副次的効果の評価のための大気質モデルの精度向上に関する研究（修士論文）...

Masters ThesisDepartment of Environmental EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University

TitleStudy on Accuracy Improvement of Air Quality Model forthe Evaluation of Ancillary Benefits

Author SENOO, Ken

26 3 March 2014

CO2 GDP (IPCC,2007) 2003 GDP 3.8 % (World Bank, 2007) (IPCC, 2007, pp. 669 676) 2012 1 2013 3WRF ver. 3.4.1 USGS 24 NCEP FNL (NOAA, 2000)Woo et al.(2012) SMOKE-Asia (SMOKE ver. 2.1MIMS ver. 3.6) INTEX-B (Zhang et al., 2009) TRACE-P (Streets et al., 2003)MEGAN ver. 2.0.4 (Guenther et al., 2006) CMAQ ver. 5.0.1SAPRC-99 CB05MOZART 6WRF (2013) MEGAN 7 1 CMAQ MOZART CO MOZART 10 %PM2.5 O3 MOZART 10 %SO2 NO2 CONO2PM2.5SO2 SAPRC-99 CB05 O3 SAPRC-99 CB05 4 %PM2.5 O3 PM2.5 PM2.5 O3 SO2 0.5 O3 0.2 (2014) 2012 PM2.5 2012 PM2.5 769 000 473 000CMAQ O3 MEGAN INTEX-BCMAQ PM2.5 O3

1 11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2 32.1 (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Woo et al., (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.3 Grabow et al.(2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4.1 REAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62.4.2 EDGAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4.3 INTEX-B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.4.4 AIM/Enduse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3 113.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.2 WRF (Weather Research and Forecast modeling sytem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.2.1 WRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123.2.2 WRF-ARW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.2.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.3 MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.3.1 MEGAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.3.2 MEGAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.4 SMOKE (Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.4.1 SMOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.4.2 SMOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.4.3 SMOKE-Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3.5 MIMS (Multimedia Integrated Modeling System) Spatial Allocator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.6 CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

i

3.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263.6.4 PM2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4 294.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.2.1 WRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.2.2 MEGAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324.2.3 SMOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354.2.4 MIMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.2.5 CMAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384.2.6 CMAQ . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

4.4 MEGAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444.5 SMOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

4.6 CMAQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544.6.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

5 615.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

6 756.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

78

85

ii

A.1 WRF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85A.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85A.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86A.1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

88

iii

1

1.1 (Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change, 2007a) 50 (19562005)10 0.13C 100 (19062005) 2 (GHG: Green House Gas)Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007b) 23C2010 (UNFCCC) 16COP162C (UNFCCC, 2011)2C 2CIPCC (2007) 2004 1.1.1(a) 1.1.1(b) GDP

(a) GHG (b) GDP GHG 1.1.1 IPCC The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) 2004GHG

World Bank (2007)2003 GDP 4.3 %GDP 1.5 % GDP 5.8 % GDP 3.8 %World Bank (2012)2009 800 USD 2009 GDP 5.7 % GDP 3.0 % (IPCC, 2007, pp. 669 676)World Bank (2012) CO2 1030

1

% GDP 0.020.04 CO2

1.2

2

2

2.1 (2010) (2010) 24 2001 PM2.5SO2NOxCO () Zhang et al. (2009) Guenther et al. (1995)WRF (Weather Research andForecasting Model) Japanese Re-Analysis 25 years (JRA-25) (ONOGI et al., 2007) EPA CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality) 80 km (Air Exchange rate) (Decay rate) (Penetrationrate) EANET (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East

Asia)(Network Center for EANET, 2002) PM2.5SO2NOx PM2.5 EANETSO2NOx CMAQ 80 km

2.2 Woo et al., (2012)Woo et al. (2012)

INTEX-B(Zhang et al., 2009) TRACE-P 2000 (Streets et al., 2003) GIS (GeographicalInformation System) MIMS (Multimedia Integrated Modeling System) Spatial Allocator Streets et al. (2003)Wang et al. (2005)EDGAR (Veldt,1991) U.S. EPA CEP (Carolina Environmental Program) SMOKE (Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions) 2.2.1 (SMOKE-Asia)

3

SMOKE SMOKE-Asia

2.2.1 (Woo et al., 2012)60 km NO2 SMOKECMAQ 3 SMOKE-Asia : 2009 14710: ZhengzhouTianjinBeijingSeoulTokyoQingdaoHong- KongPyongyangOMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) NO2 SMOKE NO2 OMI

2.2.2 2009 1 OMI NO2 SMOKE NO2 (::)(Woo et al., 2012)

2.2.3 2009 1 OMISMOKECMAQ NO2 OMI NO2SMOKE NO2CMAQ

4

(a) OMI NO2 VCD (Vertical Col-umn Density)

(b) SMOKE NO2 (c) CMAQ NO2

2.2.3 2009 1 (Woo et al., 2012)

2.3 Grabow et al.(2012) PM2.5 Grabow et al. (2012) 11 (Chicago, Illinois; Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, and Dayton,Ohio; Detroit and Grand Rapids, Michigan; Indianapolis, Indiana; Madison and Milwaukee, Wisconsin;and Minneapolis/ St. Paul, Minnesota) 8 km () O3 PM2.5 SMOKE version 2.4 1212 km2 2002WRFCMAQ version 4.6 12 12 km2 PM2.5 O3 U.S. EPA BenMAP (Benefits Mapping Analysis Program) 50%WHO (World Health Organization) HEAT(Health Economic Assessment Tool)BenMAP (U.S. Environmental

Protection Agency, 2010)BenMAPHEATWHOMS Excel (Rutter et al.,2007) PM2.5 0.1 g/m3 PM2.5 25 % O3 49.4 USD/ (95% CI (ConfidenceInterval): 2 USD 135 USD) 3 230 37 000 1 295 / (95%CI:9121 636)50 % 38 USD/ (95 % CI: 2750 USD) 80 USD/

2.4 1. REAS 2. EDGAR3. INTEX-B 4. AIM/Ensuse

5

2.4.1 REASOhara et al. (2007) Regional Emission inventory in ASia version 1.1(REAS 1.1) REAS 1.1 Kurokawaet al. (2013) REAS version 2.1REAS 2.1 2.4.1 2.4.1

2.4.1 REAS 2.1 (Kurokawa et al., 2013)Item Description for targetsSpecies SO2, NOx , CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC, NH3, CH4, N2O, and CO2Years 20002008Areas East, Southeast, South, and Central Asia. Asian part of Russia (Far East, Eastern

and Western Siberia, and Ural)Emission sources fuel combustion in power plants, industry, transport, and domestic sectors;industrial

processes; agricultural activities (fertilizer application and livestock); and others(fugitive emissions, solvent use, human, etc.)

