धूमधामको घुमघाम
111
description
Nepali book for children by KanakMani Dixit.
Transcript of धूमधामको घुमघाम
Adventures of a Nepali Frog zLif{sdf cª\u|]hL d"ndf n]lvPsf] of] lstfa g]kfnLafx]spb"{, sf]l/ofnL, hd{gL, hfkfgL, g]jf/L, d}lynL, O6fn]nL, 8r / k|mfG;]nL efiffdf ;d]t cg'jfb
eO;s]sf] 5 / rfF8} g} :k]gL efiffdf klg cg'jfb x'Fb} 5 . g];gn a's 6«:6, OlG8ofn] klgcf;fdL, cf]l/of, sGgfbf, u'h/ftL, tfldn, t]nu', kGhfjL, aËfnL, dnfofnd, d/f7L /lxGbLnufotsf ef/tLo efiffx¿df cg'jfb u/L k|sfzg ub}{ 5 .
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ISBN : 99933 801 2 1
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tL cª\u|]hL b}lgs ælb /fOlhª g]kfnÆdf ;fKtflxs z[ª\vnfsf ¿kdf 5flkP
klg . ltgnfO{ k':tssf] ¿k lbg] w'grflxF uPsf] avf{ofddf rn]sf] xf] .
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of] k':ts d}n] cª\u|]hLdf tof/ kf/]sf] x'F . o;nfO{ g]kfnLdf ;/n /
efjk"0f{ pNyf ul/lbg] a;Gt yfkf / ljKnj k|tLsk|lt d cfef/L 5' .
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v'/fs h'6fpg] k|of;df nfu]sf] /ftf] aËnf :s"nk|lt klg d cfef/ JoQm
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eQm]nfO{ g]kfn 3'Dbf hlt /dfOnf] nfu]sf] lyof] Tolt g} /dfOnf]
dnfO{ p;sf] syf n]Vtf klg nfUof] . of] k':ts kf7snfO{ klg plQs}
/dfOnf] nfUnf eGg] eQm] / d b'j}n] 7fg]sf 5f}F .
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lyof] . pm sf7df8f}Fsf] Orª\u' eGg] 7fpFsf] wfgv]tdf cfˆgf afh]
a'l4k|;fb, cfdf ;fg'd}ofF / efOa}gLx¿sf ;fy a:Yof] . Orª\u' :joDe"sf]
klZrdkl§ k5{ . p;sf] pd]/sf c¿ Eofu'tfeGbf eQmk|;fbnfO{ h] s'/f
klg a9L hfGg'a'́ g' kb{Yof] . p;sf] kl/jf/df ;a}eGbf rfF8}b]lv pk|mg
yfNg] klg pm g} lyof] .
eQmk|;fbsf] 3/glhs} Pp6f uf]/]6f] af6f] lyof] . To; af6fdf
cfOdfO{, nf]Ug]dfG5] / s]6fs]6Lx¿ ;w}F cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ul//x]sf x'Gy] .
eQmk|;fbnfO{ tL dflg;x¿ sxfF lxF8]sf / stfaf6 cfPsf xf]nfg\ eGg]
nfUbYof] . Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ dflg;x¿h:tf] otfplt uO/xg kb}{g . pgLx¿
sL/fkm6\ofª\u|f vfg eg]/ Ps} 7fpFdf 9's]/ a:5g\ . cfk"mnfO{ ;k{n] vfnf
ls eg]/ pgLx¿ rgfvf]dfq /x] k'U5 . To;afx]s pgLx¿ lxnfdf
k'N6'ªafhL v]N5g\ / 3fF6L ;'s'Gh]n 6\jf/{6\jf/{ s/fpF5g\ . Eofu'tfsf]
hLjg eg]s} TolQ xf] .
t/ dflg;x¿ eg] uf]/]6f] af6fdf psfnLcf]/fnL ul//x]sf x'Gy] .
pgLx¿ st} uO/x]‰}F b]lvGy] . Ps lbg eQmk|;fbnfO{ To;/L lxF8\g] dflg;x¿sf]
kSs} s'g} …p2]ZoÚ x'g'k5{ eGg] nfUof] . udL{ofdsf] Ps lbg laxfg l76f}n]
eQmk|;fbn] ;f]Rof], æd]/f] klg s'g} p2]Zo x'g'k¥of] . d}n] klg s]xL t
ug}{k¥of] .Æ
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dfq 3'Dg hfg] cfF6 uYof]{ . To; rf}tf/Ldf psfnf] nfUg] a6'jfx¿ ysfO
dfg{ a:y] . ;w}F tL a6'jfx¿sf] s'/fsfgL ;'Gg] ubf{ p;n] s] yfxf kfof]
eg] wfgsf] v]teGbf klt{/ csf]{ ;+;f/ klg 5 .
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ls/0fdf wfgsf xl/of v]tx¿ 6lNs/x]sf lyP . To;eGbf klt{/ p;n]
u'hd'Hh k/]sf l‰Fu6Lsf 3/x¿, dlGb/sf uh'/ / cUnf b/af/sf a'hf{x¿
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eGg] eQmk|;fbnfO{ nfUof] . zx/df df]6/uf8L, lah'nLaQL / ;of}F sf]7f
ePsf 7"n7"nf ejgx¿ x'G5g\ eGg] klg eQmk|;fbn] ;'g]sf] lyof] .
Ps lbg eQmk|;fbsf] k'R5/sf] afFsL /x]sf] 7'6f] efu klg lanfof] .
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;'gfof] . ælsg hfg] <Æ ;a}n] Ps} :j/df ;f]w] . 3/ 5f8]/ pm 6f9f hfg
;S5 eGg]df p;sf] kl/jf/nfO{ kTof/} lyPg . hjfkmdf eQmk|;fbn] eGof],
ælsgeg] d of] v]teGbf klt{/sf] hLjgsf] cg'ej ug{ rfxG5' . d
dflg;x¿ a:g] zx/ x]g{ rfxG5' . d t/fO{df hfg rfxG5' . dnfO{ 7"nf
gbL, crDdsf hGt'x¿, ;dtn kmfF6 / cUnf kj{tx¿ x]g]{ dg 5 .Æ
3/sf] d"nL a'l4k|;fbn] dfq} eQmk|;fbsf] dgsf] s'/f] a'́ of] . w]/} jif{
klxn] p;nfO{ klg o:t} ljrf/ cfPsf] lyof] . t/ p;n] cfk"mn] ;f]r]h:tf]
ug{ ;s]g . To;f] ug{ g;s]sf]df p;nfO{ clxn] klg k5'tf] nflu/x]sf]
lyof] . p;n] bª\u k/]/ cfˆgf] cfFl6nf] gfltnfO{ x]b}{ dgdg} ljrf/ u¥of],
æof] l76f] eQm] deGbf ;"/f] lg:Sof] . cfˆgf] ljrf/df of] cl8u 5 .
o;nfO{ s;}n] /f]Sg ;Qm}g .Æ
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;+;f/ b]v]/ kms]{Pkl5 xfdLnfO{ sltsf gofF s'/f ;'gfpg]5 .Æ To;kl5
klg eQmk|;fbsL cfdf ;fg'd}ofF s]xL eGg vf]Hb} lyO{, t/ eQmk|;fb ‰6k6
;a};Fu labf lnP/ lxFl8xfNof] .
æuPF x} xh'/af ÛÆ eQmk|;fbn] hfFbfhfFb} 7"nf] :j/df s/fP/ eGof] .
To;kl5 pm dflg; lxF8\g] cf]/fnf] af6f] nfUof] / 8fF8fsf] km]bLdf gk'u'Gh]n
p;n] k5fl8 kms]{/ x]b}{ x]/]g . km]bLdf k'u]kl5 df]6/ u'8\g] kSsL ;8sdf
p;sf v'§f k/] . eQmk|;fbn] Tof] …rqmkyÚ xf] eGg] a'́ of] . p;n]
kl5lNt/ kms]{/ clGtd k6s Orª\u'sf v]tsf u/fx¿nfO{ x]¥of], clg km]l/
km'q'skm'q's ub}{ lxF8\g nfUof] . :joDe"sf] r}To sf6]/ eQmk|;fb cl3
a9\of] . To;a]nf p;nfO{ :joDe"sf cfFvfn] cfk"mnfO{ k5\ofO/x]h:tf] nfUof],
clg tL cfFvfx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ æhfpm afa', xfd|f] cfzLjf{b 5Æ elg/x]h:tf]
klg nfUof] .
s]xLa]/ lxF8]kl5 eQmk|;fb yfSof] . 3/5]psf] rf}tf/Ldf ysfO dfg{
a;]sf dflg;x¿n] a; r9]/ zx/ hfg] s'/f u/]sf] p;n] ;D´of], clg pm
rqmkyaf6 afnfh' hfg] rf}af6fdf pleP/ gLnf] /ªsf] ;f‰fa; s'g{
nfUof] . a; t cfOk'Uof], t/ sG8S6/n] p;nfO{ a; r9\g} lbPg . æsL/f
km6\ofª\u|f, Eofu'tf, ;k{, d';fh:tfnfO{ a;df r9\g glbg" eg]/ xfd|f]
xflsd ;fÚan] eGg'ePsf] 5Æ eg]/ sG8S6/n] eQmk|;fbnfO{ a; r9\g
lbPg, clg p;n] d'v aª\UofpFb} eGof], ækm]l/, of] a; t /Tgkfs{ hfG5 .
Eofu'tfnfO{ /Tgkfs{ lsg hfg'k¥of] <Æ
æ/Tgkfs{ eP klg x'G5 xh'/ ÛÆ eQmk|;fbn] gd| eP/ eGof] . To;
sG8S6/n] cfh;Dd s;}n] cfk"mnfO{ …xh'/Ú eg]/ af]nfPsf] ;'g]sf] lyPg .
