Choosing the Right Materials: Class G

Table of Contents

(Student articles appear alphabetically by object researched.)

AA battery…………………………………...……Shreyas Nair Bearpaws boot..………………………....………Kristin Gonzales Ceiling Fan……………………………….……….…Haroon Khan Electric guitar………………………..………….Spencer Murphy Field hockey stick………………….…….……Kristin Lenehan Football………………………………………………..Alexa Keddy Football cleat…………..…………….….………Joseph Franzoso Hockey shin guard……..………….……….…Conor Delaney Hockey stick………………………….……..……Will Dennis Hockey skate……………….……….…..………Michael Walton Jewelry………………………………….……………Karlie Sundeen Money………………………………………………….Mei Mei Heipler Pointe shoe…………………….…….……………Kaley Morana Sneaker…………………………….….……………Sami Moulton Toms shoe…………………………....…………..Nicole Pereira Volleyball……………………………………………Lucy Combs

November 7, 2014

Function: The function of AA batteries i s to produce power to an electrical object with a battery port. What happens is when the battery is properly placed in an electrical object (positive side of batter y in negat ive port of

electrical object and negative side of battery in the positive port of the electrical object), a reaction occurs that produces the electrical energy needed to operate the object. This reaction is called an electrochemical reaction. Double AA batteries are used in Walkie talkies, solar powered garden lights, RC model controllers and

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All you need to know about AA Batteries

By: Shreyas Nair

November 7, 2014

speed guns, personal CD players, MP3 players, bicycle lights, and remotes for TV's.

Parts Used:

There are 14 parts that are used in a AA battery. First, there is the cathode. The cathode is the positive terminal in the battery which is made up of graphite, manganese dioxide, and acetylene black. Then, there is the anode. The anode is the negative terminal in the battery which is made up of zinc. Next, there is the separator. The separator is a membrane in the battery that separate the cathode and anode,

preventing electrical short circuits. The separator is made up of cotton, nylon, polyesters, glass, rubber, asbestos, and wood. After that, there is the sealing grommet. The sealing grommet seals the battery cell and insulates the positive and negative terminals (cathode and anode). It is made up of steel. Next, there is the supporting ring. The support ring supports the sealing grommet and is made up of iron. Then, there is the vent. The vent is used to vent out hydrogen and oxygen gasses produced in the battery, preventing high gas accumulation. The vent is made up of various metals like iron depending on the brand. Next, there is the anode cap. The anode cap is used for shielding radioactive rays from escaping the battery. The anode cap is made up of nickel oxide. After that, we have the two insulating washers found at the top and bottom of the battery. The insulating washer is a zinc rod that conducts electricity in the battery. Next, we have the anode collector. The anode collector collects all of the positive charges that pass through the anode. The anode collector is made of brass and other conductive materials. Now we have the cathode collector. The cathode collector collects all of the negative charges that pass through the cathode. The cathode collector is made up of Carbon. Then, we have the plastic sleeve which is obviously made up of plastic. Along with the steel jacket (which is made up of steel), it's used as a protective barrier for the battery. Penultimately, there is the insulating label. The insulating label is made up of non conductive film layers and protects against abrasion. Finally, there

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This is what the inside of a AA battery looks like. ➡ ️

November 7, 2014

is the cathode cap. The cathode cap has the same function as the anode cap but is made up of lithium.

Why the parts were Used: There is a reason for why the materials used in the batteries were necessary for it to function properly. Let's start with the cathode. The cathode is made up of graphite, manganese dioxide, and acetylene black. Graphite conducts electricity so the cathode can allow negative electrodes to pass through to the cathode collector. Manganese Dioxide is not soluble in water so water cannot pass affect the cathode making it partially water proof. Also, acetylene black has a high absorption of water making it water proof. Acetylene black can also conduct electricity. Now let's go to the anode and the insulating washers which are both made up of zinc. Zinc can also conduct electricity so that any electrode can pass through the insulating washers and negative electrodes through the anode to generate electricity in the object the battery is in. The separator is made up of 7 different things: cotton, nylon, glass, rubber, wood, asbestos, and polyesters. Cotton is strong and can absorb water making the separator much stronger. Nylon is very resistant to abrasion so it is strong just like the cotton. The glass in the separator is electrical resistant so it can't get shocked from the electrolytes traveling through the anode and cathode. Rubber is tear resistant and is very resilient so the separator can't break as easily. Wood has strong tension making the separator even stronger overall. Asbestos has resistance to fire, heat, electrical, and chemical damage making the separator almost indestructible. Polyesters are very water absorbent and dry out quickly making the separator officially indestructible. After that we have the sealing grommet and the steel jacket which are both made up of steel. Steel is very durable and good for thermal conductivity making the sealing grommet and the steel jacket strong and heat resistant. Then, there is the support ring and the vent which is made up of iron. Iron is a good conductor of electricity so electrodes can easily pass through without damage and is very resilient making the support ring and vent strong. The anode cap is made up of nickel oxide. Nickel oxide does not dissolve in water making it partially water resistant and strong so the anode cap has

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November 7, 2014

a better job of protecting the negative part of the battery. The anode cap is made out of brass. Brass is a very good conductor of electricity making it easier for the anode collector to receive positively charged electrodes. The cathode collector is made up of Carbon. Carbon is a thermal and electric conductor making it easy for the cathode collector to receive negatively charged electrodes. Next we have the plastic sleeve which is made up of plastic. Plastic is very strong which is good for the plastic sleeve to protect the battery beneath the insulating label. Also, plastic is very resilient making it hard to break the plastic sleeve. Now we have the insulating label which is made up of conductive film layers which is abrasion resistant making the outer layer of the battery not only strong, but can prevent any outside charges within the battery. Finally, we have the cathode cap which is made up of lithium. Lithium is thermal and electrically resistant making it a good protector for the positive side of the battery. As you can see, there are very good reasons for why the people who make AA batteries use these specific materials.

