51_KHAIRULAZRIBINISMAIL2007

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS***

JUDUL: ELECTRONIC BOOK SHELF

SESI PENGAJIAN : 2007/2008

Saya KHAIRUL AZRI BIN ISMAIL____________ (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di

Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dengan syarat-syarat kegunaannya sepertiberikut:

1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk

tujuan pengajian sahaja.3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran

antara institusi pengajian tinggi.

4. * * Sila tandakan ( )

Disahkan oleh

________ ___________ ______ __________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat Tetap:11, TAMAN BUNGA RAYA, PM. DR. SULAIMAN BIN MOHD. NOR

JALAN TEMENGGONG AHMAD, Nama Penyelia

84OOO MUAR, JOHOR.

Tarikh : 10 NOV 2007 Tarikh : 10 NOV 2007

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah

keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti

yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA

(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah

ditentukan oleh or anisasi / badan di mana

SULIT

TIDAK

CATATAN : * Potong yang tidak berkenaan** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak

berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh

tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

*** Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana

secara penyelidikan, atau disertai bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus ataupenyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM).


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I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion

this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the Degree of

Electrical Engineering (Computer)

Signature :

Name of Supervisor : PM. Dr. Sulaiman bin Mohd. Nor.

Date : 10 Nov 2007


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ELECTRONIC BOOK SHELF

KHAIRUL AZRI BIN ISMAIL

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Computer)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

NOV 2007


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DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis entitled Electronic Book Shelf is the result of my own research

except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is

not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.

Signature : ............... ...................

Name : Khairul Azri bin Ismail

Date : 10th

Nov 2007


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Especially to my beloved parents, whose love, patience and sacrifice have given

me the world. To my precious siblings, Izza, Iwan, Dyna, Nurul and my fellow friends;

thank you so much for your love and support.

Things happen. People change. Life goes on. My work is dedicated to all who

inspire me and recently demonstrated how not to give up even when the going gets worst.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to take this opportunity to present my full appreciation to

those who contribute direct or indirectly to complete this thesis. Special thanks to Dr.

Sulaiman bin Mohd. Noh, my supervisor for his guide, advice and commitment. He is not

just being my supervisor, but also being a good friend of mine.

It is impossible to list all those names who have contributed to complete this

thesis, but I really appreciate all your kindness and support to me.


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ABSTRACT

Nowadays, reading as a hobby is very important for everyone. No matter who

they are, how old are they or where they come from everybody need to read to gain

knowledge. When we want to read we must have the reading material such as books,

journals, newspapers etc. When there are so many types of reading materials put in a

place we must categorize them, so that the other user can easily find the books whenever

they need them. Libraries are the best example for this case or scenario. The usage of

book shelf is very practical to locate the books properly. Some other places that are using

the book shelf are offices and maybe houses.

User has to manually locate the books they have taken at the book shelf. User may

accidentally locate the books at the wrong shelf. Meaning that, the user may not put the

books they have read in the right category.

So, in this project, the problem to put the books at the right place is being solved.

Electronic Book Shelf is the best and practical way to locate the books automatically.

The circuit and some sort of sensors will detect whether the user have wrong placed the

books or not.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

1

2

TITLE

DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLES OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Problem Statement1.2 Solution Electronic Book Shelf1.3 Project Objective1.4 Scope of Project1.5 Thesis Structure1.6 Summary

HARDWARE

2.1 Electronic Book Shelf Hardware2.2 ATMEL AT89S51 Microcontroller

2.3 Stepper Motor

2.4 Infrared Sensor

2.5 Proximity Sensor

2.6 Voltage Regulator

2.7 Transformer

PAGE

ii

iii

iv

v

vi

viii

ix

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

5

5

5

14

18

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SOFTWARE

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Simulator Board

3.3 Writing the Program

3.4 Flow Chart for Electronic Book Shelf

3.5 Schematic to PCB Design Integration

RESULTS & CONCLUSION

4.1 Main Conclusion

4.2 Problems and Limitation

4.3 Future Improvement

REFFERENCE

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX B

24

24

25

26

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28

32

32

33

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36

40


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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Pin Description for AT89S51 Microcontroller 9

2.2 Other features for AT89S51 Microcontroller 122.3 Type of motor and its function 15

2.4 Motor Sequence 17


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Book Shelf is design to locate some sort of books in one place. Other user can

easily find the books when they need them as the book are arranged in an appropriate

order. The usage of book shelf is well known as they are always being used at the

place like libraries, offices and houses.

