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RECYCLING

CENTRE

TOMMY JAE WUK SHIN

1027539

AD1 DESIGN REPORT

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When looking at the history of architecture in Christchurch there are three primary factors that stand out as inuential the latest styles imported from abroad, availableconstruction technologies, and accessibility of materials. A Christchurch faces the task of rebuilding, these same three factors will inuence the citys architecture, butbecause we live in a different age, the global trends, technologies and access to materials have changed. Because materials are at the core of innovation, the students

started their research by choosing a locally available resource. They became familiar with its properties and developed a rigorous formal investigation using their chosenresources as the basis. Following on the students developed an architectural response derived from their research and explored this through the use of computer aided

design techniques.

AD1 BRIEF

Future Christchurch

Camia Young with Jordan Saunders

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PROJECT DESCRIPTIONA straight forward denit ion of what it means to act sustainably triggered this design project that is: take what we need to livenow without jeopardizing the potential for people in the future to meet their needs.

Construction materials demand a great deal from our natural resources. The rate at which the world is using raw materials,such as cement, steel and wood, is increasing globally and in New Zealand. The consequen ce of this process of manufacturingnatural resources and turning them into construction materials causes signicant pollution and energy use. I found that one ofthe possible ways to reduce the overall energy consumption and pollution is to look at the life span of construction materials.There is a one-way life cycle of most building materials in New Zealand, rst they are extracted as raw materials, thenmanufactured into building materials, then used for a building, but once the building no longer serves a purpose, the building

is demolished and the materials often end up in a landll. This one-way life cycle has several consequences including llinglandlls and triggering further natural resource extraction. I discovered through my research that construction and demolitionwaste is responsible for more than a quarter of the total waste in landlls in the world.

To address this problem my proposed building uses recycled construction materials. Through this proposal I aim to endthe one-way life cycle of construction materials and turn it instead into a loop by adopting recycling and reuse methods.By adopting this proposal and using these building methods, it would reduce energy use by reducing the demand for newmaterials made from raw resources, it would reduce the waste in landlls by reusing and recycling construction materials, andultimately it would save natural resources for future generations.

Christchurch will soon be in a major rebuilding process, but currently there is a great deal of demolition in progress. Thisproposal is very appropriate for this situation, where there is a massive amount of material waste created due to the on goingdemolition. Through this proposal I aim to show how recycled materials could be used in future buildings.

The program for the building is a recycling centre which includes education, administration and a recycling plant. The building

is designed as a showcase for the use of material waste and aims to promote recycling materials.

A key driver for this project is to minimize impact on the environment through the proposed architecture. A range of demolishedconstruction materials were used in this proposed building including concrete debris and recycled timber. The overallarchitectural response and experience is to expose and promote the many ways of recycling different materials.

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RESEARCH: CONCRETE&ENVIRONMENT Page 5

TABLE OF CONTENT

Page 18

Page 39

Page 49

Page 69

MATERIAL INVESTIGATION: RECYCLING

ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

DESIGN PROPOSAL

GLOSSARY AND REFERENCE

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CONCRETE | RECYCLING CENTRE

Tommy Jae Wuk Shin5

RESEARCH: CONCRETE&ENVIRONMENT


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Definition: The word Concrete comes from the latin word concretus (meaning compact or condensed), the perfect passive participleof concrescere, from con. (together) and crescere (to grow).

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Tommy Jae Wuk Shin7


PasteCementWater Paste

7-15%

14-21% 60-80%

Water Cement Aggregates (Admixture)

+ + +

Binder Filler Accelerator

H20

Chemical Substance

What is Concrete? Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, aggregate (fine and coarse) and admixture.

=

Concrete

Process of Mixing:

Proportions: 100%

Air

6-8%

Proportions GraphAggregatesCement (C)Water (W)

W:C ratio0.50- Exposed

to freezing &thawning.0.45- Sulphate

Conditions

Smoother surface,easy to place

however, resutingconcrete will shrink& be less economical

Difficult to place,

rough & porousHigher Quality

concrete.

+ =+ =

Synthetic

Conglomerate

Aggregates

Quantity dependson type of

Admixture

Chemical Reaction

Hydration

Process of

hardening and

gaining stength

+

Admixtures

Variables affecting

Concrete Strength:

Keep Cost Low

added to the concrete to give it certain charachteristics

not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.

Strength of concrete Quality of pasteRatio of Water:Cement (W:C)

Workability

Ability of fresh (plastic)concrete mix to fill theform/mould properly with

the desired work (vibration)and without reducing the

concretes quality.Timimg iscritical

Less Water results in a

stronger concrete mix. Lesswater is achievable if there

is proper curing, placing &consolidating.

CONCRETE AND ITS COMPONENT

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C3S C2S C3A C4AF

100

0

80

60

40

20

(%)

Compounds

Percentage of Cement

Composition:

Compounds

Speed of Hydration

Quick

Slow

Very Quick

What is Cement?

Very Slow

Time of Hydration/

Strength Development

7 days

Slow Contributes to development

in strength after 7 days

Develops early Strength

7 days +

1 Day After 24 hours Contribution to

Strength is almost 0

Insignificant time of hydration and

strength development. More than 10%

C3A makes cement prone to CaSO4attack.