Spatial resolution 0.25 degree by 0.25 degreeTemporal resolution monthlyData distribution http://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/

2.4.1 REAS 2.1 60E(Kurokawa et al., 2013)

6

REAS 2.12.4.2 EDGAREDGAR (the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research) v4.2EC-JRC/PBL (2011) EDGARv4.2 2.4.2

2.4.2 EDGARv4.2Item DescriptionSpatial resolution 0.10.1Temporal resolution annualYears 19702008Species Direct greenhouse gases: Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous

Oxide (N2O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC-23, 32, 125, 134a, 143a, 152a,227ea, 236fa, 245fa, 365mfc, 43-10-mee), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs: CF4,C2F6, C3F8, c-C4F8, C4F10, C5F12, C6F14, C7F16), Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6),Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) and Sulfuryl Fluoride (SO2F2 ).Ozone precursor gases: Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx),Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) and Methane (CH4 ).Acidifying gases: Ammonia (NH3), Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and SulfurDioxide (SO2 ).Primary particulates: Fine Particulate Matter (PM10 ) - Carbonaceousspeciation (BC , OC) is under progress.Stratospheric Ozone Depleting Substances: Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11,12, 113, 114, 115), Halons (1211, 1301, 2402), Hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFC-22, 124, 141b, 142b), Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4), Methyl Bromide(CH3Br) and Methyl Chloroform (CH3CCl2)

Sources categories IPCC 2006 Guidelines (IPCC, 2006), EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook (EEA,2009), etc.

Areas the whole world

EDGARv4.2 2

2.4.3 INTEX-BZhang et al. (2009) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) INTEX-B

(the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B) 2006INTEX-B 2001 TRACE-P (Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific) (Jacob et al., 2003) Streets et al. (2003) INTEX-BINTEX-B Streets et al. (2003) PM Zhang et al. (2006)TRACE-P PM10 PM2.5 INTEX-B 2.4.3

2.4.3 INTEX-B Zhang et al. (2009)

7

Item DescriptionDomain 22 countries and regions in AsiaSpecies SO2, NOx, CO, NMVOC, PM10, PM2.5, BC, OC VOCspeciation by mechanism: CB04, CB05, RADM2, SAPRC99, SAPRC07Sectors power plants, industry, residential, transportationRepresenting Year 2006Spatial resolution 30 min30 minSeasonality monthlyData availability available online at http://mic.greenresource.cn/intex-b2006

http://www.cgrer.uiowa.edu/EMISSIONDATAnew/index16.html

2.4.4 AIM/Enduse (2013) AIM/Enduse (2013) 2.4.4 (2013) 2.4.5

2.4.4 (2013) AIM/Enduse 12 CO2SO2NOx (Total Suspended Particles: TSP)PM10

PM2.5NMVOCCO

2005 2050 0.500.50

2.4.5 (2013)

8

2 2050

2.5 (Biogenic emission) VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) VOC VOC VOC VOC VOCVOC 1 (SOA: Secondary OrganicAerosol) Sakulyanontvittaya and Yarwood (2012)MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) BEIS (CMA,2005)GloBEIS(Guenther et al., 2002)

(LAI: Leaf Area Index) (PFT: Plant Functional Type)

PFT (Plant Functional Type)BEIS GloBEISPFT PFT BEIS GloBEISMEGAN PFT (2011)MEGANSakulyanontvittaya and Yarwood (2012)MEGAN

9

21. 2. VOC

2.6 (2010) CMAQ 80 km CMAQ CMAQGuenther et al. (1995) 1995Woo et al. (2012) SMOKE-AsiaMIMSCMAQ 60 km (2010)SMOKE (2010)Grabow et al. (2012)Woo et al. (2012) SMOKE12 km12

kmGrabow et al. (2012) O3

PM2.5 Sakulyanontvittaya and Yarwood (2012)REASEDGARINTEX-BAIM/EnduseWoo et al. (2012) SMOKE-Asia CMAQ SMOKE-AsiaMEGAN

10

3 3.1

3.1 3.1.1 1.2

3.1.1

3.1.2 WRF (Weather Reseach and Forecasting modeling system) ver. 3.4.1 WRF MEGAN (Model of Emissions ofGases and Aerosols from Nature) ver. 2.0.4 Woo et al. (2012) SMOKE-Asia MEGAN GIS MIMS (Multimedia Integereated Modeling System) ver. 3 .6 SMOKE-AsiaSMOKE (Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions modeling system) ver. 2.1 SMOKE WRF SMOKECMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system)ver. 5.0.1

11

3.1.2

WRFMEGANSAPRC-99 CB05 MOZART 6 (2014) 2012 PM2.5

3.2 WRF (Weather Research and Forecast modeling sytem)WRF-ARW version 3.4.1WRF

3.2.1 WRFWRF (Numerical weather predic-

tion; NWP) (Skamarock et al., 2008)WRFWRFNCAR (National Center for Atmo-spheric Research)MMM (Mesoscale and Mi- croscale Meteorology)NOAA (National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration) NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction)

12

WRF 21. NCAR ARW (Advanced Research WRF)2. NCEP NMM (Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model)

ARW NCARMMMNMM DTC (Developmental Testbed Center)ARW ARW

3.2.2 WRF-ARW 3.2.1WRF

3.2.1 WRF Modeling System Flow Chart 3.2.1WRF:

WPS (WRF Processing System) GEOGRID UNGRIB METGRID

REAL ARW

(1) WPS (WRF Preprocessing System)WPS 3WPS 3.2.1

3.2.1 WPS GEOGRID UNGRIB GRIBMETGRID ungrib GEOGRID

13

(2) REAL ARWreal metgrid ARWARWWRF:

3.2.3 ARW (3.2.1)

pdh pdhtd

(3.2.1)

d pdhs pdht

pdh pdht pdhsd 3.2.2 0 1.0 Laprise (1992)

14

3.2.2 WRF-ARW (Skamarock et al., 2008)

3.2.4 WRF 3.2.3Arakawa C-grid staggering (Arakawa, 1966)i , j ,k

x, y, ix, jy,k uvw

uvw 3.2.2

3.2.2 WRF qm p u u v v w w

x y 1 0

15

3.2.3 ARW (Skamarock et al., 2008)

3.2.5 WRF1. Micro-physics2. Cumulus parameterization3. PBL (Planetary Boundary Layer)4. Land-surface model5. Radiation

WRF

3.3 MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature)MEGAN (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature) (Guenther et al.,2006)MEGAN 2.10MEGAN PFT PFT 2.10 MEGAN version2.043.3.1 MEGAN VOC VOC VOC 2

16

90 % () ()1990 the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Global Emissions In-

ventory Activity (GEIA) 11 (Graedel et al., 1993)IGAC-GEIA VOC VOC (Guenther et al., 1995) the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System or BEIS(Pierce and Waldru, 1991) 19801990 2 BEIS2 Pierce et al. (1998)The Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) (Guenther et al.,

1995) BEIS/BEIS2/BEIS3 3.3.2 MEGANMEGAN 3.3.1

3.3.1 MEGAN

MEGAN LAI (Leaf Area Index) PFT (Plant Functional Type) () GRIDDESC

PFT (: g m2h1)PFT (: )LAI

17

(: m2/1000 m2) MM5WRFCMAQ MCIPMEGANGRIDDESC MCIP MEGAN GRIDDESC

3.3.1 MEGAN MG2IOAPI LAI I/O APIMEGAN MEGANMG2MECH MEGAN CBMZSAPRC-99RADM2RACMMEGAN 3.3.1MG2IOAPIMEGANMG2MECHMEGAN

1. LAI GIS2. MEGANMG2IOAPI I/O API NetCDF3. MCIPMG2IOAPI LAIMEGAN

4. MEGAN PFT MG2MECH

3.3.3 MEGAN (3.3.1) (mg m2 h1) (3.3.1) 3.3.2

Emission ["] (3.3.1) 3.3.2 MEGAN ( (3.3.1))

" () ()

MEGAN PFTMEGAN 1 km2(30003000)

18

3.3.4 (1) MEGAN PFT "MEGAN PFT1. broadleaf evergreen trees,2. broadleaf deciduous trees,3. needle evergreen trees,4. needle deciduous trees,5. shrubs,6. crops, and7. grass plus other ground cover (e.g., sedges, forbs, and mosses).

