人類獨創力導論 : 特斯拉的創作有如莫扎特 Introduction to Human High Creativity:...

人類獨創力導論 : 特斯拉的創作有如莫扎特

Introduction to Human High Creativity: Tesla Composed Like Mozart

國立成功大學三創課程

民國 98 年 10 月 23 日

洪正幸 Felix T. Hong, M.D., Ph.D.Dept of Physiology Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201 USA

[email protected]

國立成功大學三創中心Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Center

National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan

mailto:[email protected]

莫扎特二百五十週年誕辰紀念A Humble Tribute to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

On the Occasion of the 250th Anniversaryof His Birth

January 27, 1756

獻給一個殊有的天才。他就像一支雙頭燒的臘燭，用他的音樂持續地照亮並感召我們。

To a very special genius who burnt himself, like a candle on both ends,

so that his music continues to illuminate and inspire the rest of us.

尼古拉、特斯拉一百五十週年誕辰紀念A Humble Tribute to Nikola Tesla

On the Occasion of The 150th Anniversary of His Birth

July 10, 2006

貝爾格萊德“ Nikola Tesla”國際機場

人類獨創力之謎The Enigma of Human Creativity

人類獨創力之謎，困擾了主流心理學家整整一個世紀。至今仍抓不到重點。

這個重點，就是天才的思考方式。

The enigma of human creativity have befuddled psychologists of the past century. They still have no clues.

The crucial point is how geniuses think and solve novel problems.

主流心理學家為何找不到答案？ What Did Mainstream Psychologists Miss?

主流心理學家最大的錯誤，在於是忽略天才諸君的建言，而把他們當外行人。

主流心理學家忽略電腦學與人工智慧的心得。主流心理學家太過於迷信統計學，而忽略了其中的陷井。主流心理學家誤判右腦功能與獨創的關聯。主流心理學家找不到一個與天才相對照的模式。 Ignored the value of geniuses’ introspections. Ignored insights gained into computer science and artificial

intelligence. Relied too much on statistical methodology. Prematurely dismissed the role of the right cerebral

hemisphere. Lacking a contrasting model to geniuses.

而我們又如何處置？ What Was Our Approach?

重視並參考莫扎特、特斯拉等人的現身說法、親身經歷。重視個案，不重視統計。把解題當做是「圖案辨識」 (pattern recognition)。運用電腦學與人工智慧的基本概念。借用上一世紀別人實驗的成果，再引進個人的詮釋，表面上沒做

過一個實驗，但實際上以觀念的突破，來解決百年謎題。

Reverse engineering Mozart, Einstein and Nikola Tesla. Emphasize case studies, avoid statistical approaches. Treated creative problem solving as a process of pattern

recognition. Linked basic concepts in artificial intelligence to cognitive

science. Connected “the dots.” Use others’ experimental results.

人類獨創力之謎The Enigma of Human Creativity

本人在教學的過程中，無意中獲得答案。靈感卻是來自學生的學習困境。

In an attempt to help students learn more effectively, I inadvertently stumbled on a simple answer the long-standing enigma.

甚麼是天才的反面？ What are the Opposite of Geniuses?

天才的反面並不是白痴，也不是一般的平常人，而是我們 Wayne State Univ. 醫學院的「飯桶高材生」。

The opposite of geniuses are neither idiots nor ordinary intelligent folks, but rather high achievers in our medical school (dumb high-achievers).

「飯桶高材生」的困境 Dumb High Achievers’ Predicament

我們的「飯桶高材生」雖然具備（記背）所須知識，卻不會作答。

他們的困境，並不是無知，而是缺乏想像力，跟本不認得答案。

Our high achievers often failed to give correct answers, even though they had already known and memorized all the relevant facts.

Their predicament was not ignorance, but, instead, inability to recognize a known answer.

高分、低能 High Marks Low Ability

北京市有家廠商，拒絕顧用北京大學及清華大學的畢業生。

理由呢？高分、低能。

A private company in Beijing refused to hire graduates of Beijing University and Tsinghua University.

Reason? High marks but low ability.

飯桶高材生如何解題 ?How Did Dumb High-Achiever Solve a Problem?

他們把課目當做食譜，依樣畫葫蘆地如法泡製。他們不懂得變通，不會舉一反三。他們運用的是規則式思考（語言式思考）。

They learned cookbook recipes, and solved problems without any flexibility.

I called that rule-based reasoning (also known as verbal thinking in the literature).

天才如何解題 ?How did geniuses solve a problem?

天才把問題轉化成圖像來思考。他們懂得變通、舉一反三。他們運用的是圖像式思考（視覺式思考）。

Geniuses transformed a problem into a picture, and looked at the entire picture as a whole.