=+

+ + +

CaO

+

+ MgO CaSO4+

Added Substances:

Performanceof Compounds:

Major Compounds of Cement Clinker:

ChemicalComposition:

100

0

80

60

40

20

(%)

Percentage by Weightin Cement:

Fine Cement Clinker Substances Cement

SiO2+ Al2O3+ Fe2O3+ +

+ Na2O + K2OSO3

a

c

Cement Hydration: Unhydrated cement particles

Cement Gel

Capilary Pores and Cavities

a)Immediatley after mixing

b)Reaction around particles - ealry stiffening

c)Formation of skeletal Structure- first hardening

d)Gel infiling - later hardening

b

d

a

c

+

C4AF

C3A

C2S

C3S

C4AF

C3A

C2S

C3S

Cement is a material component of concrete. It is classified the chemically active component, but its reactivity is only brought into effect when mixed with water.This reaction

is called hydration Cement is a mixture of proportioned and finely interground mixture of portland cement clinker and a small amount of certain substances such as lime,

magnesia, (Gypsum)calcium sulphate, etc.

Portland cement clinker is made up of four major compounds: Tricalcium Silicate (C3S), Dicalcium Silicate (C2S), Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) and Tetra Calcium Aluminate

(C4AF). A small quantity of other substances such as Lime (CaO), Magnesia (MgO), Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4), Silica (SiO2 ), Alumina (Al2O3), Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), Sulphur

Trioxide (SO3), Alkaliks (Na2O + K2O) are also added.

The Silicates C3S and C2S are the main components responsible for the strength of the cement. C3A is the least stable, where cement containing more than 10 % is prone

to Sulphate attack which, causes an overall loss in strength. C4AF is of less importance than the other componets. It does not have a significant effect on the behaviour.

However, it can increase the rate of hydration of the silicates. The added substances CaO, MgO and CaSO4 should not exist in excess quantities as they may expand on

hydration or react with other substances in the aggregate and cause the concrete to disintegrate. These compounds affect the speed and time of hydration, as well as the

strength developmen of the concrete.

CEMENT

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#1 #2Concrete & living

Concrete is the second most

consumed substance on earth, after

water.

Sustainability & New

Zealand

The importance of sustainable development is currently dominating headlines, and as a concept is frequently defined as the practice of meeting present needs without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The quest for sustainability has been compared with New Zealands nuclear free stance in the 1980s,

and politicians have been enthusiastically pledging their support to make New Zealand the first nation to be truly sustainable. There is no question that sustainable

development has been adopted as the philosophy to direct New Zealands way forward, and as a means to find solutions that provide the best economic, social and

environmental outcomes.

Ingredients of finishedconcreteAs with any building product, production of concrete and its ingredients does require energy that in turn results in the generation of carbon dioxide.

Typical composition of hydraulic cement concrete

Air Water Aggregate Cement

Average consumption of concrete is

about 1 ton per year per every living

human being.

1t / Year

6% 18% 66% 10%

CONCRETE AND ENVIRONMENT

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Tommy Jae Wuk Shin10


The basic constituents of concrete are cement, water and aggregates. During the manufacturing of concrete, considerable amount of carbon

dioxide emissions occurs.

Fine

Aggregates

Production

Coarse

Aggregates

Production

Cement

Production

Electricity

Diesel Fuel

Transport of

Concrete to

Construction

Site

Transport of

Raw

Materials to

Concrete

Batching

Plants

Concrete

Production

Explosives

Unexploited

Resources

CarbonDioxide

Emissions

One Cubic

Meter of

Concrete in

Structure

Placement

(Pumping) of

Concrete on

SiteFly Ash

Processing

GGBFS

Processing

LPG Fuel

Admixtures

Production

Carbon dioxide within concrete production diagram

CO2 EMISSIONS DURING CONCRETE

PRODUCTION

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Main CO2 contributer

among concrete

ingredients

Water, sand, aggregates and other ingredients make up about 90% of the concrete mixture by weight. The process of mining sand and gravel, crushing stone, combining the

materials in a concrete plant and transporting concrete to the construction site requires very little energy and therefore only emits a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide.

The amount of caonbon dioxide embodied in concrete are mainly from cement production.

from manufacturing aggregates

Proportion of the total carbon dioxide emission embeded within finished concrete

14% 17% 5% 18% 6%5% 35%

Other sectors Manufacturing Road transport Heat and Power

Cement Energy Industry Non-road transport

Global carbon dioxide emission by sectors

The cement industry is responsible for 5% of total global carbon dioxide emission.

Difference between

concrete & cement

The primary difference between concrete and cement is that concrete is a composite material made of water, aggregate, and cement. Cement is a very fine powder made of

limestone and other minerals, which absorbs water and acts as a binder to hold the concrete together. While cement is a construction material in its own right, concrete

cannot be made without cement. The two terms often are incorrectly used interchangeably, but concrete and cement are distinctly separate products.

