Choosing the Right Materials: Class O

Table of Contents

(Student articles appear alphabetically by object researched.)

Baseball…………………………………..…………Jack Durkin Baseball bat………………………….……..……Suraj Pillai Basketball..………………………....……………Luke Mulcahy Basketball shoe………………..….……….…Andrew Nguyen Battery…………………………....……..………..Shiney Albert Candle…………………………………….………….Sophie Vazquez Dr. Martens shoe…….….….….……………Katherine St. Pierre Frying pan……………….……..…….…..………Harini Shanmugam Hockey stick……………………….……………Tyler McNeil Paper curren…………………….….……………Ria Deshpande Skis…………………………………………………….Madison Kane Soap bar………………....…………….….………Tom Barter Softball………………………….……..………….Amber Jackson Teddy bear……..………….…………..…….…Mikaila Mack Tennis ball………………….…….………………Renae Zeno Tennis racket………………………….………Casey Taitel Thermometer………………….………...……Jack Pitney Uggs boot………………….……………………..Veronica DeSouza

November 10, 2014

The Game of Baseball Baseballs are used in a game of the same name. It is known as America's past time. Its origins are shrouded in mystery. The folk tale says it was created by Abner Doubleday but there is no evidence to support the claim. In the game a baseball is thrown by a pitcher and a batter attempts to hit it. Baseball is the only thing/sport that baseballs are used for.

Written by Jack Durkin �1

Baseball trivia

In what year was the game of baseball believed created?

Who is credited as the creator?

Who holds the record for most career home runs?

Fun facts

- One old ball design is known as a banana peel ball because it is only one piece that comes together from 4 points and looks like a banana peel (can be seen in the photo below)

- The "dead ball" era was a period of time where balls were designed to not be very lively and therefore harder to hit. This resulted in many low scoring games.

More Trivia

Who is considered the player that ended the "dead ball" era?

Who supplied the first regulated baseballs to the National League?

BASEBALLS | By Jack Durkin |

http://goldinauctions.com/mobile/lotdetail.aspx?inventoryid=4741&seo=magic-johnson-signed-gary-sheffield-model-baseball

http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baseball_(crop).jpg

November 10, 2014

Baseball's materials and why they're chosen

A baseball is made of 5 main materials. The first two materials are the cork center which is surrounded by two layers of rubber. These are also referred to as the pill. Cork was selected because it was resilient enough to not wear out but was also lively enough to be able to be hit far. Because some in the league at the time this was being established wanted the ball to be less lively, they added the two rubber layers. The next layer is the wool and poly cotton string. There are four layers of string. The first is the four ply wool which is by far the thickest layer. It brings the balls circumference from the 10.47 cm of the pill to 19.68 cm. The next layer is three ply wool string and brings the balls circumference up to 20.77 cm. The third layer is another three ply wool string that brings the circumference up to 22.22 cm. The final layer is the poly cotton blend that brings the circumference up to 22.52 cm.

Written by Jack Durkin �2

Baseballs History

Since the first baseball that was agreed upon as the regulation baseball by both the American and National league in 1934, little has changed in material. The only notable difference is they changed from horsehide to cowhide which only occurred because of a shortage in horses. Some claim that the cowhide is softer than the horsehide but no evidence can confirm this. But there have been some notable changes since some of the baseballs used in the early leagues before the regulated ones. The most notable of which is the center or pill. Most of the early balls had rubber cores which could result in a livelier or deader ball depending on how much rubber was in the core and how tight the windings were. This is much different than today's cork and rubber cores that give no major advantage to the batter or the pitcher like the old lively and dead balls did. Another difference is that the older balls didn't have the poly cotton string to add smoothness like today's balls do. It would be impossible to find out every change that has occurred in all of baseballs history to the ball itself because at the beginning of their existence there was no sort of regulation on how they had to be made. It was just how you or the cobbler you got it from decided to make it.

http://www.visualphotos.com/image/1x7467750/a_regulation_play_baseball_cut_in_half_a_baseball

http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-brief-history-of-the-baseball-3685086/

November 10, 2014

The wool was chosen for the windings because of its natural resistance and "memory" which means when hit, it returns back to its original form. This is what keeps the ball from becoming dented every time it is hit by a bat. The poly cotton blend was chosen for its smoothness. The final exterior layer is a cow hide cover made from primarily Holstein cattle. Cowhide is used for its smoothness as well as its durability. The cowhide covers are stitched together using 223.52 cm of waxed red thread as tightly as possible to keep the seems from coming loose. Baseball is America's past time so baseballs are designed and made using the best materials for the job.

Written by Jack Durkin �3

November 10, 2014

Works Cited

"Baseball." How Products Are Made. Advameg, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/

Volume-1/Baseball.html>.

How It's Made Best Moments: Sports. Sci. Discovery Communications, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.sciencechannel.com/tv-shows/how-its-made/videos/sports.htm>.

Stamp, Jimmy. "A Brief History of the Baseball." Smithsonian.com. Smithsonite Institution, 28 June

2013. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/

a-brief-history-of-the-baseball-3685086/>.

Written by Jack Durkin �4

By:Suraj Pillai November 5, 2014

RECAP OF BASEBALL BAT

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Fun facts Baseball Bats were made in the late 1800's

Baseball Bats

Baseball bats has many unique features to it such as varieties of materials, different types of bats like metal wood and more. So for now I will be explaining the different measurement for different types of bats. Wooden have a diameter of 2.75 and that is at the top of the bat. A regular bat usually weighs about 3 pounds. Earlier in the day the bats weighed 48-59 ounces. All bats as a handle to it so it would be easy to old when your swinging the bat to hit the baseball. An average handle has a circumference of 4.5 inches (11.4 cm). A famous baseball named Aaron had bat that measured 35 inches (89 cm) long and 33 ounces (979 g) in weight. Modern baseball rules limit bat lengths to 42 inches (107 cm).

By:Suraj Pillai November 5, 2014

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This is a picture of a baseball and all it's material that are used to make a baseball bat.

Baseball Bats Materials Baseball bats are made with varieties of material like Wood,Metal,Aluminum,etc. But in some cases the bats must be made of wood with no metal, cork, or other type of reinforcement inserted into the bat's center. Baseball Bats that are made from ash trees from Pennsylvania and upstate New York are used to make baseball bats. Did you know ash is valued for its strength, flexibility, and light weight forty- to fifty-year-old ash trees are used to make baseball bats because of their strength, flexibility, and light weight. The tree trunks are sawed into 10-16-foot (3-5 m) lengths, loaded on a truck, and taken to the mill so they can do the rest of the work.The plant workers who create the final product are called bat turners. In order to strengthen the wood, the sap and gum must be removed by an air-drying process called "seasoning''. After the seasoning is all done the bat is finally ready for some swinging.

Bibliography "Baseball bat." Popular Mechanics. Hearst Communication, 2014. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.popularmechanics.com/outdoors/sports/baseball/ minor-league-metal-bat-ban>. Baseball Bats. Baseball Bats.net, 2008. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.baseball-bats.net/baseball-bats/baseball-bat-history/ index.html>. Diigo. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <https://www.diigo.com/list/mrmularella/ Choosing-the-Right-Materials-Project-Resources>.

By:Suraj Pillai November 5, 2014

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November 10, 2014

Basketballs are used in the game of basketball. In the game of basketball the objective is to shoot the basketball into the opponents hoop to score points, and at the end of the game the team with the most points wins. Basketballs today are usually 28.5-30 inches in diameter and 18-22 ounces, but basketballs weren't always like this. In the beginning of basketball a soccer ball was used as the Basketball. Later in 1892 the first basketball was created. The first basketball was about 32 inches in circumference- 2 inches larger then nowadays basketballs! These balls weighed less then 20 ounces and were made of laced leather. The first molded ball that ended the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its materials and size of 30 inches were ruled official in 1949.