But to make it smarter, the book shelf is not only designed to locate the

books, but can detect the right and wrong books that are placed by the users using

some sort of sensors. This smart book shelf consist of hardware (circuit and sensors)

and depend on microcontroller based (PIC) to control the system.

1.1 Problem Statement

Certain places such as libraries and offices have a lot of books and

documentation for their record, collection and research. So, the usage of book shelf is

the best way to locate and store those books. At the library for example, user might

put the books that they have read at the book shelf, but not in the right place. This

means that, the books are not located at the right category. The other problems are:


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i. User have forgotten where the book he or she taken from.

ii. User doesnt know whether they have putted the books they have read in the

right or wrong place.

iii. In a place like libraries, there are too many categories of books. Sometimes,

there are books that can include in several possibilities of categories. So, the

library user may accidentally put the books in the wrong place of category.

So, in this final project, I decided to propose a project to overcome the

problem. This project will detect the books that are wrong putted by the user and

categories the books in order. The project is Electronic Book Shelf.

1.2 Solution Electronic Book Shelf

Electronic Book Shelf is a system contains a circuit and some sort of sensors

which being control by microcontroller based.

1.3 Project Objectives

To design a circuit of a book shelf that can detect the books and its category.

The books that are not in its category will move away a little bit from its current

location.


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1.4 Scope Of Project

The project is dividing by two parts, which are hardware and software. So,

the scopes of this project are:

Hardware - The circuit will detect the books using two sensors.

- Only suitable for books that has been modified for the

detection according to its category.

- Using motor circuit to move the casing that contain

circuit and sensors and also to move away the books

that are wrong putted by the user.

Software - Sensor will detect the metal bar that stick to the books.

- If the sensor doesnt detect the metal bar, the circuit

will give instruction to push away the books a little bit.

- The circuit and sensors will detect the books according

to the instruction from the PIC coding using ATMEL

type of IC.

1.5 Thesis Structure

In this thesis, different parts of the project were written in separate chapters.

Chapter 1 briefly explanation about introduction of book shelf, problem

solving by this project and hardware as well as software combination that are use to

build this project. Objective of this project, work scopes and thesis structure also be

present in this chapter.


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Chapter 2 explains all the hardware. This chapter is divided into four parts.

The first part will discuss about the microcontroller. The second part discusses the

stepper motor. The third part discusses the keypad. The last part is focused on 7-

segment display and power source.

Chapter 3 discusses more on writing program. After finished writing

program, this chapter also explains about how to use simulator software and show

how to burn program into microcontroller. The last part in this chapter will discuss

about the portel software to make schematic diagram.

In chapter 4, the project is concluded by the results achieved, the problems

encountered during the whole project. Future suggestions are given to enhance the

project.

1.6 Summary

Nowadays, academic is very important for individual to make themselves a

better person. Book and other reading material is becoming a close friend to people.

Place like library always full of people who want to gain their knowledge. So, the

library system should be more advance from time to time. The system in library

should make all the process related easier to the user. One of them is the Electronic

Book Shelf.

The Electronic Book Shelf can detect the wrong putted books by the users.

To detect the books, the system use some sort of sensors that have been

programming to an IC. The sensors will detect the books and follow the instruction

from the circuit. All the decision depends on the instruction given by the IC. The

books that are wrong putted by the user will be push away by the circuit a little bit.


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CHAPTER 2

HARDWARE

2.1 Electronic Book Shelf Hardware

The Electronic Book Shelf Hardware consists of microcontroller, motor and

sensors in the circuit. The motor and sensors in the circuit are controlled by

microcontroller IC which has been given the program.