;w}F p;n] c¿nfO{ …xh'/Ú eGg'kYof]{ . k};f ltg{ gvf]Hg] 5'Rrf ofq'x¿l;t
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p;n] /f]h} ‰u8f ug'{kYof]{ . p;n] ;w}F srsr] ofq'x¿sf] wSsf / ufnL
vfg'kYof]{ . To;sf/0f eQmk|;fbn] …xh'/Ú elglbFbf sG8S6/sf] dg kUNof] .
p;n] æn, n l56f] r9Æ eGof], clg a;sf] 9f]sfdf xftn] b'O{kN6
9Øfª\9Øfª\ kf¥of] . eQmk|;fb r9\gf;fy a; lxF8L klg xfNof] .
a; klxn] lji0f'dtLsf] k'n t¥of], clg ;f]x|v'§]sf] psfnf] r9]/
/fhb/af/, To;kl5 /fgLkf]v/L x'Fb} cGTodf a; /Tgkfs{ cfOk'Uof] .
sf7df8f}F zx/sf] d'6'df /x]sf] /Tgkfs{sf] l‰lnldnL / ´ofpF́ ofpFdf
cfOk'u]/ eQmk|;fb bª\u k¥of] . xhf/f}F dflg; x:ofª\km:ofª\ ub}{ otfplt
lxFl8/x]sf lyP . a;, sf/, 7]nfuf8f, l/S;f, ;fOsn / df]6/;fOsnx¿sf]
3rf/f] plQs} lyof] . ev{/ sfF7af6 cfPsf] Eofu'tfsf nflu o:tf]
uGhfuf]ndf a;af6 cf]ln{g' sfnsf] d'vdf k:g'hlQs} lyof] . æoxfF t
dnfO{ Ps}l5gdf r6gL agfOlbG5g\ . To;} tn cf]n{g' t ePg af ÛÆ eg]/
eQmk|;fb Ps}l5g 3f]l/of] .
5
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6
el/of / cfFk
s] ug]{ eg]/ Psl5g o;/L eQmk|;fb cndndf k¥of] . ægcf]nL{sg
leq} al;/x]F eg] a; t km]l/ rqmky g} kms{G5 . kms]{/ pxLF hfg' t
ePg,Æ p;n] dgdg} ;f]Rof] .
To;}a]nf Pp6f el/of 8f]sf] af]s]/ cfpFb} lyof] . eQmk|;fbn] t'?Gt}
h'lQm n8fof] . sG8S6/nfO{ æwGojfb x} xh'/Æ eGb} p;n] a;sf]
´ofnaf6 el/ofsf] ef/Ldfly ´jfDd kmfn xfNof] . Tof] ef/L cfFksf]
/x]5 Û cfFksf] 8f]sfdfly a;]/ zx/ x]g{ kfPkl5 s] rflxof] / <
el/ofn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf rNtLsf] 7fpF c;g ahf/lt/
nlu/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] cfˆgf] ef/Ldf Pp6f km'Rr] Eofu'tf] r9]sf] t
b]Vof] t/ p;n] To;nfO{ s]xL u/]g . a? p;n] dfof u/]/ eGof], æP
km'Rr] Û /ldtf x]b}{ Pp6f cfFk vfP klg x'G5 x} ÛÆ
el/ofsf] gfd hutaxfb'/ /x]5 . pm sf7df8f}Fdf ;fx"x¿sf] ef/L
af]s]/ hLljsf rnfpFYof] . p;n] slxn] h:tfkftf, slxn] rfdnsf af]/f /
slxn]rflxF crfSnL ux|f}F :6Lnsf b/fh af]Sg'kYof]{ . cfˆgf] af/]df ;a}
s'/f eQmk|;fbnfO{ atfPkl5 hutaxfb'/n] eGof], æcfhrflxF cfFksf] of]
ef/L c;geGbf k/ d?6f]n k'¥ofpg' 5 .Æ
lxF8\bflxF8\b} el/ofn] k]ml/ cfFk vfpm eg]kl5 eQmk|;fbn] Pp6f kfs]sf]
cfFk r':g yfNof] .
af6fdf efF8fs'F8f, 8fnfgfª\nf, 8f]/L, un}Frf, s"rf]h:tf ;fdfgsf
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w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
‰ls‰sfp k;nx¿ lyP . cGgkft, kmnk"mn, d;nf / t/sf/Lx¿ a]Rg
/flvPsf k;nx¿ klg y'k|} lyP . tL k;nx¿ b]v]/ cfˆg} ;'/df
eQmk|;fbn] ;':t/L eGof], æolQsf ;fdfgx¿sf] lsga]r x'Fbf]/x]5 . d hfaf]
sfF7] Eofu'tfnfO{ s] yfxf <Æ Tof] ;'g]/ hutaxfb'/n] eGof], æcf, oL t s]
x'g\ / < c‰ ljzfnahf/lt/ uof} eg] t s]s] b]V5f} s]s] ÛÆ
o:t} s'/f ub}{ pgLx¿n] c;gsf] cGgk"0ff{b]jLsf] dlGb/ sf6] .
To;kl5 sfne}/jsf] 8/nfUbf] d"lt{ ePsf] 7fpF cfOk'Uof] . Tof] d"lt{ x]bf{
af6fdf lxF8\g] a6'jfs} vKk/ y't]/ e}/jn] cfˆgf] dfnfdf ufF:g] kf] x'g\ ls
h:tf] nfUYof] . eQmk|;fb / hutaxfb'/ b'j}n] af6}af6 e}/jsf] bz{g u/] .
To;kl5 pgLx¿ ;'Gb/ b/af/x¿ ePsf] xg'dfg9f]sf x'Fb} cl3 a9] .
plxn]plxn] g]kfnsf /fhfx¿ log} b/af/df a;]/ /fHo uy]{ eGg] s'/f
hutaxfb'/n] atfof] .
cflv/df sf7df8f}F u0f]zyfg;Fu}sf] ;fx"sf] k;ndf k'u]/ hutaxfb'/n]
cfˆgf] ef/L la;fof] . p;n] eQmk|;fbnfO{ eGof], æca ltdL oxfFaf6
hfpm . u0f]zhLsf] bz{g u/]/ ofqf ;'? ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . g]kfn b]z 7"nf]
5 . xf]; ug"{, af6f] la/fpnfpm .Æ
a8]dfgsf] e'F8L ePsf xfQL;'F8] u0f]zhLsf] bz{g u/]/ eQmk|;fb
5]j}sf] uNnLaf6 cf]/fnf] nfUof] . t/ Ps}l5gkl5 eQmk|;fbn] af6f]
la/fof] . crfgs stfaf6 xf] Pp6f s's'/ b]vfk¥of] / eQmk|;fbnfO{ x]/]/
vfpFnf ‰}F u/L 3'/{3'/{ ug{ yfNof] . eQmk|;fb t'?Gt pk]|m/ glhs}sf]
gfnLdf xfd kmfNof] . To; e':ofxf s's'/n] ‰G8} p;sf] hLpdf bfFt
ufl8;s]sf] Û eQmk|;fb gfnLdf kl;;s]kl5 klg To; s's'/n] 5f8]g .
ToxLF 5]pd} slxn] s'OFs'OF ub}{, clg slxn] e'Sb} Tof] /ftel/ al;/XØf] .
t/ eQmk|;fbn] To;tkm{ Wofg lbPg . klxnf]k6ssf] a;sf] ofqf, To;kl5
ef/Ldflysf] ;jf/L clg b'i6 s's'/sf] nv]6fOdf k/]kl5 hf] klg yfS5 .
8
el/of / cfFk
To;df klg klxnf]k6s ofqfdf lg:s]sf] Orª\u'sf] To; Eofu'tfnfO{ ysfO
gnfUg] s'/} ePg .
gfnLleq s's'/n] s]xL laufg{ ;Qm}g eGg] a'‰]/ eQmk|;fb 9'Ss eof] .
æof] zx/ t lgs} 8/nfUbf] /x]5 . ef]lnrflxF d t/fO{lt/ nfU5' . ToxfF
hldg klg ;dtn 5 c/] ÛÆ eQmk|;fb o:t} s'/f dgdf v]nfpFb} ‰sfpg
yfNof] .
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w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
t/fO{lt/
eQmk|;fb e';'Ss lgbfof] . ;kgfdf p;n] cfˆgf xh'/afnfO{ b]Vof] .
o; ztfAbLs} ;aeGbf a'l4dfg\ Eofu'tf] eg]/ Orª\u'eGbf 6f9f6f9f;Dd
a'l4k|;fbsf] gfpF rn]sf] lyof] . ;kgfdf a'l4k|;fbn] cfˆgf] gfltsf sfgdf
eGof], æsfG5f, tF t/fO{ hfg rfxG5;\ eg] gbLsf] af6f] hf . x]/\ afa},
;/sf/L lgodcg';f/ Eofu'tfn] xjfO{hxfhdf r9\g kfpFb}g . a;sf
8«fOe/x¿n] tFnfO{ kTofpFb}gg\, clg /]nuf8Lsf] gfpFdf sf7df8f}Fdf /dfOnf]
d]nfleq} kmGkmgL 3'Dg] Pp6f afn/]ndfq} 5 . To;} x'gfn] t]/f nflu
gbLsf] af6f]afx]s t/fO{ k'Ug] csf]{ pkfo 5}g .Æ
laxfg l‰;ld; x'g nfUbf d';nwf/] kfgL k¥of] . jiff{sf] kfgLn] Tof]
;fgf] gfnL 6Gg el/of], clg e]n cfPsf] vx/]‰}F aUg yfNof] . eQmk|;fb
To; e]ndf kf}8Fb} s]xL a]/d} lji0f'dtL k'Uof] .
lji0f'dtL kljq gbL xf] . ;'Svf df};ddf o;sf] lsgf/ kmf]xf]/d}nfsf]
8ª\u'/n] el/Psf] x'G5 . t/ clxn] a;f{tsf] e]nn] lji0f'dtLsf] au/
l;lgQ k/]sf] lyof] .
otfplt x]bf{ eQmk|;fbn] lji0f'dtLlsgf/df Pp6f d'v vf]n]sf]
l6gsf] a§f km]nf kf¥of] . To;df st} Kjfn k/]sf 5g\ ls eg]/
hfFRof], To;df Kjfn lyPgg\ . clg p;n] To; a§fnfO{ 3r]6]/
kfgLdf k'¥ofof] . l6gsf] a§f kfgLdf plqg yfn]kl5 eQmk|;fb k'mq'Ss
pk]|m/ To;leq k:of] . la:tf/} l6gsf] a§f / Eofu'tf] b'j} kfgLsf] d"nwf/df
10
k'u] / pgLx¿ xNnFb} / rSs/ vfFb} aUg yfn] .
o;/L s]xLa]/ tnlt/ aUb} uPkl5 b]a|]kl§af6 csf]{ 7"nf] gbL, afUdtL
cfP/ lji0f'dtLl;t ldl;of] . Tof] 7fpF 6]s'bf]efg lyof] . bf]efgb]lv tnlt/
of] gbL afUdtL eg]/} lrlgG5 eg]/ eQmk|;fbn] plxNo} ;'lg/fv]sf] lyof] .