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A Basketballs Purpose/History

A Basketball By Luke Mulcahy

http://shop.spalding.com/Professional-Basketball/b/5675129011

November 10, 2014

A basketball is made of a few different materials such as patented leather, nylon threads, and butyl rubber. Patented leather is used on the casing of the basketball. Patented leather is used on the casing because of its good intensive properties such as its good grip and the ability to usually resist to wear and tear. The nylon threads are used in the carcass. The carcass is a layer of nylon threads that are used to form the the ball in its shape. Nylon is used in the carcass because of its intensive property of being stronger then almost all other man-made fibers. The bladder in the basketball is made out of butyl rubber. The bladder of the basketball is where the air inside the ball is kept. Butyl rubber is used for the bladder because butyl rubber can expand a little bit to hold the air.

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Materials inside a Basketball

November 10, 2014

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Works Cited

"Basketball." How Products Are Made. Advemeg, 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/

Volume-6/Basketball.html>.

Cicione, Maryellen. "How Are Basketballs Made?" Ehow. Demand Media, 2011. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://

www.ehow.com/how-does_4966346_how-basketballs-made.html>.

Howord, Dan. "What Makes up a Basketball?" Live Strong. Demand Media, 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://

www.livestrong.com/article/351180-what-are-basketballs-made-out-of/>.

Lorem Ipsum Dolor November 10, 2014

BASKETBALL SHOES

By: Andrew Nguyen Basketball shoes are design for playing basketball. Basketball shoes are designed to support your feet and ankle when making sudden starts, making stop and quick turns while playing basketball. Basketball shoes also provide comfort, support and tractions when playing indoor or outdoor basketball. The main function of the basketball shoe is to provide superior ankle support. The friction between the shoe and the floor should be very high to help support the ankle from being injured.

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Purpose of wearing a basketball shoes:

Link for picture above ^

http://wuhssportsmed.blogspot.com/2014/03/barefoot-performance_18.html

Lorem Ipsum Dolor November 10, 2014

There are 4 primary soles of a basketball shoe. The outer sole,mid-sole,upper section and inner sole and most soles are made of rubber. The upper section can be made out of leather,synthetic mesh, and canvas. The inner sole can be made out of many material such as silicone, cowhide leather, cotton cushion and foam cushion. The mid-sole can be made up of cushlon,phylon and lunarlon. The outside sole of the shoe is made up of entirely rubber.

Basketball players need shoes made up of stable and durable upper, shock absorbing mid-sole and high traction outsole. Upper part of basketball shoe should provide breathability and flexibility. Synthetic mesh is the best material for the upper section of the shoe because it is very durable and light weight and this offered people who need support and medium stability. Leather is a durable material which makes the shoe last longer and it also help stabilized the feet. The cowhide leather is tough and firm which is important to the inner sole because its what it needs the most to protect the foot. The inner sole have a cushioning technology that can be either cotton or foam and it can gives extra comfort and stability so that the feet doesn't get cramped or sore. The midsole is made up of 3 special materials,cushion,pylon, and

lunarlon. The cushlon is the softest part of the shoe which gives comfort to the foot so it won't get hurt and the lunarlon is the most supportive part of the midsole but it isn't as strong as the phylon itself. The phylon acts like a shell to protect the lunarlon foam and the midsole from being ruined and it is designed to absorb the force of running and jumping. The rubber of the outsole of the basketball shoe should be flat and moderately big and wide to create a stable bottom to prevent a broken ankle. The herringbone patterns of the shoe provides enough traction to keep the person playing basketball steady. Basketball shoes that are

made for outdoor play is usually made up of heavier rubber outside to keep the shoe more stable.

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The materials and why they are use for making a basketball shoe:

Link for picture above

http://entertainmesh.com/the-10-most-popular-and-best-men-basketball-shoes/

Lorem Ipsum Dolor November 10, 2014

The first ever basketball shoe was the Chuck Taylor in 1917 and with its canvas upper and rubber sole the all stars took over the basketball scene for over 40 years. The shoe only consisted a very thick rubber sole, and an ankle supporter cover with canvas upper or sometimes leather. When the Chuck Taylor hit the gym floor, it was the best selling sneakers selling over 600 million pairs worldwide. In 1983, Nike introduced the Air Force 1 which have an air sole unit it in. Ever since Air Force 1 was introduced the shoe game has never been the same. In 1989 reebok produces "Pump" and tries to beat Nike by allowing the customer to pump air into the shoe. For the customers who do this need to repeatedly pressing a basketball on the tongue of the basketball shoe. Nike tries to copy reebok and create their own version of the "Pump" by creating the "Air Pressure" but they failed to create it. Nike's air technology used a gas-filled bag of air inserted in sole of the basketball shoe to cushion the impact of running and jumping. These technologically advanced air soles had provided a good foundation for Nike advancements. Since 1979 athletic shoes have become more specialized and prices for varieties sneakers have increased to the advances in technology.

The upper section can be constructed in many styles high-tops,mid-tops, and low-tops. The high-tops of the shoe offer help to support the players ankles. The high-tops need extra ankle support and most basketball player choose these kind of shoes because it offer better stability. It gives the player the ability to jump higher when shooting, and be able to grab rebounds. Mid-tops allows more speed and agility for the person who's wearing it and have a reasonable amount of ankle support. The lower-tops is more capable of increasing the degree of flexibility and turning capabilities against other players. The lower-tops are designed for traction on the floor and allow ankles flexibility for basketball players who rely on their agility to get to the hoop.

Citations:

"Basketball Shoes." Dunhamssports.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.dunhamssports.com/resource-center/basketball-shoes/>.

"Basketball Shoes Guide." Bestbasketballshoesguide.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Nov.

2014. <http://bestbasketballshoesguide.org/

the-best-basketball-shoe-midsoles/>.

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Lorem Ipsum Dolor November 10, 2014

Blogs.zappos.com. MJM, 15 June 2008. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

<http://blogs.zappos.com/blogs/comfort/2008/06/15/

how-shoes-are-made-basketball>.

Community.active.com. Eric Yo, 3 Aug. 2010. Web. 8 Nov. 2014.

<http://community.active.com/people/EricYo/blog/2010/08/03/

the-history-of-basketball-sneakers>.

Faqs.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://www.faqs.org/sports-science/

A-Ba-and-timeline/Basketball-Shoes.html>.

"Features of Basketball Shoes and Materials Used." Shoecapital.com. N.p., 2007.

Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.shoecapital.com/athletic/

basketball-shoes-features.php>.

Livinghealthy.azcentral.com. Rob Hainer, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

<http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/types-basketball-shoes-4737.html>.

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NOVEMBER 5, 2014 BATTERIES

A Close Look at Batteries We've all wondered what's inside a battery at some

point. We know that batteries are used to supply power to our electronic devices. They convert chemical

reactions into electrical energy. Connected to an outside circuit, they provide power to the device.

What Batteries Are Made of Batteries are made of many materials and chemicals. Here are the main ones in a dry cell alkaline battery. Nickel-plated steel is

used for the can to contain the battery. Manganese dioxide makes up the cathode. The separator made of paper, or fibrous synthetic material keeps the anode from touching the cathode. The potassium hydroxide electrolyte in water makes is the anode. A brass pin serves as a collector.