20% 80%

from manufacturing cement

CO2 EMISSIONS AND CONCRETE

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Global cement

production & future

trend

0

100

200

300

400

2 00 6 2015 2 03 0

Production(Mtcement)

2050

European Union 25

0

100

200

300

400

20 06 2 015 20 30


2050

Canada and United States

0

100

200

300

400

2 006 2 015 2 030


2050

OECD Pacic

0

100

200

300

400

20 06 2 015 20 30


2050

Economies in transition

0

100

200

300

400

2 00 6 2015 2 03 0


2050

Other OECD Europe

0

100

200

300

400

2 00 6 2015 2 03 0


2050

Latin America

low demand scenario

high demand scenario

2006 2015 2030 2050

lowdemandscenario

high demandscenario

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000


European Union 25

CanadaandUnitedStat es

OECDPacic

China

India

Otherdeveloping Asia

Economiesin transition

AfricaandMiddle East

Latin America

OtherOECD Europe

low high low high low high

Global cement production:

2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050

0

200

1 800

1 600

1 400

1 200

1 000

800

600

400

2 006 2 015 2 030

Production(Mtc

ement)

2050

China

0

200

400

600

800

2 00 6 2 015 2 03 0


2050

Africa & Middle East

0

200

400

800

600

20 06 2015 20 30


2050

Other developing Asia

0

200

400

600

800


India

2006 2015 2030 2050

This map and figures show

estimated cement production for

2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050,

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Global cement

productin trend

11851123

12911370

14451493

1547 15401600

16601750

1850

2020

2190

2350

26102810

2860

3060

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Unit: million tons

(Sourec: U.S geological survey)

Unit: million tonsRegional cement production & CO2 emission in 1994

420

180

150120

11188

101 97

6241

372

129105 105 95

78 80 7160

33

China Europe OECDPacic

Other Asia MiddleEast

NorthAmerica

EE/FSU LatinAmerica

India Africa

Regional cement

production & CO2

(Source:Cambureau)

Global cement production trend

Cement volume

CO2 volume

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576 579

800

900

950974 976

950 960 950 950

1000

10801100

1050

1120

1200 1200 1200

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

New Zealand cementproduction trend

Unit: thousand tons

(Sourec: IPCC/USGS)

New Zealand cement market sectors in 1994

NZ cement market

sectors

New Zealand cement production trend

Ready mixed concreteMerchant bagsPrecastMasonry

2% Pipes and tiles

62%19%10%7%

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Cement manufacturing releases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere both directly when calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime and carbon dioxide, and also indirectly

through the use of energy if its production involves the emission of carbon dioxide. The cement industry produces about 5% of global man-made carbon dioxide emissions,

of which 50% is from the chemical process, and 40% from burning fuel. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the cement industry is nearly 900 kg of carbon dioxide for

every 1000 kg of cement produced.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Prehomogenization

and raw meal grinding

Crushing

Preheating

Precalcining

Clinker production

in the rotary kiln

Cooling and storing

Quarries

Blending

Cement grinding

Storing in

the cement silo

Quarrying

raw materials

Typical manufacturing process of concrete

Golden bay cement plant, which is

located at Portland near Whangarei,

produced 522,169tons (approximately

55% of national production in 1993)

Holcim cement plant, which

is located near Westport,

produced 402,000 tons

(approximately 43% of

national production in 1993)

EMBODIED CO2 FROM CEMENT

PRODUCTION

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The primary options for reducing the quantity of carbon dioxide generated during cement manufacturing process are to use alternatives to fossil fuels, change the raw

ingredients used in manufacture and intergrind additional materials with the clinker.

Using byproducts such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume to supplement a portion of the cement used in concrete. These industrial products, which wouldotherwise end up in landfills, are called supplementary cementitious materials or SCMs for short. The use of SCMs in concrete work in combination with portland cement

to improve strength and durability in addition to reducing the carbon dioxide embodied in concrete by as much as 70%, with typical value ranging between 15 and 40%.

Fly ash is the waste byproduct of burning coal in electrical power plants. Generally, 15% to 20% of

burned coal takes the form of fly ash. At one time, most fly ash was landfilled, but today a significant

portion is used in concrete.

Blast furnace slag is the waste byproduct of iron manufacture. After quenching and grinding, the blast

furnace slag takes on much higher value as a supplementary cementitious material for concrete. Blast

furnace slag is used as a partial replacement for cement to impart added strength and durability to

concrete.

Silica fume is a waste byproduct of processing quartz into silicon or ferro-silocon metals in an electric arcfurnace. Silica fume consists of superfine, spherical particles that when combined with cement

significantly increases strength and durability of concrete. It is used for some high-rise buildings to

produce concretes which exceed 140MPa compressive strength and in bridge and parking garage

construction to help keep chlorides from deicing salts from corroding steel reinforcement.

REDUCTION OF CO2 EMISSION

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CONCRETE AND THE ENVIRONMENT CEMENT PRODUCTION TREND IN NEW ZEALAND

Unit: million tons

11851123

12911370

14451493

1547 15401600

16601750

1850

2020

2190

2350

2610

28102860

3060

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Global cement production trend

576 579

800

900

950974 976

950 960 950 950

1000

10801100

1050

1120

1 20 0 12 00 1 20 0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

New Zealand cement production trend

Unit: thousand tons

#1

#2

Concrete is the second mostconsumed substance on earth, afterwater.

