CHNG III VT LIU GM XY DNG 3.1. Khi nim v phn loi 3.1.1. Khi nim Vt liu nung hay gm xy dng l loi vt liu c sn xut t nguyn liu chnh l t st bng cch to hnh v nung nhit cao. Do qu trnh thay i l, ha trong khi nung nn vt liu gm xy dng c tnh cht khc hn so vi nguyn liu ban u. Trong xy dng vt liu gm c dng trong nhiu chi tit kt cu ca cng trnh t khi xy, lt nn, p tng n ct liu rng (keramzit) cho loi b tng nh. Ngoi ra cc sn phm s v sinh l nhng vt liu khng th thiu c trong xy dng. Cc sn phm gm bn axt, bn nhit c dng nhiu trong cng nghip ha hc, luyn kim v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. u im chnh ca vt liu gm l c bn v tui th cao, t nguyn liu a phng c th sn xut ra cc sn phm khc nhau thch hp vi cc yu cu s dng, cng ngh sn xut tng i n gin, gi thnh h. Song vt liu gm vn cn nhng hn ch l gin, d v, tng i nng, kh c gii ha trong xy dng c bit l vi gch xy v ngi lp. 3.1.2. Phn loi Sn phm gm xy dng rt a dng v chng loi v tnh cht. phn loi chng ngi ta da vo nhng c s sau : Theo cng dng vt liu gm c chia ra : Vt liu xy : Cc loi gch c, gch 2 l, gch 4 l. Vt liu lp : Cc loi ngi. Vt liu lt : Tm lt nn . lt ng, lt va h. Vt liu p : p tng nh, p cu thang, p trang tr. Sn phm k thut v sinh : Chu ra, bn tm, b x. Sn phm cch nhit, cch m : Cc loi gm xp. Sn phm chu la : Gch samt, gch i nt. Theo cu to vt liu gm c chia ra : Gm c : C rng r 5% nh gch p, lt, ng thot nc. Gm rng : C rng r > 5% nh gch xy cc loi, gch l nem. Theo phng php sn xut vt liu gm c chia ra: Gm tinh: thng c cu trc ht mn, sn xut phc tp nh gch trang tr, s v sinh. Gm th: thng c cu trc ht ln, sn xut n gin nh gch ngi, tm lt, ng nc. 3.2. Nguyn liu v s lc qu trnh ch to 3.2.1. Nguyn vt liu

31

Nguyn liu chnh sn xut vt liu nung l t st. Ngoi ra ty thuc vo yu cu ca sn phm v tnh cht ca t st m c th dng thm cc loi ph gia cho ph hp. t st Thnh phn chnh ca t st l cc khong alumsilict ngm nc (nAl2O3.mSiO2.pH2O) chng c to thnh do fenspt b phong ha. Ty theo iu kin ca tng mi trng m cc khong to ra c thnh phn khc nhau, khong caolinit 2SiO2.Al2O3.2H2O v khong montmrilonit 4SiO2.Al2O3.nH2O l hai khong quyt nh nhng tnh cht quan trng ca t st nh do, co, phn tn, kh nng chu la v.v... Ngoi ra trong t st cn cha cc tp cht v c v hu c nh thch anh (SiO2), cacbonat (CaCO3, MgCO3), cc hp cht st Fe(OH)3, FeS2, tp cht hu c dng than bn, bi tum v.v... cc tp cht u nh hng n tnh cht ca t st. Mu sc ca t st l do tp cht v c v hu c quyt nh. Mu ca t st cha t tp cht thng l trng, cha nhiu tp cht th t st c mu xm xanh, nu, xm en. Tnh cht ch yu ca t st bao gm tnh do khi nho trn vi nc, s co th tch di tc dng ca nhit v s bin i l ha khi nung. Chnh nh c s thay i thnh phn khong vt trong qu trnh nung m sn phm gm c tnh cht khc hn tnh cht ca nguyn liu ban u. Sau khi nung, thnh phn khong c bn ca vt liu gm l mulit 3Al2O3.2SiO2 (A3S2) y l khong lm cho sn phm c cng cao v bn nhit. Cc vt liu ph ci thin tnh cht ca t st cng nh tnh cht ca sn phm, trong qu trnh sn xut ta c th s dng mt s loi vt liu ph sau: Vt liu gy pha vo t st nhm gim do, gim co khi sy v nung, thng dng l bt samt, t st nung non, ct, tro nhit in, x ht ha. Ph gia chy nh mn ca, tro nhit din, b giy. Cc thnh phn ny c tc dng lm tng rng ca sn phm gch v gip cho qu trnh gia nhit ng u hn. Ph gia tng do nh cc loi t st c do cao nh cao lanh ng vai tr l cht tng do cho t st. Ph gia h nhit nung c tc dng h thp nhit kt khi lm tng nhit v c ca sn phm, ph gia h nhit nung thng dng l fenspt, pecmatit, canxit lomit. Men l lp thy tinh lng ph ln b mt ca sn phm, bo v sn phm, chng li tc dng ca mi trng. Men dng sn xut vt liu gm rt a dng, c mu v khng mu, trng v c, bng v khng bng, c loi dng cho s (men s) c loi dng sn phm snh (men snh) v c loi men trang tr v.v...V vy vic ch to men l rt phc tp. 3.2.2. S lc qu trnh sn xut mt s loi sn phm thng dng Sn xut gch32