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This article talks about

WHAT BATTERIES ARE USED FOR, THEIR MAIN MATERIALS,

WHY THOSE MATERIALS ARE

USED, AND THEIR HISTORY.

THE BATTERY ~SHINEY ALBERT

http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/

whatischemistry/landmarks/drycellbattery.html

http://www.illustrationsource.com/stock/image/481525/cutaway-view-of-

an-alkaline-

http://alkalinebatteries.blogspot.c

om/2010/12

/alkalin

e-batteries.html

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 BATTERIES

Why Those Materials Are Used Steel is used for the battery can because it is strong and inexpensive. Manganese dioxide is used for its reactivity with oxygen. It is an oxide that is strong enough to be used in batteries. The separator is made of paper or fibrous because it can separate the cathode and the anode and it can also carry the current to close the circuit, which means it is conductive. The anode is made of potassium hydroxide electrolyte in water because of its reactivity with manganese dioxide that makes electricity. The collector, a brass pin, is made of brass because it is a good conductor so it can collect the current and connect it to the outside circuit.

History of Batteries The first battery was created in 1798, Alessandro Volta built a voltaic pile, paired copper discs separated by cardboard disks dipped in salt or acid solution. There were two cups filled with mercury at either end of the voltaic pile. Volta got an electric shock when he touched the cups of mercury. The more discs he put together, the greater a shock he got. In 1836, John F.

Daniell improved Volta's design. In 1868, Georges Leclanché created the wet cell. In 1888, Carl Gassner created the dry cell, similar to today's carbon-zinc batteries.

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Bibliography

"Batteries 101: Battery History."

Energizer. Energizer, n.d.

Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

"Batteries 101: How Batteries Work." Energizer. Energizer,

n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014.

"Battery." How Products Are Made. Advameg, n.d. Web.

4 Nov. 2014.

"Managanese Dioxide, Separator(electricity,

Steel." Wikipedia. N.p.: n.p., 2014.

Wikipedia. Web. 6 Nov. 2014.

Tesar, Jenny, and Bobby Bunch. Blackbirch

Encyclopedia of Science & Invention.

Woodbridge: Blackbirch, 2001. Kids InfoBits. Web. 30 Oct.

2014.

UXL Encyclopedia of Science. N.p.: U*X*L,

2007. Science in Context. Web. 2 Nov.

2014. http://

powerup.ukpowernetworks.co.uk/

under-11/electricity-in-

NOVEMBER 5, 2014 BATTERIES

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November 9, 2014

The Function of Candles Candles have been around for over 5,000 years lighting up our world. It's amazing how an object made up of a few things like wax and cotton is still in use after all of these years. The original function of candles was for a source of light and for use in various religious celebrations. After the invention of electricity, candles were no longer the major source of light. Even though candles aren't used for light anymore, they are still used today for celebrations and home decor.

What Materials Make Up a Candle and Why? There are two components that make up a candle and these are always the same no matter if the candles are scented, dyed or of a different height or width: 1) a source of fuel, which is the wax; and 2) the wick. Today's candles are made from paraffin which is a by product of the distillation of petroleum or crude oil. Paraffins are a class of hydro carbons known as alkanes. The term "wax" is considered by scientists to be a generic term used to classify materials that have the following properties: water repellant, insoluble in water, less dense than water, solid at room temperature and liquid at higher temperature (thermo plasticity), low toxicity, low reactivity, burn and may be used as fuel.

The other component of a candle is the wick which is the fuel delivery system of the candle- it delivers the wax to the flame. The wick needs to be made out of materials that are naturally absorbent in order for it to pull the wax up to the flame- this is called capillary action. The material used for the wick is usually composed of tightly wound cotton or nylon fibers which will easily absorb the liquified wax and carry it up to the flame. Wicks that are braided, plaited, or knitted fibers are best to use for candles

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By Sophie Vazquez

The Science Behind Cozy Candles

http://www.uq.edu.au/_School_Science_Lessons/3.2.0.0ch.GIF

November 9, 2014

since they have a slow and consistent burn. Wicks that are twisted burn much faster because of their loose construction which allows more of the wax to quickly reach the flame.

The History of Candles The Romans and ancient Egyptians were the first ones to use candles. They relied on animal fat which is called tallow to make the candles. The tallow made candles produced a smokey flame and had a foul odor. The next material that was used in candle making was beeswax which did not have a smokey flame and burned cleanly. However beeswax candles were expensive to produce so the common household still used candles made from tallow. During colonial times the process of candle making improved when spermaceti became available due to the growth of the whaling industry. Spermaceti is a wax obtained by crystalizing sperm whale oil. This type of wax produced a brighter light and didn't have an odor when burned. The next development in candle making was stearin wax which was extracted from animal fatty acids. This type of wax was hard, durable, and burned cleanly. The last major development in candle making was paraffin wax. This wax is odorless, burns cleanly and is more economical to produce. The only bad thing about paraffin was that it had a low melting point. Stearic acid was added to the paraffin to solve this problem.

Candle wicks were made from reeds during the early years and then from some type of natural fibers. In 1824 Jean Jacques Cambaraceres introduced the plaited wick which made the wick burn more evenly than unplaited ones. Today there are many different types of wicks used.

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Wick

http://www.dorthonion.com/drcmcm/CANDLE/Lessons/L2.php

http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/17625/testing-the-temperature-of-an-open-flame

Tallow Candle

http://www.wwmm.org/storie/storia.asp?id_storia=191&pagina=12

November 9, 2014

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Works Cited

"How Does a Candle Work." How Stuff Works. N.p., 1 Apr. 2000. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://

home.howstuffworks.com/question267.htm>.

"How Products Are Made Volume 1 Candle." How Products Are Made. N.p., 2006. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

National Candle Association. 2014 National Candle Association, 22 Mar. 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http://candles.org>.

Rohrig, Brain. "The Captiviating Chemistry of Candles." Chem Matters Dec. 2007: 4-7. Print.

Photo by: Sophie Vazquez

Dr. Martens By Katherine St. Pierre

Function of the Object Dr. Martens are boots that are known worldwide for their durability, and the elements and materials that make the shoe and give it incredible finesse. They are a stylish brand of shoes that are sold internationally and are wore by many celebrities and people all over the world. Dr. Martens usually aren't worn for things like hiking or sports because they are a heavy shoe but they have this sort of grunge look to their style. They not only are make boots but have expanded their company and made all different colors, shapes, and types of shoes along with other accessories like clothing and and luggage.

Major Parts and Materials of the Dr. Marten Dr. Martens are very big, heavy, and durable shoes. The main parts of the Dr. Martens are the upper and the soles long with other small parts for comfort like the padded collar, and their signature bright yellow stitching around the soles that connect the soles to the upper. The upper is made out of full grain leather because leather is flexible, durable, and is long lasting. Full grain leather is the best for making this type of shoe because the grain allows fiber, strength, breathability, and less moisture. Full grain leather has not been sanded, buffed, or snuffed to removed its imperfections and rather than the leather wearing out it developed patina over time. Patina is an impression or appearance of something. The soles of Dr. martens are made out of oil, fat, acid, and petrol that gives it an air cushioned feel.

Inner sole Yellow stitching(up close)

The History of Dr. Martens Although, The first United Kingdom sale of Dr. Martens was in 1960, Dr. Martens weren't made in the UK the first time. They were made because a man named Klaus Märten and made the first Dr. Martens in Germany but the Griggs family bought it off of him. Klaus was in the army and he had gotten injured but his army boot we're making him very uncomfortable so he made a few changes to his boots to make them more comfortable. After he signed the boots off to the Griggs family they made a few changes like making the heel more comfortable and adding the yellow stitching. The Dr. Martens had gone international and the company had its ups and downs, like almost going bankrupt, but eventually the boots became really famous and people all around the world were wearing them from the United Kingdom, to the United States, to Hong Kong.