Average consumption of concrete isabout 1 ton per year per every living

human being.

1t

1t

1tper year

Carbon dioxide emission fromcement production. 1 ton of cementproduction emits 1 ton of carbondioxide.

produce

from manufacturingaggregates

Proportion of the total carbondioxide emission embeded withinfinished concrete.

20%

35%

80%from manufacturing

cement

Global carbon dioxide emission bysectors

Typical composition of hydrauliccement concrete

6%

18%

Heat and power

6%Non-road transport

18%Road transport

5%Energy industry

17%Manufacturing

5%Cement

14%Other sectors

Air

Water

66%Aggregate

10%Cement

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH PHASE

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The life cycle of a buliding used to be a one-way street. Building materials were extracted and used to manufacture building products, and once the building reached the end

of its useful life and was demolished, the materials were buried in a landfill or incinerated. Societal and economic factors require that todays building life cycle be circular,

with the loop completed to the largest extent possible by reusing demolition materials to manufacture new products.

Some key benefits of recycling concrete include:

Substitution for virgin resources and reduction in associated environmental costs of natural resource exploitation

Reduced transportation costs: concrete can often be recycled on demolition or construction sites or close to urban areas where it will be reused

Reduced disposal costs as landfi ll taxes and tip fees can be avoided

Good performance for some applications due to good compaction and density properties (for example, as road sub-base)

In some instances, employment opportunities arise in the recycling industry that would not otherwise exist in other sectors

Resource extration

Manufacturing

Construction

Use/Occupancy

Demolition

Recycling

Desired closed loop building life cycle

Disposal

Resource extration

Manufacturing

Construction

Use/Occupancy

Demolition

Existing one way building life cycle

REASON AND BENEFITS OF RECYCLING

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Concrete cannot be recycled Although concrete is not broken down into its constituent parts, it can be recovered and crushed for reuse as

aggregate (for use in ready-mix concrete or other applications) or it can be recycled through the cement

manufacturing process in controlled amounts, either as an alternative raw material to produce clinker or as anadditional component when grinding clinker, gypsum and other additives to cement.

Recycled concrete aggregate cannot be

used for structural concrete

It is generally accepted that about 20% (or more) of aggregate content can be replaced by recycled concrete for

structural applications.

Although some concrete can be

recycled it is not possible to achieve

high rate

Countries such as the Netherlands and Japan achieve near complete recovery of waste concrete.

Concrete can be 100% made byrecycling old concrete

Current technology means that recovered concrete can be used as aggregate in new concrete but (1) new cementis always needed and (2) in most applications only a portion of recycled aggregate content can be used

(regulations often limit content as do physical properties, particularly for structural concrete).

Recycling concrete will reduce

greenhouse gases and the carbon

footprint

Recycling concrete into low-grade

aggregate is down-cycling and is

environmentally not the best solution

Recycled aggregate is more expensive

Most greenhouse gas emissions from concrete production occur during the production of cement. Less-significant

savings may be made if transportation needs for aggregates can be reduced by recycling.

A full lifecycle assessment should be undertaken. Sometimes low-grade use is the most sustainable solution as it

diverts other resources from the project and uses minimal energy in processing. That is not to say more refined

uses might not also suit a situation.

This depends on local conditions (including transportation costs).

Myths Reality

FACTS OF CONCRETE RECYCLING

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Truth Rationale

Cement cannot be recycled

Demolition concrete is inert

Recycled concrete can be better than

virgin aggregates for some applications

Using recycled aggregate reducesland-use impact

Recycling all construction and

demolition waste (C&DW) will not meet

market needs for aggregate

Figures are not complete for recovery

rates

Once cement clinker is made, the process is irreversible. No commercially viable processes exist to recycle

cement.

Compared to other wastes, concrete is relatively inert and does not usually require special treatment.

The physical properties of coarse aggregates made from crushed demolition concrete make it the preferred

material for applications such as road base and sub-base. This is because recycled aggregates often have better

compaction properties and require less cement for sub-base uses. Furthermore, it is generally cheaper to obtain

than virgin material.

By using recycled aggregates in place of virgin materials (1) less landfill is generated and (2) fewer naturalresources are extracted.

Even near complete recovery of concrete from C&DW will only supply about 20% of total aggregate needs in the

developed world.

Data are often not available. When data are available different methods of counting make cross-country

comparisons difficult.

TRUTH AND RATIONALE OF CONCRETE

RECYCLING

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Mobile sorters and crushers are often installed on construction sites to allow on-site processing. In other situations, specific processing sites are established, which are

usually able to produce higher quality aggregate. Sometimes machines incorporate air knives to remove lighter materials such as wood, joint sealants and plastics. Magnet

and mechanical processes are used to extract steel, which is then recycled.

Recyling process types

For direct reuse without

treatment

Mobile treatment on-site anduse material on-site

Stationary treatment at

centralized treatment plant

and sale of different

products to different

construction companies

CONCRETE RECYCLING PROCESS

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Mobile recycling

facilityDemolition

Feeder

Presieve, 15mm

Jaw breaker

Crushed aggregate

Simple base material

Soil and fine grainsSimple filling

e.g. landscaping

e.g. simple roads,parking lot

Demolition

Entrance control

Stockpile Manualc rushingof oversized parts

Sieve, 15mm

Jaw breakerdischarge < 60 mm

Magnetic sep.