Olson terrestrial ecoregion 867 ecoregion(2) Leaf areaMEGAN 4 40 LAI LAI LAIv (the

LAI of vegetation covered surfaces)LAIv (3.3.2)

LAIv LAI (3.3.2)

MEGAN LAIv (MEGAN-L) Zhang et al. (2004) LAI Hansenet al. (2003)(3) PFTPFTMEGAN PFT (MEGAN-P) (Kinnee et al., 1997)MODIS3 (Hansen et al., 2003)

3.4 SMOKE (Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions) SMOKE version 2.1 SMOKEMCNC Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE)SMOKE Carolina Environmental Program (CEP)SMOKE

19

3.4.1 SMOKESMOKE 3.4.1

3.4.1 SMOKE

SMOKE 3

CB05 SAPRC-99SMOKEAreaMobilePointBiogenic 43.4.2 SMOKESMOKE COSTCY SCCSMOKE COSTCY SCC (Source Classification Code)COSTCY (Country, State,County) 6

CSSYYY

3.4.1 SMOKE COSTCY COSTCYSCC (Source Classification Code) () SCC U.S. EPA (2013) SCC U.S. EPA SCCSCC U.S. EPA NEI(National Emission Inventory)

20

SCC COSTCY 8 10 2SCC

ABBCCCDD

AABBCCCDDD

A D 1 4 SCCSCC 3.4.2

3.4.1 COSTCY C COID 1 SS STID 2 YYY CYID 3

3.4.2 SCC

A 1 1 2B 2 2 2C 3 3 3D 4 2 3

SCC SCC U.S. EPA (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiinformation.html) SMOKE SCC 3.4.3 SMOKE-AsiaSMOKE COSTCY SCC (2005)SMOKE 3.4.2

COSTCY SCCCOSTCY COID 1 0 9 10 SMOKE 11SMOKEcountrystatecountry COSTCY COID COSTCY STIDU.S. EPA SCC 11 990 SCC COSTCY SCC COSTCY

SCC SMOKE Woo et al. (2012) SMOKE SMOKE-AsiaWoo et al. (2012) INTEX-B (Zhang et al., 2009) TRACE-P Streets et al. (2003) 17 2752 COSTCY EDGAR 3.2 FT 2000 (Olivier et al.,2005) 2 SCC SMOKE-Asia COSTCY COID STID 3.4.3 3.4.4SMOKE-Asia SCC

21

3.4.5

3.4.3 SMOKE-Asia COSTCY COIDCountry code Country

0 KOREA1 CHINA2 JAPAN3 OEASIA4 SEASIA5 SASIA

3.4.4 SMOKE-Asia COSTCY STIDState code Short state State State code Short state State

001 SU Seoul 152 GY GUIY002 IC Inchon 153 YN YUNN003 PS Pusan 154 WS WEST1004 TG Taegu 161 SG SHGA1005 KJ Kwangju 162 SA SHGA2006 KG Kyonggi 163 WT WEST2007 KW Kangwon 164 IN IMON2008 CB ChungchongBukto 165 WE WEST3009 CN ChungchongNamdo 181 HK Hongkong010 KB KyongsangBukto 201 CG Chugoku011 KN KyongsangNamdo 202 CH Chubu012 LB ChollaBukto 203 HD Hokkaido013 LN ChollaNamdo 204 KK Kinki014 CJ ChejuDo 205 KT Kanto111 BJ Beijing 206 KU Kyushu112 TJ Tianjin 207 OW Okinawa113 HE HEHE 208 SU Shikoku114 SX SHNX 209 TU Tohoku115 IM IMON1 301 MG Mongolia121 NE NEPL1 302 KN North Korea122 NP NEPL2 303 TW Taiwan123 NL NEPL3 401 BX Brunei131 SH SHAN 402 ID Indonesia132 JN JINU 403 CB Cambodia133 ZJ ZHEJ 404 LA Laos134 HH HEHE 405 BM Myanmar (Burma)135 FJ FUJI 406 MY Malaysia136 JN JINX 407 RP Philippines137 SN SHND 408 SN Singapore141 EE HEHE 409 TH Thailand142 HB HUBE 410 VM Vietnam143 HN HUNA 501 BG Bangladesh144 GA GUAH1 502 BT Bhutan145 GX GUAX 503 IN India146 GU GUAH2 504 CE Sri Lanka150 SI SICH1 505 NP Nepal151 SC SICH2 506 PK Pakistan

3.4.5 SMOKE-Asia SCCSCC Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

10100101 External CombustionBoilers

Electric Generation Anthracite Coal Pulverized Coal

2101001000 Stationary Source FuelCombustion

Electric Utility Anthracite Coal Total: All BoilerTypes


Electric Utility Wood Total: All BoilerTypes


Industrial Anthracite Coal Total: All BoilerTypes


Industrial Wood Total: All BoilerTypes


Industrial Coke Total: All BoilerTypes

22


Residential Anthracite Coal Total: AllCombustor Types


Residential Wood Total: Woodstovesand Fireplaces

2201001000 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Gasoline Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles(LDGV)

Total: All RoadTypes

2201020000 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Gasoline Light Duty Gasoline Trucks 1 & 2(M6) = LDGT1 (M5)


2201070000 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Gasoline Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2Bthru 8B & Buses (HDGV)


2201080000 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Gasoline Motorcycles (MC) Total: All RoadTypes

2230001000 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Diesel Light Duty Diesel Vehicles (LDDV) Total: All RoadTypes

2230060000 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Diesel Light Duty Diesel Trucks 1 thru 4(M6) (LDDT)


2230070000 Mobile Sources Highway Vehicles - Diesel All HDDV including Buses (usesubdivisions -071 thru -075 ifpossible)


2270010000 Mobile Sources O-highway Vehicle Diesel Industrial Equipment All2301000000 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28 All Processes Total2302000000 Industrial Processes Food and Kindred Products: SIC 20 All Processes Total2303020000 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production: SIC 33 Iron and Steel Foundries Total2304000000 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal Production: SIC 33 All Processes Total2305070000 Industrial Processes Mineral Processes: SIC 32 Concrete, Gypsum, Plaster Products Total2306000000 Industrial Processes Petroleum Refining: SIC 29 All Processes Total2307000000 Industrial Processes Wood Products: SIC 24 All Processes Total2310010000 Industrial Processes Oil and Gas Production: SIC 13 Crude Petroleum Total: All

Processes2310020000 Industrial Processes Oil and Gas Production: SIC 13 Natural Gas Total: All

Processes2399000000 Industrial Processes Industrial Processes: NEC Industrial Processes: NEC Total2495000000 Solvent Utilization All Solvent User Categories All Processes Total: All Solvent