Statistics • In the first decade 80% of the sales of Dr. Martens went to woman over the age of 40 • The annual revenue was £170 and they produced 10 million pairs of shoes in one year • In 7 years from 1999-2006 the prices in the US dropped from $412 to $127 • The companies sale rates went up a lot in 2010 and in 2012 they were the 8th fastest-growing

British company • From 1960-2010 over 100 million pairs of Dr. Martens have been sold • In the United Kingdom, United States, and Hong Kong from 2009-2011 they have made 14

new stores

Citations "Dr Martens Air Wair." Official Dr Martens Store. Dr Martens, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation Ink, 10 8 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. Picture 1 all-free-download.com Picture 2 www.ninajohansson.se Picture 3 society6.com Picture 4 ruthjoyceart.blogspot.com

Picture 5 commons.wikimedia.org Pictures 6, & 7 www.drmartens.com

November 6, 2014

Function As we all know, frying pans allows us to cook food. Sauté pans and frying pans are often

confused with one another because they look the same, but a sauté pan has straight sides and

usually comes with a lid whereas a frying pan has slanted sides. The reason for the slanted sides is

so steam can escape so frying and

searing can happen. Frying pans can

be used for frying, steam- frying,

searing, and sautéing, but not for

deep or stir fry.

Major Materials and Why? Frying pans are traditionally made from cast iron, but today, pans are made with

numerous types of metals so there is no specific

material for a specific part of the pan. Some metals

used to make different types of pans are aluminum,

anodized aluminum, cast iron, copper, and stainless

steel. Sometimes a coating is applied to the inside of

the pan to make it non-stick.

Aluminum

Aluminum is a great metal because it is an excellent

conductor of heat. The heat spreads quickly and

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WHAT'S COOKING? Learn what's in your frying pan! By Harini Shanmugam, O

http://bestcookwarefinds.com/saute-pan/

http://www.thekitchn.com/a-guide-to-the-best-material-for-pots-and-pans-pros-cons-168241

November 6, 2014

evenly across the bottom and the sides so it

surrounds the food being cooked. It is also

light weight so many prefer bring aluminum

pans on camping trips.

Stainless Steel

Stainless steel is durable. It is difficult to

dent it and it won't corrode of tarnish. Its hard,

tough, and nonporous surface keeps it from wearing. Stainless steel is a combination of metals

and it may include other metals such as nickel, molybdenum, columbium, or titanium. This

combination of different metals gives stainless steel its special hardness and high temperature

resistance.

Cast Iron

Like stainless, cast iron is extremely durable, letting it last for generations. It also maintains and

distributes heat very well. It is also inexpensive.

Copper

Copper is an excellent conductor of heat and it

distributes evenly very quickly. Many pans that are

made with other metals have a layer of copper on

the bottom.

The Handle

Just as the base of a frying pan can be made of different materials, the handle part of a pan can

vary for every pan too. Some handles are made of plastic, wood, or cork because they are good

insulators.

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https://www.etsy.com/market/revereware

http://www.francoishurtaud.com/71248/624403/selected-work/frying-pan

http://www.amazon.com/Textured-Ceramic-Non-Stick-Coating-Germany/dp/B004CSXMP6

November 6, 2014

The History of the Famous Pan The origin of the frying pan has been traced back all the way to ancient Mesopotamia. It's

also been said that it was used in ancient Greece and Rome. Before the modern kitchen stove

became popular in the mid-19th century, there

was a cooking pan, similar to a frying pan,

called a spider. It had three legs to stand up on

because the cooking style was different; back

then they used hot coals to cook. As time

progressed, cooking stoves became popular and

so did flat bottom pans.

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http://www.digantiques.com/shop/browse/52ec4c17b3632b3b046f8655

November 6, 2014

Citations "Frying Pan." Wikipedia. WikipediA, n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Frying_pan>.

"Frying Pans." CooksInfo.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.cooksinfo.com/

frying-pans>.

"A Guide to the Best Material for Pots and Pans: A Pros and Cons List." The Kitchn. Apartment

Therapy, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://www.thekitchn.com/

a-guide-to-the-best-material-for-pots-and-pans-pros-cons-168241>.

Hurtaud, Francois. "Frying Pan." Francois Hurtaud. Francois Hurtaud, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

<http://www.francoishurtaud.com/71248/624403/selected-work/frying-pan>.

"Materials of Cookware and Bakeware." Cookware Manufacturers Association. Dixie Studios for Web

Design, n.d. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.cookware.org/tools_2.php>.

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What are Composite Hockey sticks made of?

1. There are two different types of hockey sticks.One type is is called the "wooden stick"Which is made out of all wood. Ice hockey sticks are approximately 150–200 cm long, composed of a long, slender shaft with a flat extension at one end called the blade. The materials are: Wood, Titanium, Fiberglass, Aluminum, Kevlar,and Graphite.Wooden sticks are usually constructed by laminating multiple types of wood into a high quality plywood, then coating the stick and blade with thin plastic or fiberglass. Some manufacturers use fiberglass as a laminate between wood layers. Aluminium sticks were the first non-wood sticks to appear. Most aluminium sticks consist of a shaft made of an aluminium alloy and a wooden blade or composite blade, which is held in the shaft by glue and the compression of the shaft itself. Fiberglass, along with the traditional wood, was the first composite stick material, being added as laminate or coating to wooden sticks. Manufacturers have experimented with 100% fiberglass ice hockey sticks, but they suffered from poor "feel" and poor durability and never really caught on. Currently, there are two 100% fiberglass sticks on the market: The Warrior Disher and the Warrior Esquire. Graphite has become by far the most common building material for sticks used in the NHL, and it is growing rapidly in popularity for amateur and recreational players. Carbon fiber sticks were originally sold as shafts alone, much like their aluminium counterparts. "One piece" sticks, which consist of a single piece shaft and blade, have become the predominant type. Kevlar was originally added to increase the durability of aluminium stick blades, it became an ideal addition to the more fragile wooden and carbon fiber sticks, and today it is a material used by many manufacturers. Titanium is similar to aluminium in general properties, although it is lighter, stronger, and is said to have notably superior "flex" properties. 2. Hockey stick properties: Lie, Flex, and Blade Pettern. The lie of a stick refers to the angle between the shaft and the blade. A lie value of 5 corresponds to a 135° angle, and each additional lie value corresponds to a 2° smaller angle. With the bottom of the blade flat on the ice, a higher lie value causes the shaft to stand up straighter. Flex is also correlated to player strength; stronger players will often prefer stiffer flexes, as they have a sufficient amount of strength to fully bend. Using such shafts, whereas younger players and players with less strength will generally have more success using more flexible shafts which they are capable of bending to their optimal degree. In the beginning of hockey people broke stick often because of the pattern if the blade. Then soon after they made the stick blade curved this would then resulted in a better shot and for the stick not to snap at a high velocity.

Works cited: Laliberte, David J., Michael Farber, and Mark Bechtel, eds. "Ice Hockey Stick." Wikipedia. Sports Illustrated, 18 Oct. 2011. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. <http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_stick>.