2.2 ATMEL AT89S51 Microcontroller

Figure 2.1: ATMEL AT89S51 Microcontroller


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The Figure 2.1 above show the picture of ATMEL AT89S51 Microcontroller

using for Electronic Book Shelf. There are other types of microcontrollers from

various companies such as PIC16F628A, PIC16F84A, PIC16F88, PIC16FL877A,

AT91CAP, AT91SAM and many more but for this project, only one microcontroller

type AT89S51 is chosen as controller. There are several reasons why this

microcontroller was chosen. The reasons are:

i) Cheaper

Microcontroller AT89S51 was produced by Atmel. This

microcontroller was cheaper compare the other microcontroller produced

another company. The documentation is provided by Atmel on its website.

The manual for this microcontroller is also available from on its website. The

manual provide details such as the pin-out configurations, suitable application

circuits, detailed code diagrams and much more essential information.

ii) Suitable for all conditions

This microcontroller is usable in all type of condition. The

microcontroller is always stable and does not easily affected by the weather

or any other harsh condition. Have plenty of Input/Output ports. This

microcontroller has plenty of I/O ports. There are altogether five I/O ports

which provided about 40 I/O pins for the various type of application.


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iii) Easy to program

It is easy to program this microcontroller. There is also free software

that can be used to program and loading the program inside the

microcontroller. The program loading process can be easily done via serial

communication using

AT89S51 microcontroller has 4 ports that could be used as input, output or

both. There are port 0, port 1, port 2 and port 3. If the ports are used as input or

output, programmer must assigned port in order to use that port as input or output.

Figure 2.2 below show the pin configuration for AT89S51.

Figure 2.2: Pin Configuration for AT89S51 Microcontroller


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The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

with 4Kbytes of n-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured

using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with

the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the

program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile

memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system

programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful

microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many

embedded control applications.

The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,

128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit

timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port,

on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with

static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software

selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the

RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The

Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all

other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset. The Table 2.1

below show the pin description for AT89S51.


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the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash

programming and verification.

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2

output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins,

they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,

Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of

the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from

external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-

bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit

addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function

Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals

during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3

output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins,

they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,

Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of

the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and

verification.

Pin number 9 is reset input (RST). A high on this pin for two machine cycles

while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator

periods after the Watchdog times out. The DIS-RTO bit in SFR AUXR (address

8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the

RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.


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Pin number 19 is XTAL1. This pin is an input to the inverting oscillator

amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Otherwise, pin number 18

is XTAL2. This pin is an output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Pin number 29 is Program Store Enable (PSEN). This pin is the read strobe to

external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external

program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two

PSEN activations are skipped during each access to exter-nal data memory.

Pin number 30 is Address Latch Enable (ALE). ALE is an output pulse for

latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is

also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.

Pin number 31 is External Access Enable (EA). EA must be strapped to GND

in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations

starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA

will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal

program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage

(VPP) during Flash programming.


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Table 2.2: Other features for AT89S51 Microcontroller

On-Chip Memory

On-Chip Code Memory 4096 Flash

On-Chip Internal RAM 128

On-Chip XRAM -

On-Chip EEPROM -

Processor Information

Max MHz 33

Clock/Instruction 12

Max MIPS 2.75

Voltage 4V to 5.5V

Packages DIP40, PLCC44, TQFP44

I/O Information

I/O Lines 32

Other I/O Busses -

UARTs 1

Other Features

Timers 2

DPTRs 2

Field Updatability ISP

Interrupts 6 interrupts, 2 priority levels

PWM Channels None

PCA Channels None

Watchdog Yes

JTAG No


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Figure 2.3: Block Diagram for AT89S51 Microcontroller


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2.3 Stepper Motor

Figure 2.4: Stepper Motor

The Figure 2.4 above show the picture of stepper motor using for Electronic

Book Shelf.

For this project, 2 stepper motors are being used in each shelf. The first

stepper motor is used to move the casing that contains the circuit and sensors. Then,

the second stepper motor is used as the driving force for the arm robot to push away

the books that have been wrong putted by the user.

There is various type of motor. Some of them are linear, brushed, brushless

and piezo (ultrasonic) motor. The Table 2.3 below shows the type of motor and its

function.