Gch xy l loi vt liu gm ph bin thng dng nht, c cng ngh sn xut n gin. Cng ngh sn xut gch bao gm 5 giai on: Khai thc nguyn liu, nho trn, to hnh, phi sy, nung v lm ngui ra l. Khai thc nguyn liu Trc khi khai thc cn phi loi b 0,3 - 0,4 m lp t trng trt bn trn. Vic khai thc c th bng th cng hoc dng my i, my o, my cp. t st sau khi khai thc c ngm trong kho nhm tng tnh do v ng u ca t st. Nho trn t st Qu trnh nho trn s lm tng tnh do v ng u cho t st gip cho vic to hnh c d dng. Thng dng cc loi my cn th, cn mn, my nho trn, my mt trc, 2 trc nghin t. To hnh to hnh gch ngi ta thng dng my n rut g. Trong qu trnh to hnh cn dng thit b c ht chn khng tng c v cng ca sn phm. Phi sy Khi mi c to hnh gch mc c m rt ln, nu em nung ngay gch s b nt tch do mt nc t ngt. V vy phi phi sy gim m, gip cho sn phm mc c cng cn thit, trnh bin dng khi xp vo l nung. Nu phi gch t nhin trong nh gin hay ngoi sn th thi gian phi t 8 n 15 ngy. Nu sy gch bng l sy tuy nen th thi gian sy t 18 n 24 gi. Vic sy gch bng l sy gip cho qu trnh sn xut c ch ng khng ph thuc vo thi tit, nng sut cao, cht lng sn phm tt, iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn c ci thin, nhng i hi phi c vn u t ln, tn nhin liu. Nung y l cng on quan trng nht quyt nh cht lng ca gch. Qu trnh nung gm c ba giai on. 1.t nng : Nhit n 4500C, gch b mt nc, tp cht hu c chy. 2.Nung : Nhit n 1000 - 10500C, y l qu trnh bin i ca cc thnh phn khong to ra sn phm c cng cao, mu sc hng. 3.Lm ngui : Qu trnh lm ngui phi t t trnh t ngt trnh nt tch sn phm, khi ra l nhit ca gch khong 50 - 550C. Theo nguyn tc hot ng, l nung gch c hai loi: L gin on v l lin tc. Trong l nung gin on gch c nung thnh m, loi ny c cng sut nh, cht lng sn phm thp. Trong l lin tc gch c xp vo, nung v ra l lin tc trong cng mt thi gian, do nng sut cao mt khc ch nhit n nh nn cht lng sn phm cao. Hai loi l lin tc c dng nhiu l l vng (l hopman) v l tuy nen.33