November 10, 2014

THE TRUTH ABOUT MONEY

By: Ria Deshpande Paper money is something that we use everyday, from using it to buy today's lunch to accidentally leaving it in your pant pocket while putting it through the washing machine (don't worry...it happens to the best of us). Money serves as a medium of exchange (most people accept it as a method of payment), as a store of value (it can be held and exchanged later for other goods and services), and as a unit of account (it's a way of keeping track of how much something is worth). It separates the act of selling and buying and is much easier to use than bartering. Money is divisible, durable, and portable and it provides a way to quantify the value of

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http://2012patriot.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/trillion-dollar-counterfeiting/

November 10, 2014

goods. Basically, money is very important in our everyday life and society. How is it that we use this object everyday, yet most don't know what it is made out of?

Paper currency is made out of just two simple materials, 25% linen and 75% cotton. These two materials are mixed together to create a special type of paper, called rag paper. The paper used for money is thinner than printer paper and is squeezed with thousands of pounds of pressure during its printing process which makes it even thinner. Rag paper does not disintegrate even if it becomes wet or is put through the washing machine. Both materials have very important qualities that make paper currency so widely used. Linen is cool in heat and warm in cold, is antiseptic, and is highly absorbent and dries out very quickly. This material is helpful to put in paper currency because if it gets wet, it isn't ruined. Linen also does not deform and does not lose brightness and shine which is helpful because paper money is used so much and is handled and passed on a

lot, so it helps keep money usable and in-tact for a long period of time. Cotton is used because it is soft, and has a good absorbency like linen. It also has color retention, so the colors on it won't fade even after constant use. Cotton also prints well, and has good strength, which is important considering the amount of people and the amount of places just a single bill has visited. Lastly, cotton is easy to handle. This combination of linen and cotton is the perfect combination for paper currency considering that paper money from 200 years ago would fall apart in only a month or so! Today, a $1 bill lasts about eighteen months, a $5 bill lasts two years, a $20 bill four years, and a $50 bill nine years. Bills that get worn out are taken out of circulation

and replaced. For the 1996 series in paper currency, a watermark was added to the paper to prevent counterfeiting (fake money). The rag paper used to make money also has small red and blue fibers mixed into the paper when it is made. The fibers are so fine that they do not reproduce very well in a normal printer to make counterfeit. So, as you can tell, the question isn't what paper currency is really made out of, but why they used these materials. And the answer lies in the what qualities each material have that make paper currency so commonly used.

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http://www.paperworks.uk.com/index.asp?action=product&topcategory=indianP

Rag paper before it is turned into money

November 10, 2014

Works Cited

Boundless. Boundless, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <https://www.boundless.com/economics/textbooks/

boundless-economics-textbook/the-monetary-system-27/introducing-money-114/the-

functions-of-money-445-12542/>.

Cliffs Notes. Houghton Miffllin Harcourt, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-

subjects/economics/money-and-banking/functions-of-money>.

Fact Monster. Pearson Education, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/

A0774850.html>.

Howstuffworks. HowStuffWorks, n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://money.howstuffworks.com/

counterfeit3.htm>.

Linen Mill. Fortune Systems, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.linenmill.by/en/for-partners/

tender>.

mint.com. Intuit, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014. <https://www.mint.com/how-is-money-made-in-america/>.

Nova Online. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/moolah/

anatomypaper.html>.

Ron's Currency Stocks and Bonds. Ron Pfiester, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://

www.ronscurrency.com/rhist.htm>.

Swico Fil. Swicofil, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.swicofil.com/products/001cotton.html>.

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Soap Bars By: Thomas Barter

How is soap made? What is it made of ?

• Soap is made using a combination of various animal fats, vegetable fats, fragrant oils

• Soap can be made at home, too

• When this gets dissolved in water, it can help break away dirt, which makes you clean

• Glycerin is also used in soap, as it attracts and holds in water, and it kills bacteria

• Herbs are also put in soap, to help make you smell better, for the odor

• It comes in a basic variety of different textures, shapes and sizes for appearance

• Soap contains lye

• First it is bubbled in a kettle. Then, when animal or vegetable fat reacts to sodium hydroxide, it is used to make soap. It goes into many different sets of hoppers, it makes strings of soap, then the soap goes into another hopper, and it pushes the soap through an extorter called a noodle plate. This shapes it into soap noodles. The soap is broken up again, then put into a mixer, then color is added. Steel blades then stir it until all the color is mixed. Some fragrant oils are then added and tossed around to mix it all up. A door then opens and the blades push it out. The noodle plate mixes it up one last time. Then, long soap bars are made, and shorter pieces are cut up, called slugs. After the slugs are put into the right size, they are then stamped. This is how soap factories make soap in abundances.

-Fancy soap is often found in hotels as shown above

-Real (all natural soap) helps to get rid of skin diseases like acne

-Soap used to be used as a medicine product

-For at least 2,000 years has been made in some form or another

-Soap is either made by hand or by a machine

-There are many different types of soap bars, different shapes and sizes

-Soap is used for your hygiene so you don't smell, gets rid of the odor

-Its a salt of a fatty solid

-The worlds production of soap each year is 10,000,000,000 lbs

-1.4 million deaths can be prevented each year by using soap

-October 15th is global hand washing day

-We absorb 60 percent of anything that is put onto our skin

-1 reason why soap makes your eyes burn because it contains lye, and another reason is the soap draw on the fatty molecules in your eyes when its lathered

-The first soap was made with animal fat

Soap is beneficial to the human race in many ways. It keeps you clean, it takes away any bad odors that you do not want, and is extremely necessary for any human beings person hygiene. Every day, many people used soap bars to scrub down. What would be do without soap bars, or really any type of soap? We need soap, it helps us move on with our daily lives!

Facts about soap

Works cited

“85g lavender soap bar.” Printed health and beauty gifts. Total merchandise ltd, n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://www.totalmerchandise.co.uk/products/details/85g-Lavender-Soap-Bar>.

“Coconut.” Review: Morroco method int’l babies friendly dragon coconut soap. Kaylin Johnson and plazify, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://www.kaylinskit.com/2012/06/review-morrocco-method-intl-babys.html#.VFoywGK9KSM>.

“Ehow.” How to make bars of soap. Demand media, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ehow.com/how_4842506_bars-soap.html>.

Interesting facts about soap. Reganthan M G, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://igentry.blogspot.com/2009/05/interesting-facts-about-soap.html>.

Little- known facts about soap. Wordpress, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://goodworkswellness.com/soapfacts/>.

“Ocean.” Paxton creek. Cub creek commerce, LLC, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.paxtoncreek.com/products/111-ocean-bar-soap.aspx>.

“Old spice bar soap.” Huff post business. Thehuffingtonpost, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/08/old-spice-bar-soap_n_3035964.html>.

“7 interesting facts about soap.” Soap facts. Radiant brown beauty, n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://radiant-brown-beauty.com/7-facts-you-should-know-about-soap/>.

“Shampoo natural bar.” Natural soap boutique. Naturalsoapboutique.com, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2014. <http://naturalsoapboutique.com/natural-soap/shampoo-natural-bar>.

“Soap.” How made. Advanmeg, inc, n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014. <http://www.madehow.com/Volume-2/Soap.html>.

“Soap facts.” Global soap project. Fffunciton, n.d. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://www.globalsoap.org/our-work/soap-facts/>.

Teachsoap. Wordpress admin, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://teachsoap.com>.

