所得狀態之變動機率的估計-台灣經驗的解析 - …...所得狀態之變動機率的估計-台灣經驗的解析 Estimating Mobility Probabilities of Income States
台灣語言 源流、演變 kap 特色
description
Transcript of 台灣語言 源流、演變 kap 特色
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kaphttp://khinhuann.taibun.tw
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1. Austroasiatic Origin in Taiwanese
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2.Three Ancient Chinese Lexical Layer
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3.Languages and Political Powers in Taiwan History
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4. Taiwanese Place Names with Austronesian Origin
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5. Siraya Origin Words
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6. Austronesian Origin Forms in Taiwanese
FormGlossAustronesian Formstsa-*personu-tsao (Rukai) cho (Favorlang) sau (Pazeh) tat, in, ondi (Malay/Indonesian) di (Proto-Austronesian)lutto shedlutlut (Indonesian) luu (Hawaiian)tangyeartahun (Proto-Austronesian) taon (Tagalog)timquietdiam/diamdiam (Malay/Indonesian)thuhto perforate, to excavatetuktuk (Proto-Austronesian)
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7.Differences in the Etymologically Related Words between Amoy and Taiwanese
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8.Obsolete Forms in Taiwanese
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9.Differences in Homophones between Amoy and Taiwanese
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10.Differences of Neologisms between Amoy and Taiwanese
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11. Amoy-only Neologisms
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12.Taiwanese-only Neologisms*
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13.Southeastern Asian Loanwords Shared by Amoy and Taiwanese before 1895
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14.Amoy Modern Loanwords
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15.Different Classifiers between Amoy and Taiwanese
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kap
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. / phonemic orthography
1. (narrow transcription) phn 2. (broad transcription) phn kan-na hit (meaningful) (underlying form) pn/ pen
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/ts/ [-low] i (palatalization) k in kap kap kan-na thkoh khah
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beh tng k (IPA) siuN IPA thTLPAlng lng khah ahlng
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( Baudouin de Courtenay, 1871) 1. (phonetic) 2. (etymological) 3. (traditional)
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autonomouskoh (artificial), siunkoh
khah koh th Finnish, Estonian
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1. (transparency) 2. (learnability)kapkoh tik (general)
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lng
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, m m khahtng
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. (The phoneme inventory)
hit kapt hit (innate)lnghit
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lng /a//i//e//u//o/kap // k (nasal vowels) lng (meaningful) (nazalization)inlng /o/ lng
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i i u
a
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18
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p t k ph th kh b d /l g s h ts tsh dz m n
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tnghit (features) kan-nath kap TLPA lngtngbeh thitihk beh
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6
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aspiration kap TLPAIPAhstop /p/, /t/, /k/ kap (affricate) / ts/ lng /ph/, /th/, /kh/ kap /tsh/lng
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voiceless vs. voiced kapvoiceless voiced/p//ph/ /b/ /k/ /kh//g//ts//tsh/ /dz/ koh
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nasal vowels tshamtshamlngmajor vowelsnasalized vowelskapsexysexy
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(abrupt tones/ unreleased final stops) (phonemic)behtkunreleased final stops,k-p-t-k(glottal stop) -pIPA[]bkhah
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tones
itng(tonal languages)(tone languages) 2ttkhah86mkan-ta tshun 7
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tone sandhi m-koh,Kohtkhahkhahm
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. kap TLPA TLPA tshambehi beh khahbehkhah t thahTLPA k khah khah (spelling)
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1. kap TLPA khah tsia lng ahkhah b b tih i k h ah khah beh tngkoh m tng tihbeh suah
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2. /ts/ , /tsh / k (palatalization) [] ts ch chh 200120
TLPA 100% kap k k TLPA ts c (= ch)k TLPA tsh ch 200119
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... (2001:180) TLPA / tu kun [+high, -back] (i.e. i, e)lngbeh k m koh kap m k hit (consistency)chh h h
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Behkoh1992TLPA /ts/ kap /tsh/
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3. oe, oa ue, ua ... [+back] kun u, o, tsia ui, oe, oa2001:21 tih t tsia m TLPA khah k h khahlng /u/ u --> o [-high]
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4. n kap nn n n (segment)lng teh hit IPA a tih a
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kap TLPA teh kaplng b hit nn teh lng h h suah sahn sahnn sanh IPA sa
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5.// kap oo oo khah khah b tng m koh tsiah-nih thim Unicode ah
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6. ek ik [ek] kap [it] [ih][ip] [eng] [] [i] khah [] khah /i/i.e., (i.e., tense lax)khah [] //
i --> _ [+]$
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TLPA k e i m khah m tng ing tih lng koh k in kap / (2001:67 & 2001:13)
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7. eng ing // + // eng /i/ + // ing [[] English eng kap sing ing lng []k eng ing ( 20024)6 /i/
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[p][ph] vs. [b][p] [d](non-aspirated alveolor stop)[g](non-aspirated velar stop)In[t][][d]t
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t
1 top [th] 2 stop [t] 3 attic [] 4 moutain [] 5 atom [d/]
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feature[t] top stopflap
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t(place of articulation)
tdthtd
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utngtioh [t] t[t][th] [t]ti [d]tonset, hebmah
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1 tea [t-a]teadea [d] 2 TaiwanTaiwan[Ti-un]iDaiwan3 ThailandThailandThaimTailand
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lng[t]/[th]
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(minimal pair)1. (minimal pair)
2. (phoneme)
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3. (native speaker) (pair) stop top [s] /s/
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stop t [t] t [th] sthop stop stop sthop [th] teh theh [th]
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4.
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5.
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pa pi p p po. pha phi ph ph pho
IPATLPApphphphpp
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p p p p po (p.) b b b b bo (b.)
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:b b b bo (b.) m m m mo (m.)
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: ta ti t t t to (t.) tha thi th th th tho (th.)
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: ta t t t t to (t.) la l l l l lo (l.)
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: la l l lo (l.) na n n no (n.)
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:ka ki ku ke ko koo (ko.) kha khi khu khe kho khoo (kho.)
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:k k k k k ko (k.) g g g g g go (g.)
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:g g geh gi go (g.) ng ng ngeh ngi ngo (ng.)
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tsa tsi tsu tse tso tso. tsha tshi tshu tshe tsho tsho.
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: ts ts ts j j j
IPATLPAdzjjjrz
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:s s s si sm j j j ji jm