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Table 2.3: Type of motor and its function

There are many types of motor but for this project, stepper motor is chosen as

motor to move the casing and the arm robot. There are several reasons why this type

of motor was chosen. The reasons are:

i) Position error is noncumulative. A high accuracy of motion ispossible, even under open-loop control.

ii) Large savings in sensor (measurement system) and controllercosts are possible when the open-loop mode is used.

iii) Because of the incremental nature of command and motion,stepper motors are easily adaptable to digital controlapplications.

iv) No serious stability problems exist, even under open-loopcontrol.

v) Torque capacity and power requirements can be optimized andthe response can be controlled by electronic switching.

Stepper motor is a motor, which move in assigned angle. Movement from one

of these positions to another is only by stepping it through a series of intermediate

positions. A typical stepper motor might have 200 such positions in a single,


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complete rotation of the drive shaft. Competitive mice can certainly be built with

steppers, they are very easy to control and there is no messing around with motor

control feedback loops and tacky arithmetic. The steeper motor is also is easy to

control in term in steering.

Stepper motors do as their name suggests it step a little bit at a time. Stepper

motors different from DC motors in their torque-speed relationship. DC motors

generally are not very good at producing high torque at low speeds, without the aid

of a gearing mechanism. Stepper motors, on the other hand, work in the opposite

manner. They produce the highest torque at low speeds.

Stepper motors also have another characteristic, holding torque, which is not

present in DC motors. Holding torque allows a stepper motor to hold its position

firmly when not turning. This can be useful for applications where the motor may be

starting and stopping, while the force acting against the motor remains present. This

eliminates the need for a mechanical brake mechanism.

Steppers do not simply respond to a clock signal, they have several windings,

which need to be energized in the correct sequence before the motor's shaft will

rotate. Reversing the order of the sequence will cause the motor to rotate the other

way. If the control signals are not sent in the correct order, the motor will not turn

properly. It may simply buzz and not move, or it may actually turn, but in a rough or

jerky manner. A circuit, which is responsible for converting step and direction

signals into winding energy patterns, is called a translator.

Most stepper motor control systems include a driver in addition to the

translator, to handle the current drawn by the motor's windings. To make a stepper

driver, two independent pulse trains have to be generated. The widths are not too

critical but it would be good if the processor can be interrupted when each pulse is

generated. On each interrupt, the timer value required to set the time to the next

pulse. The very low overhead stuff should leave plenty of processor time for tricky

stuff like mapping and not running into the walls. It is possible to drive steppers

together and make steering corrections by missing steps on one or the other motor.


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Stepper motors are quite sensitive about getting smooth pulse trains. Once

messed up at speed, it likely to just stop turning rather than slowing down. The result

is that the robot will suddenly swings around one wheel to examine the way to run.

Steering is best done by slightly slowing down the pulse train for one wheel. A

microcontroller with a pair of spare timers can dome this easily. A number of

controllers have flexible output compare functions or programmable counter arrays.

The Figure 2.5 below show the block diagram for stepper motor.

Figure 2.5: Block Diagram for Stepper Motor

Table 2.4: Motor Sequence


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The stepper motors have higher torque, higher efficiency, lower noise and

vibration than standard stepper motors of the same size. The higher torque is

achieved by higher efficiency magnetic materials. The rotor inertia is also higher

making them better able to handle high inertia loads. They are ideal in robotics

applications where a standard motor of the same size has insufficient torque. Table

2.4 above shows the stepper motor sequence.

2.4 Infrared Sensor

Figure 2.6: Infrared Sensor

The Figure 2.6 above show the picture of infrared sensor using for Electronic

Book Shelf. In this project, the infrared sensor is used to detect any incoming object

that coming into the book shelf.

There are many types of infrared sensor but in this project passive infrared

sensor is the best choice for Electronic Book Shelf. A passive Infrared sensor (PIR

sensor) is an electronic devicewhich measures infrared light radiating from objects

in its field of view. PIRs are often used in the construction of PIR-based motion
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_device


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detectors. Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with one

temperature, such as a human, passes in front of an infrared source with another

temperature, such as a wall.