Types2601000000 Waste Disposal,

Treatment, and RecoveryOn-site Incineration All Categories Total

2620000000 Waste Disposal,Treatment, and Recovery

Landfills All Categories Total

2701001000 Natural Sources Biogenic Forests Total2801000000 Miscellaneous Area

SourcesAgriculture Production - Crops Agriculture - Crops Total

2801700010 Miscellaneous AreaSources

Agriculture Production - Crops Fertilizer Application N-P-K (multi-gradenutrient fertilizers)


Agriculture Production - Livestock Agriculture - Livestock Total


Other Combustion Human Perspiration and Respiration Total

3.5 MIMS (Multimedia Integrated Modeling System) Spatial AllocatorMIMS version 3.6MIMSMIMS Spatial Allocator CMAQ SMOKESMOKE (Spatial

surrogate file) (UNC, 2004)MIMS GISCMAQ AERO5OCEAN_1AERO5 OCEAN_1MIMS 3.5.1 3

23

3.5.1 MIMS Vector Tools Raster Tools Surrogate Tools

SMOKE CMAQ OCEAN_1Vector Tools GRIDDESC ESRI (Environmental System Research Institution) GIS.shp.shx.dbfGRIDDESC I/O APIWRF CMAQMCIP C sr g GC (3.5.1)

sr g (C ,GC ) Value of weight attribute in the intersection of county C and grid cell GCTotal value of weight attibute in county C

(3.5.1)

MIMS 3.5.1

3.5.1 MIMS

GIS C 100 MIMS GIS

3.6 CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system) CMAQ version 5.0.1 CMAQCMAQ U.S. EPA (National Exposure Research Laboratory)

24

CMAQ 33.6.1 CMAQ Fortran 90CMAQ 3.6.1

(ICON): CCTM (BCON): CCTM (JPROC): CCTM Meteorology-Chemistry Interface Processor (MCIP): CCTM CMAQ Chemistry-Transport Model (CCTM):

3.6.1 CMAQ Chemistry-Transport Model (CCTM) and input processors 3.6.1 CMAQ 3.6.1:

3.6.1 CMAQ Case Grid

Projection

Vertical Structure Chemical Mechanism CMAQ

3.6.2 CMAQ:1. 2.

25

(1) 3WRF Advanced Research WRF (WRF-ARW) (Skamarock et al., 2008) CMAQ CMAQ CMAQ(2) CMAQ SMOKE (CMASCenter

and Center for Environmental Modeling for Policy Development at The University of North Carolina atChapel Hill, 2013)

3.6.3 CMAQ 2

SAPRC-99 (Statewide Air Pollution Research Center mechanism version 1999) (Carter, 2000) CB05 (Carbon Bond mechanism version 2005) (Yarwood et al., 2005)

O3 VOCSAPRC-99 VOCCB05 VOCSAPRC-99 CB05 3.6.2

3.6.2 SAPRC-99 CB05 SAPRC-99 72 214CB05 51 156

SAPRC-99 CB05SAPRC-993.6.4 PM2.5 PM2.5 PM2.5 CMAQ PM2.5

3.6.3 CMAQ mode I Aitken 0.1 mJ accumulation 0.1 2.5 mK coarse 2.5 10 m

CMAQ Binkowski and Roselle (2003) 3 mode CCTM IJK mode 3.6.3PM2.5 2.5 m I JU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyAgency (2006, pp.2021) CMAQ PM2.5

26

(3.6.1)

PM2.5ASO4IASO4JANH4IANH4JANO3IANO3JAORGAIAORGAJAORGBIAORGBJ1.167AORGPAI1.167AORGPAJAECIAECJA25IA25J

(3.6.1)

Binkowski and Roselle (2003) 3.6.5CMAQ version 4.7AERO5AERO5 AERO4 AERO5 Carlton et al. (2010)AERO4 AERO5 Stein et al.(2011) 3.6.4

3.6.4 AERO4 AERO5 (Stein et al., 2011)AERO4 AERO5

SOA AORGAI + AALKJ + AOLGAJ + ATOL1J + ATOL2J +Anthropogenic AORGAJ ATOL3J + AXYL1J + AXYL2J + AXYL3J

SOA AORGBI + AOLGBJ + ATRP1J + ATRP2J + AISO1J +Biogenic AORGBJ AISO2J + AISO3J

INORGANIC AH2OI + AH2OJ + ASO4I + ASO4J

PM2.5 (3.6.1) AORGBIAORGBJAORGAIAORGAJ 3.6.4 (3.6.2)

PM2.5ASO4IASO4JANH4IANH4JANO3IANO3JAALKJAOLGAJATOL1JATOL2JATOL3JAXYL1JAXYL2JAXYL3JAOLGBJATRP1JATRP2JAISO1JAISO2JAISO3J1.167AORGPAI1.167AORGPAJAECIAECJA25IA25J (3.6.2)

3.6.5 a (Binkowski and Roselle, 2003, p.3-3)Abbreviation Description

{a1} ASO4J Accumulation mode sulfate mass{a2} ASO4I Aitken mode sulfate mass{a3} ANH4J Accumulation mode ammonium mass{a4} ANH4I Aitken mode ammonium mass{a5} ANO3J Accumulation mode nitrate mass{a6} ANO3I Aitken mode aerosol nitrate mass{a7} AORGAJ Accumulation mode anthropogenic

secondary organic mass{a8} AORGAI Aitken mode anthropogenic

secondary organic mass{a9} AORGPAJ Accumulation mode primary organic mass{a10} AORGPAI Aitken mode mode primary organic mass{a11} AORGBJ Accumulation mode secondary

biogenic organic mass

27

{a12} AORGBI Aitken mode biogenic secondarybiogenic organic mass

{a13} AECJ Accumulation mode elemental carbon mass{a14} AECI Aitken mode elemental carbon mass{a15} A25J Accumulation mode unspecified

anthropogenic mass{a16} A25I Aitken mode unspecified anthropogenic mass{a17} ACORS Coarse mode unspecified anthropogenic mass{a18} ASEAS Coarse mode marine mass{a19} ASOIL Coarse mode soil-derived mass{a20} NUMATKN Aitken mode number{a21} NUMACC Accumulation mode number{a22} NUMCOR Coarse mode number{a23} SRFATKN Aitken mode surface area{a24} SRFACC Accumulation mode surface area{a25} AH2OJ Accumulation mode water mass{a26} AH2OI Aitken mode water massaConcentration units: mass [g m3], number [m3].