History:

The history of the AA battery goes back a l l the way to 1748 when Benjamin Franklin first used the term "battery" to describe an array of charges glass plates. Then, from 1780-1786, Luigi Galvani demonstrated what we now know to be the electrical basis of nerve impulses which pro v ided research for l a te r inventors. In 1800, inventor Alessandro

Volta invented the Voltaic Pile and discovered the first practical method for creating electricity. The Voltaic Pile was the first wet cell battery that produced a reliable steady current of electricity. In 1836, Englishmen John F. Daniel invented the Daniel cell that lasted for longer periods of time than the Voltaic Pile. In 1839, William Robert Grove invented the worlds first fuel cell made from combing hydrogen and oxygen (which produces water). From 1839 to 1842, inventors created improvements to batteries that use liquid electrodes to produce electricity. In 1859, French inventor

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This is Alessandro Volta's Voltaic Pile. ➡ ️

November 7, 2014

Gaston Plante developed the first storage lead-acid battery that is rechargeable and used in cars today. In 1866, French engineer Georges Leclanche patented the carbon zinc wet battery cell called the Leclanche Cell. He then further improved upon his design and created the first dry cell. I 1881, J.A. Theibaut patented the first battery with both negative electrodes and a porous pot in a zinc cup. That same year, Carl Gassner invented the first commercially successful dry cell battery. In 1899, Waldmar Jugner invented the first nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery. In 1901, Thomas Alva Edison invented the alkaline storage battery. In 1949, Lew Urry developed a small alkaline battery which is today commonly known as the AA battery. After that in 1964, Duracell was incorporated.

References:

"ACETYLENE BLACK (Soltex ACE BLACK)." Technical

Data Sheet. Soltex Inc., 4 Oct. 2012. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.soltexinc.com/pdf/TDS-Acetylene-

Black-01-50,100-10_04_12.pdf>.

Alchin, Linda. "Iron Properties." The Periodic Table. Siteseen

LTD., June 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://

www.elementalmatter.info/iron-properties.htm>.

Amazon. N.p., 1996-2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://

www.amazon.com/Does-battery-plastic-sleeve-remote/

forum/Fx20ZTM7RVAWI6S/Tx2ZRXPWTUDFYO1/1?

_encoding=UTF8&asin=B000GE22JW>.

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November 7, 2014

"Early Batteries." (No Website). W1TP TELEGRAPH AND

SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENT MUSEUMS, n.d. Web. 9

Nov. 2014. <http://w1tp.com/imbatt.htm>.

"Glass." Infoplease. Pearson Education, 2000-2014. Web. 9 Nov.

2014. <http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/

glass-composition-properties-glass.html>.

"Graphite." Wikipedia. N.p., 25 Oct. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite>.

Hanyu, Yuki, and Itaru Honma. "Rechargeable quasi-solid state

lithium battery with organic crystalline cathode."

Scientific Reports. Macmillan, 12 June 2012. Web. 9

Nov. 2014. <http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120612/

srep00453/full/srep00453.html>.

Hegde, Raghavendra R., Atul Dahiya, and M. G. Kamath.

"Nylon Fibers." (No Website). N.p., Apr. 2004. Web. 9

Nov. 2014. <http://www.engr.utk.edu/mse/Textiles/

Nylon%20fibers.htm>.

Jerrold, Winger. "Anode Collector." Google Patents. Kinetic

Electric Company, 18 Dec. 1962. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.google.com/patents/US3069485>.

Kazuo, Wada. "CRT Anode Cap." FPOIP Research and

Communities. Sony Corporation, 27 Dec. 1983. Web. 9

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November 7, 2014

Nov. 2014. <http://www.freepatentsonline.com/

4422707.html>.

"Lithium-ion Capacitor." Wikipedia. JM Energy, 9 Oct. 2014.

Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Lithium-ion_capacitor>.

"Manganese Dioxide." Wikipedia. N.p., 22 Oct. 2014. Web. 9

Nov. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Manganese_dioxide>.

"Nickel(II) Oxide." Wikipedia. N.p., 9 Oct. 2014. Web. 9 Nov.

2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Nickel(II)_oxide>.

"Plastic." Wikipedia. N.p., 8 Nov. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic>.

"Properties and Possible use of Man-Made Fibres."

Industrievereinigung Chemifaser E.V. N.p., 30 Apr. 2013.

Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <https://www.ivc-ev.de/live/

index.php?page_id=136>.

"Properties of Rubber Elastomers." Helpful Resources. Custom

Advanced Connections, 2011-2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.customadvanced.com/common-properties-

of-rubber-elastomers.html>.

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November 7, 2014

Roberts, Glenn, Jr. "'Smart Window' Material May Make Better

Batteries." SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.

Stanford University, 2 Apr. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<https://www6.slac.stanford.edu/news/2014-04-02-

smart-window-material-may-make-better-

batteries.aspx>.

"Separator (electricity)." Wikipedia. N.p., 9 Feb. 2014. Web. 9

Nov. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Separator_(electricity)>.

"Sky Digibox Tv Remote." Satcure. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov.

2014. <http://http://www.satcure.co.uk/tech/

digicode1.htm>.

"Steel Properties." Total Materia. Key to Materials AG., 2014.

Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://keytometals.com/page.aspx?

ID=SteelProperties&LN=EN>.

Weal, Emily. "Alkaline/manganese oxide Batteries." DoITPoMS.

University of Cambridge, Nov. 2005. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/batteries/index.php>.

WebElements. University of Sheffield, 1993-2014. Web. 9 Nov.

2014. <http://www.webelements.com/lithium/

physics.html>.

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November 7, 2014

Winter, Mark. "Carbon|Physical Properties." WebElements.

University of Sheffield, 1993-2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.webelements.com/carbon/physics.html>.

"Wood." Wikipedia. N.p., 9 Nov. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Wood#Physical_properties>.

"Zinc Properties." International Zinc Association. N.p., 2011.

Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.zinc.org/basics/

zinc_properties>.