Geniuses did not stick to rigid rules, and could “put two and two together.”

I called that picture-based reasoning (also known as visual thinking in the literature).

愛因斯坦如何解題 ? How Did Einstein Solve a Problem?

愛因斯坦說他自己，慣用視覺式思考。但主流心理學家就是不相信，還公開嘲笑他，說他班門弄斧。

愛因斯坦並沒有錯。可見『知道』與『瞭解』之間，是有一段距離的。 In In responding to Hadamard’s questionnaire (in

1945), Einstein indicated that his initial thought process is largely visual. The words or the language do not seem to play any role in his mechanism of thought.

Conventional words or other signs have to be sought for laboriously only in a secondary stage.

Hemispheric Lateralization:Novelty-Routinization Scheme

Left Cerebral Hemisphere:

Speech and language function

Linear sequential thought

Routinized cognitive strategies

Sequential processing

Hemispheric Lateralization:Novelty-Routinization Scheme

Right Cerebral Hemisphere:

Nonverbal and spatio-visual function

Gestalt (holistic) synthesis, pattern recognition

Exploratory and novel cognitive strategies

Parallel processing

尼古拉、特斯拉的自傳Autobiography of Nikola Tesla

尼古拉、特斯拉的自傳，對於獨創力的根源，提供了不少提示。 The autobiography of Nikola Tesla provided many clues about the enigma of creativity.

特斯拉的視覺式思考Tesla’s Visual Thinking

我的童年被一種怪疾困擾折磨，時常看到一些不實的影像。

In my boyhood I suffered from a peculiar affliction due to the appearance images, ….


當有人對我說話時，句中文字所代表的影像，就會顯現到我的眼前。有時真的是真假難辨。

When a word was spoken to me the image of the object it designated would present itself vividly to my vision and sometimes I was quite unable to distinguish whether what I saw was tangible or not. ….


但我可確定，這並不是瘋子所常看到的幻覺。

They certainly were not hallucinations such as were produced in diseased and anguished minds.

Images vs. Imagery

Images = What we actually see. Imagery = What we imagines in our mind,

the so-called mind’s eyes （心目） . Imagery is usually less clear than real

images. Tesla’s imagery was much closer to real

and his feeling was bordering on hallucination.


當我十七歲那年，我對發明開始產生興趣。我發覺我能夠毫不費力地，去想像我所想要發明的物件。我不須要製造模型、製作圖案、或執行實驗，一切都在我想像中掌握。

I was about seventeen when my thoughts turned seriously to invention. Then I observed to my delight that I could visualize with the greatest facility. I need no models, drawings or experiments. I could picture them all as real in my minds.

特斯拉的特技Tesla’s Technique

我因而在不知不覺當中，練得一身特異功能，能夠在腦海中掌握概念與實現發明的創意。依我看來，這種新方法比實際上做實驗去驗證，還要便捷有効。

Thus I have been led unconsciously to evolve what I consider a new method of materializing inventive concepts and ideas, which is radically opposite to the purely experimental and is in my opinion ever so much more expeditious and efficient.

何謂「視覺式思考」 ?What is Picture-Based Reasoning?

An excellent example is provided by a World War II movie The Dam Busters.

It was a fictionalized chronicle of the military preparation leading to the bombing of the Ruhr dams on the night of May 16-17, 1943.


Barnes Wallis designed a “bouncing” bomb which, when dropped from precisely 60-feet altitude, would skip across water, hit the side of a dam, and detonate after sinking.


The “bouncing” bomb in simulation and in action.


Wing Commander of RAF’s 617 Squadron

Guy Gibson and his crew


The Dam Busters

Different Conclusions Reached by Rule-based and Picture-based Reasoning

Problem:

你參加一場馬拉松賽跑。如果你超越了第二名參賽者，你變成了第幾名？

If you catch up with and move past the number 2 racer in a Marathon race, what is your new rank?

(Courtesy of Arif S. Ogrenci)


Rule-based reasoning: 因為你跑在第二名參賽者的前面，所以你變成第一名。

Since you now rank higher than the No. 2 racer, you must be No. 1.


Picture-based reasoning:在你腦海中的影像，你看到你趕上第二名之後，第一名仍跑在你的前面。你並沒有變成第一名。所以你的新名次是第二名。

In a mental imagery that depicts two front runners ahead of you initially, you see clearly that you, as the No. 3 racer, overtake the No. 2, but not the No. 1, racer.Your new rank is No. 2.