All objects emit what is known as black body radiation. This energy is

invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for

such a purpose. The term 'passive' in this instance means the PIR does not emit

energy of any type but merely accepts incoming infrared radiation.

Infrared radiation enters through the front of the sensor, known as the sensor

face. At the core of a PIR is a solid state sensor or set of sensors, made from

approximately 1/4 inchessquare of natural or artificialpyroelectric materials, usually

in the form of a thin film, out of gallium nitride (GaN), caesium nitrate (CsNO3),

polyvinyl fluorides, derivatives of phenylpyrazine, and cobaltphthalocyanine. (See

pyroelectric crystals.) Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) is a crystal exhibiting both

piezoelectricand pyroelectric properties.

The sensor is often manufactured as part of an integrated circuit and may

consist of one (1), two (2) or four (4) 'pixels' of equal areas of the pyroelectric

material. Pairs of the sensor pixels may be wired as opposite inputs to a differential

amplifier. In such a configuration, the PIR measurements cancel each other so that

the average temperature of the field of view is removed from the electrical signal; an

increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-cancelling and will not trigger

the device. This allows the device to resist false indications of change in the event of

being exposed to flashes of light or field-wide illumination. (Continuous bright light

could still saturate the sensor materials and render the sensor unable to register
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_detectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_nitridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesium_nitrate&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenylpyrazine&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthalocyaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectric_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_tantalatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_amplifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_tantalatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectric_crystalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phthalocyaninehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phenylpyrazine&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_fluoridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caesium_nitrate&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_nitridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_filmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_devicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_detector


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further information.) At the same time, this differential arrangement minimizes

common-mode interference; this allows the device to resist triggering due to nearby

electric fields. However, a differential pair of sensors cannot measure temperature in

that configuration and therefore this configuration is specialized for motion detectors.

2.5 Proximity Sensor

Figure 2.7: Proximity Sensor

Figure 2.7 above show the picture of proximity sensor using for Electronic

Book Shelf. The proximity sensor in this project is used to detect the metal bar that

stick to the modified books. Different height of metal bar is stick to the books in

different categories. The proximity sensor is installed according to the height of the

metal bar. Each shelf has different height of proximity sensor.

Proximity sensors are sensors able to detect the presence of nearby objects

without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic or
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The active face of an inductive proximity switch is the surface where a high-

frequency electro-magnetic field emerges. A standard target is a mild steel, 1mm

thick, square form with side lengths equal to the diameter of the active face or 3X the

nominal switching distance, whichever is greater.

Figure 2.9: Inductive Proximity Sensor Circuit

2.6 Voltage Regulator

Figure 2.10: Voltage Regulator


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Most digital logic circuits and processors need a 5 volt power supply. To use

these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source. Figure 2.10 is shows the

voltage regulator. Usually you start with an unregulated power supply ranging from 9

volts to 24 volts DC (A 12 volt power supply is included with the Beginner Kit and

the Microcontroller Beginner Kit.). To make a 5 volt power supply, a LM7805

voltage regulator IC (Integrated Circuit) is used.

2.7 Transformer

Figure 2.11: Transformer 9V

All circuit must have their own power source. The 9 volt transformer are

using as power source for Electronic Book Shelf. Each shelf has one transformer.

This project is used a transformer, not a battery. This make the circuit can be run 24

hours a day without worrying about the source power. In this project, most critical

part is movement of the stepper motor. Without enough voltage, the movement of

stepper motor will become weak and the sensors cannot detect the books.

The Figure 2.11 above shows the type of transformer 9V AC 500mA that is

use in this project. This type of transformer can receive input voltage of 120VAC

60Hz. The output voltage given is across the entire secondary. Center tapped leads

provide 1/2 that voltage from the center to either lead wire.


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CHAPTER 3

SOFTWARE

3.1 Introduction

These projects divide into two main parts. The first part is hardware

construction and the second part is writing programming. The hardware construction

has been discussed in chapter 1 and 2. The second part will be discussed in this

chapter. The ATMEL AT89S51 microcontroller is using assembles language for

writing programming. Assembles language are more complicated compare with C

language but assembles language are easy to programming because it can be set

direct to the microcontroller port.