Pickingbelt

Sieve, 22mm

Product30/22mm

Product10/15 mm

Product 222/60 mm

Engineering fillCivil engineering

e.g.sub-baseCivil engineering

e.g.sub-base

Iron scrap

Non-ferrous metal

Waste

LandfillRecyclingindustry

Stationary recycling

facility

Flowchart of simple

mobile recycling facility

(Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)

(Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)

TYPES OF RECYCLING FACILITY

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Door frames, pipes, windows, beams

and etc

Aggregate, steel, wood and etc

Avoidance

Reuse

Recycling

Landfill

Increasing sustainability

Sustainability ranking of recycling method

Reuse original form on site

Reuse original form on the other site

Mobile recycling and use it on site

Mobile recycling and use it on the other site

Treatment plant recycling

Transportation to plantEnergy

(fossil fuel

and electricity)

Delivery to destination

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CONSTURCTION

AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT

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Recycled concrete

applications

(after mobile or

plant treatment)

1.Concrete road2.Bituminous road

3.Hydraulically bound road

4.Ground improvement

5.Earthworks - Embankments

6.Earthworks - Cuttings

7.Shallow foundation

8.Deep foundation9.Utilities

10.Utilities - reinstatement in roads

11.Concrete sub-structure

12.Concrete structure

13.Building - industrial

14.Building - residential

(Source: WRAP)

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Recycled concrete

applications

(after mobile or plant treatment)

Building - industrial

1. Precast concrete staircase

Product Reinforced concrete

Notes RCA may be used where proper ti es and per fo rmance have been

established by the manufacturer. Recyclied material allowed in the

coarse aggregate is 20%.

2. Heavy duty industrial floor


Notes RCA may be used t o replace 20% of the coarse aggregate .

3. Wall



4. Foundations



5. Blinding concrete

Product Unreinforced concrete

Notes RCA may be used to replace up to 100% of the coarse aggregate.

6. Slab


Notes R CA may be used t o r ep lace 20% o f t he coarse aggregate .

7. Fill to foundations

Product Granular material

Notes A wide range of recycled and secondary materials may be appropr iate, such as

RCA and RA, to replace 100% of the material.

8. Precast concrete drainage pipes and manhole units

Product Concrete p ipes and manhole units

Notes RCA may be used where propert ies and performance have been establ ished by

the manufacturer.

9. General industrial floor



10. Concrete column



11. Precast concrete structural beam

Product Concrete beam

Notes RCA may be used where propert ies and performance have been establ ished by

the manufacturer.

12. Concrete floor for light foot and trolley traffic

Product

Notes

Reinforced concrete

RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.

(Source: WRAP)

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Sculpture

Furniture

Construction (embeding)

Sculpture

Furniture


Landscape

Furniture


Landscape

Furniture


Plantation

Furniture

Landscape

Sculpture

Construction (filling)

Landscape

LandscapeLandscapeLandscapeLandscapeLandscapeLandscape

CONCRETE REUSE APPLICATIONS

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(GABION WALLS)

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Domus winery

Villanueva public libraryFurniture

ETC

PRECEDENCE OF GABION WALL SYSTEM

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(HESCO SYSTEM)

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Resin + RCA

Note Resin can bind raw RCA (recycled

concrete aggregate) and create spacebetween aggregates at the same time.

By creating space, light can penetrate

through. This has a potential to be used

as partition wall.

Mixed in gap

Note By f il ling gap wi th RCA, it creates v isual

contrast between finished concrete and

RCA.

CONCRETE REUSE APPLICATION

CASE STUDY

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Gabion

Note Gabions are cages,cyl inders , or boxes

filled with soil, sand or aggregates.Gabions have been used in various

applications. This has a potential to be

used as wall (e.g Dominus estate winery

by Herzog & De Meuron).

Benefits of gabion system are

Monolithic : distributes forces

across the wall

Flexible : can deform and still

maintain its function

Permeable : high voids prevent

hydrostatic pressure development

Durable : advanced coating

technology to achieve design life

Versatile : easy to shape to match

the local site conditions

Environmentally friendly : built

using stone and aggregate that can

form part of the ecosystem.

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Use demolished concrete pieces as part of concrete

Note Demol ished concrete pieces can be

used for another concrete structuresuch as wall. By placing raw demolished

concrete within new concrete

construction, it creates contrast between

old and new. Also it displays how the

recycled concrete can be reused in new

structure.

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Considering recycling at the time a building is designed improves the chances ofclosed loop constructoin as introduced earlier.

Resource extration

Manufacturing

Construction

Use/Occupancy

Demolition

RecyclingDisposal

The benefits are two-fold: eventual C&DW is minimized and the demand for new materials for

a future project is reduced. Designs should consider ways to maximize possibilities for reuse,

or at least possibilities for recycling of the structure and its components. As a first step,

designs that allow for eventual adaptation or renovation of a structure can allow partialreplacements that lengthen the ultimate life of the building. Keeping components separate or

separable is key for component reuse or recycling. Evaluation of any possible contamination

issues is also relevant.