Rule-based reasoning (using a correct rule):

如果你超越了第二名參賽者，你就理所當然地取代了原第二名參賽者的名次，而你自動地變成第二名。

Since you now replace the position of the former No. 2, your new rank is No. 2

Different Conclusions Reached by Rule-based and Picture-based Reasoning Problem:

你參加一場馬拉松賽跑。如果你超越了最後一名參賽者，你變成了第幾名？

If you catch up with and move past the last racer in a Marathon race, what is your new rank?

(Courtesy of P. W. Hou)


Rule-based reasoning (using Rule No. 2):

你趕上最後一名，你就取代了他 ( 或她 )原來的名次。所以你變成最後一名。

Since you now replace the position of the last racer, your new rank is the last.


Rule-based reasoning (using Rule No. 1):

你趕上最後一名之後，你就跑在原最後一名的前面。所以你變成倒數第二名。

Since you now rank higher than the last racer, you now rank second to the last.


Picture-based reasoning:在你的『心目』中，你看到你自已後來居上、超越了最後一名參賽者。但同時你又看到你自己，原本跑在最後一名的後面。你恍然大悟，發覺你自己才是最後一名參賽者。

In a mental imagery that depicts the last racer and you, you find yourself sneaking up from behind the last racer. You suddenly realize that you are actually the last racer.


Picture-based reasoning:很明顯地，你是不可能超越你自已，也不可能取代你自己。所以問題本身，根本是荒謬、而且毫無意義。

You obviously cannot catch up and rank higher than yourself or replace yourself in the ranking. Thus, neither rule works, but you also see the absurdity of the mental image. The problem is absurd and meaningless.


What we are going to see in the next few slides, Tesla could do it mentally in visual imagery.

Can we? Yes, with practice.

A simple puzzle nested in three hierarchical levels

把「主」迷題分解成為三個同樣的、但較容易的「子」迷題。


Similar Configurations

Are You Ready?

Is it really that hard?

Serendipity 在研究的領域，機會屬意有心人。“ ... in the field of observation,chance favors only the prepared mind.” Louis Pasteur中文翻譯 : 黃崑巖教授Chinese Translation: Courtesy of Kun-Yen Huang, M.D.

Example: Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin

主流心理學家的詮釋Mainstream Psychologists’ Interpretation

有心人懂得多、技術好、工作勤苦、企圖心強。

A prepared mind knows more, has better techniques, works harder, and is more motivated.

Our Present Interpretation According to the Gospel of Ol’ Nick ( 特斯拉 )

讓我們來請教請教特斯拉。

Ask Ol’ Nick. Ol’ Nick knew what he was doing.

特斯拉偏愛的姿態Ol’ Nick’s Favorite Pose

特斯拉到底想要告訴我們甚麼祕訣呢？What did Ol’ Nick try to tell us?

時時刻刻都在思考 :就算是在宴會場所也不例外 Thinking All the Time: Even in a Banquet

時時刻刻都在思考 :就算是有 George Westinghouse 陪伴也不肯例

外

Thinking all the time:

Even in the good company of

George Westinghouse

時時刻刻都在思考 :有時是毫無目的地胡思亂想

Thinking all the time:

Sometimes without

a purpose

Kekule’s Hypnagogia

Thinking All the Time: Even in a Lucid Dream

似睡非睡

Kekule’s Hypnagogia

Discovery of Benzene’s Structure

Thinking All the Time: “Priming of the mind” 調整心態

... in the field of observation,chance favors only the prepared mind.在研究的領域，機會屬意有心人。

必備條件：圖像式思考Necessary Conditions for Serendipity

第一次發現的靈感提示，不可能來自以前讀到或聽到的文字資料。而是來自圖像的資料。

只有經常執行圖像式思考的人，才有機會經由Serendipity 來發現嶄新的事物。

Since it was supposed to be the first-time discovery, one could not possibly have read it or heard it in words somewhere before.

A novel discovery by virtue of serendipity could only be accomplished by means of visual thinking.

必備條件：時時刻刻都在思考Necessary Conditions for Serendipity

靈感之神只肯眷顧，時時刻刻都在想要解決某些問題的有心人。

The muse patronizes those who prime their mind and think about their objective all the time.

適用於不同領域的獨創力理論 Universal Theory of Creativity

Ostensibly, the most successful theory of creativity of the past century is Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences (賈德納的多元智慧理論 ).

The problem is: one needs as many sub-theories as the variety of talents.