This chapter will discuss about step to write a program which is start from

writing program, assembling the program file, doing simulation and download the

program into microcontroller.


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3.3 Writing the Program

Normally for writing programming, two type of software can be used. The

first software is notepad. Notepad is the most powerful software that window have.

Some file like assemble code, html page and many more file can be written by using

only notepad. The second software that many programmer uses to write program are

MPLAB IDE Programming Software. This software is easier to use because it can

indicate the source code that use are correct or wrong. If correct all font for source

code will be blue color. If wrong, the font color will turn into black color. In this

project, I use notepad to write the coding of the program.

3.4 Flow Chart for Electronic Book Shelf

Before doing any programming, the programmer should sketch the basic flow

of programming. From the basic, then the more complex flow is added in order to

make programming more advances.

The program of the first motor stepper needs to do first because it is very

important compared with second motor stepper and sensors. If the motor stepper

cannot move the casing that contains the circuit and sensors, the sensors cannot

detect any incoming object. This is because to know whether user have put the books

at the right shelf or not is by moving the infrared sensor and the proximity sensor

towards and back inside the book shelf. At the end of this program, motor stepper

will move the arm to push away a little bit the books that have been wrong putted by

the user.


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First, the program to move the first motor stepper has generated. So the motor

stepper can move the casing that contains the circuit and sensors towards and back.

After that, the infrared sensor added into program. The infrared sensor has the ability

to detect any incoming object, not necessarily books. Then, the proximity sensor

added to the program. The proximity sensor should detect the metal bar that stick to

the modified books. If the proximity can detect, that means user has put the books in

the right shelf. So, the first motor stepper will move the casing that contains the

circuit and sensors to detect other books. The red LED at the circuit turn on. But if

the proximity sensor cannot detect the metal bar that means user has put the books in

the wrong shelf. The program will give the instruction to move the second motor

stepper. The stepper motor than move the arm to push away a little bit the books that

have been wrong putted by the user.

The flow chart Figure 3.4 at next page shows the program flow chart for

Electronic Book Shelf system.


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Figure 3.2: Program Flow Chart for Electronic Book Shelf

3.5 Schematic to PCB Design Integration

The schematic and the PCB is the way to move design information back and

forth between the two different views of the design. This process, known as design

synchronization, is an integral part of the design process, and may need to be carried

out many times through the course of the design cycle. To performing design

synchronization can be done at any time by selecting Design Update PCB from the

Schematic Editor Menu, or Design Update Schematic from the PCB Editor menus.


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have a schematic capture. Then create an empty sheet with a sheet size to suit

documentation standard. Typically use A4 for team project. Locate the components

with standard components are stored in libraries, access most major parts by part

number. Some parts are generic (e.g.: resistors, capacitors). ITEE electronics

workshop has edited libraries http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~etsg/Electronics workshop

> Protel99 libraries

Figure 3.3: Introduction PROTEL 99

Placing the parts with orient the parts correctly (spacebar rotates, X flips

horizontally, Y flips vertically). Place all components first and follow the diagram.

Wire up the schematic and make sure to end wires right on component ends. Add

nodes to wires that are meant to join. Net labels identify key nets such as power and

ground. Electrical rule check use for each pin in a library component is defined as

input, output, I/O, power, etc. ERC checks that component connections are sensible

such as unconnected inputs; outputs connected together, no power.

For create a PCB file, use the PCB wizard to create your empty board and use

the custom board option and set to suit. To transfer the design, make sure that the

appropriate footprint libraries are loaded. Use the Update PCB dialog to load parts

and nets from schematic. Set the layers separate physically and electrically different

parts. Use top and bottom layer and use mechanical layers for holes and cut outs.
http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~etsg/http://www.itee.uq.edu.au/~etsg/


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Routing design rules with instruction (PROTEL 99 = Design > Rules > Routing)

such as Clearance constraint is 10 mil, routing via style with preferred is 50 mil dia /

20 mil hole and minimum = 30 mil dia / 12 mil hole. Width constraint is preferred

for12 mil and minimum is 10 mil. Use thicker tracks for less resistance and

inductance

Figure 3.4 below show the screen shot of schematic diagram from Portel 99

SE Window.