Sn xut ngi K thut sn xut ngi cng gn ging nh sn xut gch. Nhng do ngi c hnh dng phc tp, mng, yu cu cht lng cao, khng st m, nt v, t thm...), nn k thut sn xut ngi c mt s yu cu khc gch. Nguyn liu dng loi t st c do cao, d chy. t khng cha tp cht cacbonat. Trong sn xut ngi c th dng 15 - 25% ph gia ct, 10 - 20% ph gia samt. Gia cng nguyn liu v chun b phi liu c thc hin ch yu theo phng php do v cng c th theo phng php bn kh v c phng php t (khi trong nguyn liu c ln tp cht). Gia cng v chun b phi liu k hn nhm lm cho m ng u hn v ph v ti a cu trc ca nguyn liu t st bng cch ngm di ngy hn. Trc khi to hnh phi to ra nhng vin galet trn my p lent, ri m ng u sau mi to hnh ngi t nhng vin gch galt. Ngi c sy trong cc nh sy t nhin (cc nh kho sy c gi phi) hay sy nhn to (trong cc thit b sy phng, sy tunen, sy bng chuyn gi treo). trnh nt n cho sn phm, ngi c sy theo ch sy du. Khi nung ngi, nhit c nng ln t t, nung lu hn, lm ngui chm hn. Sn xut gch gm p lt Nguyn liu ch yu trong sn xut gch gm p lt l loi t st cht lng cao, c nhit kt khi thp, kh nng lin kt cao v c khong kt khi rng (khng nh hn 80-100oC, c th n 200oC). V thnh phn khong, t st tt nht l caolinit-thu mica (hm lng mi ca ln, thch anh thp), cc loi t st caolinit-montmrilonit (hm lng montmrilonit ti 20%, hm lng thch anh thp khng ng k) cng l nguyn liu sn xut sn phm s v sinh cao cp v gch gm p lt (quy nh trong tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 6300 : 1997). Ngoi t st, trng thch cng l nguyn liu thit yu ng vai tr l cht chy. Khi nng chy trng thch to ra pha thu tinh ho tan mt phn thch anh, bao bc v gn cc tinh th to nn bn cn thit cho vt liu. Khi lm ngui t pha lng ny, mulit th sinh hnh kim s kt dnh to nn ct cho vt liu. Theo TCVN 6598 : 2000 trng thch lm xng cn phi m bo mt s ch tiu v hm lng silic ioxit, nhm oxyt, kim oxyt v st oxyt. Thch anh l ph gia gy, c tc dng lm gim co sy, co nung, lm tng cc mao mch thc y qu trnh sy bn thnh phm. N l thnh phn to nn kt cu ca xng. Tal l ph gia trong xng gm (hm lng nh) c tc dng ho hc vi phi liu chnh trong qu trnh nung v thc y qu trnh to thnh mulit, tng bn un v bn va p. nc ta, cho n nm 2002, c nc c trn 40 c s sn xut ceramic vi tng cng sut hn 80 tr.m2/nm u s dng t st trong nc nh Hi Dng, Qung Ninh, H Bc, Ph Th, Lo Cai, H Ty, Thanh Ho, ng Nai, Sng B... sn sut gch p lt nn bng cng ngh tin tin (nung nhanh 1 ln) ca Ty Ban Nha, Italia, CHLB c... c im ca cng ngh34