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Lorem Ipsum Dolor November 6, 2014

Why materials were chosen. The main reason why Bearpaws are chosen is because of fashion and warmth. Fashion is a good thing to have now a days so these have many different styles of the boot, short, tall, in the middle, any size you want. The textures of the boots are very soft and comfortable. All around your foot is layers of fur and cushion. Also on the outside is made for the colder weather so your feet will feel warm when you are outside. But however these boots are not meant to get wet so before you step in the wet, cold rain you have to make sure that you waterproof them with a spray. On the

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Function

My object is the shoe Bearpaw. These pair of boots are not only built for fashion but for warmth in cold weather. Theses boots come in all different kinds like tall ones (Emma's and Laruen), and smaller ( Suede) and much more.

Bearpaw beginnings

These boots are fairly a new brand of shoes. I bet that they come from the idea of Uggs which are another brand of boots. Also they have the same concept of the Bearpaws just different companies. When they first came out the Bearpaws (2001) used sheepskin so there has been no change in the materials that they use today.

Interviews

Janie, Massachusetts

"I love Bearpaws so much! They are comfortable to wear on any cold day and they match any outfit that I put on for the day. They never get ruined in the snow or even slush! I would recommend these boots to anyone who is looking for a stylish boot and also trying to keep their

BEARPAWS By: Kristin Gonzales

Lorem Ipsum Dolor November 6, 2014

outside the material that is used is sheepskin or cow skin and those skins are rayon.

Work cited:

Information and pictures:

http://www.bearpaw.com/history

http://nyshoespy.wordpress.com/2010/10/16/ugg-boot-faceoff-emu-whooga-ugg-australia- bearpaw-more/emu-whooga-ugg-australia-

http://www.bearpaw.com/womens-emma-12-/612W-311/detail

http://lyramag.blogspot.com/2012/06/bearpaw-boots-fall-2012-lifestyle-and.html

http://www.aliexpress.com/popular/bearpaw-fur-boots.html

http://www.fashionforplay.com/wp/tag/bearpaws-boots/ M

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Rhonda, New Hampshire

"Bearpaws are worth the money! They are so comfortable and the best boot I have ever invested in. They come in many different colors and styles; therefore, I am always up with the later fashion and color of boot. Not only are they stylish, but they keep my feet warm. I would definitely recommend these to anyone!"

Project by Haroon Khan November 6, 2014 Function of the object Ceiling fans are advanced technology that help produce waves of wind to fresh you out. They do not make the area around them cold, they just bring wind. The main part in a ceiling fan is the motor, where it generates everything. The part of the fan which everything is held in is the ceiling box. This is made to hold everything in the fan and is meant to extend the wires so that it reaches the motor. This goes into to the mounting bracket which . The down rod is the rod that holds the parts of the ceiling fan and, depending on the type of ceiling fan, it can be shown in most of it or the less of it. The canopy is the next a part and . There are five parts to the motor which is the next part, the wires is the part of the fan where the electricity will generate the fan. The windings, which are made of copper coils wrapped around steel bars, makes an electromagnetic energy called the stator. The copper is used to make the electricity flow by quickly and consistently. The rotor has a magnetic repulsion from the stator which makes it spin around it from a certain distance. The housing holds the rotor as it circles around the stator and helps the fans stay in place as they rotate. The next part is the blade arm or the metal arm that is made of iron and is used to hold the blades and spin them. The blades are the materials that are used for firing the wind. Some ceiling fans have lights but others occasionally do not if they are in the light.

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Major Materials and Why

The most important pieces to the ceiling fan are the blades and the metal arms which hold the blades. The blades can vary to the material that is being used for it but the most common are plywood, iron, aluminum and plastic. Iron and aluminum would be good to use because they both have a low density. If the density is too high than the blades might be too heavy and it could get dangerous. Plywood would be the best because it is easily made into a flat surface and can become a low density with taking bits off. The metal arms are usually made of iron because it is a strong material that is tough enough to hold the blades and spin them at the same time. Most of them are covered in rubber because with rubber it is easy to grip small things which makes it easier to take hold of tiny things. Rubber is also used to sometimes cover copper and make sure the electricity goes where it needs to go. Copper is also used in the ceiling fan to hold things and also to convert electricity because it is a good conductor.

History of ceiling fan

The first ceiling fans were not run by electricity, they were actually run by streams of flowing water that a turbine would power to make them move. These types of fans were here in the USA in the 1860's to the 1870's. Ceiling fans would not produce cool air but just wind. But in the 1940's, people started to buy air conditioning and thought it was better for sue thing air bit than later on they found that it was too much money for air conditioning so they had to use ceiling fans. The ceiling fans back than were mostly made of wood and some plastic with the metal arms not iron. They than started to change it and make more plastic blades along with metal blades and they made the metal arms iron to make it stronger. They started getting ideas for making blades with iron and steel and aluminum and eventually

everyone started to have different ceiling fans.

Work cited

"Ceiling Fan." Wikipedia. Scharf, Robert, n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling_fan>. "What's Inside Your Ceiling Fan?" Popularmechanics. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 July 2011. <http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/improvement/ electrical-plumbing/whats-inside-your-ceiling-fan-2>. 37mm copper sustained big block. Fu-Tone.com. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.fu-tone.com/catalog/images/FU-Copper-Big-Block.jpg>.

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Electric Guitar Written by Spencer Murphy

"1Page " of 31

"2Page " of 32

A quote from Jimmy Hendrix

" Music is my religion "

The electric guitar is the instrument of many musicians. This six-stringed sound machine is a staple in many rock and jazz bands and is also sometimes the star of the show. The sound that an electric guitar makes is used to play ether the harmony or the melody of a song. If the electric guitar wasn't there when it was needed, the song that the band was playing would sound and feel unfinished. If there is an electric guitar playing in a band, the importance level of the guitar comes right after the drums. In other words, the beat of the drums would lead the listener into the song, and then the guitar would start to hypnotize the listener to listen to the whole

Derived from the hollow, wooden acoustic guitars, electric guitars are solid and loud but can be soothing or intense or even both because of thier electrical output . Most electric guitar bodies are made of hardwoods like maple, walnut and mahogany. They can also be made out of plexiglass. An electric guitar also has six strings made typically out of nylon or steel. Different types of woods are used to get different types of sound. Mahogany wood has properties that make the guitar have a wood like tone that is good with trebles, and it is strong, stable and resonant. Whereas a guitar that has a body made out of maple wood has a very soft sound. A nylon stringed guitar is used more often for classical, and folk songs for their gentle sounds and their romantic tone. Steel strings on the other hand are used to play more popular songs and simply produce a louder, twangier sound than nylon strings.

https://www.google.com/url?