One of the most important characteristics of concrete is its durability. The best design for

deconstruction for concrete is to allow for on-site reuse: concrete can be an ideal building

material as buildings made with concrete can be adapted and renovated for future use for

many decades.

In situ and pre-cast concrete materials both play a role in design for future reuse plans.

In situ concrete is sometimes mistakenly believed to have few reuse or recovery possibilities. However, buildings with

post-tensioned slabs can be reused and altered as required. If the building is demolished, having a record or tag on the

concrete detailing its components may aid in possible future recycling. Sometimes designs note that this is

downcycling as the recycled concrete aggregate is used for projects such as road sub-base. However, as noted

elsewhere, the best overall environmental solution does not necessarily require refined reprocessing and a closed loop

material use can still be achieved.

Pre-cast designs should consider the use of precast slabs that can be dismantled and reused. It may be that fillers suchas polystyrene should not be used to avoid hampering later recycling efforts.

CONSIDERED DESIGN FOR

FUTURE REUSE

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Paving system

Foundation

system

Wall

system

Roof

system

Recycled concrete

(within soil)

Recycled concrete

(within cement)

In-situ concrete foundation

In-situ concrete wall

In-situ concrete roof

Precast concrete wall Gabion wall

Gabion foundation

Precast concrete roof Concrete debris within

concrete

BUILDING STRUCTURE INVOLVING

RECYCLED CONCRETE

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Throughout this research, it was found that recycling concrete has two main advantages. Firstly, it reduces the use of new virgin aggregate and the associated environmen-

tal costs of exploitation and transportation. Secondly, it reduces unnecessary landfill of valuable materials that can be recovered and redeployed.

There is, however, no appreciable impact on reducing the carbon footprint apart from emissions reductions from transportation. The main source of carbon emissions in

concrete is in cement production. The cement content in concrete cannot be viably separated and reused or recycled into new cement and thus carbon reduction cannot be

achieved by recycling concrete. Therefore it is required for us to avoid cement use when possible.

Making considered design for future recycle and reuse of its parts

Try to avoid using cement whenever possible

Try to recycled concrete whenever possible

Try to avoid in-situ concrete to keep components separate so each components can be reused or recycled (e.g modu-

lar system)

Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when recycling)

Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when design)

Try to recycle and reuse material on site

Try to avoid using cement whenever possible

When using recycled concrete the best option is to use it without any treatment and the least desired option is to use

recycling plant treated concrete aggregates. However it is still better for environment than using virgin aggregates.

CONCLUSION

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CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE TREATMENT

This diagram explains how to treat construction and demolition was te so as to have less impact on environment. The idea is that

there is embodied energy within all materials which is measure by the use of fossil fuel during its operation process. By recycling

construction waste the embodied energy of a material can be use

Door frames, pipes, windows,

beams and etc

Aggregate, steel, wood and etc

Avoidance

Reuse

Recycling

Landfill

Less

environmentalimpact

More

environmentalimpact

Guiding

principles of

construction

& demolition

waste

management

Sustainability ranking of recycling method

1. Reuse original form on site

2. Reuse original form on the other site

3. Mobile plant recycling and use it on site

4. Mobile plant recycling and use it on the other site

5. Treatment plant recycling

Transportation to plantEnergy

(fossil fueland electricity)

Delivery to destination

LIFE CYCLE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL

This project relies on recycled construction materials, and aim

BENEFITS OF REUSE/RECYCLING MATERIAL

s to close the loop of construction waste by reusing and recycling otherwise wasted material.

Resource extration

Manufacturing

Construction

Use/Occupancy

Demolition

Recycle / Reuse

Desired closed loop building life cycle

Disposal

Resource extration

Manufacturing

Construction

Use/Occupancy

Demolition

Existing one way building life cycle

Reuse/recycle material

during construction

Close the loop of

material life cycle

Minimizing pollution Prevent filling landfill

Prevent Carbon dioxide

emission

Increase future raw

material availability

SUMMARY OF MATERIAL INVESTIGATION

PHASE

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Research phase Investigation phase Proposal and arguement

1 ton of concrete is consumed by every

human being on earth every year.

2nd most consumed substance in the

world is concrete. Water is the only

substance that has been consumed

more than concrete.

5% of the total global carbon emission

comes from cement manufacturing.

Cement is crucial element of finished

concrete.

Considered design for environment is

one of the key topics in this era.

Christchurch earthquake triggered

heavy volume of destruction and

construction.

Traditionally life cycle of construction is

not looped as heavy volume of

demolished and finished materials end

up filling land fill.

It is essential to promote

environmentally friendly design within

the context of Christchurch as there arenever seen before volume of

construction and demolition is

happening at the moment.

Create architecture using construction

and demolition waste whenever

possible.

Promote the potential of recycling and

reusing by creating educational centre

and recycling plant.

By reusing construction and demolision

waste, this will create good contribution

for environment.

It also close the loop of construction

materials life cycle.

