自主原則2009 11-17 蔡明哲教授-

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自主原則 蔡明哲醫師 2009-11-17

Transcript of 自主原則2009 11-17 蔡明哲教授-

自主原則蔡明哲醫師

2009-11-17

Those good old days… Those good old days…

1989 Adapted by Mumford

Stanford Faculty Development Program

PhysicianPhysician PatientPatient

DiseaseDisease

Nowadays…Nowadays…Modern biotechnology Modern biotechnology (hemodialysis, organ transplant, (hemodialysis, organ transplant, IVF, gene therapy, managed care, virtual hospital, IVF, gene therapy, managed care, virtual hospital,

consumerism, patient bill, etc)consumerism, patient bill, etc)

1989 Adapted by Mumford

Stanford Faculty Development Program

PhysicianPhysician PatientPatient

DiseaseDisease

EnvironmentEnvironment

2008-2-21 聯合報• 亞洲首例訂製的「救人寶寶( Rescue baby )」

上月底在台大醫院誕生• 一對帶有乙型地中海貧血基因的夫妻,為搶救患

有重度地中海貧血的兩歲長子,決定藉助醫學科技再度生育,在胚胎著床前先接受基因診斷(PGD)

成功懷孕並產下健康女嬰,未來將取 用新生妹妹的臍帶血救治哥哥 贊成訂製「救人寶寶」 ?你 嗎

生下「救人寶寶」的機率只有十六分之三怎麼算出來的?

• 手足間人類白血球組織抗原( HLA )相符的機率是四分之一,而父母同為帶有乙型地中海貧血基因者,產出健康寶寶的機率是四分之三,兩個條件都要相符,也就是四分之一乘以四分之三,救人寶寶出現的機率只有十六分之三

• 研發的「全基因放大」技術,應用於 PGD ,先後篩選十六個胚胎,才找到三個 HLA (人類白血球抗原)同型且為帶有地中海貧血基因的胚胎,「雖然這名女嬰仍然是地中海貧血的帶因者,已能救治兄長,這是退而其次的選擇」

Four styles of ethics

AbsoluteStop and Stand still

RadicalStop and Destroy

Rational Stop and Think

HolyStop and Pray

一名 16 歲女生因腹痛合併休克,被同學送至急診室,超音波顯示腹內積血、驗孕結果為陽性反應,這名病人要你不要告訴 的父母親,但病人需即刻接受她緊急手術, 會如何回應?您

善意 言謊 ? 為什麼 ?

• 魏先生 77 歲,一年前接受肺癌手術與化學治療,住院期間病況一度危急,住過加護病房 (ICU) 幾天但是恢復後情況大致還不錯。前兩天他有感冒、發燒、呼吸有點喘,家人帶他在開業醫處拿了 點感冒藥服用

• 今晨他忽然呼吸困難、陷入昏迷而被送到急診處,急診醫師判斷病人是肺炎合併呼吸衰竭,必須緊急插管急救,病人有可能會救得回來,甚至恢復清醒;但是也有可能會變成植物人,且必須依賴呼吸器。家屬表示老先生若變成植物人,他們將無法照顧,因此要放棄插管與使用呼吸器,準備要帶他回家去…

• (1) 當代理決定人所作之醫療決定,可能或明顯違背病患之最大利益時, 該如何處理您? (2) 當代理決定人所做的決定,明顯違反病人先前可以自理自身事務時,藉由口頭或書面所表示的意願時, ( 病人事先已簽署 DNR order) ,但是家屬在他陷入昏迷後卻要求醫師急救, 會怎麼處理? 您(3) 家屬過去曾經代簽 DNR order ,此 DNR order 在當時和此時有效力 ? 嗎

• 在急診遇見毒 病患又來掛急診,打好了點滴讓癮他 在推床上,不時的 他一眼,深怕一個不注 躺 瞄意他又 出去施打毒品。明知道他每次都是打毒跑品造成感染就來掛號,然後讓我們打好留置針,趁醫護人員不注意時就溜出去打毒品,打完又回來… . 請就自主原則與守密原則

• 可以未經病人同意即驗尿做毒物測驗嗎 ? 需不需要報警? 醫護人員發現毒犯不報警,算不算違法?

30 y.o. with C-4 fractureBeneficence: providing benefit in terms of the

patient’s values

• 30 y.o. labor, injured in a factory accident, fracture & spinal cord injury C-4.

• Following surgery & post-op recovery is transferred to rehab unit.

• Requests the ventilator be turned off on 8th day in rehab ward (26 days post accident.)

• Primary family & fiancée is in the area & want him to live, offer their support.

Problems in assessing autonomy

• Patients with C-3, C-4 spinal cord trauma

• 90% asked to d/c the respirator, post accident

• Is this an autonomous decision?

Problems in assessing autonomy

• Following rehabilitation, 95% of the patients were glad to be alive and no longer wished to have their respirators turned off

• NEJM Vol. 328, No. 7 Feb. 18, 1993

Respect for Autonomy

• Self-Rule• Self-Determination• Patient’s unique set of:

valuesgoalsdesiresexperiences

Autonomy

• Autonomy implies competence

• Legal age of decision making

• Minors and autonomy– the age of assent– exceptions for reproductive decisions

• The ability to understand medical information and to relate this to one’s life plan and priorities

• Logical consistency with one’s goals

Sub-principles flowing from respect for autonomy

• Informed Consent

• Respect for the Privacy of the Patient

• Maintaining Confidentiality

• Being honest with the patient at all times

• Being faithful to the needs of the patient

• Showing respect for the unique religious or cultural beliefs of the patient.

安寧緩和醫療條例 DNR Advanced Directive (living will) 之困境

• 多缺乏本人自主成分• 告知與討論時機不佳• 對於末期醫療認知抽象• 代理人只討論 DNR決策 ,而作出決定• 保留不用 (withhold)與撤除 (withdraw)的分際

Special situations in the Emergency Department

• In the case of an injured person who is incapable of giving consent, presumed consent is used so as to act in “the best interests” of the patient.

• In the case of an intentional injury or overdose by a suicidal patient, beneficence allows us to intervene with life saving efforts--benevolent paternalism is justified.

華人文化特質 vs. 自主原則• 活在關係中的自我 (relational self)• 人際間的相互依 賴 (interdependence)• 家庭家族 國家• 倫理判斷的基礎在社會關係 , 並非純理性與個人主

義• 道家 佛家 儒家於現代 : 既分 又相關歧• 生命起始 : 盡孝道 傳宗接代 重男輕女 生命權• 死亡與瀕死 : 忌諱 善終 回歸自然 壽終正寢 • 知情同意 : 安寧緩和醫療條例 , DNR, Advanced

Directive (living will)