When the electric guitar was first introduced in the 1920s, it was pretty similar to the guitars that we have today. Electric guitars were becoming needed when more and more people came to concerts to listen to the music and regular guitars weren't loud enough to tame the crowd. The only real difference between past electric guitars and today's electric guitars are their design. Today, guitars can be made into all kinds of different shapes whereas the guitars that were used in the past were just bigger and solid guitars that had an acoustic guitar shape to them.

In conclusion, the electric guitar is an exotic and beautiful instument that is a staple in many jazz and rock bands. The hardwood bodies, the nylon/steel strings and the electrical output to make it louder make for the most beautiful instrument in music history.

Field hockey November 6, 2014

Function There are many different field hockey sticks for different purposes. They depend on what you play. If you are offense you would want a less dense stick because you'll be running a lot. If you were defense you would need a stick that's in good shape because you'll be defending the goal so you need to be able stop anything that comes towards you.

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Major materials

There are three different kinds of field hockey sticks. There are wooden sticks, fiberglass sticks, and sticks made of composite materials. The composite materials are carbon, fiberglass, Kevlar and aramid. Composite sticks are best for training and fiberglass sticks are best for high school level playing. Wooden sticks aren't as common. Wooden field hockey sticks are used for college level playing. Where you hold the stick has a grip it's made of a few materials-suede and rubber. It is used because it keeps the moisture from your hand out of the stick.

FIELD HOCKEY STICK By: Kristin Lenehan G

http://wes".wordpress.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_stick

Why the materials are used

Fiberglass is not very dense and works well for the offensive players who are always running around. They are the most common stick you'll find. Composite materials are made up of multiple materials so they are more dense. Fiberglass and composite sticks are mostly for advanced players but in the end it all depends on skill. The grip at the top if the stick is used because it is affordable and easy to find. Also the material keeps moisture out of the stick.

How they have change

In the early years of field hockey, the sticks were made of wood. No one had even considered anything else. People still use wooden sticks but it isn't very common. Usually more skilled players use them. Coaches who coach younger kids prefer their players use the fiberglass or composite sticks because they are more reliable.

https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&tbs=sbi:AMhZZitSj9lH93iC9CzcjaDWMkIPDgBMacNH55H2O3vI2gDcVv3yUY1r3-PEsWk31-oEQvg1rYkD0hbAYMgGN6MFzuPIM9FCz5Y0CaSuuEJbjhPlj-ti0B24_1QhiCIFSrUp2WNV1qKjSrsz15oWtAN0ASMNVWLu6hk_1HZxD1pQBjPtR6Hzn1nRcOaMjuO-mYR1_1Gu6o1-Bw0nkmbYi4rn31kBwsbIiwVjZQ_1C-4VKO0kcsDvpLR8PFN7gOfYMWzApRccDt6k0CmFyhIbccDFK50yqR_1-YZY3vA

http://www.dynamicsportsonline.com/product-p/ki"s2.htm

Field hockey November 6, 2014

field hockey !2

Works cited "Fiberglass versus Composite Field Hockey Sticks." Coach up. Coach up, inc.,, 28 June 2013. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. "Field Hockey Stick." The National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/ object/nmah_1078981>.

NOVEMBER 7, 2014 THE FOOTBALL

The footballs history & function The man that is considerd "The Father Of Football" name is Walter Camp. Walter Camp went to Yale from 1876-1882. Walter played for Yales football team. The first actual football game was played in 1869. There are many rules to follow when playing football. Each quarter is 15 minutes and there is halftime 12 minutes.

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The Football

& IT'S HISTORY

THIS IS WHAT ONE OF THE FIRST

FOOTBALLS MADE.

THIS IS WALTER CAMP. "THE FATHER OF

FOOTBALL"

ONE OF THE EARLIER FOOTBALL TEAMS

THE FOOTBALLBy: Alexa Keddy

NOVEMBER 7, 2014 THE FOOTBALL

The footballs material Have you ever wondered why some people call a football "pigskin"? It's. Scares the first football was originally pig bladder, and compressed with air. As the years passed the inside leather was made of pigskin only. There are many different kinds of footballs, made of many different kinds of materials. Some footballs are made of leather and others can be made of styrophome or plush ect. The NFL football specifically is made of cowhide leather.

Why they choose these materials The football has many stages put to it when manufacting it. Some manufactures tan down the football to provide more of a "tacky" grip for the players. The leather that it's made out of is stamped with pebble grain so it's again, easier to hold on to. Each ball that is manufactured contains 1400-2000 stiches. The balls finishing touches are made by skilled stich workers.

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Football

NOVEMBER 7, 2014 THE FOOTBALL

Football Manufacturing. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://quality.fifa.com/en/Footballs/Football-

facts/Football-manufacturing/>.

History Of American Football. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/

footballhistory.html>.

How Products Are Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/

Football.html>.

NFL Beginners Guide to Football. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.nfl.com/rulebook/

beginnersguidetofootball>.

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WORKS CITED

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 CURABITUR LEO

Football cleats has changed to become more efficient for the game. The first ordinal cleat was made out of leather which was heavy and costly. They came out with the best invention with the under amour highlights the support ur ankles so u don't have to waist your money on tape. They use temperpedic like material it's called clutch fit and comp fit, it forms to your feet to make it comfortable. They changed it from clutch fit to comp fit for more support.