Figure 3.4: Screen Shot of Schematic Diagram from Portel 99 SE Window


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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS & CONCLUSION

4.1 Main Conclusion

This project has achieved the objective that has target before and but cannot

assume as fully successful. This is because the proximity sensor cant detect the

wrong placed books. But when the user put the books in the right shelf, the proximity

sensor can sense the metal bar that stick to the modified books and the LED at the

circuit ON. This project also can detect the incoming books repeatedly as the

sensors move towards and back as long as the power supply is ON. This project is

the prototype based on hardware and software that used basic components at

inexpensive prices. The brain of the circuit is microcontroller base. The components

and their major functions are, a PIC controller (AT89S51) is used efficiently as the

main controller and a serial port cable forms an interface between PIC controller and

computer.


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4.2 Problems and Limitation

While doing this project, there are various problems that have been faced. If

the problems are not critical, it need to be replaced with new one if it damaged or not

suitable. Below are some problems and limitations that have faced while doing

Electronic Book Shelf:

:

i) This project is limited to hard cover books. It is because the metal bar

has to stick properly to the cover of the books.

ii) While doing the testing, some chip are damaged because short circuit.

The chip is comparator chip LM7805. After the circuit has been

modified to minimize the short circuit, the new microchips are

replaced with the damage chip and the circuits works properly.

iii) There many problems that has been faced while doing the soldering

the circuit. Normally for the first time after soldering, the circuits do

not work properly. Troubleshoot should be done until the circuit gives

the correct output. For this step, much time has been spending to

troubleshoot. Each pinpoint must be troubleshooting using the

multimeter to check the continuity of the circuit.

iv) After running robot for long times, the comparator chip LM7805 and

stepper motor are hot. To prevent the chip from damage, heat sink is

place on the top of the chip. The fan is place at each motor stepper.


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4.3 Future Improvement

Although this project has been done successfully but for developments with

new technology for the future, this Electronic Book Shelf can be modified to make it

more efficient. The recommendations for this project are:

i) Add on sensors that are more sensitivity in sensoring. For example, in

this project, the inductive proximity sensor can only sense the metal

bar that stick to the modified books up to 10mm only. This may cause

some books not to be detected whether it is right or wrong placed by

the user.

ii) Use railway and softer belt to move the casing that contains the circuit

and sensors to reduce the noise.

iii) Time of execution can be shortened if the circuit or PIC coding can be

modified.


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REFERENCE

1) The C Programming Language, By Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M.

Ritchie, Published by Prentice-Hall in 1988.

2) Training Manual for On Site Programming, BES Research & Development

Group, FKE, UTM.

3) Training Manual for Hardware Installation, BES Research Group, FKE,

UTM.