By Amber Jackson November 6, 2014

What is a softball used for? Softballs are used in the sport "Softball", obviously. What it is, is in the name. It's a ball, of course. If you have ever watched MLB or any baseball game, you have probably seen the ball they use. This ball is called a baseball. Softballs are almost identical to baseballs. They are the main object in the game softball. Without a softball, you wouldn't be able to play a professional game. A softball is used for various objectives. You hit the ball, catch the ball, and you throw it in this sport. Outside of a so!ba" In order to keep a softball strong and durable for a long period of time it needs materials that can withstand a hard hit of a bat. On the outside of an ordinary softball there is a tough leather cover. This cover is usually painted a bright yellow, sometimes white color. This is so the players are able to see the ball clearly. To keep the leather cover intact, there is a long red thread stitched in a figure eight style on the leather cover. They use this leather because it is durable, easy to grip, and easy to spot.

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When was the softball invented?

In 1887, a group of men started a game with a boxing glove tied up as their ball.

Who invented the softball?

George Hancock was the one to find the glove and tie it up, calling it a softball. Later on they made an actual ball for the sport, instead of using the tied up glove.

Was it called something else?

In 1895, it was called a kitten ball. Then in 1922 Kitten ball was dropped, and they named it a mush ball or diamond ball. And finally in 1926, it was called a softball.

Why is it called a softball?

Even though a softball isn't soft at all, they call it a softball because the core of a softball is softer than the core of a baseball. Softballs also travel at a slower rate of speed than a baseball.

EVERY THING YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT A SOFTBALL

History | Materials | Interesting Facts

By Amber Jackson November 6, 2014

Inside of a so!ba"

A softball needs a strong core because they need to be able to spring back with rapid speed when hit from a pitch. Most of the cores they use are long fiber kapok, cork, rubber, polyurethane, a combination of cork and rubber, and a polyurethane mixture. All of these cores are suitable for there position. Most softballs are made of polyurethane because people are able to manipulate it. They make it so it can be cross linked which increases the hardness or ball compression. Making it so the ball is hit at a faster speed and can go father. Around the core is fibrous yarn,

called kapok. On the picture to the left, you can see the kapok yarn wrapped around the core of the ball. The two yellow pieces on the side are the pieces of leather that are stitched on with red linen or cotton thread.

What is the difference between a baseba" and a so!ba"?

For starters, a baseball is much smaller than a softball. No matter what league you are in, you will always use the same size baseball. But softballs come in different sizes for different age groups. A baseball is white, while most of the time a softball is yellow. Softballs and baseballs are both made up of the same materials, like the core and the yarn wrapped around it. They are almost exactly the same except for their size and color.

More history

The size, weight, and construction of the ball is totally different from when they first started making them. At first there was only one kind of softball. Then they had made two different kinds, for slow pitch and for fast pitch. Now they have a lowest compression ball, medium compression ball, and highest compression ball. All of these balls are different from each other in many ways.

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My investigation of a softball

I happened to have softball I didn't want anymore, so I took it apart.

•This is the yellow leather cover on the softball.

•Here is the red linen thread stitched onto the cover.

•You can see the kapok yarn they tied around the core.

•Beneath the yarn is the cork and rubber core. This is what some of it looks like.

By Amber Jackson November 6, 2014

Website Citations:

Mize, Lisa. "Where Did This Awesome Game Come From?" The Official Site of Diamonds Mize Fastpitch. Mize Fastpitch Diamonds, 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

Noebe, Ronald D., Ph.D, and Mark McDowell, Ph.D. "Softball - a Contradiction in Terms." Bomani. Bomani Sports Research Inc., 2010. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

Paventi, Jared. "Differences between Baseball & Softball Balls." Live Strong. Demand Media, 4 Feb. 2014. Web. 6 Nov. 2014.

Phalon, Diana. "St. Bonaventure." St. Bonaventure Softball Site. Diana Phalon, n.d. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

Schjoth, Bradley. "What Materials Are Used to Make Softballs?" EHow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

"Softball Buying Guide." Ebay. eBay, 14 Apr. 2014. Web. 9 Nov. 2014.

Wolski, Chris. "Construction of Softballs." EHow. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

Picture citations:

http://www.powerlineconsulting.net

http://rhondacantrell.com/blog/

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November 5, 2014

Why did they switchmaterials? Originally they used Mohair fabric but it switched to synthetic fur because it was easier and cheaper to make. Even though synthetic fur is the most popular outside for a teddy bear, other materials include, wool, silk, rayon, nylon, or even a combination of fabrics. Then they switched from leather button eyes to plastic safety eyes. They did this because the leather buttons would fall off to easily and become a chocking hazard. The new and improved eyes are made of plastic and mounted on stems which are then anchored into the teddy bears head. Teddy bears used to be stuffed with "soft" wood chips but was later switched to polyester. Not only is polyester soft and pliable but it's easy to care for and a light substance so when stuffed in a teddy bear it won't make the bear feel super heavy. Another thing that you can find commonly stuffed in a bear is plastic beads. It's easier to

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Materials used back then

* Mohair Fabric (goats hair)

* Leather Button Eyes

* Soft Wood Shavings also known as Excelsior

* And obviously String

Materials used now

* Plastic Safety Eyes

* Synthetic Fur

* Polyester

* Sometimes Plastic Beads

* And obviously String

TEDDY BEARS By: Mikaila Mack

http://www.madedition.com/funny-picture-gallery/teddy-bears-protecting-innicent-children-from-monsters-under-the-bed-since-1902

November 5, 2014

make the bear sit when filled at least partially with these. The main reasons why they changed all the materials was due to safety or cheapness of the product.

A little history

The teddy best was created in honor and homage of Theodor Roosevelt. Theodor was known for his hunting skills but during a hunt when he refused to shoot a bear that one of his servants had caught for him the idea of the Teddy Bear was born. The idea was a stuffed toy bear and they added his nickname at the beginning of it. It was fist created in 1902. They marketed it as a 'Teddy' Bear and still do today.

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What are teddy bears purpose?

We all know teddy bears to be a popular gift to give to kids for birthdays or special occasions. Even for adults to show a sign of love. But one thing that you may not know is how they're used in the field of Police work and Firemen. They started using them because they realized that when a child was in a traumatic state they'd start to calm down if given a teddy bear.

Article Sources:

National Park Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014.

Polyester Fibers. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014.

Stuffings and Fillings. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014.

Teddy Bear. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014.

Teddy Bear. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Nov. 2014(Wikipedia)

http://www.survivinginfidelity.com/forums.asp?tid=503918

http://historyspaces.blogspot.com/2012/01/short-history-of-teddy-bear-how.html

Lorem Ipsum Dolor November 5, 2014

Materials Modern tennis balls are made of a hollow rubber core, covered in a wool or nylon shell, and pressurized air.

Pressurized Air - is used to help the ball bounce

Manufacturing Step 1 : Production of the solution raw rubber is brought into the factory in bales of 70-250 lbs. The rubber is made soft so it is easier to work with and Manufacture. Many various powders are then added to the rubber for the properties of strength, color and to enable it to cure. Next the rubber compound is then put into a

!1Lorum Ipsum Dolor

History

The Scottish craftsmen used the stomach of a sheep or goat that they wrapped with wool and tied with a rope. Tennis balls with a cork core and cloth covering are still used in the original game of tennis, known as Real Tennis.

In 1870, vulcanized rubber was first used to manufacture tennis balls.

First Tennis Ball

The very first tennis balls date back as early as the 15th century and were made of different materials, mostly from leather stuffed with human and horse hair or wool. Originally, tennis balls were black or white, but the ITF introduced yellow tennis balls in the 1970s because the bright color made the balls more easy for television viewers to see.