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FOOTBALL CLEATS

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 CURABITUR LEO

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Underarmour highlights

Nike vapor carbon

Original football cleats

They came out with the best invention with the under amour highlights the support ur ankles so u don't have to waist your money on tape. They use temperpedic like material it's called clutch fit and comp fit, it forms to your feet to make it comfortable. They changed it from clutch fit to comp fit for more support.

Nike vapor area are made for speed the are light weight. They use custom fit to make it comfortable to run in also they use fish wire because it's light weight and uncostly material. Also they use carbon fiber on the bottom of the cleat because it's durable.

The original football cleat was made of leather a heavy costly material it also had long spikes because of the muddy fields. The cleat and bottoms were made of wood and snapped easily.

Hockey Shin Guards Shin guards – Incorporating a kneepad as well, the shin guard has a hard plastic shell on the front and outside to protect against pucks, but usually has little or no protection on the calf. Shin guards help protect the knee joint and the frontal bones of the leg from pucks, sticks, skates, falls and other impacts. However, it is essential to buy proper shin guards. If the shin guard is too long it will slip down into the skate and prevent proper movement of the ankle; if the shin guard does not fit perfectly at the knee joint, then the patella will not be properly protected and lead to injury. There is a size scale for shin guards which most sports stores have available and which one can utilize to assess the right size. A shin guard or shin pad is a piece of equipment worn on the front of a player’s shin to protect them from injury. These are commonly used in sports including association with soccer, baseball, ice hockey, field hockey, lacrosse, rugby and other sports. This is due to either being required by the rules of the sport or worn voluntarily by the participants for protective measures.

PROTECTION: Shin Cap: Vent armor composite Knee Cap: Injected knee cap with foam inserts Calf Guard: AEROLITE technology Knee Wing: Mid-density with molded PE insert Thigh Protector: HD foam FIT/MOBILITY: Overall Fit: Tapered Free Flex Components: Free Flex shin cap and liner Strapping System: 3-strap system featuring anchor top and bottom strap Liner: 37.5™ technology Materials Fiberglass - Stiff, sturdy, and light weight. Foam rubber - Very light weight, but not as sturdy and solid as fiberglass. Polyurethane - Heavy and sturdy, which offers almost complete protection from most impacts. Plastic - Less protective than any of the other synthetic shin guards. Metal- Highly protective, but very heavy and uncomfortable. Written By, Conor Delaney

Work cited http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/measure-hockey-shin-pads-3899.html http://www.totalhockey.com http://www.purehockey.com http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_guard

Hockey Sticks November 9, 2014

How the hockey stick is used

The hockey stick is a critical part of the sport hockey. With advanced technology players can shoot the puck up to 105 mph. Players use the stick to shoot the puck, pass the puck and, take away the puck. The first sticks were invented in 1852. The stick has progressed a massive amount since it was first invented. The most important parts of the sticks are the shaft and the blade. What makes hockey sticks different are there weight, flex, curve, and the materials that are in the stick. The hockey stick is a backbone to the players in the NHL and

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How the hockey stick was invented The first hockey sticks were invented in 1852. The Mi'kmaq tribe of Nova Scotia invented the first hockey stick. The Mi'kmaq's made hockey sticks out of wood mostly ash and willow trees.

Materials in the stick Modern day materials in sticks are Carbon fiber, Titanium, Kevlar and, Composite.

Old Materials Wood : ash, willow

Fiberglass

THE EVOLUTION OF THE HOCKEY STICK

BY WILL DENNIS

Hockey Sticks November 9, 2014

around the country.

Modern day materials are used for certain reasons. Carbon fiber is used for it's strength and it is very lite weight. Titanium is used for its strength. Hockey companies use titanium in the shaft of hockey stick's so it does not snap easily. Titanium also provides a snap when a player takes a shot. That snap makes the puck go faster which makes it harder for the goalie to save. Hockey company's like CCM are just now experimenting with Kevlar in there hockey sticks. Very few sticks have Kevlar in them. Stick companies use the Kevlar for grip on the shaft and inside for durability and strength. Composite is used for its strength and lite weight. Like Titanium composite provides a snap. Composite is the main material in most sticks on the market today.

Why Hockey Companies don't use wood and fiberglass Wood stopped being used for many reasons. One reason is that it was incredibly heavy. A second reason is that when the stick broke splinter would get all over the ice. They stopped using fiberglass because when the stick broke the fiberglass shavings would go

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How the hockey stick has changed The hockey stick has not changed much until the 2000s. The hockey players used hockey sticks for many years until the 1940s they started to laminated sticks. Laminate means to glue many pieces of wood together. In the 1960s they started to use fiberglass sticks. Nowadays they use high tech metals and fibers .

Hockey Sticks November 9, 2014

everywhere and injure the players. Fiber glass would get into the players pads and into their helmets.

Works cited "Hockey stick." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_stick>.

"Hockey sticks." Total hockey. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.totalhockey.com/

search.aspx?category_1=Sticks&category_2=Sticks%2fComposite+Sticks&mfg_web_name=B

auer&div_main_desc=Senior&rating=1&price_sale=4>.

"Materials in a hockey stick." Blog. Icewarehouse. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://blog.icewarehouse.com/hockey-stick-reviews/

tech-test-review-bauer-supreme-mx3-sticks/>.

"Picture of materials in a stick." Composite world. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/

advanced-hockey-stick-design-delivers-optimal-performance>.

"Ccm tacks." Hockey monkey. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.hockeymonkey.com/ccm-hockey-stick-tacks-grip-jr.html>.

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The secret behind skates November 6, 2014

What makes skates so unique?

Hockey skates are made with very unique materials in order to be light weight, durable, and comfortable to keep players flying on the ice in the fast pace game of hockey. Each material in the skate is used for a specific reason. For instance, the outer part of most skates are made with a nylon material. The nylon makes it durable and mostly water proof. In parts of the skate, plastic is put in to protect the skate from sticks and other skates. It is also meant for the boot of the skate to be stronger and stiffer to help the player skate with better technique. The tongue of the skate is made with

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Where do they come from?