eQmk|;fbnfO{ o; ofqfdf ;a}eGbf cK7]/f] rf]ef/sf] vf]Frdf cfOk'Ubf
k¥of] . ToxL vf]Fraf6 afUdtL gbL sf7df8f}F pkTosfaf6 aflxl/G5 . To;
;fF3'/f] vf]Frdf kfgLsf] d':nf] k:tfv]l/ lg:s]sf] t]h wf/df k/]/ l6gsf]
a§f kmgkmgL 3'Dg yfNof] . kfgLsf] wf/df 3RrL vfFb} a8]a8] r§fgnfO{
kf/ u/]/ a§f t}/Fb} cl3 a9\of] . wGg, eQmk|;fbn] kfgL gl5g]{ l6gsf]
dha't a§fnfO{ 8'Ëf agfPsf] lyof] .
rf]ef/ sf6]kl5 a§fsf] 8'Ëf ;nNn u/]/ lgs} j]ul;t aUg yfNof] .
af6fdf c¿ vf]nfx¿ klg afUdtLdf ldl;g cfOk'u] . bflxg]kl§af6
s'n]vfgL cfof], b]a]|lt/af6 sf]vf‰f/ cfof] / To;kl5 dl/g vf]nf cfof] .
oL ;a} vf]nfgfnf ldl;gfn] afUdtL u8\u8fpFbf] ljzfn gbL aGg k'Uof] .
l6gsf] a§f 3'd]sf] 3'Do} ugf{n] eQmk|;fbnfO{ l/Fu6f nfUg yfNof] . ;fF‰
klg kl/;s]sf] lyof], To;}n] p;n] ;'Tg] ;'/ s:of] .
t/fO{lt/
11
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
ef]lnkN6 ;"o{ pbfpg'cl3 g} eQmk|;fb lgb|faf6 Ao"F́ of] . kxf8af6
u8u8fpFb} ‰g]{ afUdtL ca a]Un} eO;s]sf] p;n] kfof] . afUdtL
km/flsnf] ePsf] lyof] / zfGt eP/ alu/x]sf] kfgLn] a§fdf la:tf/}
5ks5ks xflg/x]sf] lyof] . gbLsf] ult slt ;':t lyof] eg] 8'Ëf
alu/x]sf] 5 ls 5}g kQ} x'Fb}gYof] . eQmk|;fbn] k"j{lt/ x]bf{ lIflthaf6
;"o{ la:tf/} pbfpFb} u/]sf] b]Vof] . eQmk|;fb v';Ln] æd t/fO{ cfOk'u]F ÛÆ
eg]/ lrRofof] .
12
k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{df
o;k|sf/ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] Eofu'tf] eQmk|;fb t/fO{df cfOk'Uof] .
pm s]xLa]/;Dd laxfgLkvsf] Gofgf] 3fddf cfˆgf] 9f8 ;]sfpFb} a§fsf]
8'Ëfdf ;':tfO/XØf] . To;kl5 p;n] Pp6f v'§f tGsfP/ kfgLdf ‰f¥of] /
8'Ëf lvofpg yfNof] . lsgf/lt/ a9\b} hfFbf p;n] ToxfF Pp6f x'l66\ofpF
r/f] b]Vof] . Tof] r'Rrfn] ;;fgf 9'Ëf kN6fpFb}, sL/fkm6\ofª\u|f vf]Hb}
lxFl8/x]sf] lyof] .
To; x'l66\ofpFn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ b]v]/ 6fpsf] p7fof] / cfˆgf] kl/ro
lbFb} eGof], æd]/f] gfd k|r08 x'l66\ofpF xf] . ltdL sf] xf} < o; xfjfbf/L
l6gsf] a§fdf a;]/ ltdL s] ul//fv]sf 5f} <Æ
t/fO{sf] x'l66\ofpFn] klg kxf8L Eofu'tfs} h:tf] af]nL af]n]sf] ;'Gbf
eQmk|;fb 5Ss k¥of] . af]nL ldn]sfn] eQm]nfO{ s'/f ug{ ;lhnf] eof]
/ p;n] cfˆgf] kl/ro lbof], æd eQm] x'F, k"/f gfpF eQmk|;fb xf] . t/fO{
x]g{ dg nfu]/ d sf7df8f}Fb]lv cfPsf] x'F . ;fx|} ef]s nfUof 5 bfO, s]xL
vfg kfOG5 <Æ
æn, of] vfOx]/Æ eg]/ x'l66\ofpFn] Eofu'tfsf] cl3lNt/ b'O{rf/cf]6f
kfgLsL/f /flvlbof] .
æcxf], :jflbnf] /}Ú5Æ, eQmk|;fbn] Pp6f kfgLsL/f] vfFb} eGof] . t/
kfgLsL/fsf] :jfb tLtf] lyof] / Tof] d'vleq 6fFl;Ph:t} eof] . To;
a]:jfbsf] kfgLsL/fnfO{ l56f]l56f] lgn]/ eQmk|;fbn] ljifo abNb} ;f]Wof], æcF,
13
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
t/fO{df s;/L 3'Dg], dnfO{ atfOb]pm g <Æ
k|r08n] eGof], æpM Tof] k'n ePsf] 7fpFdf k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{ 5,
ToxfF hfpm . To; /fhdfu{af6 ltdL b]zsf] k"jL{ / klZrdL b'j} s'gf;Dd
k'Ug ;S5f} . d cfkm}F t uPsf] 5}g t/ ;a} To;} eG5g\ . nf} t, d
kfgLsL/f vf]Hg kfl/kl§ lxF8]F ÛÆ olt eg]/ k|r08n] r'Rrf] lgx'¥ofP/ r/fn]
ug]{ kf/fsf] gd:t] ub}{ labfaf/L lnof] / e'/{ p8]/ afUdtLkfl/ uof] .
14
p8\bf p;sf v}/f / ;]tf /ªsf KjfFvx¿df ;"o{sf] ls/0f k¥of] / tL
6n6n 6Ns] .
eQmk|;fb k|r08n] b]vfPsf] lbzftk{m pk|mFb} uof] . p;n] gbLnfO{
jf/kf/ hf]8\g] k'n b]Vof] . clnslt psfnf] r9]kl5 pm au/af6 k'ndf
pSNof] / lrNnf] lkr ePsf] ;8sdf cfOk'Uof] . km'q'Ss pk|]m/ p;n]
;8s sf6\g} nfu]sf] a]nf Pp6f chËsf] 6fpsfn] eQmk|;fbsf] af6f]
5]Sof] . ˆjfF̂ jfF ul//x]sf gfssf kf]/f, aflx/ lg:s]sf aN8\ofª\u|] cfFvf,
nfdfnfdf l;ª / lha|faf6 ¥ofn ‰l//x]sf] Tof] 6fpsf] lgs} eofgs
b]lvGYof] . jf:tjdf Tof] 6fpsf] Pp6f uf]?sf] lyof] .
ægfd d]/f] t'n;L/fd, uf8f tfGg] d]/f] sfdÆ, ¿vf] :j/df Pp6f
uf]?n] eGof] . æbfofFafofF gx]/L of] ;8s kf/ ubf{ s] x'G5 yfxf 5 <
k/f7f aG5f} lg afa' Û ltd|f nflu s'g} a; / 6«s /f]lsg]jfnf 5}g oxfF .
ltdLnfO{ olt s'/f klg yfxf lyPg ls Sof xf] <Æ
æd]/f] Hofg hf]ufOlbg'ePsf]df wGojfb x} aonbfO ÛÆ eQmk|;fbn]
eGof] . olQs}df Pscsf{nfO{ pl5Gg vf]Hb} b'O{cf]6f /flqa; ToxL ;8saf6
k"j{lt/ x'OFs] .
eQmk|;fbn] g]kfnbz{g ug]{ cfˆgf] OR5f atfPkl5 t'n;L/fd aonn]
v'n]/ ;a} yf]s atfpg yfNof] . p;n] nfdf] ;f; tfg]/ …6"/ ufO8Úsf]
efsfdf eGg ;'? u¥of] . æxh'/, tkfO{+h:tf] kxf8af;LnfO{ t/fO{df :jfut
5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ Psbd} /dfOnf] 5 . xfd|f] hldg ;dtn 5 .
psfnLcf]/fnLsf] kL/ ug'{ gkbf{ xfdLn] ljrf/ ug]{ df}sf w]/} kfpF5f}F .
xfdL To;}n] clna9L ljrf/ u5f}{F . d tkfO{+nfO{ oxfFsf Psbd} xf]gxf/
la/fnf, ufO{, s's'/, k/]jf / dflg;x¿l;t e]6 u/fOlbpFnf . oxfFsf
la/fnfsf] af]nL, k/]jfsf] 3'/fO / dfG5]sf uLtx¿ cGteGbf dL7f
x'G5g\ . t/fO{sf hËnsf] t ‰g\ s'/f u/]/ ;fWo g} 5}g . oxfFsf
k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{df
15
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
hËndf cGt gkfOg] cg]s y/Lsf hLjhGt'x¿ kfOG5g\ .Æ
æaonbfO, d}n] la/fnf, s's'/ / dfG5] t y'k|} b]v]sf] 5' . t/
;fFlRrs} hËn eg] b]v]sf] 5}g . Tof] s:tf] x'G5 <Æ eQmk|;fbn] ;f]Wof] .
Orª\u'sf] wfg v]tdf x'ls{Psf] eQmk|;fbn] gfufh'{gsf] jg t b]v]sf]
lyof] . t/ ToxfF cUnf] kvf{n nufOPsf] x'gfn] p;n] slxNo} klg hËn
3'Dg] df}sf kfPsf] lyPg .
æhËn eg]sf] 7"n7"nf ¿v, a'§fa'6\ofg / 3fF;sf] ‰f8L x'g] 7fpF xf] .
ToxfF y'k|} hËnL hgfj/ tyf r/fr'?ËL a:5g\,Æ t'n;L/fd aonn]
eQmk|;fb–nfO{ a'‰fOlbof] . æEofu'tf gfgL, ltdLn] zfxL lrtjg /fli6«o
lgs'~h hfg} k5{, a'́ of} < ToxfFh:tf hËnL hgfj/ t g]kfndf dfq xf]Og
;+;f/d} st} kfpFb}gf} .Æ olt ;Nnfx lbPkl5 aonn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ cfˆgf]
uf8fdf r9 eGof] .
16
t'n;L/fdsf] lgDtf] kfP/ eQmk|;fb p |̂of] / k/fnsf] af]‰f nflbPsf]
uf8fdf a:of] . To;kl5 pgLx¿ wfuf]h:t} tlGsPsf] k"j{klZrd /fhdfu{
g5f]8L klZrdlt/ nfu] . Ps lbg / Ps /ft lxF8]kl5 pgLx¿ kyn}of
eGg] a:tLdf cfOk'u] .