ny l tt c cc cng on u c iu khin t ng bng in t hoc Computer cho php kim tra chnh xc, linh hot cc thng s cng ngh ci t. Cc cng on chnh ca qu trnh cng ngh bao gm: nghin t, sy phun, p to hnh, sy, trng men - in hoa, nung nhanh. Phi liu c chun b bng phng php nghin t trong my nghin bi. Cng on ny m bo to mn cn thit v s ng nht phi liu. mn sau khi nghin cn t lng lt sng 10.000 l/cm2 l /94%. H xng c m 33-34%. Trong sy phun, h c loi b nc, m ca xng cn 5-6% v to bt p vi c ht thch hp. Gch p lt c to hnh theo phng php p bn kh bng my p thu lc vi cng p 250-300 kG/cm2. Vin gch sau to hnh c cng mc 12-15 kG/cm2. Cng on sy c thc hin ngay sau khi to hnh nhm gim m ca gch mc v to cho vin gch c m cn thit thc hin cc cng on tip theo. Qu trnh ny thng do my sy ng, sy bng chuyn, sy bng tuynen m nhim. Trong cng ngh nung nhanh mt ln, vic trng men v in hoa trang tr c thc hin bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. thc hin cng on ny vin gch mc cn c bn chu c cc qu trnh lp i lp li nhiu ln, men c ti phun, in hay bin thnh dng bi kh ph ln b mt tm lt sy. Nung nhanh l cng on chnh trong sn xut gch p lt nn. Xng v men c nung nhanh ng thi trong mt khong thi gian ngn (45-55 ph). Ti cng on ny xy ra cc bin i ho l phc tp, hnh thnh nn cu trc ca sn phm. Cc bin i ho l l: bin i th tch km theo s mt nc l hc, bin i thnh phn khong, to cc pha mi, kt khi. 3.3. Cc loi sn phm gm xy dng 3.3.1. Cc loi gch xy Gch ch (gch c tiu chun) C kch thc 220 x 105 x 60 mm . Theo tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 1451-1998 gch c phi t nhng yu cu sau: Hnh dng vung vn, sai lch v kch thc khng ln qu qui nh, v chiu di 7mm v chiu rng 5 mm, v chiu dy 3 mm, gch khng st m, cong vnh. cong mt y khng qu 4 mm, mt bn khng qu 5 mm, trn mt gch khng qu 5 ng nt, mi ng di khng qu 15 mm v su khng qu 1mm. Ting g phi trong thanh, mu nu ti ng u, b mt mn khng bm phn. Khi lng th tch 1700 - 1900 kg/m3, khi lng ring 2500-2700 kg/m3, h s dn nhit = 0,5 - 0,8 KCal /m.0C.h, ht nc theo khi lng 8-18%, Gii hn bn khi nn v un ca 5 mc gch c trn nu trong bng 3 - 1. Ngoi ra cn c gch c kch thc 190 x 90 x 45 mm v mt s loi gch khng qui cch khc.35

Mc gch c 200 150 125 100 75 50

Gii hn bn ( kG/cm ) khng nh hn Khi nn Khi un Trung bnh ca Nh nht cho Trung bnh ca Nh nht cho 1 mu 5 mu 1 mu 5 mu 200 150 34 17 150 125 28 14 125 100 25 12 100 75 22 11 75 50 18 9 50 35 16 8

2

Bng 3 - 1

K hiu quy c ca cc loi gch c t st nung nh sau: K hiu kiu gch, chiu dy, mc gch, k hiu v s hiu tiu chun. V d : Gch c chiu dy 60, mc 100 theo TCVN 1451:1998 c k hiu nh sau : G 60 - 100. TCVN 1451:1998 Gch ch c s dng rng ri xy tng, ct, mng, ng khi, lt nn. Gch c l rng to hnh Cc loi gch ny c khi lng th tch nh hn 1600 kg/m3. Theo yu cu s dng, khi sn xut c th to 2, 4, 6, ... l. Loi gch ny thng c dng xy tng ngn, tng nh khung chu lc, sn xut cc tm tng c sn. Tiu chun TCVN 1450 : 1998 quy nh kch thc c bn ca gch rng t st nung nh sau (bng 3-2). Bng 3-2 Tn kiu gch Di Rng Dy Gch rng 60 220 105 60 Gch rng 90 190 90 90 Gch rng105 220 105 105 Ngoi cc loi kch thc c bn trn cn 1 s loi gch c kch thc khc nh 220 x 105 x 90, 220 x 105 x 200. Gch rng t st nung phi c hnh hp ch nht vi cc mt bng phng. Trn cc mt ca gch c th c rnh hoc gn kha. Sai s cho php kch thc vin gch rng t st nung khng c vt qu qui nh nh sau: Theo chiu di 7 mm; theo chiu rng 5 mm; theo chiu dy 3 mm . ht nc theo khi lng HP = 8 - 18% . Theo TCVN 1450 :1998 gch rng c cc loi mc 35; 50; 75; 100; 125. bn nn v un ca gch rng t st nung quy nh trong bng 3 - 3. K hiu quy c cc loi gch rng theo th t sau : Tn kiu gch, chiu dy, s l rng, c im l, rng, mc gch, k hiu v s hiu ca tiu chun.36