一般理論的價值，在於精準簡便 (parsimony)：化繁為簡、以少知多、以微知著。賈德納的「多元智慧論」毫無精準簡便可言，並不是一般科學期待的理論。

Can we find a universal theory of creativity that also covers other human endeavors such as music and art? (普遍性理論，至少必須通用於科學、人文與音樂藝術 )

莫扎特對音樂的平行處理 Mozart’s Parallel Processing of Tone Patterns

整個樂曲雖然很長，但在我的腦海中己經全部完成，讓我能夠完整地勘察它，有如一幅名畫或一座美麗的雕像一般，一目了然。但我並不是一音一音地、依照順序地去想像每件樂器分別奏出的音符，而是全部管弦樂在我的腦海中一齊聽到。… and the whole, though it be long, stands almost complete and finished in my mind, so that I can survey it, like a fine picture or a beautiful statue, at a glance.Nor do I hear in my imagination the parts successively, but I hear them, as it were, all at once (gleich alles zusammen).

把莫札特的言語翻譯成電腦術語 Translating Mozart’s Words into Computer Science Jargon

Successively = Sequential processing (順序處理 )= Rule-Based Reasoning= One-Track Mind (規則式思考、語言式思考、單線思考 )

All at a glance= Parallel processing ( 平行處理 )= Picture-based reasoning= Multi-Track Mind ( 圖像式思考、視覺式思考、多元思考 )

W. A. Mozart: 鎮魂曲 Requiem, K626Confutatis


2


6

根據王桂榮的自傳 Mr. Kenjohn Wang’s Autobiography

台美人富商王桂榮當初創業時，想找一家廉價的航運公司，運送第一批貨物。

Taiwanese-American businessman, Kenjohn Wang was looking for a cheap way to ship his first batch of merchandise, when he had just started his business.


有一天他看到一則新聞：招商局將要有一艘新船的處女航。

One day, he read a piece of news about a shipping company launched the maiden voyage of a new ship.


於是他馬上與招商局溝通商恰，終於獲得二折的廉價運輸費。

He negotiated a good deal: a steep 20% discount (80% off)!


他的心目中浮現一艘空船，他看到了他的機會 !

In his visual imagery, he saw his opportunity: an empty ship!

任何獨創力理論都必須通過的三個試驗 Three Litmus Tests of Creativity Theories

解釋何謂直覺、領悟 (洞見 )、靈感。解釋為何獨創者於重大發現之事後，仍是茫然不知自己是如何辦到的。

解釋何謂頓悟。

Explain what intuition, insight, or the source of inspiration is.

Explain why the creator often had no awareness of how a discovery had been made, even after the fact.

Explain why a discovery often occurred suddenly: Eureka! “Aha” phenomenon.

甚麼是核心能力？人類須要用視覺式思考來大膽假設，而用規則式思考來小心求證。

核心能力，就是能巧妙並用視覺式思考與規則式思考，這兩種互補的思考方式。

這核心能力，再加上專業知識，就能形成各色各樣的優秀人材。

教育的目標，應該是提升核心能力與加強專業知識並重。

這核心能力，正是愛因斯坦的所謂『想像力』，以及心理學的所謂『靈感』與『洞見』。

愛因斯坦所言不虛

愛因斯坦說：「想像力比知識更重要」。所言不虛。

Einstein said, “Imagination is more important than knowledge.” He was right.

圖像式思考 Picture-based Reasoning

平行處理不易用語言描述不可預測隨意取用

parallel processing: multi-track mind difficult to articulate unpredictable random access

規則式思考 Rule-Based Reasoning

順序處理可以用語言描述可以預測順序取用

sequential processing: one-track mind easy to articulate predictable sequential access

Modes of Learning and Understanding

Rote memorization (死背 )

Rule-based learning (verbal thinking 規則式思考 ):

understanding at the rule level

Picture-based learning (visual thinking 圖像式思考 ):

understanding at the process or phenomenological level

Can Critical Thinking Be Taught?

為何批判性的思考那麼難教？

Why critical thinking is so hard to teach?

Can Critical Thinking Be Taught?

因為忽略獨創力的因素。

Because the factors directly responsible for creativity was ignored.

結語Concluding Remarks

百年謎題總算是解決了。答案並不神祕。視覺式思考是天才的特質，但不是天才的專利。常人使用視覺式思考，也可增進智力及學習與發現的効能。領悟比知識更重要。懂得多不一定好，除非能脫擺教條的約束。以利相誘是下下之策。 The enigma of creativity is deciphered. It is not mysterious. Geniuses have penchant for visual thinking. But it is not their

monopoly. Emulating geniuses’ thought process improves learning. Insight is more important than knowledge. Knowing more may

not be better unless one can evade dogmatism. Edward Deci: Extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation.

Thank You for Your Attention

Additional discussions can be found in:

A multi-disciplinary survey of biocomputing, in Information Processing and Living Systems, edited by Vladimir B. Bajic and T. W. Tan, Imperial College Press, 2005

Email [email protected] for a hard copy of my article.

mailto:[email protected]

人類獨創力導論 : 特斯拉的創作有如莫扎特 Introduction to Human High Creativity:...

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