To; 7fpFdf cl8P/ uf]?n] eGof], æoxfFaf6 d blIf0f jL/uGhlt/
nfU5' . ltdLrflxF x]6f}F8f;Dd pQ/lt/ hfg" / To;kl5 klZrdlt/ nfUg" .
lgs} lxF8]kl5 e/tk'/ eGg] 7fpF cfOk'U5 . ToxfF xjfO{hxfh p8\g]cf]ln{g]
7fpFaf6 b]a|]lt/ nfu]kl5 lrtjgsf] hËn k'luG5 .Æ Psl5g ;f]r]/ p;n]
km]l/ eGof], æhËnsf hgfj/l;t xf]l;of/ /xg" x} . pgLx¿ xfdL
3/kfn'jfh:tf /lQPsf x'Fb}gg\ .Æ
k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{df
17
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
lrtjgsf] hËn
/fhdfu{sf] 5]j}5]p b'O{ lbg / tLg /ft lxF8]kl5 eQmk|;fb Pp6f
7"nf] rp/ ePsf] 7fpFdf cfOk'Uof] . To; rp/df Pp6f xjfO{hxfh cf]n{Fb}
lyof] . æt'n;L/fdn] eg]sf] e/tk'/ kSs} oxL x'g'k5{,Æ eQmk|;fbn]
;f]Rof] . ToxfFaf6 pm afofFtkm{ cyf{t\ blIf0fkl§ df]l8of] . s]xL 306f
lxF8]kl5 æzfxL lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hÆ eg]/ n]lvPsf] sf7sf] ;Í]tkf6L
b]lvof] . To; 7fpFdf afF;sf] tuf/f] nfu]sf] lyof] / vfsL abL{df Ps
hgf l;kfxL klg plePsf] lyof] .
To; l;kfxLn] Eofu'tfnfO{ lgs} lgofn]/ x]¥of] . t/ eQmk|;fb
g8/fO{sg l;kfxLs} cl3lNt/af6 pk|]m/ cl3 a9\of] / p;n] tuf/f] kf/
u¥of] . eQmk|;fbn] cfk"mnfO{ aflx/ 3'd]/ 3/ kms{g nfu]sf] /}yfg]
Eofu'tf]‰}F b]vfpg vf]h]sf] lyof], t/ laTofF; kl/xfNof] .
æP, z]/axfb'/ Û otf cfOh t ÛÆ To; l;kfxLn] cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{
af]nfpFb} eGof], æpM To; Eofu'tfnfO{ x]/\ . Tof] t xfd|F] kfs{leqsf]
Eofu'tf]h:tf] 5}g lg <Æ
glhs}sf] kfnaf6 z]/axfb'/ aflx/ cfof] . p;n] Eofu'tfnfO{ lgofn]/
x]b}{ eGof], æEofu'tfsf af/]df s]xL eGg} ;lsFb}g anaxfb'/, w]/} y/Lsf
x'G5g\ .Æ
æt/ of] t aflx/af6 leq l5b}{ 5 .Æ
æxf]nf . oxfFsf efn', u}F8f klg t cfxf/fsf] vf]hLdf aflx/ lg:sG5g\
18
lg Û of] Eofu'tf] klg st} uP/ cfPsf] xf]nf . 5fl8b] lar/fnfO{ ÛÆ
pgLx¿n] s'/f ul//x]sf] dF}sf 5f]k]/ eQmk|;fbn] hËnlt/ 6fk
7f]Sof] . bf}8]/ Pp6f a8]dfsf] ¿vsf] km]bdf k'u]kl5 Eofu'tfn] nfdf] ;f;
km]¥of] .
lrtjgsf] hËn
19
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
pm ysfO dfg{ a;]sf] 7fpFdf Pp6f 7"nf] l;dnsf] ¿vsf] km]b lyof] .
km]baf6 x]bf{ To; ¿vsf] 6'Kkfn] cfsfz 5f]nf h:tf] b]lvGYof] .
eQmk|;fbn] o;f] rf/}lt/ x]¥of] . To;}a]nf glhs}sf] ‰f8Laf6 s;}n] p;nfO{
af]nfof] . æs] 5 efO < d t/fO{sf] Eofu'tf] x'F . d]/f] gfd r}t'nfn xf] .
ltdLnfO{ cl3 l;kfxLx¿ eP 7fpFdf b]v]sf] lyPF . ltdL gf6s ug{ t
lgs} l;kfn' /x]5f} lg <Æ
r}t'nfn Eofu'tf] km/fl;nf] lyof] . pm eQmk|;fbeGbf lgs} 7"nf], alnof]
/ sfnf] /ªsf] lyof] . lrtjgsf] hª\undf b]zljb]zsf dflg;x¿ 3'Dg
cfpFy] . t/ Eofu'tf] oxfF 3'Dg cfPsf] rflxF of] klxnf]kN6 xf] eg]/ p;n]
eQmk|;fbnfO{ ;'gfof] .
r}t'nfnn] sf7df8f}Faf6 eQmk|;fb cfPsf] ;dfrf/ hËnsf ;a}
afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ lbof] . To; lbg lbpF;f] /fKtL gbLsf] v'nf lsgf/df
lrtjgsf hËnsf ;a} y/Lsf hGt'x¿ kfx'gfnfO{ e]6\g e]nf eP .
xl/0fsf ayfgx¿n] eQmk|;fbsf] hLpdf cfˆgf /l;nf gfs bn]/ p;sf]
clejfbg u/] . …3l8ofnÚ uf]xLn] cfˆgf 8/nfUbf tLvf bfFt b]vfP/
gd:sf/ eGof] . afSnf] 5fnfsf kq}kq ePsL Pp6L kf]yL u}F8f klg ToxfF
lyO{ . gfsdfly pld|Psf] Ps l;Ë] vfu xNnfpFb} cfˆgf ;fgf cfFvf
l‰DSofP/ p;n] eQmk|;fbl;t lrghfg u/L . p;sf] chËsf] hLpsf]
kl5lNt/ Pp6f aRrf] u}F8f klg 3'l;|/x]sf] lyof] .
kf]yL u}F8fn] cfˆgf] 5f]/fnfO{ lrgfpFb} egL, æof] d]/f] 5f]/f] Ps/fh
xf] . cf}wL nfh dfG5 . nf} Ps/fh, Eofu'tfHo"nfO{ eg t ltdL Ps l;Ë]
xf} ls b'O{ l;Ë] u}F8f <Æ
æPs l;Ë],Æ aRrfn] cfdfl;t n]kfl:;b} ;fgf] :j/df hjfkm lbof] .
æclg b'O{ l;Ë]rflxF sxfF kfOG5g\ <Æ
æclk|msfdf,Æ o;kN6 rflxF aRrfn] ws km'sfP/ cln 7"nf] :j/df af]Nof] .
20
eQmk|;fb / Ps/fh t'?Gt} ;fyL eOxfn] . s]xLa]/d} pgLx¿
cUnfcUnf 98\8Lsf] ‰f8Ldf n'sfdf/L v]Ng yfn] .
l;dnsf] xfFufdf al;/x]sf nª\u'/x¿ eg] tn cf]ln{Pgg\ . pgLx¿n]
ToxLF a;La;L l;dnsf e'jf l6k]/ ‰fb}{ eQmk|;fbsf] :jfut u/] . Pp6f
efn] dh'/ kv]6f lkmFhfP/ ;fg lbFb} cfOk'Uof] . pm 3dG8L ePsfn] p;nfO{
ToxfF ;a}n] b]v]sf] gb]Vo} u/] . cfk"mnfO{ s;}n] jf:tf gu/]sfn] pm tLvf]
:j/n] æofxfF Û ofxfF ÛÆ u/]/ lrRofpg yfNof] .
To;} a]nf ‰f8Ldf sfnf / kx]Fnf kf6fx¿ ‰Nofs‰'n's b]lvP . ToxfF
eO/x]sf] xNnfvNnf crfgs zfGt eof] . ‰f8Laf6 la:tf/} Tof] 5fofF
aflx/ b]vfk¥of] . æcf]xf] dxf/fgL Û ;jf/L xf];\, ;jf/L xf];\,Æ v';Ln] pk|Fmb}
r}t'nfn Eofu'tf] cl3 a9\of] . lrtjg hËnsL /fgL al3gL c¿ …ef/]e'/]Ú
hgfj/x¿l;t l;ltldlt 3'nldn ulb{glyg\ . t/ sf7df8f}Fb]lv cfOk'u]sf]
Eofu'tfnfO{ gx]/L a:g eg] pgsf] dgn] klg dfg]g .
al3gLn] eQmk|;fb;Fu s'/fsfgL klg ul/g\ . æltdL efUodfgL /x]5f}
gfgL Û dg nfu]sf] 7fpFdf hfg ;Sbf /x]5f},Æ al3gLn] ef/L t/ dfofn'
:j/n] elgg\ .
eQmk|;fbn] s'/f] ga'‰]/ 6fpsf] sGofof] . ToxfF ePsf c¿ ;a}
hLjhGt' / dh'/n] ;d]t zfGt eP/ al3gLn] s] elG5g\ eg]/ 7f8f sfg
nufP . pgn] uDeL/ x'Fb} cy{ v'nfpFb} elgg\, æplxn] lrtjgsf] k"/}
efudf afSnf] hËn lyof] . dfG5]x¿ To;nfO{ …rf/sf];] ‰f8LÚ eGy] . 3gf
hËn ePsfn] xfdL hgfj/x¿ htf;'s} 3'Dg ;SYof}F . cr]n kxf8sf
dflg;x¿n] otf ‰/]/ hËn ;vfk kf/] . x'Fbfx'Fbf xfdLnfO{ o:tf] ;fF3'/f]
7fpFdf sf]lrP/ a:g'k/]sf] 5 .Æ
æt/ /fgL;fx]a, lrtjg hËn t lgs} 7"nf] 5 lg ÛÆ eQmk|;fb
aLr}df KjfSs af]Nof] . æxf], x]bf{ 7"n} 5 Û Eofu'tf / kfxfsf nflu t w]/}
lrtjgsf] hËn
21
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
g} 7"nf] 5 . t/ 7"n7"nf hgfj/nfO{ vfg / 3'Dgsf nflu olt 7fpFn]
k'U5 < af3nfO{ rflxg]hlt 7fpF cr]n oxfF sxfF kfpg' <Æ
al3gLsf] uDeL/ s'/f ;a}n] Wofg lbP/ ;'lg/x]sf lyP . ærf/sf];]
‰f8L nueu vQd} eO;Sof] . clxn] /fli6«o lgs'~h / cf/If0fx¿ c¿lt/
klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ dflg;sf] a:tL g6]sL xfdL tL 7fpFdf hfg
;Qm}gf}F . ltdL t Eofu'tf] ePsfn] sf7df8f}Fb]lv oxfF cfpg ;Sof} . t/ d
rfx]/ klg slxNo} sf7df8f}F hfg ;lQmgF, lsgeg] ToxfF hfg ca hËnsf]
af6f] g} 5}g .Æ olt eg]/ pgn] cfˆgf] s'/f 6'ª\UofOg\ .
hËn 5Fbfsf] lrtjg ;D‰]/ eQmk|;fbsf ;fy} ToxfF pkl:yt
;a} hLjhGt'x¿ ySsySs dflg/x]sf lyP . Tolt g} a]nf cfsfz l‰lnSs
l‰lnSs rlDsg yfNof] . l5ge/d} u8\ofª / u'8'ª x'g yfNof] . s'lGg
stfaf6 x'OFx'OFtL xfjf cfof] / l;dnsf cUnf ¿vx¿ nlRsg yfn] .
cfsfzdf sfnfgLnf afbn d8fl/O/x]sf lyP . Ps}l5gdf kfgLsf 7"n7"nf
yf]kf al;{g yfn] . To;kl5 kfgL bls{g yfNof] . ¿vkft, ‰f8L / /fKtL
gbL ;a}lt/ d';nwf/] kfgL k¥of] .