28

4

4.1 4.1.1 4.1.1

170 E160 E140 E120 E100 E90 E80 E70 E60 E50 E

50 N

40 N

30 N

20 N

10 N

0

10 S

20 S

WRF CMAQ

4.1.1

4.1.1 10N30N 112E 21N112E 80 kmWRF 119104CMAQ 117102 27 100 hPa 100 2012 12013 3

2012 1 2013 3 2012 20 112 10 30 80 km

4.2 WRFCMAQSMOKEMEGAN

4.2.1 WRFWRF 4.2.1

4.2.1 WRF

USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) 24 1 1 6 NCEP FNL (Final) Operational

Global Analysis data (NOAA, 2000)WRF 4.2.2

29

4.2.2 WRF WSM 3-class simple ice scheme YSU shceme Noah land-surface model MM4Monin-Obukhov scheme rrtm scheme Dudhia scheme YSU scheme

4.2.3 1013.25 hPa 3.2.3 (3.2.1) pdh (4.2.1)

pdh pdht (4.2.1)

10 m 1 hPa 91.33 m

30

4.2.3 [hPa] [m] [m]

- 0.00 100.00 9132.50 -27 0.02 118.27 8949.85 182.6526 0.04 136.53 8767.20 182.6525 0.06 154.80 8584.55 182.6524 0.09 182.19 8310.58 273.9823 0.12 209.59 8036.60 273.9822 0.15 236.99 7762.63 273.9821 0.18 264.39 7488.65 273.9820 0.22 300.92 7123.35 365.3019 0.26 337.45 6758.05 365.3018 0.31 383.11 6301.43 456.6317 0.36 428.77 5844.80 456.6316 0.42 483.57 5296.85 547.9515 0.48 538.36 4748.90 547.9514 0.55 602.29 4109.63 639.2813 0.62 666.22 3470.35 639.2812 0.70 739.28 2739.75 730.6011 0.74 775.81 2374.45 365.3010 0.79 821.47 1917.83 456.639 0.83 858.00 1552.53 365.308 0.88 903.66 1095.90 456.637 0.91 931.06 821.93 273.986 0.93 949.32 639.28 182.655 0.95 967.59 456.63 182.654 0.97 985.85 273.98 182.653 0.98 994.99 182.65 91.332 0.99 1004.12 91.33 91.321 1.00 1013.25 0.00 91.33

4.2.4 USGS 24 (Wang et al., 2012)Land UseCategory

Land Use Description

1 Urban and Built-up Land2 Dryland Cropland and Pasture3 Irrigated Cropland and Pasture4 Mixed Dryland/Irrigated Cropland and Pasture5 Cropland/Grassland Mosaic6 Cropland/Woodland Mosaic7 Grassland8 Shrubland9 Mixed Shrubland/Grassland10 Savanna11 Deciduous Broadleaf Forest12 Deciduous Needleleaf Forest13 Evergreen Broadleaf14 Evergreen Needleleaf15 Mixed Forest16 Water Bodies17 Herbaceous Wetland18 Wooden Wetland19 Barren or Sparsely Vegetated20 Herbaceous Tundra21 Wooded Tundra22 Mixed Tundra23 Bare Ground Tundra24 Snow or Ice

4.2.1 USGS 24 4.2.4 4.2.2 4.2.2(MSL: Mean Sea Level)

4.2.1 4.2.2

4.2.1 16: Water Bodies 80 km

31

(120E10N) (135E35N) 16: Water Bodies 4.2.2 (90E30N) 5000 m 1000 m4.2.2 MEGANMEGAN 4.2.5MEGAN Guenther et al. (2006) NCAR Community Data Portal (CDP)

4.2.5 MEGAN WRFMCIP

-

PFT 2001 6 (BTR: broadleaf treesFTD: fineleaf deciduous treesFTE:fineleaf evergreen treesCRP: cropsGRS: grassSHR: shrub)

- (Kinnee et al., 1997)MODIS3(Hansen et al., 2003)

LAIv 2003 m2/(1000 m2) Zhang et al. (2004) LAI Hansen et al. (2003)

(EF) 2000 11 (isoprene,methylbutenol, methanol, NO,3-carene, limone, myrcene, ocimene,alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, sabinene)

g/m2/h Olson et al. (2001)

MEGAN (EF) 4.2.3

(a) 3-carene (b) Alpha-pinene (c) Beta-pinene

(d) Isoprene (e) Limone (f) Mehanol

32

(g) Methylbutenol (h) Myrcene (i) NO

(j) Ocimene (k) Sabinene

4.2.3 2000MEGAN

4.2.33-carene 100 150 g/m2/hBeta-pineneLimoneMethanol 1500 g/m2/hMethylbutenol (115E25N ) 80 100 g/m2/h Myrcene (140E45N) 60 80 g/m2/hNO (120E35N) 60 80 g/m2/hIsopreneAlpha-pineneOcimeneSabinene (115E2N)MEGAN LAIv 4.2.4

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3

33

(d) 4 (e) 5 (f) 6

(g) 7 (h) 8 (i) 9

(j) 10 (k) 11 (l) 12 4.2.4 2003MEGAN LAIv

4.2.4 6 8 ()MEGAN PFT 4.2.5

(a) Broadleaf tree (b) Crop (c) Grass

34

(d) Needleleef tree (e) Shrub

4.2.5 2001MEGAN PFT

4.2.5 Broadleaf tree 80Crop (120E35N) 80 %Grass 20 %Needleleaf tree Shrub 40 60 %4.2.3 SMOKESMOKE 4.2.6

4.2.6 SMOKE INTEX-B (Zhang et al., 2009) CONOxPM2.5PM10VOCSO2

TRACE-P (Streets et al., 2003) NH3 MEGAN MIMS Woo et al., (2012) Woo et al., (2012)

NH3 INTEX-B (Zhang et al., 2009) 4.2.6

35

4.2.6 INTEX-B (Zhang et al., 2009)

:: :

:

INTEX-B

0SMOKE COSTCY SCC Woo et al. (2012) SMOKE-Asia(INTEX-B TRACE-P)SMOKE (INTEX-B TRACE-P) (2013)

Enduse EDGAR (v4.2) global emissions database(EC-JRC/PBL, 2011) REASv2.1 (Kurokawa et al., 2013) 2008

36

8 4.2.7

4.2.7 INTEX-BEnduseEDGAR4.2REASv2.1 2008 (CH) (ID) (IN) (JP) (KR)

(MY) (TH) (VN) CONMVOCNOXPM10PM2.5SO2 4.2.7 (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2))EDGARv4.2 PM2.5 4.2.7

0

50

100

150

200

250

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(a) CN CO

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(b) CN NMVOC

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(c) CN NOX

0

5

10

15

20

25

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(d) CN PM10

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(e) CN PM2.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(f) CN SO2

INTEX-B Enduse EDGARv4.2 REASv2.1

(a)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(a) ID CO

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(b) ID NMVOC

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(c) ID NOX

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(d) ID PM10

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(e) ID PM2.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(f) ID SO2


(b)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(a) IN CO

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(b) IN NMVOC

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(c) IN NOX

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(d) IN PM10

0

1

2

3

4

5

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(e) IN PM2.5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(f) IN SO2


(c)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(a) JP CO

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(b) JP NMVOC

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(c) JP NOX

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(d) JP PM10

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(e) JP PM2.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(f) JP SO2


(d)

37

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(a) KR CO

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(b) KR NMVOC

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(c) KR NOX

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(d) KR PM10

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(e) KR PM2.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(f) KR SO2


(e)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(a) MY CO

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(b) MY NMVOC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(c) MY NOX

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(d) MY PM10

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(e) MY PM2.5

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(f) MY SO2


(f)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(a) TH CO

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(b) TH NMVOC

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(c) TH NOX

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(d) TH PM10

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(e) TH PM2.5

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(f) TH SO2


(g)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(a) VN CO

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(b) VN NMVOC

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(c) VN NOX

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(d) VN PM10

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(e) VN PM2.5

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

[Tg][Tg][Tg][Tg]

