu cha nh sau:

Khi c m chy th th trng n v l ngi trc tip ch huy cha chy hoc y nhim cho cn b chuyn trch PCCC c s.

Bo ng trong ton n v bng kng hoc loa truyn thanh

Ct in ton n v hoc ring ti khu chy

Gi in bo chy cho i cha chy chuyn nghip gn nht hoc trung tm cha chy thnh ph. V l do no m h thng in thoi b hng th c ngi i bo chy bng phng tin nhanh nht hin c.

Nu c ngi b tai nn th tp trung lc lng, dng cc phng tin cha chy hay cc dng d khc nh dao, ba .v..v tm li thot nn, cu ngi b nn, t chc phn tn hng ho c nguy c b chy lan, bo v hng ha.

T chc lc lng, phng tin sn c kp thi dp tt m chy

Trin khai lc lng bo v hin trng. T chc khc phc h qu do chy gy ra.XV)Nhng lu khi cha chy: ng trc chiu gi ( gi thi qua ngi ri mi n m chy )

Phi nhn bit nhanh xem m chy thuc loi no, cht chy l g, din tch khong bao nhiu mt vung c phng tin v phng php cha chy ph hp.

Nu trong cng mt lc c nhiu m chy th u tin cha m chy trc chiu gi ri ln lt. Nu iu kin cho php th c th cha nhiu m chy cng lc theo th t u tin nh trn.

Cn tp trung lc lng chn ng vic lan truyn ca m chyPAGE 1