Eofu'tf /dfpg] g} a;f{tsf] kfgLdf xf] . eQmk|;fbnfO{ t/fO{sf]
a;f{tdf leHg kfP/ a8f] cfgGb nfUof] . ToxfF hDdf ePsf
c¿ hLjhGt'x¿ klg dUg eP/ jiff{sf] cfgGb lnO/x]sf lyP . 3l8ofn
uf]xL kfgLsf yf]kf l6Kg d'v afO/x]sf] lyof] . afFb/x¿ sf]xL ¿vdf ;'/]nL
v]Nb} / sf]xL nx/fdf kLª v]Nb} lyP . ;'uf, 9's'/ / sfu s/fpFb},
lrRofpFb} otf / plt pl8/x]sf lyP . xfjf / kfgLn] ltgsf KjfFvx¿
5/k:6 ePsf b]lvGy] . al3gLn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ cfˆgf] 9f8df a'O{ r9fOg\
/ 5\jfKnfª5\jfKnfª ub}{ otf / plt v]nfOg\ .
eQmk|;fbn] cfˆgf r]kfufF8f ;fyL;FuLx¿;Fu n'sfdf/L v]n]sf]df afx]s
o:tf] /dfOnf] slxNo} u/]sf] lyPg . lrtjgsf] hËndf al3gL/fgLsf]
22
9f8df pk|mg kfpg' t p;n] lrtfpFb} glrtfPsf] s'/f] lyof] . To;dfly
oltsf gofF ;fyLx¿ e]6\g kfP/ pm bËbf; k/]sf] lyof] . p;n] cfˆgf]
v';L bafpg} ;s]g . æSof dHhf Û cfxf Û Sof dHhf ÛÆ eg]/ pm s/fof] .
bs]{kfgL h;/L ;'? ePsf] lyof] To;/L g} Psl5gdf ;fd;'d eof] .
Psl5gsf nflu k"/} hËn rsdGg eof] . PSsfl; ¿vdflyaf6 ;'ufx¿n]
xfQL cfPsf] ;°]t lbP . of] ;'Gg]lalQs} ;a}hgf ;¥ofs;'?s ‰f8Llt/
clNkP . 3l8ofn uf]xLn] nfdf] ;f; tfg]/ gbLdf uf]tf nufof] . ægl/;fpm
x},Æ eGb} eQm]nfO{ u}F8fsf] uf]a/sf] yf;df ldNsfP/ al3gL klg ‰f8Lleq
n';'Ss x/fOg\ . /dfOnf] ;lsof] .
Psl5gdf kfFrcf]6f xFQLsf] n:s/ b]vfk¥of] . t/ s] crDd <
ltgLx¿ t hËnL xfQL lyPgg\ . ltgLx¿sf 8F8fNgfdf xf}bf sl;Psf]
lyof] . clg xf}bfdf rflxF jGohGt' x]g{ cfPsf ko{6sx¿ a;]sf lyP . tL
t ;wfOPsf xfQL kf] /x]5g\ .
eQmk|;fb / r}t'nfn b'j}n] uf]a/sf] yf;af6} ko{6sx¿ r9]sf xfQLsf]
n:s/nfO{ x]l//x] . tL ko{6sx¿ jGohGt'x¿ b]Vg gkfP/ a]v';Lh:tf
b]lvGy] . s:tf] pb]ssf] s'/f Û ToxLFsf] ‰f8Ldf af3, u}F8f / aFb]nx¿
5\ofK5\ofKtL lyP . t/ dfG5]x¿nfO{ eg] To;sf] kQ} lyPg . ælar/f
logLx¿ slt k};f vr]{/ hËnL hgfj/ x]g{ cfpF5g\ . t/ ¿v, kft /
hËndfq x]/]/ oxfFaf6 kms{G5g\ .Æ xfF;f] /f]St} t/fO{sf] Eofu'tfn] eGof] .
ko{6sx¿‰}F tL kfNt' xfQLx¿ klg lbSs b]lvGy] . clna]/df ko{6s
/ xfQLx¿ cfFvfaf6 cf]‰]n eP, clg jl/kl/sf ‰f8Ldf n's]sf
hLjhGt'x¿ lvtlvt xfF:b} aflx/ lgl:sP .
ædFG5]x¿nfO{ lrtjgsf] hËn s:tf] ‰"/ nfUbf] xf]nf xlu <Æ
eQmk|;fbn] rDsFb} eGof] . t/ p;n] hjfkm kfPg . p;n] cfˆgf] gofF
;fyLnfO{ otfplt vf]Hof] . t/ r}t'nfnsf] st} gfdf]lg;fg lyPg .
lrtjgsf] hËn
23
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
eQmk|;fbn] 3l8ofn uf]xLnfO{ gbL lsgf/df b]Vof] . p;n] s'g} s'/F] d'vdf
rkfO/x]sf] lyof] . lar/f] r}t'nfn Û cfh laxfgsf] sn]jf eP5 3l8ofn
uf]xLsf] Û
3l8ofn uf]xLn] kfgLdf 8'a'NsL nufpg'cl3 eQmk|;fblt/ kms]{/ eGof],
æsf7df8f}Fsf Eofu'tfafa' Û of] hËn xf], hËn Û oxfF hËns} sfg'g
rN5 . of] 7fpF ltd|f nflu 7Ls 5}g . a? hfpm kf]v/flt/ ÛÆ
Tolt eg]/ 3l8ofn uf]xL kfgLdf cnk eof] . eQmk|;fbsf] ;ftf]k'Tnf]
uO;s]sf] lyof] . ;s];Dd l56f] pk|mFb} lrtjgsf] hËnaf6 p;n] 6fk
7f]Sof] .
24
pQ/lt/ nfUbf
3l8ofn uf]xLn] ækf]v/f hfpmÆ eg]sfn] eQmk|;fbn] klg kf]v/flt/}
nfUg] ;'/ u¥of] . æToxfF l5gdf uf]xLsf] ;fyL, l5gdf p;}sf] cfxf/f aGg'
t gknf{,Æ p;n] ;f]Rof] .
kf]v/f klg sf7df8f}Fh:t} pkTosf xf] eGg] s'/f eQmk|;fbnfO{ yfxf
lyof] . pkTosf eP klg kf]v/fsf] agfj6 clns km/s 5 / sf7df8f}FeGbf
kf]v/fsf] prfO sd 5 . cGgk"0ff{ lxdfnsf] sfvd'lg /x]sf] kf]v/f
lrtjgaf6 pQ/klZrd lbzftkm{ k5{ eGg]rflxF p;nfO{ /fd|F] yfxf lyPg .
To;f] eP klg, clxn];Ddsf] ofqfaf6 eQmk|;fb s]xL cg'ejL
eO;s]sf] lyof], w]/} s'/f hfGg]a'́ g] eO;s]sf] lyof] . p;n] 6«sdf r9]/
kf]v/f hfg] ljrf/ u¥of] . 6«s ;dfTg gf/fo0f3f6 k'Ug'kYof]{ .
gf/fo0f3f6 gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lsgf/df 5 / g]kfnsf d'Vo /fhdfu{x¿
ToxLFaf6 hfG5g\ eGg] eQmk|;fbn] ;'g]sf] lyof] .
t/ gf/fo0f3f6 hfg] kf] s;/L eGg] ;d:of lyof] . æg lxF8Lsg
gf/fo0f3f6 k'Ug] s'g} ;lhnf] pkfo kSs} x'g'k5{,Æ sRrL ;8s5]p 6'q'mSs
a;]/ eQmk|;fbn] ;f]Rof] . Tolt g} v]/ bfofFjfofF b'j}lt/ bfnrfdnsf af]/f
/ kf]sf]kGt/fx¿ ‰'lG8Psf ;fOsnsf tfFtL ;8sdf b]vf k/] . tL ;a}
;fOsndf pQ/tk{m uO/x]sf lyP . To;sf] dtna kSs} klg pgLx¿
gf/fo0f3f6 ahf/df ;fdfg k'¥ofpg uO/x]sf xf]nfg\ eGg] eQm]n] c8\sn
nufof] . ;f]wvf]h u/]/ ;do v]/ gkmfnL eQmk|;fb ‰6k6 k5fl8sf] Pp6f
25
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
;fOsnsf] ;fdfgdf k'mq'Ss pk|]m/ rl9xfNof] .
‰dSs ;fF‰ k/]kl5 eQmk|;fb r9]sf] ;fOsn gf/fo0f3f6sf]
d"nrf]sdf cfOk'Uof] . eQmk|;fb To;} 7fpFdf ;fOsnaf6 v'q'Ss ‰¥of] .
eQ]m xf]xNnf / 3rf/f]sf] sxfnLnfUbf] ;+;f/df cfOk'u]sf] lyof] .
rf]s5]j}sf] a;la;f}gLdf sfgsf] hfnL km'6\g] u/]/ xg{ ahfpFb}
/flqa;x¿ /f]lsGy] . ltgdWo] sf]xL klZrdsf] g]kfnuGhtkm{ hfGy] / sf]xL
k"j{sf] sfFs8leQflt/ nfUy] . gf/fo0f3f6 ahf/df ‰ndNn an]sf
aQLx¿n] ubf{ /flt klg lbpF;} kf] xf] ls h:tf] nfUYof] . df]6/;fOsnb]lv
nQfsk8f, lah'nL h]g]/]6/b]lv df};dcg';f/sf kmnk"mn cflb ;a} yf]s
ahf/df a]Rg /flvPsf lyP . gf/fo0f3f6 ahf/ sf7df8f}Fsf] c;g
26
ahf/eGbf rNtL / x"nd"nsf] b]lvGYof] .