Fun Fact

- Around 300 million tennis balls are produced each year

TENNIS BALLS History | Manufacturing | Sport

Lorem Ipsum Dolor November 5, 2014

tank with a quantity of petrolium solvent and left to soak. After this process the compound is now a sticky dough substance. The dough is then diluted.

Step 2 : Formulation, Core formulations for pressurised balls are normally based on natural rubber containing a high loading of fine-particle filler for low gas permeability.

Step 3 : Extrude, then the rubber compound is heatedand extruded by forcing through an orifice under pressure to form a rod which is then cut into pellets. After the cut the pellets are cooled.

Step 4 : Form, the pellets are then put into a hydraulic press shapes the into half shell like figure which usually take about 2 and a half minute at 150 degrees. Then half shells are then taken from the press and put on a sheet.

Step 5 : Edge Buff, then the edge of the half shells are roughened with a grinding wheel to help with the process of putting on vulcanizing rubber to the edge.

Step 6 : Cure and Inflates, a) The press closes until the edges of the half-shells are not quite touching.

b) In this position the internal platen area is isolated from the atmosphere by a rubber sealing ring around the periphery of the platens.

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Types of Tennis Balls

• Pressureless – have solid cores and and last much longer than pressurized tennis balls. They don’t lose their bounce easily but the disadvantage is that the felt wears off much faster. Since they don’t need to be pressure-sealed, they come in nets or bags.

• Pressurized

• Regular Duty - good for indoor tennis

• Extra Duty - good for grass and concrete courts

• High Altitute Tennis Balls – are used in high altitude regions, where regular balls would have a greater bounce

Lorem Ipsum Dolor November 5, 2014

c) Compressed air is introduced at the required pressure to the platen area.

d) The press platens are then brought together, so trapping the compressed air between the half-shells and forming a pressurised core.

e) The platens are then heated to vulcanise the rubber solution and then cooled prior to core extraction.

Step 7 : Core Solution, the core is then buffed to help with the applying of next solution. Next the cores are coated with a rubber solution.

Step 8 : Fabric Covering, the ball is then covered with two fabrics. The two types are Melton cloth, which has high wool content, and Needle cloth. The cloth is coated on its reverse side with a vulcanising solution. ‘Dumb-bell’ shaped blanks are cut from several layers of cloth at once by an automated stamping machine. Two blanks are then used to cover each ball. Two covers are carefully located onto the core by machine, one cover centred along the core seam, the other at 90° to the core seam.

Step 9 : Moulding, The ball is the placed in a moulding press and heated, moulding together the rubber solution on the core and that on the back of the cloth. The moulded ball is cooled and removed from the press.

Step 10 : Steaming, Tumbling the balls slowly through a steam laden atmosphere causes the cloth to fluff, giving a raised and softer surface and the ridge around the ball also disappears.

Step 11 : Finishing, the balls are then tested and graded. The brand name is now marked on the ball by a transferring process. The balls are usually packed into pressurised tins or tubes which maintain the balls pressure whilst stored.

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November 10, 2014

THE MERCURY THERMOMETER

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What is the thermometer used for? A thermometer is used to measure the temperatures of various objects such as rooms, buildings, and even the human body. For a human body you can measure the temperature in many ways such as in their mouth of in their ear etc. you can also use these handy objects for cooking. You can really put a thermometer anywhere and find out the temperature. People use thermometers in hospitals, home, and the doctors office. These inventions help everyone around the work with their everyday lives.

What materials make up the thermometer? Major materials in some older thermometers are mercury and glass. The mercury's temperature would rise and tell you the temperature. Even though the glass could break and the mercury could get everywhere they were very smart to have these objects when they created the first mercury thermometers. The glass is shaped in a rod with a bulb at the bottom of the rod to hold the liquid mercury. So when you put the bulb under your tongue the mercury goes up to tell you your temperature.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/physics/health_physics/use_of_thermometers/revision/1/

Written by Eric Pitney

Why did they use these materials? These objects are good for the job because the mercury is red so when it gets hot and rises it is easy to see where it settles in the rod. The glass is very clear and not blurry so you can see the mercury through the glass to tell the temperature. Also mercury can go to -40 degrees before it freezes which is good because -40 degrees is a very low temperature which not a lot of places reach. So it can go to many low temperatures and many high temperatures. The mercury is also a good material because when the temperature the mercury contracts and expands and it can only expand up so the mercury rises due to the temperature. The mercury is liquid so when it settles it is very flat and easy to see where it landed on the thermometer.

What is the history of the mercury thermometer? The mercury thermometer was invented in 1714 by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam. The mercury thermometer was invented obviously to tell the temperature. But Daniel Gabriel (the inventor of the mercury thermometer also figured out that the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit and the boiling point if water is 212 degrees Fahrenheit. The model of thermometers have changed over time it used to be a water thermometer, then a mercury thermometer, and now electric thermometers. The water thermometers were made of water and glass figures with liquid inside which would change density based off of the temperature. These were made by Galileo Galilei. The electric thermometers are made of plastic and metal and you stick it in your mouth and it tells you the temperature. But many people still use mercury thermometers today.

http://www.advancedaquarist.com/2010/6/review

Fallon, L. Fleming. "Thermometer." Gale Encyclopedia of Surgery: A Guide for Patients and Caregivers. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 7 Nov. 2014 <http://www.encyclopedia.com>. Livescience.com. N.p., 20 Sept. 2013. Web. 7 Nov. 2014. <http://www.livescience.com/39841-temperature.html>.

Work cited

November 10, 2014

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November 6, 2014

Uggs are one of the most widely sold winter boots. Everyone's gone crazy over them. We've all heard the rumors that they kill sheep for the sheepskin. But those are just that rumors. So what are Uggs really made of?

Materials Uggs are made out of many materials each used for a different purpose. The function of Uggs are to keep your feet warm and dry during the winter. So each of the materials used are to serve that function. The thick, warm inside is hand picked sheepskin. Each sheepskin goes through a specific process to ensure comfort and warmth. As to the rumors Ugg Australia claims that they donate money to animal right funds, and that they only use the sheepskin if its a byproduct of the meat industry. The warm, comfortable sole is made out of soft wool. Its used to provide comfort and warmth, the main purpose of Ugg boots. The outer layer is made from water resistant suede. It's tanned to become the beautiful color that Ugg costumers love. The suede is breathable, water-resistant, and stain-resistant. This makes it so that the Uggs last many winters, and still

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Written by Veronica DeSouza

The making of Uggs

These are all of the materials used in Uggs

November 6, 2014

look there best. The bottom is an EVA sole that can be used indoors and outdoors, as it is non slip.

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The materials used in Uggs have not changed in 35 years. Uggs started as boots used by surfers in Australia back then it wasn't a brand it was a name for the type of boot. In Australia Ugg can't

be a copyrighted brand. The Uggs we buy here in America by the copyright 'Ugg Australia' are actually an American brand and are manufactured in China.

Background

Works cited

Uggs Australia. Deckers Outdoor Corporation, 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

Casey Taitel November 5, 2014

RACKET SCIENCE BY CASEY TAITEL

Tennis racket engineers struggle to create a racket that not only provides additional power and topspin to a players game, but is durable, lightweight and resistant to torque. As such racket scientists are in constant search of different materials that encompass and exceed the needs of players.

What is in a tennis racket?