The origin of ice hockey skates goes a long way back roughly about 1000 years ago. Some evidence proves that Scandinavians used animal bones like reindeer and elk for blades that were tied to their boots. As you can clearly see, the skates have come a long way from reindeer antler blades on boots to the technological advanced skates of today. If you think of how far they've come now, imagine what they'll be like in the future.

What are they made of?

Skates nowadays are made with very advanced materials, each with a different purpose. The skate itself is made with a synthetic material that has the look and texture of leather. It's also made with nylon, plastic, steel. All of the materials work together for the skate to be light,

THE SECRET BEHIND SKATES

MIKE WALTON

The secret behind skates November 6, 2014

a felt like material and reinforced with a plastic part. This is meant to be able to adjust to the players lower leg but be stiff enough for them to stay on their feet. One of the most important components to the skate is the blade. The blade of the skate allows players to cut through the ice and turn on each edge. The blade holder is made of durable plastic. This is because plastic is very light and it is also very cheap. The blade is often made from aluminum or stainless steel nowadays. Both metals are very

strong and durable yet light and easier to move in.

The bottom of the blade is actually concave and helps the skater make sharper turns. What makes each skate truly unique from each other is the foam and composite material on the inside of each skate. For maximum comfort, players have their skates molded to their feet before using them to perfectly fit their feet better then the standard boot. This is done by baking the skates in special ovens and heating them up. In the process of molding, the skate is heated which allows the foam and carbon fiber in the skate to loosen so it can properly fit the players foot. In conclusion, hockey skates are quite complex and unlike any other footwear there is. Every material in the skate is crucial to make each skate to be comfortable, stiff, and durable on the ice.

Work cited Madehow.com. Advameg, 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/

Volume-2/Ice-Skates.html>.

"Why Players 'Bake' Their Skates." Hockeymonkey.com. Monkey Sports, 1999. Web. 9

Nov. 2014. <http://www.hockeymonkey.com/iceskates.html>.

How It's Made Hockey Skates. Youtube. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ZThHrUdM_NM>.

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November 7, 2014

Yes, many people love Jewelry. What they do know is the price, but what most people don't know is how jewelry is made and some of the things in them. Those beloved pearls of yours, do you know the struggle of them being found, or the chance of them being fake? Pearls have been a loved natural gem since before written time, and were huge back in early Egypt when Cleopatra drank a dissolved pearl in vinegar to have infinitive wealth and the creation of fake pearls as early as 1300 AD when the French longed for beautiful

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Jewelry Everyone loves Jewelry- Women love pearls and diamonds, men love gold watches, and kids like handmade friendship bracelets by Karlie Sundeen

November 7, 2014

matching pearls. The chance of finding a pearl is 1 in 12,000 oysters, or 0.008% chance.

As for that old gold necklace you got forever ago, do you know how the gold was found and formed, or the history of it? Gold dates back to 3500 BC when the Egyptians started crafting jewelry. Gold is a rare metal to find, therefore it is quite expensive. The chance of finding gold is less than 1%. to get the gold you would have to go to the right place where gold would be formed and go panning, or miners would mine it. After found the gold would be washed and melted to exact shape you wanted.

"Diamonds are a girls best friend"-Carol Channing. Diamonds are beautiful and shiny, and sort of common. You won't find a diamond just anywhere but it is more likely then finding gold. The reason that diamonds are so expensive is because they are so hard to find.

Silver is used in about everything, including electronics, medical technology and of course, jewelry. Being used in all these items, is making silver rare. Some sources say you'll find gold before you find silver, even though the price of silver is much lower than gold.

Next time you wear pearls, gold, silver or diamonds, remember that they are rare and have been through many processes to become a piece of beauty.

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November 7, 2014

Works Cited

How It's Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/

Cultured-Pearl.html>.

How Products Are Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/

Gold.htm>.

How Products Are Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/

Diamond.html>.

How Products Are Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-3/

Silver.html>.

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MONEY FILTHY RICH ARTICLE 2014

A FILTHY RICH ARTICLE

WRITTEN BY: MEI MEI HEIPLER Have you ever looked closely at dollar bill? Have you ever wandered why we don't use other things such as rocks, wood, seashells etc? Have you ever asked anyone why is money so important? In this article you'll get the answers to some of your questions!

Function:

Money is an amazing tool that has four functions in the economy. One, very little bartering with one another. Two, it is the measuring unit for prices. Three, it is used to obtain or consume goods at a later date. Last, but not least, it has the quality of delaying a payment. With very little bartering with one another, the economy is more efficient. With a bartering economy, people will spend more time finding something they want to trade with someone else and making a compromise, than producing goods. Without producing goods, the people will go into poverty. The measuring unit for prices is helpful for most of the people. This is because the measuring unit for prices basically means produce is tagged with a price by the seller. If there's a price of let's say, ham for $20 but there's another for $15, then people will of course go for the $15 ham because it's less for the same product. This helps people not waste their money. The obtaining goods for later time is good because you can save your money for what you want later and then spend it when you need and when the time comes. Although this is nice, it can be a con because if you get the product at a later date, the price can be increased and you spend more than you wanted. The quality of delaying a payment is good because it can anticipate future inflation. Let's say the

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http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/mesa/2014/08/21/legislative-districts-25-16-debate-state-spending/14357935/

MONEY FILTHY RICH ARTICLE 2014

inflation was 10%, the delayed payments is larger since the interest rates would increase the price by 10%.

Major Materials & Why They Were Chosen:

Money has many materials that it is made from the U.S coins are mainly made out of copper and a portion of zinc or nickel. The paper money is made of 25% linen and 75% cotton. Throughout the paper, there are red and blue constructed fibers. These fibers were made out of silk before World War I. A $1 Bill lasts 18 months, $5 bill, 2 years, $10 bill 3 years etc. These materials were used because they were more durable than the parchment paper which doesn't last as long compared to the linen and cotton. You could fold the paper currency money 4,000 times before it rips! This quality of paper was one of the very reasons why the U.S used these materials. Also the security features put into the notes was another reason why these materials were chosen. A watermark is visible when you hold it up to the light. This is located on the right of the dollar bill where there is an empty space. There is a security thread that is hard to see but glows when you put it in a certain light. Also there is a certain ink on the $100 note located on the bottom right. When the $100 bill is tilted the color of the ink changes. Plus other security features on the dollar bill are used so that the federal service can determine if the bill is fraud or not. Features such as the serial number and face and plate number can be checked along all the other security features above. Although the process is complex to produce paper currency, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing uses this process so the paper currency is hard to duplicate or counterfeit.