æo:tf] x"nd"n t d]/f xh'/af a'l4k|;fbn] klg b]v]sf 5}gg\ xf]nf,Æ
kf]v/f hfg] t/v/df /x]sf] eQmk|;fbn] larf¥of] . ahf/df lxF8\gnfO{ p;n]
gfnLsf] af6f] ;dfTof] . o;f] ubf{ uf8Lsf] kfª\u|f jf dfG5]sf k}tfnfdf
k/]/ lslrg] 8/ p;nfO{ ePg . 3'Db} pm 6«s rfnsx¿n] vfgf vfg]
xf]6]ndf k'Uof] . ToxfF ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug]{ 6«ssf s]xL rfnsx¿ a;]/ vfgf
vfO/x]sf lyP .
eQmk|;fb To; 5fk|]xf]6ndf k:of] / Pp6f a]Grd'lg l5/]/
8«fOe/x¿sf] s'/fsfgL ;'Gg nfUof] . pgLx¿sf] s'/fsfgLaf6 Pp6f 6«s
kf]v/flt/ hfg} nfu]sf] yfxf kfof] . Tof] 6«s rnfpg] 8«fOe/ Pp6L
cfOdfO{ lyOg\ . ltgsf] gfd k"mndfof lyof] .
k"mndfof g]kfns} klxnf] dlxnf 6«srflnsf ePsf] s'/f Eofu'tfn]
a'́ of] . æToqf] 7"nf] b]z ef/tdf ;d]t 6«s rnfpg] s'g} cfOdfO{ 5}gg\,Æ
xf]6nsf] Pp6f j]6/ l76f] ToxfFsf u|fxsnfO{ ;'gfpFb} lyof] . æef] ef], slt
s/fPsf] < r'k nfu\ .Æ ;w}F of] Pp6} s'/f ;'Gbf;'Gbf lbSs ePsL
k"mndfofn] elgg\ . eQmk|;fbn] k"mndfofnfO{ Ps ‰Nsf] x]l/xfn'F g t eg]/
a]Grd'lgaf6 6fpsf] lgsfNof] . To;f] ubf{ eQmk|;fbsf] 6fpsfdf ‰G8}n]
j]6/sf] rKknn] lsRof] Û PSs} OGrLsf] km/sn] dfq pm hf]luof] .
k"mndfofsf] j0f{ ux'Fuf]/f] / cfFvLef}F sfnf lyP . y]Krf] gfsdf ltgn] k"mnL
nufPsL lyOg\ . pgn] lxF8\g] ;'/;f/ ub}{ cfˆgf] skfn ;f]xf]/]/ h'/f]
kfl/g\ . 6]a'ndf j]6/nfO{ alS;; 5f8]/ æn t efOÆ eGb} aflx/
lgl:sg\ . eQmk|;fb k"mndfofnfO{ k5\ofpFb} uof] .
aflx/ 6Gg ;fdfg nflbPsf] Pp6f 6f6f6«s v8f lyof] . Pp6f l76f]
vnf;L 5]pd} s'l//x]sf] lyof] . k"mndfof / p;n] ldn]/ 6«ssf] kfª\u|fsf]
xfjf, Aof6«Lsf] kfgL / aQLx¿ hfFr] .
pQ/lt/ nfUbf
27
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
k"mndfofn] uf8Lsf] 9f]sf s] vf]n]sL lyOg\ eQmk|;fb a'b|'Ss pk|]m/
8«fOe/sf] l;6df uO{ a:of] . k"mndfof;Fu cfFvf h'wfpFb} p;n] eGof], æx]/
k"mndfof, ltdL g]kfns} k|yd dlxnf 6«s8«fOe/ xf} eg] d klg g]kfnsf]
klxnf] ofqL Eofu'tf] x'F . To;}n] xfdL ldNg'k5{ a'́ of} < dnfO{ ltdL
kf]v/f;Dd nlub]pm g x} <Æ
af]Ng] Eofu'tf] b]v]/ k"mndfof klxn] t ‰;Ë eOg\ . t/ kl/cfpg]
h:tf];'s} kl/l:yltnfO{ klg a]xf]g{ ;Sg] u'0f k"mndfofdf lyof] . Pp6f
s'zn uf8Lrfnsdf x'g] u'0f klg ToxL xf] . k"mndfofn] elgg\, æs:tf]
/dfOnf] Û ltdL t af]Ng] Eofu'tf kf] /x]5f} . eOxfN5 lg, d ltdLnfO{
kf]v/f n}hfG5' .Æ k"mndfofsf] dL7f] jrgn] eQmk|;fb 9'Ss eof] .
æt/ /flt 6«sdf lxF8\bf hf8f] x'G5 . ltd|f] n'uf 5 ls 5}g <Æ
k"mndfofn] ;f]lwg\ . eQmk|;fbn] cfk"mn] hLjgdf slxNo} n'ufsf] w/f] klg
gnufPsf] s'/f k"mndfofnfO{ atfof] .
æs]xL 5}g . nf} cfpm, d ltdLnfO{ n'uf lslglbG5' .Æ olt eg]/
Eofu'tf–nfO{ lnP/ k"mndfof k;nlt/ nflug\ . t/ /flt ca]/ ePsfn]
w]/}h;f] k;nx¿ aGb eO;s]sf lyP . Pp6f 6f]kLk;n dfq} v'nf lyof] .
æs]xL gx'g'eGbf t 6f]kL eP klg x'G5,Æ k"mndfofn] elgg\ . pgn] /ftf] /
xl/of] wsf{ ePsf] Pp6f 6f]kL 5fg]/ lslgg\ clg eQmk|;fbsf] 8Nnf] 6fpsfdf
nufOlbOg\ . 6f]kLn] eQmk|;fbsf cfFv} 5f]lkP . lar/f Eofu'tfn] hLjgdf
klxnf]kN6 s]xL nufPsf] lyof] . eQmk|;fbnfO{ x]/]/ k"mndfof lvltQ xfFl;g\ .
To;kl5 pgLx¿ 6«slt/ kmls{P . k"mndfof cfk"m rfnssf] l;6df
al;g\ / Pp6f xftn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ prfn]/ …Kof;]Gh/Ú a:g] l;6df
/flvg\ . p;nfO{ af6fdf /ldtf x]g{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eg]/ l;6dfly klg Pp6f
…:6'nÚ /fv]/ eQmk|;fbnfO{ To;df a;fOg\ . vnf;LrflxF 6«ssf] k5fl8kl§
;fdfgl;t} a:g uof] .
28
gbL / kj{tx¿
k"mndfofsf] 3/ t/fO{sf] dnËjfdf kYof]{ . 6«s rnfP/ pgL b]zsf
w]/} 7fpFdf k'lu;s]sL lyOg\ . To;}n] pgnfO{ w]/} s'/fsf] 1fg lyof] .
gf/fo0f– 3f6af6 lxF8]kl5 pgn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ kf]v/f hfg] af6fsf]
hfgsf/L lbg yflng\ . æof] af6f] gf/fo0fL gbLsf] tL/}tL/ hfG5 . clnk/
b]j3f6 k'u]kl5 b]a|]lt/af6 sfnLu08sL cfP/ gf/fo0fL gbLdf ldl;G5 .
To; 7fpFb]lv dfl:t/sf] efunfO{ lqz"nL uËf elgG5 . lqz"nL uËfdf km]l/
pQ/lt/af6} cfP/ ;]tL klg ldl;Psf] 5 . s]xL dfly uPkl5 lqz"nLdf
d:of{ËbL gbL ldl;g cfOk'U5 . ToxL bf]efglg/ sf7df8f}F / kf]v/f hfg]
af6f] 5'l§G5 . kf]v/f hfgnfO{ 7"nf] ‰f]n'Ë] k'n tg'{k5{ .Æ
gbLgfnfsf] dfq} uGyg ;'Gbf eQmk|;fbnfO{ lbSs nfUof] xf]nf
eG7fg]/ k"mndfof dL7f] efsf xfn]/ uLt ufpg yflng\ . pgn] ufPsf
uLtx¿ log} gbLgfnfsf af/]df lyP . k"mndfofn] …aGbLk'/] psfnL nfdf],
d:of{ËbL 8'Ëfn] t/]/Ú eGg] uLt ufpg yfNbf eQmk|;fb pF£g nflu;s]sf]
lyof] . aGbLk'/ 8fF8fdf cjl:yt k'/fgf] ahf/ xf] hf] clxn] kf]v/f–
sf7df8f}F /fhdfu{ tn 8'd|]af6 hfgfn] cnlUuP/ /x]sf] 5 .
lxdfnL 6fs'/fx¿df 3fdsf] klxnf] ls/0f b]lvg] a]nfdf eQmk|;fb
lapF́ of] . pgLx¿ kf]v/f pkTosfdf kl;;s]sf lyP, t/ kf]v/f ahf/
cfOk'Ug eg] c‰} afFsL lyof] . ToxfFaf6 b]lvg] lxdfnsf b[Zox¿ ;fx«}
dgdf]xs lyP . eQmk|;fbn] sf7df8f}Fsf] Orª\u'dflysf] 8fF8faf6 nfª\6fª
29
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
lxdfn / u0f]z lxdfn t b]v]sf] lyof] . t/ oxfFaf6 b]lvg] lxdfnsf] b[Zo
clns a]Un} lyof] . o;f] x]bf{ lxdfnL z[ª\vnfn] kf]v/fnfO{ ´jfKk} 5f]k]sf]
h:tf] nfUYof] .
k"mndfofnfO{ lxdfnx¿af/] klg plQs} hfgsf/L lyof] . æev{/ 3fd
‰'Ns]sf] kj{t …af}4Ú lxdfn xf] . To;kl5 afofFkl§sf] xfQLsf] 9f8h:tf]
r'r'/f]rflxF …ndh'ªÚ lxdfn xf] . clg To;s} 5]pdf plePsf] cUnf] lzv/
…cGgk"0ff{ bf];|f]Ú xf] . ;a}eGbf k/ Psbd afofF5]pdf b]lvPsf] rflxF
…cGgk"0ff{ klxnf]Ú xf] . oxfF b]vfk/]sf dWo]sf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] lzv/ ToxL
xf],Æ pgn] elgg\ .
30
lxhf] vf]nfsf gfpFx¿ ;'g]/ eQm] lhNn k/]sf] lyof] . cfh lxdfnsf
gfpF ;'g]/ pm cndNn k¥of] .