(f) VN SO2


(h) 4.2.7 2008 INTEX-BEnduseEDGAR ver. 4.2REAS ver. 2.1

4.2.74.2.4 MIMSMIMS SMOKE-AsiaSMOKE Woo et al.

(2012) GISCMAQ AERO5 OCEAN_1GSHHG (Global Self-consistent, Hierarchical, High-resolution Geography Database) ver.2.2.2Wessel and Smith (1996)4.2.5 CMAQCMAQ 4.2.8 CMAQ 4.2.9

38

4.2.8 CMAQ WRF CMAQ

MOZART CMAQ

SMOKE MIMS

4.2.9 CMAQ CB05 SAPRC-99 AERO5 ACM (Asymmetric

Convective Model) WRF Yamartino ACM ver. 2

CB05 SAPRC-99 MOZART (Model of Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers) version 4 (Emmons et al., 2010) (MOZART-4/GEOS5) MOZART-4/GEOS5 NASA GMAO (the Global Modeling and Assimilation Oce) GEOS-5 (theGoddard Earth Observing System version 5) (Molod et al., 2012) ARCTAS (Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites)(Jacob et al., 2007) FINN-v1 (The Fire INventory from NCAR version 1.0) (Wiedinmyer et al., 2011)MOZART-4/GEOS52007 1 1 2013 3 31 1.92.5 56 6 URL (http://www.acd.ucar.edu/gctm/mozart/subset.shtml) MOZART 4.2.6 CMAQ MEGAN MOZART CMAQ 6 4.2.8

39

4.2.8 SMOKE CMAQ

CB05 SAPRC-99MEGANMOZART 3MEGAN CB05MEGAN SAPRC-99CMAQ 4.2.10

4.2.10 CMAQ MOZARTCB05 MEGANMOZART CB05 CB05 MEGANMOZART CB05 SAPRC-99 MEGANMOZART SAPRC-99 SAPRC-99 MEGANMOZART SAPRC-99 SAPRC-99 MEGANMOZART SAPRC-99 SAPRC-99 MEGANMOZART SAPRC-99

CMAQSMOKEMEGAN 3SMOKE 4.2.11

4.2.11 SMOKE CB05 MEGAN CB05 SAPRC-99 MEGAN SAPRC-99 SAPRC-99 MEGAN SAPRC-99

40

4.2.10 4.2.11 /with/without o/xSAPRC-99 MEGANMOZART 2

SAPRC-99 without MEGAN with MOZART SAPRC-99xMEGANoMOZART

4.3 4.3.1 80 km 4.3.1

2 m 10 m 10 m

(a)

Feb

2012

Apr

2012

Jun

2012

Aug

2012

Oct

2012

Dec

2012

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

110000

variable PRSFC [Pascal]

Monthly domain averaged MCIP output PRSFC

max mean min

(b)

(c) 2 m

Feb

2012

Apr

2012

Jun

2012

Aug

2012

Oct

2012

Dec

2012

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

variable TEMP2 [K]

Monthly domain averaged MCIP output TEMP2

max mean min

(d)

41

(e) 10 m

Feb

2012

Apr

2012

Jun

2012

Aug

2012

Oct

2012

Dec

2012

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

variable WSPD10 [M/S]

Monthly domain averaged MCIP output WSPD10

max mean min

(f) 10 m

(g) 10 m

Feb

2012

Apr

2012

Jun

2012

Aug

2012

Oct

2012

Dec

2012

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

variable WDIR10 [DEGREES]

Monthly domain averaged MCIP output WDIR10

max mean min

(h) 10 m 4.3.1

4.3.1(c) 5 m/s 3 m/s 5 m/s 4.3.1(g)5N 30N 0 1004.3.2 (2013) 4.3.2 4.3.3 8

42

4.3.2

4.3.3Prefecture City Latitude LongitudeHokkai-do Sapporo-shi 43.06 141.33Yamagata-ken Yamagata-shi 38.26 140.35Tokyo-to Chiyoda-ku 35.69 139.76Aichi-ken Nagoya-shi 35.17 136.97Osaka-fu Osaka-shi 34.68 135.52Shimane-ken Matsue-shi 35.46 133.07Kochi-ken Kochi-shi 33.57 133.55Nagasaki-ken Nagasaki-shi 32.73 129.87

4.3.4 4.3.5

4.3.4

43

4.3.5

4.3.4(a) Chiyoda-ku(f) Osaka-shi 5C 80 km 4.3.5(a) Chiyoda-ku(e) Nagoya-shi(g) Sapporo-shi 80 km 80 km

4.4 MEGANMEGAN 480 km 4.4.11. CH4 2. CO 3. ETHENE 4. ISOPRENE 5. NO

44

(a) CH4

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

SAPRC-99 species CH4 [moles/s]

Monthly domain averaged MEGAN emission

(b) CH4

(c) CO

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0

1

2

3

4

5

SAPRC-99 species CO [moles/s]


(d) CO

(e) ETHENE

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

SAPRC-99 species ETHENE [moles/s]


(f) ETHENE

45

(g) ISOPRENE

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

SAPRC-99 species ISOPRENE [moles/s]


(h) ISOPRENE

(i) NO

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0

2

4

6

8

10

SAPRC-99 species NO [moles/s]


(j) NO 4.4.1 MEGAN

(6 8) (11 2) 4.2.2 MEGAN LAIv 4.3

4.5 SMOKE4.5.1 SMOKE 4.5.11. CO 2. ETHENE 3. ISOPRENE 4. NH3 5. NO6. NO2 7. PM10 8. SO2

46

4.5.11. SAPRC-99 MEGAN2. SAPRC-99 MEGAN3. CB05 MEGAN

(a) CO

(b) ETHENE

(c) ISOPRENE

47

(d) NH3

(e) NO

(f) NO2

(g) PM10

48

(h) SO2 4.5.1 SMOKE 2012

4.5.1(b) ISOPRENE MEGAN SAPRC-99 MEGAN CB05 MEGANSAPRC-99 MEGANNO2PM10SO2 (100E3N ) (100E15N ) (128E

37N) 24.5.2 SMOKE80 km 4.5.2

(a)

49

(b) 4.5.2 SMOKE (80 km)

SAPRC-99 CB05 VOC 4.5.2(a) VOC NO COMEGANNO2SO2COPM10 16 9NH3 3 11 1 SMOKE 4.5.2(b) CB05 SAPRC-99ETEHNE SAPRC-99 CB05 0.02 mol/s ISOPRENE MEGAN 0.01 mol/sMEGAN 6 moles/s

4.6 CMAQCMAQ

4.6.1 CMAQ 6 5 2012 4.6.1 4.6.51. CO 2. NO2 3. O3 4. PM2.5 5. SO2 4.6.1 4.6.5

1. SAPRC-99 MEGAN2. SAPRC-99 MEGAN

50

3. CB05 MEGAN

(a) MOZART

(b) MOZART 4.6.1 CO CMAQ 2012

(a) MOZART

(b) MOZART 4.6.2 NO2 CMAQ 2012

51

(a) MOZART

(b) MOZART 4.6.3 O3 CMAQ 2012

(a) MOZART

(b) MOZART 4.6.4 PM2.5 CMAQ 2012

52

(a) MOZART

(b) MOZART 4.6.5 SO2 CMAQ 2012

CO ( 4.6.1)MEGAN 2 CO 0.4 ppmV MOZART 10N MOZART 0.005 ppmV SAPRC-99 CB05: COMOZART

MEGAN CO

NO2 ( 4.6.2)MEGAN 2 NO2 SAPRC-99 CB05MOZART (100E3N) (130E38N): 4.5.2(a) MEGAN NONO2

MEGAN 2 NO2 NO NO2 MEGAN NO2 NO2 MOZART

O3 ( 4.6.3)