V d : K hiu quy c ca gch rng dy 90, bn l vung, rng 47%, mc 50 l : GR 90 - 4V 47 - M 50 . TCVN 1450 :1998. Bng 3 - 3 2 Gii hn bn ( kG/cm ) Mc Khi nn Khi un gch rng Trung bnh ca 5 Nh nht cho 1 Trung bnh ca 5 Nh nht cho 1 mu mu mu mu 125 125 100 18 9 100 100 75 16 8 75 75 50 14 7 50 50 35 12 6 Gch nh Gch nh l tn gi chung cho cc loi gch c khi lng th tch thp hn gch ch v gch c l rng to hnh. Loi gch ny c ch to bng cch thm vo t st mt s ph gia d chy nh : mn ca, than bn, than cm. Khi nung nhit cao, cc cht hu c ny b chy li nhiu l rng nh trong vin gch. Khi lng th tch ca loi gch ny khong 1200-1300 kg/m3, h s dn nhit 0,3- 0,4 kCal/m0C.h. Loi gch ny c cng chu lc thp nn ch c s dng xy tng ngn, tng cch nhit, lp chng nng cho mi b tng ct thp. Gch chu la Gch chu la l loi sn phm gm chu c tc dng lu di ca cc tc nhn c hc v ha l nhit cao. Theo TCVN 5441-1991 vt liu chu la chia ra lm 3 loi: - Chu la trung bnh: c chu la t 1580 - 1770oC. - Chu la cao: c chu la t 1770 - 2000oC. - Chu la rt cao: c chu la ln hn 2000oC. Bng 3 - 4 Kch thc, mm Kiu gch a b c c1 Gch ch nht230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 113 113 113 113 11337

Gch vt dc

Gch vt ngang

113 113 113 113 113 113 113 113 230 230 230 230 230

20 30 40 65 65 65 75 75 65 65 65 75 75

45 55 55 65 45 50 55 35 65

Gch chu la sn xut t t st ph bin nht l gch samt, loi gch ny thng c kiu v kch thc c bn c qui nh theo TCVN 4710 - 1989 nh bng 3-4 v hnh 3-1, 3-2 v 3-3. Gch chu la c nhiu loi v c sn xut t nhiu loi nguyn liu khc nhau.

Hnh 3-1: Gch ch nht

Hnh 3-2: Gch vt dc

Hnh 3-3: Gch vt ngang

3.3.2. Gch p lt Phn loi Gch p lt bao gm nhiu loi vi cc cng dng khc nhau c th c men hoc khng c men. Theo TCVN 7132:2002, gch gm p lt c phn thnh cc nhm da theo phng php to hnh v theo ht nc. Theo phng php to hnh c 3 nhm gch: Nhm A: Gch to hnh do, l loi gch c to hnh bng phng php do qua my n v c ct theo kch thc nht nh. Nhm B: Gch to hnh p bn kh, l gch c to hnh t hn hp bt mn p bn kh trong khun p lc cao. Nhm C: gch to hnh bng cc phng php khc, l gch c to hnh khng phi bng phng php do hoc phng php p bn kh. Theo ht nc :( E hoc HP ) : c 3 nhm gch: Nhm I: gch c ht nc thp. Vi E 3 %. i vi gch p bn kh, nhm 1 c chia thnh 2 nhm nh l BIa c E0,5% v BIb c 0,5%10%. Di y gii thiu mt s loi gch thng dng lt hoc p trong cng trnh xy dng hin nay. Gch l da (hnh 3-4) : L loi gch c sn xut t t st c ph gia hoc khng c ph gia, to hnh bng phng php do.Theo TCXD 85:198138

gch c kch thc 200 x 100 x 35mm, sai lch cho php ca kch thc khng c vt qu: -Theo chiu di: 4mm -Theo chiu rng: 3mm -Theo chiu dy: 2mm Gch phi c nung chn u, khng phn lp, khng phng rp, mu sc vin gch trong cng mt l phi ng u, khng c c vt hoen mt c rnh, khi dng ba g nh, gch phi c ting ku trong v chc. Gch l da c chia ra 3 loi (bng 3-5). Ch tiu ht nc ,% , khng ln hn mi mn, khng ln hn, g/cm2