æpM x]/ eQm], Tof]rflxF df5fk'R5«] xf],Æ k"mndfofn] Pp6f r'r'/f]
b]vfpFb} elgg\ . df5fk'R5«]sf] gfpF t eQm]n] klg ;'g]sf] lyof] . To;}n] gfpF
lngf;fy p;n] rgfvf] eP/ ´ofnaflx/ x]¥of] . lk/fld8h:tf] cfsf/sf]
sfnf] r§fg dfly / 7fpF7fpFdf lxpF y'lk|Psf] To; ljzfn kj{tnfO{ p;n]
;fd'Gg] b]Vof] . Tof] kj{t slt cUnf] lyof] eg] To;nfO{ x]g{ otfptf
6fpsf] prfNbf eQm]sf] 6f]kL g} v:of] . t/ eQm]n] df5fk'R5«] lzv/nfO{
df5fsf] k'R5/h:tf] kfPg . p;n] k"mndfofnfO{ ;f]lwxfNof], ælbbL, of] t
df5fsf] k'R5/h:tf] b]lvFb}g lg <Æ
v;]sf] 6f]kL Ps xftn] l6k]/ eQm]sf] yfKnfdf nufOlbFb} k"mndfofn]
elgg\, æwt\ nf6f Û ;a}lt/af6 To:tf] b]lvFb}g . t/ kf]v/faf6 3fGb|'s
ufpFlt/ uof} eg] rflxF df5fs} k'R5/h:tf] b]lvG5 .Æ
k"mndfofsf] s'/f hfFRgnfO{ dfq} eP klg p;n] 3fGb|'s hfg] lgZro
u¥of] . p;n] k"mndfofnfO{ klg cfˆgf] c7f]6 ;'gfof] .
æklxn] kf]v/f g} 3'd, clg 3fGb|'s hfpnfpm,Æ k"mndfofn] elgg\ .
kf]v/fdf Pp6f 7"nf] tfn, zx/nfO{ lr/]/ au]sf] ;]tLgbL, dx]Gb|u'kmf cflb
x]g{ nfossf 7fpFx¿ ePsf] s'/f k"mndfofn] atfOg\ .
k"mndfofsf] 6«s kf]v/f zx/leq l5gf{;fy eQm]nfO{ 56k6L x'g
yfNof] . p;nfO{ 6«saf6 k'mQ xfd kmflnxfn"F h:tf] nfUof] . sxfF hfpmF,
s;f] u¿F h:tf] eof] . t/ lsg To:tf] eO/x]5 eGg] p;}nfO{ yfxf lyPg .
k"mndfofn] p;sf] 56k6L eg] a'l‰xflng\ .
æglhs} 7"nf] tfn 5 eg]/ ltd|f] hLpnfO{ yfxf eO;Sof] h:tf] 5 .
ltdLn] kfgLdf v]Ng gkfPsf] w]/} lbg eof] xf]nf . To;}n] ltdLnfO{ kfgLdf
8'a'NsL dfg{ 56k6L eO/x]5 .Æ olt eg]/ k"mndfofn] km]jftfnsf] glhs
gbL / kj{tx¿
31
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
nu]/ 6«s /f]lslbOg\ . eQmk|;fbsf nflu 9f]sf vf]Nb} k"mndfofn] elgg\,
ækm]l/ e]6f}Fnf x} eQm] Û gbL / kj{tlt/ ofqf ubf{ xf]; k'¥ofpg" . n hfpm
x} ÛÆ eQm]nfO{ 5f8]/ kms{g kbf{ k"mndfofsf] cg'xf/ dlng b]lvGYof] .
6«saf6 ´jfDd xfdkmfn]/ eQmk|;fb ;/f;/ km]jftfnlt/ bf}8\of] .
k"mndfofsf] 6«s la:tf/} df]l8P/ w"nf] / w'jfF p8fpFb} uof] . t/ eQm]n]
k5fl8 kms]{/ x]l//xg EofPg . p;nfO{ kfgLdf ´jfDd xfd kmfNg] afx]s
csf]{ s'g} ;'/} lyPg . p;n] Toltsf kfgL b]v]/ dgdg} ljrf/ u¥of],
æcxf, slt w]/} kfgL Û slQ 7"nf] kf]v/L Û kf]v/L xf]Og, of] t tfn kf] xf]
t Û tfn xf]Og ;d'b| xf] . xf]Og dxf;fu/ xf] . cfxf Û xh'/afnfO{ of]
dxf;fu/ b]vfpg kfP Sof dhf x'GYof] ÛÆ
32
kf]v/]nL ef]h
eQmk|;fb Tof] …dxf;fu/Útkm{ nlDs/x]s} a]nf eQmk|;fbs} h'DNofxf
eGg ;'xfpg] Pp6f Eofu'tf] b]vfk¥of] . eQmk|;fbnfO{ nIo ub}{ pm s/fof],
æPO k'8\s] Û dnfO{ g;f]wL d]/f] Onfsfdf lsg kl;;\ < tF cfk"mnfO{ s]
7fG5;\ xF <Æ
t/ p;nfO{ s]xL jf:tf gu/L eQmk|;fb tfnsf] l8ndf k'Uof] /
a'n'{Ss pk]|m/ ´jfDd kfgLdf xfd kmfNof] . klxn] leq;Dd uf]tf nufof] /
To;kl5 kf}8g yfNof] . clg cfgGbn] b'O{ xftsf] l;/fgL nfP/ pQfgf]
k/]/ t}l//x\of] . nfdf] ;do;Dd kfgLdf t}/g gkfPsf] eQm]n] cfˆgf]
z/L/nfO{ 6Gg lehfpg] df}sf kfof] . To;kl5 pm lsgf/df /x]sf] lxnfdf
cfP/ a]:s/L n8La'8L v]Ng yfNof] . p;nfO{ To;/L lxnfdf n8La'8L v]Ng
v"a dhf nfUYof] . v]nsf] ;'/df w]/} kl5dfq p;nfO{ s;}n] x]l//x]‰}F
nfUof] . geGb} pmh:t} Pp6f Eofu'tf] glhs}sf] 9'Ëfdfly 6'qm'Ss a;]/
p;}nfO{ x]l//x]sf] lyof] . eQm–k|;fbsf] cfFvf h'Wg]lalQs} Tof] Eofu'tf]
s/fof] . æs] u¥of xF, csf{sf] 7fpFdf cfP/ ÛÆ
ædfkm u/ x} Û olQsf kfgL b]v]/ dg yfDg} ;lsgF . ltdLl;t ;f]Wg
klg la;]{F,Æ eQ]mn] ;kmfO lbof] .
æltdL d]/f] Onfsfdf 5f} . xfd|f] cg'xf/ ldn]/dfq} xf] gq ltdLnfO{
cl3 g} k|x/L af]nfP/ ;dfTg nfpFy]F . b]lvg t ltdL d]/f ;fSv}
bfh'efOh:tf b]lvG5f}, t/ vf;df ltdL sf] xf} <Æ
33
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
lxnfd} a;La;L eQmk|;fbn] 5f]6s/Ldf cfˆgf] ofqfsf] ljj/0f lbof] /
eGof], æPs lsl;dn] xfdL bfh'efO g} xf}F . xfd|F] cg'xf/ ldn]sf] rflxF
xfdL Pp6} hfltsf ePsfn] xf] . xfd|F] hfltnfO{ j}1flgsx¿n] …/fgf
l6lu|gfÚ eGb5g\ . of] hflt u9jfnb]lv l;lSsd;Ddsf] k"/} dWokxf8L
efudf kfOG5,Æ eQmk|;fbn] lgs} a'‰Ss8 eP/ atfof] .
eQm]sf] s'/fn] k|hfklt tLg5s kl//x]sf] lyof] . Tof] b]v]/ eQm]n] c‰}
hfGg] eP/ yKof], æo:t} 7"nf] csf]{ tfn klZrd g]kfndf klg 5 .
To;nfO{ /f/ftfn elgG5 . To; tfndf ;+;f/df cGt gkfOg] Eofu'tfsf]
Ps hflt a:b5 . To; hfltnfO{ j}1flgsx¿n] …/fgf/f/fÚ sf] gfd lbPsf
5g\\, a'́ of} <Æ
eQmk|;fbsf] hjfkmn] kf]v/fsf] Eofu'tfsf] lrQ a'́ of] . æp;f] eP
7Ls} 5 . d]/f] gfd k|hfklt kf]v/]nL xf] . 5f]6s/Ldf kLkL eg] x'G5 .
h:tf] ltd|f] gfd aLkL xf] .Æ olt eg]/ k|hfklt klg lxnfdf xfd kmfNof] .
p;nfO{ klg eQmk|;fbnfO{ h:t} lxnfdf n8La'8L v]Ng dg kbf]{ /x]5 .
k|hfkltsf] lgwf/df Pp6f vt lyof] . Toltn] ubf{ dfq} pm /
eQmk|;fb 5'l§Gy] . pgLx¿ sf7df8f}F / kf]v/fsf hLjhGt', dflg; /
jftfj/0faf/] s'/f ug{ nfu] . s'/f ubf{ub}{ ‰dSs ;fF‰ k/]sf] pgLx¿nfO{
kQ} ePg . h"gsL/Lx¿ kmf6km'6 b]lvg yfn] . clg k|hfklt ‰;Ë eof] /
eGof], æP˜˜ ‰G8} la;]{sf] Û hfpFm lxF8, cfh ef]h 5 .Æ
kf]v/]nLx¿ ;of}F jif{b]lv km]jftfns} lsgf/df /xFb}a:b} cfPsf lyP .
To;lbg kf]v/]nL vnssf] /f]kfOFsf] ef]h lyof] . dfG5]x¿ afnL sf6]/
leœofpg] a]nf …bz}FÚ dgfpF5g\ . t/ Eofu'tfx¿sf] bz}F eg]sf] /f]kfOFs} a]nf
k5{, lsgeg] To; ;dodf wfgv]tdf k|z:t sL/fkm6\ofª\u|f kfOG5g\ .
klxn] t eQmk|;fb kf]v/]nL ef]hdf hfg dfg]sf] lyPg . t/ kLkLn]
hf]8 u/]kl5 eQm] pm;Fu} lxF8\of] . pgLx¿ ‰ndNn aQLn] pHofnf] ePsf]
34
…n]s;fO8Ú k'u] . ToxfF 6Gg /]:6'/fF / nhx¿ lyP . clxn]sf] …n]s;fO8Ú
df nh / /]:6'/fFx¿ aGg'cl3 wfgv]t lyof] egL kLkLn] atfof] . ækf]v/f
cfpg] xhf/f}F ko{6sx¿ w]/}h;f] ot}lt/ a:g] u5{g\ . clxn] …ckm l;hgÚ
ePsfn] w]/} ko{6s 5}gg\ . xfdL h'g /]:6'/fFdf uP klg x'G5,Æ kLkLn]
eQm]nfO{ eGof] .