Major Materials Most modern-day rackets are made out of aluminum alloy or a composite of graphite. Graphite is a combination of carbon fiber and plastic resin. Babaolat claims that graphite is the perfect material as it is not only light, but is also resistant to torque. Composite rackets usually consist of multiple different layers that enclose a hollow core of polyurethane foam. Aluminum rackets consist of an aluminum alloy. An alloy is a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements to give the resulting material greater strength or resistance to corrosion. An aluminum alloy racket is made with a mixture of metals with the predominant one being aluminum. One popular alloy is a mixture of silicon, copper, chromium, magnesium, and aluminum. The strings of the racket are made of nylon and synthetic gut (twisted animal intestine). Gut has lost popularity as tennis technology has developed, but a few professionals continue to use it. Recently, Babolat introduced a new polyester string that helped bring 3 out of the 4 finalists to the French Open finals. Leather and synthetic material are used to make the grip, which serves the purpose of absorbing vibration when the tennis ball hits the tennis racket. Plastic is another material used to create rackets. The yoke (the base of the head) and the butt (cap at the bottom of the handle) are made of plastic.

!1Racket Science

Function of a Tennis Racket

A tennis racket is used to play tennis. Tennis players use the racket to hit the ball with accuracy and speed.

Casey Taitel November 5, 2014

Why are these materials used? Racket scientists were in need a material that was durable, light, and flexible for the racket frame. Aluminum and graphite seemed to be the perfect fit. These metal frames are stronger than wooden frames and can accommodate higher string tension. The use of an aluminum frame allowed for a larger hitting surface in a lighter racket. Recreational players found the racket easier to use due to the larger hitting area and larger sweet spot, but elite players found the racket harder to use because the larger hitting area decreased the amount of control the racket has. In attempt to fix the issue regarding control, racket designers needed to create a racket that was light, but more resistant to torque. Torque is a twisting force that causes rotation. Racket scientists discovered that a racket made of graphite fiber-reinforced thermoplastic viscoelastic polymer has both resistance to torque and flexibility. Not only does a racket need flexibility, but strings need it as well. Modern day strings are “made of synthetic threads of material that are spun together to produce a string that is very strong, yet flexible. These strings are very elastic.” The strings are not uniform in diameter and are designed to generate the most power in the sweet spot (middle) of the racket. By altering the string design, tennis racket designers have the ability to make a racket that is easier and more pleasurable for a recreational player to use. However, Babolat has introduced a new black polyester string. Nadal, who is 3rd ranked in the world, says it helped bring him to the finals of the French Open. The power and spin generated by the polyester strings have added to his game. The strings octagonal grooves and special silicone coating help grip the ball and act like a lubricant, enabling players to hold on to the ball longer and lessening the friction between the horizontal and vertical strings. The power to grip the ball with the strings helps players hit a turbo-powered topspin ball.

History of the Tennis Racket The tennis racket has evolved since its first appearance. In the fourteenth century the racket was more like a present day squash racket, it had a long handle and a small head(hitting surface). It was shaped like a tear drop and made of wood. During the 1960's laminated construction began, which is when thin layers of wood are glued together to form a racket, along with the use of fabric strings. Modern rackets are now constructed of either graphite of aluminum alloy and wooden rackets are a rarity. In 1967 a light and cumbersome steel racket was introduced by Wilson. Jimmy Connors used the steel racket and caused its popularity to rise. In 1968 the Spalding company marketed aluminum rackets which slowly gained popularity. In 1976 Howard Head's aluminum racket had a hitting surface 50% larger than existing rackets. Their are many recent racket technology innovations. Most new rackets are lighter, bigger, and viable due to advanced material engineering. Not only are there designs to prevent tennis elbow, but a hexagonal racket is now on the market. Grips were first made of leather, but they became slippery when covered with sweat and were not durable. Although there is still some change regarding the material of the frame of the racket, the most recent changes in racket deign are now revolving around strings.

!2Racket Science

Casey Taitel November 5, 2014

Works Cited "Tennis racquet construction." World of Sports Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2007. Science in Context. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. Robson, Douglas. "New strings raise rackets." USA Today 25 June 2010: 10C. Kids InfoBits. Web. 9 Nov. 2014. Woodward, Angela. "How Tennis Racket Is Made." How Products Are Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Nov. 2014.

!3Racket Science

November 10th 2014

WHAT MAKES SKIS SKI? Written by: Madison Kane

Skiing is a winter sport known by many people, young, old or in the middle. People do it for fun, or to get exercise, some people even ski for their job, ski instructors, or ski patrol. Skiing is known world wide, it is a sport in the Olympics, and a fun winter sport for people to just do in their free time. There are many types of skiing for different people, cross Country is skiing on a mostly flat land, and it's more work because there is nothing pushing you downhill. Downhill skiing is skiing down a mountain at a faster rate then cross country. You go up the mountain on a chair lift or magic carpet.

!1What makes skis ski

This is a ski labeled with the parts. Them only part it is missing is the core, but that's inside the ski so obviously you can't see it.

http://www.adventureskier.com/2010/12/01/a-new-secret-weapon-a-sneak-peek-at-the-marquette-backcountry-ski/

What is the function of a ski?

November 10th 2014

!2What makes skis ski

These are common skis, you use them when skiing down a regular mountain or sometimes racing. Not Olympic racing though, there are special skis made for racing in the Olympics or in competitions some mountains hold each year

http://pubpages.unh.edu/~tro3/project/equipment.html

What materials are skis made of and why?

The core is made of foam and aluminum. It absorbs shock better and also makes the ski lighter which then makes it more portable. The outside of the ski or top sheet is made of most common-fiberglass, but can also be made of carbon fibers and a kind of epoxy. Under the top sheet is the composite layer, the composite layer is made of glass fibre weaved together at either a 90 degree angle to form Bi-axial or at 0,-45, or 45 degrees to form a Tri-axial layer. Tri-axial is lighter and has better stiffness then the Bi-axial. There is a special kind of process to make the top sheet and composite layer connect to protect the core. Cap construction is where the composite layer and top sheet of the ski are brought down over the sides to protect the core.

This makes the ski lighter and makes the top sheet less likely to be damaged due to curved shape. But this makes the ski harder to handle at high speeds and it has less edge grip, which can make skiing at high speeds unsafe. In order to give a better grip to the edges after the cap construction has gone on, some skis get ABS sidewalls. ABS sidewalls protect the core of the ski by covering the sides, they also are resistant to impact. The base which comes in contact with snow, is made of polyethylene and graphite. Polyethylene is a soft material so in order to repair scratches you use a polyethylene candle, polyethylene makes the ski "slippery" which makes them go faster. The graphite is very important because without it, the snow would be sticking to the bottom of the ski, and would slow you down. Because of the graphite you can go faster and don't have to worry about friction to the snow. To make the skis go faster and have eve less friction you apply a coat of wax, people usually do this at the most every new season, every month, or if you a racer, maybe two times a month.

How have skis changed over the years?

Skis used to be made out of wood, that was not very good because the wood could break easier and if your paying money for skis you want them to last. Also the ski will have to much friction if it is made out of wood. People used to use skis to get to places during the winter, now that we have cars it is more of a fun activity for people to do with friends or family. The size of skis has changed also, in about 8000 BC skis were eight feet tall. The tallest skis were in 1860's and they were twelve feet tall, two times as tall then the average human! Now a days skis are about on average five feet tall, depending on your size. Skis are usually as tall as your nose at the maximum and that is how you find the right size ski.

November 10th 2014

WORKS CITED "A History of Skis." National Geographic. National Geographic Society, n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014.

"How Ski Is Made." How Products Are Made. Advameg, 2014. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

"Ski Construction." Mechanics of Sport. Mechanicsofsport, n.d. Web. 3 Nov. 2014.

!3What makes skis ski