Hnh 3-4: Gch l da

Loi I 1 0,1

Loi II 7 0,2

Bng 3 -5 Loi III 10 0,4

Gch l da thng dng lt va h, li i cc vn hoa, li ra vo sn bi trong cc cng trnh dn dng. Gch p lt c ht nc thp Loi gch ny k hiu l BIb c sn xut bng phng php p bn kh c ht nc thp (nhm I), theo tiu chun TCVN 6884 : 2001 loi gch ny phi t cc yu cu theo bng 3-6 v 3-7. Mc sai lch gii hn v kch thc, hnh dng v cht lng b mt ca gch p lt c k hiu BIb c qui nh nh sau: Bng 3-6 Din tch b mt ca sn phm, S, cm2 Tn ch tiu 90 < S 190 190 < S 410 S >410 Sai lch kch thc, hnh dng so vi kch thc danh ngha tng ng,%, khng ln hn 1. Kch thc cnh bn (a, b) 1,00 0,75 0,60 2. Chiu dy (d): 10 5 5 3. vung gc: 0,6 0,6 0,6 Cht lng b mt: c tnh bng phn din tch b 95 mt quan st khng c khuyt tt trng thy, %, khng nh hn

39

Cc ch tiu c l ca gch p lt c k hiu BIb Tn ch tiu 1. ht nc, %, khng ln hn - Trung bnh - Ca mu cao nht 2. bn un, N/mm2, khng nh hn - Trung bnh - Ca mu thp nht 3. cng vch b mt, tnh theo thang Morh - Loi khng ph men, khng nh hn - Loi c ph men, ln hn Bng 3-7 Mc 0,5 < E 3 3,3 30 27 6 5

Mc sai lch gii hn v kch thc, hnh dng v cht lng b mt ca gch p lt c k hiu BIIb Bng 3-8 Din tch b mt ca sn phm, S, cm2 Tn ch tiu 90410Sai lch kch thc, hnh dng : 1. Kch thc cnh bn (a, b): Sai lch kch thc trung bnh ca mi vin mu so vi kch thc danh ngha tng ng, %, khng ln hn 2. Chiu dy (d): Sai lch chiu dy trung bnh ca mi vin mu so vi chiu dy danh ngha, %, khng ln hn 3. vung gc: Sai lch ln nht ca vung gc so vi kch thc lm vic tng ng, (%), khng ln hn Cht lng b mt: c tnh bng phn din tch b mt quan st khng c khuyt tt trng thy, %, khng nh hn

1,00

0,75

0,60 5 0,6

10 0,6

5 0,6

95

Cc ch tiu c l ca gch p lt granit Tn ch tiu 1. ht nc, %, khng ln hn - Trung bnh - Ca mu cao nht 2. bn un, N/mm2, khng nh hn - Trung bnh - Ca mu thp nht 3. cng vch b mt, tnh theo thang Morh - Loi khng ph men, khng nh hn - Loi c ph men, ln hn41

Bng 3-11 Mc 0,5 0,6 35 32 7 5

Gch lt t st nung Gch lt t st nung cng l loi gch c sn xut t t st, to hnh bng phng php do, khng c ph gia v c nung chn. Gch ny cn c gi l gch l nem, thng dng lt lp trn ca mi b tng ct thp hoc lt nn nh. Theo TCXD 90 : 1982 gch c kch thc 200 x 200 x 15mm, sai lch cho php ca kch thc khng c vt qu: -Theo chiu di: 5 mm -Theo chiu rng: 5mm -Theo chiu dy: 2mm Gch phi c nung chn u, khng phng rp, mu sc, m thanh ca cc vin gch trong cng mt l phi ng u, khng c c vt hoen mt. Ty theo cc ch tiu v ht nc v mi mn khi lng do ma st, gch lt c chia ra hai loi theo bng 3 -12. Bng 3 -12 Ch tiu Loi I Loi II ht nc,% , khng ln hn 3 12 mi mn khi lng do ma st, 0,2 0,4 khng ln hn, g/cm2 3.3.3. Ngi t st Phn loi Ngi t st l loi vt liu lp ph bin trong cc cng trnh xy dng. Thng c cc loi ngi vy c, ngi c g v ngi b. Ngi vy c : C kch thc nh, khi lp vin n chng ln vin kia 40 - 50 % din tch b mt do kh nng cch nhit tt nhng mi s nng v tn tre, g. Ngi g v ngi p : Loi ngi ph bin hin nay l ngi c g v ngi p. Loi ngi g thng c 3 loi: 13 v/m2 (420x260); 16 v/m2 (420 x 205) v 22 v/m2. Kiu v kch thc c bn ca ngi 22v/m2 v ngi p nc c quy nh theo TCVN 1452:1995 ( hnh 3 - 5 v bng 3 -13 ). Bng 3 -13 Kch thc , Kiu Kch thc c ch , mm mm ngi Chiu di l Chiu rng b Chiu di L Chiu rng B 340 205 250 180 Ngi lp 335 210 260 170 360 333 150 Ngi p 450 425 200