History & Development:

Before dollars and coins were used, around seventh century BC in Lydia, an arrangement of coins or blocks was developed  and used as the currency. China was the first to use paper money during the seventh century AD, five hundred years after Lydia. Massachusetts was the first state to bring into existence a currency called bills of credit in 1690. In 1792, the United States set up a new cash system which they made the basic unit of currency a dollar. The British kings started to put forth gold coins after they saw that the United States was using their money system. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) offered a strict decimal system of currency to prevent further confusion. This was the

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http://simplybeirut.wordpress.com/2011/10/17/how-to-spot-a-fake/

http://www.kitco.com/ind/Downey/nov112009.html

MONEY FILTHY RICH ARTICLE 2014

metric system of weights and measures that we still use today. This new system at first was not accepted by the U.S, but later was found to be extremely easy. The government found a way to make the money worth its weight near the Civil War. During the Revolutionary War, the Federals started to print the first paper money to finance the war. Although there wasn't a U.S Treasury until 1874, the U.S started to print $5, $10, $20 bills beginning in 1861. There were at least 8,000 state banks that made different versions of money ranging from half a cent to $20,000!

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http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson

MONEY FILTHY RICH ARTICLE 2014

Works Cited

"Currency." Math & Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World. N.p.: Gale,

2008. N. pag. Science in Context. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. "Currency." Math & Mathematicians:

The History of Math Discoveries Around the World. Gale, 2008. Science in Context. Web. 29

Oct. 2014.

"Facts about U.S Money." Fact Monster. Pearson Education, 200-2013. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.factmonster.com/ipka/.html.>. "http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/.html." Fact Monster.©

2000–2013 Pearson Education, publishing as Fact Monster.

30 Oct. 2014 <http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0774850.html>.

"How Is Money Made in America?" Mint. Kelly Anderson, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <https://

www.mint.com/how-is-money-made-in-america/>.

Money Functions. AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia, n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2014. <http://

www.AmosWEB.com>. MONEY FUNCTIONS, AmosWEB Encyclonomic WEB*pedia,

http://www.AmosWEB.com, AmosWEB LLC, 2000-2014. [Accessed: November 1, 2014].

"U.S Bureau of Engraving and Printing - The Production Process." U.S Bureau of Engraving and

Printing. U.S Department of the Treasury, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://

www.moneyfactory.gov/uscurrency/theproductionprocess.html>.

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Parts of the Point Shoe and What They Are Used For The ribbons on the shoe are used to help support the dancer while they are dancing on point. The toes box is used for balance and to make the dance more elegant. The elastics are used to keep the shoe snug on the dancers foot so the shoe doesn't injure the dancer while doing a performance. The shank is the inside sole of the shoe but it is a little but tougher that regular ballet shoes because the shank also helps keep your foot pointed. Compared to the regular ballet shoe it has a shank but not as tough and one because you have to train your self the automatically point your toes so that you are ready to go on Point. The Vamp are the toe box (the end of the shoe but not the very end). The vamps are the length of your toes and they have to be professionally measured or else it will be a lot harder to stay in control when dancing.

The Toe Box

Point shoes make ballerinas look dainty but really the shoes aren't. The toe box is where the dancer balances on there toes. The toe box is made out of densely packed layers of fabric, cardboard and/or paper hardened by glue.

www.pbt.org/community-engagement/point-pointe-shoes

Who Uses Them

Ballerinas use them at a higher skill level to be more dainty on stage. It takes many years to practice and to get stronger to be able to balance on your tip toes. At a lower level of ballet you would just use regular ballet shoes. Lower level dancers who do ballet just use ballet shoes or ballet slipper until they are ready of Point Shoes.

Materials

They use mostly ribbons, elastics, cardboard or paper, various fabrics, and glue for the point shoes. For the ballet shoes they could use leather or canvas and they could be tan or light pink.

POINT SHOES Written By: Kaley Morana

About the Materials The makers of the ballet shoe chose to use canvas for the shoe because it is a very flexible material and the dancers could mover around in it smoothly. They chose to use leather for some brands because it is also a very flexible material when broken in. But the bad thing about leather ballet shoes is that once they are broken is they get very squeaky on the floor and they tend to get worn out quickly. One reason why more ballet dancers are choosing to wear canvas ballet shoes is because they are cheaper because canvas is a lightweight material and it doesn't take they much canvas to make a ballet shoe and it doesn't take a lot of money to manufacture. A regular ballet shoes costs $20- $40. But on the other hand Point shoes cost a lot more to manufacture and the cost of the toe boxes, the shanks, and the vamps cost a lot more money because they need to be able to be study enough to hold up the dancer. So the cost of a Point shoe is usually around $70-$80.

Different Brands

Different brand for different people might help them improve on what they are working on. Or for some people different brands will help they work on a certain technique. For example Chacott Ballet Shoes they were designed to hug dancers arches (the arch of their foot for more support).

All Photos From Google Images

History Of The Sneakers By: Sami Moulton

Sneakers weren't that popular back then. But now suddenly are just used for a fashion statement. All of the brands like Nike, Jordan's and Adidas are getting

more money than ever. Their income is huge. Just a pair of the Jordan's could be over one hundred dollars. People will spend hundreds just on a pair of sneakers,

but why is

In the late 18th century, people wore rubber soled shoes called plimsolls, but they were pretty odd, there was no right foot or left foot they looked the same.