DERIVED PROPOSAL

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

DESIGN PROPOSAL

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

8 Lanes

Shopping Centre

Christchurch Train Station

Train Stop

Gathering of People

Public Seating

Cafes/Restauraunts

Performances

Residential

Hagley Park

Bicycle Parking/ Promotes cycling

Pedestrian Way

Cars

Moorhouse Avenue (1/4 Major avenues)- Accesible

Industrial Zone

RailwayBlenheim Road- Accesible

Monas Site- Residential/Accomodation/Retail

Farahs Site- Temporary Contemporary Art gallery

Tommys Site- Recycle/Reuse Concrete Plant/ Education

Main Streets

Public Space

Retail

Train Stations/ Access

Railway Track

Hagley Park

Industrial Area

Residential

8 Lanes

Key:

Bubble Diagram Showing relationships between chosen sites and site features:

Map Of Choosen Sites: Zoomed up map Of Choosen Sites:

Four Major Avenues of Christchurch CBD

The challenge was to find a site, which could accomodate all of the group members (Farah, Mona and Tommy) proposed programs. Residential, public

and industrial programs were chosen to be placed within close range to create synergy between each programs users.

SITE RELATIONSHIP AND CONTEXT

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Benefit: Site is located close by major road and

rail way. The generated possible heavy

volume of traffic including loading trucks

for plant and visitors can use primary,

secondary roads and rail way. By using

main roads and railway, heavy volume

of traffic and related matters can be

avoided within residential area.

Claimed

area: 8275 m2 (approximately)

100 100m

SITE DECISION

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Proposed site Major road Train station & rail

Surrounded transportation system

SITE STUDY (TRAFFIC)

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Proposed site Green zone Residential zone

Commercial zone Industrial zone Proposed site & surrounded zoning

SITE STUDY (ZONE)

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

1. Exhibition - 800m2

2. Seminar space - 100 m2

3. Seminar space - 300 m2

4. Experience space - 400 m2

5. Cafeteria - 150 m2

6. Lobby - 200 m2

7. Library - 150 m2

8. Office - 350 m2

9. Storage - 2000 m2

10. Plant space - 500 m2

11. Loading space - 500 m2

12. Parking (Educational) - 500 m2

13. Parking (Plant) - 325 m2

14. Parking (Visitor) - 2000 m2

Total claimed area - 8275 m2

1

23

4

5

7

6

8

9

10 11

12

13

14

PROGRAM BAR PROGRAM RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM

PROGRAM AND ITS PROPOTION ON SITE

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Type A Type B Type C

OVERLAP SPACE DEVELOPMENT

DIAGRAM

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

E

E+A A

A+PE+A+P

E+PP

E

E+A A

A+PE+A+P

E+PP

THREE MBIUS STRIPS

Each strip represents a recycling method,they are joined together to create overlapand integrated relationship.

Yellow = Concrete Debris Embeded LimeMortar Wall

Red = Recycled Timber

Blue = Recycled Concrete Gabion Wall

Yellow =Concrete DebrisEmbeded Lime MortarWall

Red =Recycled Timber

Blue =Recycled ConcreteGabion Wall

THREE DIFFERENT PROGRAMS

There are three distinct programs and anoverlap space.

Yellow = Educatoinal space

Red = Administration space

Blue = Plant space

Green = Overlap and hybrid space

PROGRAM AND MATERIAL

Each strip is assigned a program and amaterial. The overlap area creates ahybrid space which can be used for arange of different programs including

exhibitions, events and storage. Thearchitectural response and experience isexplored through the use of differentmaterials and programs.

E = Educational space

A = Administration space

P = Plant space

PROGRAM ARRANGEMENT

MATERIAL CONCEPT DIAGRAM

E = Seminar space, Library, Cafeteria,Lobby

A = Office (Entrance and Lobby)P = Plant, Loading Zone, Storage

E+P = Hybrid SpaceE+A+P = Hybrid SpaceE+A = Lounge For Office Staff

A+P = Office

PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT

OVERLAP SPACE EXPLORATION

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

mobius straps for each

programs

Administraion strap Plant strap Education strap

Interaction between

programs

Interaction between

education and

aministration

Interaction between

administration and plant

Interaction between

education and

plant

Program organizationProgram organization Program organization Program organization

Office +admin

Education

Office +admin

Plant

Hybrid spaceOffice +admin

Hybrid

Seminar space

Cafeteria

Lobby

Library Plant

Storage

Loading zone

OVERLAP SPACE EXPLORATION

EMBEDED DEBRIS EXPLORATIONAL

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DESIGN PROPOSAL

Large size aggregate

embeded

Large + small size

aggregate embeded

Medium size aggregate

embeded

Small size aggregate

embeded

EMBEDED DEBRIS EXPLORATIONAL

STUDY

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PERSPECTIVE VIEW EXTERIOR

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PERSPECTIVE VIEW EXTERIOR

PLAN

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1 Seminar space

2 Library

3 Secondary reading space

4 Cafe

5 Cafe (outdoor)

6 Entrance for staffs

7 Plant

8 Loading lane

9 Storage

10 Hybrid space

Gabion wall

Concrete debris embeded lime mortar wall

Cross laminated recycle timber wall

UP

1

2

3 4

5

6

10

8

7

9Section

N

PLAN LEVEL 1

10 10m

PLAN

PLAN

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Gabion wall



N

PLAN LEVEL 2

10 10m 11 Lounge (kitchen for staffs)