53

MEGAN 2 O3 MOZARTMOZART 20N 0.01 ppmV20N MOZART MOZART 0.02 ppmV CB05 SAPRC-99 20N 0.005 ppmV: MOZART O3

O3

PM2.5 ( 4.6.4)MEGAN PM2.5 g/m3 10 g/m3 CB05 SAPRC-99MOZARTg/m3 : MOZART PM2.5

PM2.5

SO2 ( 4.6.5)MEGAN CB05 SAPRC-99 : 4.5.2(c)MEGAN SO2 SO2

MEGAN CONOVOC

4.6.2 CMAQ80 km 4.6.6

54

4.6.6 CMAQ

4.6.6SO2 NO2COO3PM2.5O3 MEGAN 2CO ( 4.6.6(c))

COSAPRC-99MOZART 0.02 ppmVCO CO 2 51 417 4.5.2(d) SMOKE CO CO 1 () 5 () COMEGAN VOC CO CO

NO2 ( 4.6.6(a))NO2 MOZART SO2 17

55

7 8 11 4.5.2(b) SMOKE NO2 NO2 4.5.2(a) NONO2 NO NO2 NO2

O3 ( 4.6.6(e))O3 2 81 418MEGAN VOC O3

PM2.5 ( 4.6.6(d))PM2.5 17

SO2 ( 4.6.6(b))SO2 0.0001 ppmV MOZART17 4.5.2(c) SMOKE SO2

PM2.5 O3 SAPRC-99MOZART 10 % PM2.5 O3 SAPRC-99 CB05O3 CONO2PM2.5SO2 O3 SARPC-99 CB05 4 % SAPRC-99 CB05 VOCVOC O3 4.6.3 PM2.5 O3 (2006) O3 O3 O3

PAN()1976 85 0.0008ppm 0.01ppm ( 1988)

O3 EANET (Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia)(2013) (2013)

56

4.6.7 4.6.1

30N

32N

34N

36N

38N

40N

42N

130E 135E 140E

Hinohara-mura

Yokohama-shi Tsurumi-ku

Sakai-shi Nishi-ku

Kasaoka-shi

Sakaide-shi

4.6.7

4.6.1Prefecture City Latitude LongitudeTokyo-to Hinohara-

mura35.73 139.11

Kanagawa-ken Yokohama-shiTsurumi-ku

35.50 139.68

Osaka-fu Sakai-shiNishi-ku

34.54 135.46

Okayama-ken Kasaoka-shi 34.49 133.46Kagawa-ken Sakaide-shi 34.32 133.86

2012 1 2013 3 Hinohara-mura 2012 1 3Hinohara-muraHinohara-muraPM2.5 O3 4.6.8 4.6.9Hinohara-mura PM2.5 O3 4.6.10

57

4.6.8 PM2.5

4.6.9 O3

58

(a) PM2.5

(b) O3 4.6.10 Hinohara-mura CMAQ

59

PM2.5 ( 4.6.8 4.6.10(a)) 4.6.8 4 MEGAN 2 5 8 PM2.5 (a) Yokohama-shi Tsurumi-ku 7 (b)Sakai-shi Nishi-ku 5 8 (c) Kasaoka-shi (d) Sakaide-shi 45 7 MOZARTCB05 SAPRC-99 4.6.10(a)5 9MEGAN 2 PM2.5 12 3: PM2.5

4.6.8MEGAN MEGAN PM2.5

O3 ( 4.6.9 4.6.10(b)) 4.6.9 4MEGAN 2 2O3 2MEGAN 4MEGANMOZART 2 SAPRC-99 MEGANMOZART CB05 MEGANMOZART 4.6.10(b))MEGAN 2 5 122O3 : MEGAN 2 O3

MEGAN MEGANMEGAN

60

5 4 2

1. 2.

5.1 5.1.1 (5.1.1) (5.1.1) 5.1.1

SRarea,sector C0Carea,sector

C0 1Rarea,sector (5.1.1)

5.1.1 area sector C0 Carea,sector area sector Rarea,sector area sector SRarea,sector area sector

C0=100 area sector Rarea,sector 0.8 (80 %) Carea,sector 80 areasector SRarea,sector 1 (100 %)5.1.2 SMOKE 20 % ( Rarea,sector 0.8) 2 (5.1.1) 5.1.2

61

5.1.2 area sector Rarea,sector 0.8C0 SAPRC-99MEGAN

MOZARTCarea,sector C0

area sector Rarea,sector

5.1.3 51. CO 2. NO2 3. O3 4. PM2.5 5. SO2(1) CONO2O3PM2.5SO2 2012 1 12 5.1.1

(a) CO (b) CO

62

(c) NO2 (d) NO2

(e) O3 (f) O3

(g) PM2.5 (h) PM2.5

63

(i) SO2 (j) SO2 5.1.1 CONO2O3PM2.5SO2 2012

CO ( 5.1.1(a) (b)): 120E40N () 0.4100E20N

130E50N () 0.2 0.3 0.1

: 0.3 (110E10S) 0.3 0.1

: CO

NO2 ( 5.1.1(c) (d)): 0.5 0.6 (100E

5N) (115E5N) (120E25N)110E35N 140E45N90E45N 0.7 0.8

: 0.2:

O3 ( 5.1.1(e) (f))

0.2: O3 VOCMEGAN

O3

PM2.5 ( 5.1.1(g) (h))

64

: 0.4 0.6 (115E15N) (130E20N) 0.4 0.6

: (130E45N) (130E40N) 0.4 0.6 (80E 90E 30N ) (106E10N ) (110E0.8S) 0.6 0.7

:

SO2 ( 5.1.1(i) (j)): 0.5 1

(140E40N)100E40N (110E13S) (150E30N) 0.7 1.0

: 0.2: SO2 SO2

(2) 2012 1 2013 3 5.1.2 (80 km80 km)

65

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0.14

0.16

(a) CO

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

(b) NO2

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

(c) O3

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

(d) PM2.5

Jan

2012

Mar

2012

May

2012

Jul

2012

Sep

2012

Nov

2012

Jan

2013

Mar

2013

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Domain Averaged Monthly Emission Sector Contribution

(e) SO2

Industrial Residential

5.1.2 CONO2O3PM2.5SO2 (80 km)

CO ( 5.1.2(a)) 11 2 6 8 :

NO2 ( 5.1.2(b))

11 26 8:

O3 ( 5.1.2(c))

3 5:

PM2.5 ( 5.1.2(d))

12 26 8

66

:

SO2 ( 5.1.2(e))

0.1 0.6 0.1:

(3) 5.1.3 5.1.3 9

5.1.3

5.1.3Country Capital Longitude LatitudeBangladesh Dhaka 90.40 23.70China Beijing 116.40 39.90Indonesia Jakarta 106.84 -6.21India Delhi 77.22 28.63Japan Tokyo 139.69 35.68Cambodia Phnom

Penh104.91 11.55

South Korea Seoul 126.97 37.56Malaysia Kuala

Lumpur101.68 3.13

Philippines Manila 120.98 14.59Thailand Bangkok 100.52 13.72

5.1.4

67

Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Emission Sector Contribution for Monthly CO on Surface

(a) Dhaka


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(b) Beijing


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(c) Jakarta


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(d) Delhi


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(e) Tokyo


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(f) Seoul


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(g) Kuala Lumpur


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(h) Manila


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(i) Bangkok


(a) CO

Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Emission Sector Contribution for Monthly NO2 on Surface

(a) Dhaka


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(b) Beijing


Jan MarMay

Jul

Sep

Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(c) Jakarta


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(d) Delhi


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(e) Tokyo


Jan MarMay

Jul

Sep

Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(f) Seoul


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(g) Kuala Lumpur


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(h) Manila


Jan MarMay

Jul

Sep

Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(i) Bangkok


(b) NO2

68

Jan Mar May

Jul

Sep Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Emission Sector Contribution for Monthly O3 on Surface

(a) Dhaka


Jan Mar May

Jul

Sep Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(b) Beijing


Jan Mar May

Jul

Sep Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(c) Jakarta


Jan Mar May

Jul

Sep Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(d) Delhi


Jan Mar May

Jul

Sep Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(e) Tokyo


Jan Mar May

Jul

Sep Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(f) Seoul


Jan Mar May

Jul

Sep Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(g) Kuala Lumpur


Jan Mar May

Jul

Sep Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(h) Manila


Jan Mar May

Jul

Sep Nov

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(i) Bangkok


(c) O3

Feb

Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Emission Sector Contribution for Monthly PM2.5 on Surface

(a) Dhaka


Feb

Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(b) Beijing


Feb

Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(c) Jakarta


Feb

Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(d) Delhi


Feb

Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(e) Tokyo


Feb

Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(f) Seoul


Feb

Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(g) Kuala Lumpur


Feb

Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(h) Manila


Feb

Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(i) Bangkok


(d) PM2.5

69

Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Emission Sector Contribution for Monthly SO2 on Surface

(a) Dhaka


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(b) Beijing


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(c) Jakarta


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(d) Delhi


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(e) Tokyo


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(f) Seoul


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(g) Kuala Lumpur


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(h) Manila


Feb

Apr Jun Aug

Oct

Dec

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0


(i) Bangkok


(e) SO2 5.1.4 9

CO ( 5.1.4(a))DhakaBeijingDelhiSeoulBangkok 10 3BeijingSeoul 0.1 7: CO

COBeijing Seoul 7 CO

NO2 ( 5.1.4(b)) 0.2 BeijingSeoul 10 3 Tokyo6 90.2 0.1: BeijingSeoul

Tokyo 0.2

O3 ( 5.1.4(c)) 0.1: O3 O3

MEGAN

70

PM2.5 ( 5.1.4(d))

Tokyo 11 2 0.8TokyoBeijing 0.4: TokyoBeijing

SO2 ( 5.1.4(e))

0.4DhakaKuala LumPur 0.6 DhakaJakartaBeijingTokyo 0.2: SO2 SO2

5.2 (2014)5.2.1 (2014) Chen et al. (2012) ( (5.2.1)) ( (5.2.3))

RR expC (5.2.1)APk (RR1)RR (5.2.2)

E AP f P (5.2.3)

5.2.1

5.2.1 RR g/m3 C APk k E f P

k C C C0C C0 C C0 0PM2.5 SAPRC-99MEGANMOZART (Concentration Response functionCR)

71

1 Chen et al. (2012) 5.2.2

5.2.2 b Chen et al. (2012)Pollutant b [% per g/m3]PM10 0.0859O3 0.0965

1000 5.2.3World Development Indicators, October 2013 (World Bank, 2013) 2011 1000

5.2.3 (, 2014)

(/1000) (/1000)

8.4 8.5 6.6 6.8 5.8 4.6 3 6.8 6.6 7 7.1 6 13.9 7.7 6.3 9.1 7.9 13.5 9.9 4.5 8.7 7.5 6.5 7.8 6.1 7.8 7.9 6.1 6.2 7.1 7 7.8 3.4 5.6

Landscan2008 (Bright et al., 2009) 0.55.2.2 5.2.1 2012 5.2.1

72

(a) (b) 2012 5.2.1 2012 PM2.5

5.2.1(a)10 35 8 50 % 30 % 70 % 5.2.1(b)2012 PM2.5 769 000 473 000 2

Global Health Observatory (GHO) (WHO, 2008) Global Burden of Diseaes Study 2010 (GBD 2010) (Lim et al., 2012)

GHO (WHO, 2008)WHO URL (http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main)GHO2008 (Outdoor air pollution attributable deaths)GBD 2010 (Lim et al., 2012) IHME WHO 7 2007 (,2012)GBD 2010 URL (http://ghdx.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/global-burden-disease-study-2010-gbd-2010-data-downloads) 2010 PM2.5(Ambient particulate matter pollution) TM50.10.1 11 km PM2.5 5.2.4

73

5.2.4 (2014) 2012 PM2.5GHO 2008 2008 GBD 2010 2010 PM2.5

(2014) GHOGBD2010 5.2.2

5.2.2

(2014) GHO 2008GBD 2010 (2014) GBD 2010 30 %GBD 2010 GBD 2010

74

6

6.1

2012 1 2013 3 3 6

CB05 SAPRC-99 MEGAN MOZART

(2013)MEGAN7 1CMAQ MOZART CO 10 %PM2.5 O3 10 %SO2 NO2 CONO2PM2.5SO2 SAPRC-99 CB05O3 SAPRC-99 CB05 4 %PM2.5 O3 PM2.5 PM2.5 O3 SO2 0.5O3 0.2 (2014) 2012 PM2.5 2012 PM2.5 769 000 473 000

6.2

WRF 80 km (2012) WRF

75

MEGAN

CMAQMEGAN O3 MEGAN MEGAN Guenther et al. (1995) MEGANMEGAN LAIPFT 2000

Woo et al. (2012) SMOKE-Asia INTEX-B TRACE-P 4.2.7 CMAQ PM2.5 O3

O3 O3

PM2.5 2012GHO GBD2010GBD 2010 GBD 2010 30 % PM2.5 GBD 2010

CMAQ 2012 1 2013 3 1 2CMAQ 1 2 TB CMAQCMAQ 1 4 GBCMAQ WRF

76

CMAQ

77

Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) (2013): Data Report on the Acid Depositionin the East Asian Region 2012. http://www.eanet.asia/product/datarep/datarep12/datarep12.pdf.

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4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2

4.4 MEGAN4.5 SMOKE4.5.1 4.5.2

4.6 CMAQ4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3

5 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3

5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2

6 6.1 6.2

A.1 WRFA.1.1 A.1.2 A.1.3

副次的効果の評価のための大気質モデルの精度向上に関する研究（修士論文）...

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Transcript of 副次的効果の評価のための大気質モデルの精度向上に関する研究（修士論文）...