These shoes did not have a huge color variety like today, it either came in one to two colors. Around 1892, the U.S. Rubber Company came up with more

comfortable rubber sneakers with canvas tops, called Keds. The keds are a pair of sneakers around today, but today come in a variety if colors like blue, red,

green etc. keds are now a name known brand. By 1917, sneakers began to be mass produced. Sneakers went international in 1924. That's when a German

man named Adi Dassler created a sneaker that he named after himself witch is the brand called Adidas. His brand became one of the most popular brands in the world. During the first half of the 20th century, sports shoes were worn mostly to play sports. But in the 1950s, kids began wearing them as fashion statements.

A lot of sneakers have many Different things to them. New sneaker

technologies increase performance. Nike's Air Force used little pockets of gas to create better cushioning. And Reebok introduced The Pump-air pumped into shoes to make them fit more snugly. The bottom of a sneaker or any shoe is called the sole. The sole of a shoe is mostly made out of rubber in common

sneakers. Carbon is one compound that is added to rubber to make it longer lasting and much more durable. A carbon and rubber combination makes your

sneaker's bottom soles work great while engaging in outdoor sports. Gum rubber is another compound material used in some sneakers for the bottom soles. Gum

rubber is a great mix of natural and synthetic rubber, and it has a soft spongy look and is also great for activities. The inner sole or the mid sole is the part that

runs down the middle of the shoe which is usually cushioned for comfort and protection. Many manufacturers of fine sneakers make their middle soles from a

combination of rubber and foam pellets that are injection molded into their sneakers.Polyurethane is a very popular material for the manufacturing of the

middle sole of your sneaker. Polyurethane is poured into a mold and becomes a very solid material that helps cushion the impact of running and jumping. The upper sole or the outside of the sneaker Has the strings used to lace up the

shoes, so the shoe will stay in place while walking. The pad on the inside of the sneaker, which is the flat piece that your foot rests on with the name of your shoe or logo printed on it. The upper sole on Sneakers have flexible material made out

of rubber or synthetic fiber and an upper part made of leather or canvas. Sneakers have many different materials for Different uses.

The sneaker is used for a variety of sports and activities such as track, basketball, lacrosse, volleyball and tennis. Some of these sports require

sneakers. Some are designed to do Different things. The basketball sneaker is to help grip to the ground so you don't slip on the court. Some are also said to make

you jump higher. The lacrosse sneakers are just regular sneakers but most lacrosse players use the brand nike sneakers because they are great for running

and light weight. Track either requires a cleat with spikes at the bottom or sneakers that are lightweight with a good grip. The lightweight sneakers provides the runner a faster pace and less of a drag while running. In volley ball you may

get a team color pair of sneakers or just any sneakers that have good grip on the floor. And the tennis shoes are normally white and are normal sneakers.

Overall sneakers are used for mainly style and people who are active. Many athletes use sneakers even legends like Lebron James and Ray Allen. Millions of kids have at least one pair of sneakers. Sneakers can be found almost anywhere

and have evolved so much since the 1800s and since they became popular in the 1900s.

November 9, 2014

Function

Toms are one of the most popular shoes in the country they are not only. It there also affordable which is why it is so popular in our country.

Materials used

The company of toms began to sell there started in 2006, Materials used to make this shoe were cushions and latex arch which is made out of rubber on the outer soul. These materials were chosen for support for the foot. They use cotton fabrics and elastics which make the V shape for then outer core. These materials were chosen to make this shoe

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Toms What are toms? By: Nicolle Pereira

November 9, 2014

comfortable and affordable at the same time. All of these materials were chosen to make the shoe affordable and comfortable. All shoe are created at Playa

Del Ray in California.

What there are worn for Toms are used for wearing them for either school a party of dinner any activity you can wear toms to. You will look great, and it goes with any outfit with different designs you can by as many as you want. The more you by the more you help someone who is in need.

History The company began when the Creator Blake Mycoskie went to a country where he saw many children running around bare foot he wanted to make a change so he created toms in 2006 and the one for one which is when one person byes the shoe one shoe goes to someone in need.

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November 9, 2014

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Toms. LL C All Rights Reserved, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://www.toms.com/slip-ons/natural-canvas-womens-classics>.

http://www.toms.com/about-toms#companyInfo

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toms_Shoes

Lucy Combs November 7, 2014

VOLLEYBALLS The materials of a volleyball

The history The volleyball was created in 1895 by William G. Morgan. The volleyball is a combination of the basketball, handball, tennis, and baseball into one sport. The original volleyball had a bladder from a basket ball but it was too slow. Then people tried to play with basketballs but that was too heavy. But then they figured out that the ball needed to be light so it could stay afloat and move slowly so they decided to use the same rubber bladder that is used in bike tires.

The materials The first layer of the volleyball is the bladder which is made out of the same material found in the inner tube of a bicycle which is either attached or somewhat attached to

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Lucy Combs November 7, 2014

the 2nd layer. The second layer is a material similar to cheese cloth which is sealed with glue. The final layer is the shell that consists of 18 leather panels (usually synthetic) that is glued to the cheese cloth. The design They chose the a rubber bladder because rubber expands and they needed to fill the ball up with air in order the ball to float and move slowly. Mikasa came up with a new design, this ball had dimples and an 8-panel design that improved accuracy and allowed more hand contact. This change in the design was the first in over 100 years. On the indoor volleyball the leather panels are glued to an inner lining that give the ball a more consistent playability.

Citation 1.) "Frequently Asked Questions." Real Volleyball. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.realvolleyball.com/pages/frequently-asked-questions.html>. 2.) Jackson, Jo. "History of Volleyball Balls." Live Strong. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.livestrong.com/article/ 352681-history-of-volleyball-balls/>. 3.) Palmer Stone. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.palmerstone.com.au/ what-is-a-volleyball-made-of/>.

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Works Cited

"The History of Sneakers." FactMonster.com. N.p., 2007. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://

www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0932723.html>.

The Shoe Game. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://theshoegame.com>.

Shoes.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneakers_(footwear)>.

What Materials Are Made of. Jerry cole, 11 May 2010. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.mademan.com/mm/what-materials-are-used-make-sneakers.html>.