42

Sai s v kch thc quy nh ca vin ngi khng ln hn 2%. Ngi phi c l xu dy thp v tr (T) vi ng knh 1,5 2,0 mm. Chiu cao mu (C) khng nh hn 10 mm. Chiu su cc rnh ni khp (d) khng nh hn 5 mm.

Hnh 3-5: Hnh dng v kch thc c bn ca ngi

Yu cu k thut Ngi trong cng mt l phi c mu sc ng u, khi dng ba kim loi g nh c ting ku trong v chc. Cc ch tiu c l ca ngi phi ph hp vi quy nh sau : -Ti trng un gy theo chiu rng vin ngi (hnh 3-6) khng nh hn 35N/cm. - ht nc khng ln hn 16%. - Thi gian xuyn nc, c vt m nhng khng hnh thnh git nc di vin ngi khng nh hn 2 gi. - Khi lng 1m2 ngi trng thi bo ha nc khng Hnh 3-6: Mu ngi xc nh ti trng un gy ln hn 55kg. Cc ch tiu c l ca ngi c xc nh theo TCVN 4313:1995 Khi lu kho ngi phi c xp ngay ngn v nghing theo chiu di thnh tng chng. Mi chng ngi khng c xp qu 10 hng. Khi vn chuyn ngi c xp ngay ngn st vo nhau v c ln cht bng vt liu mm . 3.3.4. Cc loi sn phm khc Ngoi nhng loi sn phm nu trn, vt liu nung cn nhiu loi sn phm khc c s dng trong xy dng.43

Sn phm snh dng y l sn phm c cng cao, c ln cu trc ht b, chng mi mn tt, chu c tc dng ca axt, chng c dng kh rng ri trong xy dng cng nghip, ha hc v cc cng trnh khc. Gch clinke: C nhiu loi, loi vung 50 x 50 x 10 mm; 100 x 100 x 10mm v 150x15 x13mm, loi ch nht 100 x 50 x 10 mm, 150 x 75 x 13 mm, loi lc gic v bt gic. Gch ny c khi lng th tch ln hn gch thng (1900kg/m3). Gch clinke c dng lt ng, lm mng, cun vm v tng chu lc. Gch chu axt: c sn xut theo 2 dng: gch khi v gch tm lt. Kch thc ca gch c qui nh nh sau: Gch khi: 230 x113 x 65 mm Gch tm lt: 100 x100 x11 mm v 450 x 150 x11 mm Gch chu axt c chia lm 3 loi: loi A dng cho cc cng trnh lu di, kh sa cha v lun lun tip xc vi ho cht, loi B v C dng cho cc cng trnh d sa cha, lm vic c tnh cht khng lin tc. Theo TCXD 86 : 1981 gch chu axt phi t cc ch tiu c l sau (bng 3-14). Bng 3-14 Mc Ch tiu A B C chu axt,%, khng nh hn - Gch khi 96 94 92 - Gch tm lt 96 94 92 ht nc,%, khng ln hn - Gch khi 7 9 12 - Gch tm lt 6 8 12 2 bn nn (daN/cm ), khng nh hn - Gch khi 400 300 300 - Gch tm lt 400 300 300 Keramzit Keramzit gm nhng ht trn hay bu dc c sn xut bng cch nung phng t st d chy ng nht v thnh phn v tnh cht, c phn tn cao, c thnh phn ho hc:Al2O3: 15-22%; SiO2: 50-60%; Fe2O3:612%; MgO+CaO:3-6%. Keramzit c dng lm ct liu nh cho b tng nh. Chng c 2 loi: ct (c ht nh hn 5mm) v si keramzit (cc c ht 510; 1020; 2030; 3040mm) Mc ca keramzit xc nh theo khi lng th tch (kg/m3) gii thiu bng 3-15 c im c bn ca keramzit l l rng dng kn. Mc d rng ln (v = 150-1200 kg/m3) nhng n vn c cng cao, ht nc nh v lng nc nho trn b tng keramzit tng khng ng k so vi b tng thng.44