12 Lounge (TV for staffs)

13 Waiting space

14 Office

15 Manager space

16 Meeting space

1112 13

14

16 15

Section

PLAN

SECTION

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Detail 01 Detail 02 Detail 03

SECTION

10 10m

SECTION

SECTION RENDER VIEW

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SECTION RENDER VIEW

(EVENT SETTING FOR HYBRID SPACE)

HYBRID SPACE PLAN VARIATION

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Gabion wall



Event hall Exhibition Function room

DETAIL

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1 : 20

Detail 01 Concrete debris embeded lime mortar wall

CLT lintel200mm thick

Retained

used window

Reinforcement rod1000mm Wall

containing

retained concrete

debris and lime mortar

200mm thick

CLT lintel

Reinforcement mesh

DETAIL

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1 : 20

Detail 02 CLT wall panel joint

300 mmCLT wall panel

Concretefoundation floorcontaining recycledaggregate

Base pointsole bracket

Slab rebar

Link

Pile

DETAIL

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1 : 20

Detail 03 Gabion wall CLT roof panel

Gabion wallcontainingreused concretedebris1000mm thick

500 x 500 mmLVL column

Waterproofmembrane

CLTroof panel300 mm

Anchorconnector

Metal plateconnector

MATERIAL PALETTE

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Material Description

Used timbers

- Recycle into CLT panels

- Recycle into LVL columns

- Minimal transportation

(locally available)

-Prevent further raw material

excavation

Concrete debris

- Reuse into gabion system

- Reuse into wall

(with lime mortar)


(locally available)


excavation

Used windows and doors

- Reuse into another windows

- Reuse into another doors


(locally available)

Empty glass bottles

- Reuse into bottle wall


(locally available)

Crushed concrete aggregate

- Recycle into concrete


(locally available)


excavation

Lime mortar

- Replacing cement

- Carbon neutral

- Absorb carbon dioxide

Gabion system

Precedence Applied location on plan Actual applicationApplications

Surrounding wall of plant space

Surrounding wall of office space

Foundation floor area

Every opening in the building

Cafe area and office entrance area

Surrounding wall of educational space

CLT and LVL structural

system and recycled

timber cladding

Concrete debris

embeded lime mortar

wall system

Concrete floor using

recycling aggregate

Openings using used

windows and doors

Bottle wall

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT

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NATURAL LIGHT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECT WITHIN DESIGN

9am

Proposed building has its emphasis on sustainability and environment as explained earlier in

this report especially the aspect of material use. (please refer to material palette on page 59).

Following is succinct explaination of included design aspect on thermal mass and natural light.

As shown in sun shade diagram, spaces for public use (educational and hybrid space) have

access to natural light during day time. (north facing)

To obtain thermal mass, the thickness of gabion wall and concrete debris lime mortal wall were

decided to be 1000 mm. (Please refer this to plan drawings and detail drawings in

Architectural response chapter)

Proposed building was designed for one service wall as all the programs that require service

12pm 3pm

PERSPECTIVE VIEW WITH CONTEXT

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CAFE AREA

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SECONDARY READING SPACE

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HYBRID SPACE (EXHIBITION)

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STORAGE

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LOADING LANE

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ENTRANCE FOR STAFF

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CAFE AND


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Glossary

Clinker In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker is lumps or nodules, usually 3-25 mm in diameter, produced by sintering limestone and alumino-silicate (clay)

during the cement kiln stage.

C&DW Construction and demolition waste

RCA Recycled concrete aggregate

Fly Ash One of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In

an indusgtrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion of coal.

GGBFS Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and steel-making) from blast furnace in water or stream,

to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder.

Type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant and delivered to work site by truck mounted transit mixers.Ready

mixed

concrete

Merchant

bags

Manufactured cement product, which is in powder form. Merchant bag is to carry and sell manufactured cement powder.

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References CCANZ.Annual report. 2011.

CEMBUREAU. Building a future, with cement and concrete. 2007.

CEMBUREAU. Sustainable cement production. 2007.

Cement & concrete association of New Zealand. Concrete3 economic, social, environmental. 2007.

Holcim.Annual review. 2010.

International Energy Agency. Biofuels roadmap. 2011.

International energy agency. Cement technology roadmap 2009. 2009.

International energy agency. Energy technology transitions for industry. 2009.

International energy agency. Tracking industrial energy efficiency and co2 emissions. 2007.

International Energy Agency and World business council for sustainable development. Cement Technology Roadmap 2009.

Isaacs, Nigel. "Cementing history." Build. no. June/July (2008): 88-89.

Jaques, Roman. Environmental impact associated with New Zealand cement manufacture. BRANZ, 1998.

NRMCA (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association). Concrete CO2 fact sheet. 2008.

USGS. 2010 Mineral yearbook. 2010.

World Business Council for Sustainable Development. The cement sustainability initiative. 2009.

Worrell, Ernst, Lynn Price, Nathan Martin, Chris Hendriks, and Ozawa Meida. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement Industry.

WRAP, Accessed March 23, 2012. http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk.

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