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APPENDIX A

CODING

0000 7B09 MOV R3, #09H

0002 75A0FF MOV P2, #0FFH

0005 7B90FF MOV P1, #0FFH

0008 9000F2 FOR: ACALL DPTR, #TABLE1

000B 11B1 ACALL MOTOR

000D 7590FF MOV P1, #0FFH

0010 7520DA MOV 20H, #10

0013 11E6 ACALL DELAY

0015 30B202 JNB P3.2, REV

0018 0108 AJMP FOR

001A 9000F6 REV: MOV DPTR, #TABLE2

001D 11B1 ACALL MOTOR

001F 7590FF MOV P1, #0FFH

0022 75200A MOV 20H, #10


0027 30B302 JNB P3.3, FOR1

002A 011A AJMP REV

002C 11D8 FOR1: ACALL STOP5

002E 9000F2 FOR2: MOV DPTR, #TABLE1


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0031 11B1 ACALL MOTOR

0033 7590FF MOV P1, #0FFH

0036 75200A MOV 20H, #10


003B 30B11E JNB P3.1, STOP1

003E 30B202 JNB P3.2, REV2

0041 012E AJMP FOR2

0043 9000F6 REV2: MOV DPTR, #TABLE2

0046 11B1 ACALL MOTOR

0048 7590FF MOV P1, #0FFH

004B 75200A MOV 20H, #10

004E 11E6 ACALL DELAY

0050 30B122 JNB P3.1, STOP2

0053 30B302 JNB P3.3, FOR3

0056 0143 AJMP REV2

0058 11CD FOR3: ACALL STOP8

005A 012E AJMP FOR2

005C 7A32 STOP1: MOV R2, #50

005E 7590FF STA: MOV P1, #0FFH

0061 75200A MOV 20H, #10


0066 30E006 JNB P3.0, SEN1

0069 DAF3 DJNZ R2, STA

006B 11D8 ACALL STOP5

006D 012E AJMP FOR2

006F 118E SEN1: ACALL SENSOR

0071 11D8 ACALL STOP5

0073 012E AJMP FOR2

0075 7A32 STOP2: MOV R2, #50

0077 75900FF STB: MOV P1, #0FFH

007A 75200A MOV 20H, #10

007D 11E6 ACALL DELAY

007F 30B006 JNB P3.0, SEN2


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0082 DAF3 DJNZ R2, STB

0084 11D8 ACALL STOP5

0086 0143 AJMP REV2

0088 118E SEN2: ACALL SENSOR

008A 11D8 ACALL STOP5

008C 0143 AJMP REV2

008E 7919 SENSOR: MOV R1, #25

0090 9000F2 MT3: MOV DPTR, #TABLE1

0093 11BF ACALL MOTOR2

0095 D9F9 DJNZ R1, MT3

0097 7590FF MOV P1, #0FFH

009A 752064 MOV 20H, #100

009D 11E6 ACALL DELAY

009F 7919 MOV R1, #25

00A1 9000F6 MT4: MOV DPTR, #TABLE2

00A4 11BF ACALL MOTOR2

00A6 D9F9 DJNZ R1, MT4

00A8 750FF MOV P2, #0FFH

00AB 75200A MOV 20H, #10

00AE 11E6 ACALL DELAY

00B0 22 RET

00B1 7C04 MOTOR: MOV R4, #04

00B3 E4 MT1: CLR A

00B4 93 MOVC A, @A+DPTR

00B5 F590 MOV P1, A

00B7 A3 INC DPTR

00B8 8B20 MOV 20H, R3

00BA 11E6 ACALL DELAY

00BC DCF5 DJNZ R4, MT1

00BE 22 RET

00BF 7C04 MOTOR2: MOV R4, #04

00C1 E4 MT2: CLR A

00C2 93 MOVC A, @A+DPTR


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00C3 F5A0 MOV P2, A

00C5 A3 INC DPTR

00C6 8B20 MOV 20H, R3

00C8 11E6 ACALL DELAY

00CA DCF5 DJNZ R4, MT2

00CC 22 RET

00CD C2B4 STOP8: CLR P3.4

00CF 7960 MOV R1, #96

00D1 11D8 STO1: ACALL STOP5

00D3 D9FC DJNZ R1, STO1

00D5 D2B4 SETB P3.4

00D7 22 RET

00D8 C2B4 STOP5: CLR P3.4

00DA 7C11 MOV R4, #17

00DC 752064 ST1 MOV 20H, #100

00DF 11E6 ACALL DELAY

00E1 DCF9 DJNZ R4, ST1

00E3 D2B4 SETB P3.4

00E5 22 RET

00E6 7E06 DELAY: MOV R6, #06 ; 3MS

00E8 7FF9 DEL: MOV R7, #249

00EA DFFE DJNZ R7, $

00EC DEFA DJNZ R6, DEL

00EE D520F5 DJNZ 20H, DELAY

00F1 22 RET

00F2 05 TABLE1: DB 00000101B ; 0101

00F3 06 DB 00000110B ; 0110

00F4 0A DB 00001010B ; 1010

00F5 09 DB 00001001B ; 1001

00F6 09 TABLE2: DB 00001001B

00F7 0A DB 00001010B

00F8 06 DB 00000110B

00F9 05 DB 00000101B


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APPENDIX B

DATASHEET


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51_KHAIRULAZRIBINISMAIL2007

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