Gch trang tr c dng xy cc mng tng c tnh cht vch ngn, thng gi, trang tr, khng c tnh cht chu lc. Gch trang tr c bo qun trong kho c mi che, nn nh kh ro. Bng 3-15 2 Cng nn, kG/cm Mc ht nc, % Loi A Loi B 3 4 50 25 4 5 200 25 6 8 250 25 8 10 300 25 10 14 350 25 14 17 400 20 17 20 450 20 20 25 500 20 25 30 550 20 30 35 600 15 35 40 650 15 40 45 700 Gch trang tr t st nung L loi gch c sn xut t t st c ph gia hay khng c ph gia, to hnh bng phng php do hay phng php bn kh v c nung chn. Theo TCXD 111:1983, gch phi m bo cc yu cu sau : Mu sc ca gch trong cng mt l phi ng u, b mt khng c c vt bn hoc hoen . Chiu dy thnh ngoi ca vin gch khng c nh hn 15mm. Chiu dy thnh trong ca vin gch khng c nh hn 10mm. ht nc ca gch trang tr khng ln hn 15%. Cng chu nn ca mi kiu gch trang tr c ghi theo hnh 3-7. Khi vn chuyn v bc d gch trang tr phi nh tay, cn thn trnh gy st, m, v, gia hai chng gch xp cnh nhau nn c lp m lt. Sn phm s v sinh Theo chc nng s dng, sn phm s v sinh c 2 loi chnh: B x: gm x bt c kt nc lin hoc khng c kt nc lin v x xm xi phng lin hoc khng c chn Chu ra c chn hoc khng c chn . Ngoi cc loi sn phm trn cn c nhiu loi sn phm khc nh bn tm, u tiu, v.v... Cc sn phm s v sinh c men phi ph u khp trn b mt chnh, b mt lm vic ca sn phm, men lng bng, c mu trng hoc mu theo mu. Nhng ch khng ph men theo b mt kn hoc b mt lp rp quy nh ring theo tng dng sn phm. Kiu, kch thc c bn v cc yu cu k thut ch yu ca sn phm s v sinh c quy nh theo TCVN 6073:1995.45

GCH H UY DI k hiu 01

GCH HOA TH k hiu 02

GCH 8 GC L TRN k hiu 03

Kch thc L = B = 200mm Kch thc L = B = 200mm Kch thc L = B = 200mm H = 60mm H = 60mm H = 60mm chu nn /105daN/v chu nn /120daN/v chu nn /120daN/v 2 Tiu th cho 1m2 = 36v Tiu th cho 1m2 = 25v Tiu th cho 1m = 25v GCH HOA MAI GCH HOA O GCH TAM GIC k hiu 05 k hiu 04 k hiu 06

Kch thc L = B = 225mm Kch thc L = B = 195mm Kch thc L = B = 200mm H = 60mm H = 60mm H = 60mm chu nn /120daN/v chu nn /40daN/v chu nn /60daN/v 2 Tiu th cho 1m2 = 34v Tiu th cho 1m = 25v Tiu th cho 1m2 = 26v GCH LC GIC GCH T KIT GCH BNG VUNG k hiu 09 k hiu 08 k hiu 07

Kch thc L = B = 90mm Kch thc L = B = 180mm Kch thc L = B = 200mm H = 60mm H = 60mm H = 60mm chu nn /200daN/v chu nn /120daN/v chu nn /105daN/v Tiu th cho 1m2 = 50v 2 2 Tiu th cho 1m = 25v Tiu th cho 1m = 30vHnh 3-7: Mt s loi gch trang tr t t st nung

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