æ…ckm l;hgÚ eg]sf] s] xf] <Æ eQm]n] ;f]Wof] .
æko{6sx¿nfO{ kfgL k/]sf] dg kb}{g Sof . To;}n] pgLx¿ jiff{ofddf
kf]v/f cfpFb}gg\ . pgLx¿ cfPgg\ eg] …ckm l;hgÚ x'G5 .Æ
kfgL k/]sf] dg gk/fpg] k|f0fL klg x'Fbf /x]5g\ eGg] ;'Gbf eQm]nfO{
v'a} xfF; p7\of] . eQm] / kLkL o:t} s'/fdf 7§f ub}{ Pp6f /]:6'/fFleq
k;] . ToxfF kf]v/]nL vnssf] kf6L{ rln/x]sf] lyof] . Pp6f Eofu'tf]
kf]v/]nL ef]h
35
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
…Eofu't] ¥ofkÚ gfds w'g ahfpFb} lyof] . ToxL w'gdf Eofu'tfx¿ d:t;Fu
gfRt} lyP . tLdWo] sltrflxF c‰} k'R5/ ‰l/g;s]sf km'Rrfx¿ lyP .
rfp/L k/]sf a"9fa"9Lx¿ klg x"ndf plk|m/x]sf b]lvGy] . ToxfFsf j]6/x¿
eg] dfG5]x¿ g} lyP . pgLx¿ r'?dr'?d x'g] u/L e'6]sf dfvfx¿ Pp6f
yfndf xfn]/ ;a}lt/ 8'nfO/x]sf lyP . ef/tsf] laxf/b]lv l‰sfOPsf
dfvfsf y/Ly/Lsf kl/sf/ agfOPsf lyP . tf/]sf dfvf, e'6]sf dfvf,
t]ndf ;fFw]sf dfvf, u|LgˆnfO{ ;'k / ˆnfO{ /fO;— s]s] dfq} lyPgg\ /
ToxfF .
kf]v/]nL Eofu'tfx¿sf] rfn9fn / 7fF6afF6 b]v]/ sf7df8f}Fsf] sfF7af6
cfPsf] eQmk|;fb cfZro{rlst eof] . xftdf lr;f] dfv]h'; lnP/ pm
Pp6f s'gfdf 6';'Ss a:of] . ;ª\uLtsf] tfn ‰g\‰g\ tLj| / rsf]{ x'Fb}
lyof] . /ft hlthlt l5lKkFb} uof] pltplt g} Eofu'tfx¿ pk|mFb} lyP .
dWo/ftlt/ t Eofu'tfx¿ pk]|m/ /]:6'/fFsf] blng 5'g] eO;s]sf lyP .
pgLx¿ ;ª\uLtsf] ;'/df pk|mGy], blngdf 7Ss/ vfFb} e'OFdf ahfl/Gy] .
kf]v/fsf Eofu'tfx¿ x]/L sf7df8f}Fsf sfF7sf Eofu'tfx¿sf] hLjgz}nL
stf xf] stf km/s lyof] . æPp6} vns eO{sg klg sqf] leGgtf <Æ
eQmk|;fbn] ljrf/ u¥of] . ko{6sx¿;Fusf] ;/;ª\ut, b]zljb]zsf] 3'dfO /
k};fsf] cfDbfgLn] ubf{ kf]v/fsf Eofu'tfx¿sf] hLjgz}nLdf o;/L kl/jt{g
cfPsf] /x]5 eGg] p;n] nv sf6\of] .
k|fs[lts ljsf;qmddf Eofu'tfx¿ clxn]sf] cj:yf;Dd cfOk'u]sf
lyP . hfg]/ xf];\ jf cGhfgd} xf];\ kf]v/]nLx¿ o; ljsf;sf] qmdnfO{
klg pl5Gg] t/v/df b]lvGy] . of] s'/f] 7Ls xf] of xf]Og egL v'6\ofpg
;Sg] a'l4 eQmk|;fbsf] lyPg . eQmk|;fbn] gflr/x]sf Eofu'tfx¿sf] x"ndf
6fpsfdf vt ePsf] kLkLnfO{ 7Dofof] . eQm]n] xfF:t} …lxF8]FÚ eg]/ O;f/fn]
xft xNnfof] / kLkLn] a; eg]/ hf]8 ug{ gkfpFb} pm /]:6'/fFaf6 km'Q
36
lgl:sxfNof] . clg km]jftfn lsgf/df cfP/ Pp6f b'nfleq kN6\of] .
p;nfO{ ef]lnkN6 rfF8} p7]/ 3fGb|'s hfg' lyof] .
kf]v/]nLx¿sf] kf6L{df b]v]sf s'/fn] eQm]sf] duh lgs} vNalnof] . s]
7Ls xf], s] a]7Ls xf] p;n] a'́ g} ;s]g . kN6]/ log} s'/f ;f]Rt} eQm]
lgbfof] . To; /ft xh'/af a'l4k|;fb km]l/ eQm]sf] ;kgfdf cfof] .
æcfw'lgs x'g' g/fd|f] xf]Og eQm] Û t/ Ps} ‰8\sfdf rlncfPsf] k/Dk/fnfO{
x6fpg' klg /fd|f] xf]Og . o;f] ePdf xfd|f ;Gtfg /ge'Nndf k5{g\ .
pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|f]g/fd|f] 5'6\ofpg ufx«f] k5{ . h] s'/f klg clt ePkl5
vlt x'G5 . To;}n] gofF ;+:s[lt cFufNbf lgs} Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . n, ca
;'t\ eQm] .Æ
kf]v/]nL ef]h
37
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
df5fk'R5«]sf] vf]hLdf
df5fsf] k'R5/h:t} lxdfno x]g{ 3fGb|'s k'Ug'k5{ eg]/ k"mndfofn]
eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ eQmk|;fbn] la;]{sf] lyPg . csf]{ lbg laxfg pm la:tf/}
km]jftfnsf] lsgf/ 5f8]/ kf]v/fsf] ahf/lt/ nfUof] . v'nf kmfF6df
7fpF7fpFdf 9'Ëfsf] kvf{nn] 3]/]/ 38]/L / af/L 5'6\ofpg] rng kf]v/fsf]
ljz]iftf g} xf] . pm ltg} kvf{nx¿nfO{ gf£b} cl3 a9\of] . a]nfa]nfdf
yfs]/ eQm] kLknsf] 5xf/Ldf ;':tfpg] klg uYof]{ .
kf]v/fsf] d'Vo ahf/df n:s/} k'/fgf 3/x¿ 5g\ . kf]v/f ahf/sf]
aLraf6 uPsf] d"n ;8s x'Fb} eQm] XØfª\hflt/ nfUof] . To; ;8sdf
rNg] 6«s / 6\ofS;Lx¿af6 hf]luFb} eQmk|;fb …km]bLÚ n]lvPsf] ;"rgfkf6L
ePsf] 7fpFdf cfOk'Uof] . km]bLaf6 wDk'; k'Ug 7f8} psfnf] r9\g'k5{ .
eQm]nfO{ psfnf] lxF8\g dg kb}{gYof] . t/ oxfF s]xL pkfo lyPg .
To;}n] pm la:tf/} psfnf] nfUof] . eQm] hlthlt dfly pSnFb} hfGYof],
p;sf] bd klg pltplt g} km'Nb} cfpFYof] . p;sf v'§f klg sfFKg yfn] .
p;nfO{ l/Fu6f nfu]h:tf] eof] . hLpsf] 5fnf sqmSs k/]/ ;'Svf eof] .
pm h]gt]g 3l;|Fb}kl;|Fb} lxFl8/x]sf] lyof] . æP˜˜ nf];] Eofu'tf Û af6f] 5f8\,
gq lslrldrL xf]nf;\,Æ p;sf] kl5lNt/af6 7"nf] :j/n] sf]xL s/fof] .
p;n] 6fpsf] p7fP/ x]bf{ vfg] s'/fsf] ef/L af]s]/ kl;gfn] lgy'|Ss leh]sf]
el/of lgx'l/Psf] b]Vof] .
ænf} g bfO, hgL u/]/ of] psfnf] s6fOlbg';\ g ÛÆ eQmk|;fbn]
38
el/of;Fu cg'/f]w u¥of] . c;gdf hutaxfb'/sf] 8f]sfdfly r9\bf ePsf]
;'la:tf p;nfO{ ofb cfof] .
æhfg] xf] < nf} cfOh ÛÆ eg]/ p;n] Eofu'tfnfO{ b'O{ cf}Fnfn] l6k]/
cfˆgf] 8f]sfdfly r9fof] . aNn Eofu'tfsf] Hofgdf Hofg cfof] .
ælxF8\g gk/]df …6«]lsªÚ ug'{ v"a /dfOnf] x'G5, ls s;f] <Æ ef/Lsf]
af]‰n] v'Ov'O ub}{ el/ofn] eGof] . krf; lsnf] eGbf ux|f}F ef/L af]ls/x]sf]
To; el/ofsf] gfpF xL/faxfb'/ lyof] . pm …6«]lsª u|'kÚsf] ef/L af]s]/
3fGb|'s hfFb} lyof] .
æd tkfO{+;Fu 3fGb|'s;Dd} hfG5' x'Gg <Æ eQm]n] df}sf 5f]k]/ eGof] .
æeOxfN5 lg ÛÆ
k"mndfofnfO{ ‰}F xL/faxfb'/nfO{ klg w]/} s'/f yfxf /x]5 . p;n] kfgL
vfgnfO{ Pp6f rf}tf/Ldf ef/L la;fpFbf eQmk|;fbn] cfˆgf] hLp klg
lehfof] / df5fsf] k'R5/h:tf] lxdfnsf] s'/f l‰Sof] . æ3fGb|'s k'Ug] af6faf6
b]lvxfN5f} lg df5fsf] k'R5/, geP d b]vfOlbpFnf,Æ xL/faxfb'/n] eQm]]nfO{ 9f8;
lbFb} eGof] .
8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf wDk'; cfOk'u]kl5 ToxfFaf6 cGgk"0ff{ lxdfnsf]
z[ª\vnf 5n{Ë b]lvof] . df5fk'R5«] klg b]lvof], t/ a]Un} 9fFrfsf] . oxfFaf6
df5fk'R5«]sf] vf]hLdf
39
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
x]bf{ df5fk'R5«] ;'O/f]h:tf] r'Rrf] lyPg . r'r'/fsf] kl5lNt/ 6';'Ss a;]sf]
csf]{ ;fgf] r'r'/f] klg b]lvGYof] .
wDk';af6 3fGb|'s hfFbf af6fdf csf]{ ufpF nfGb|'ª k5{ . t/ eQm]n]
af6f3f6flt/ plt Wofg lbPg . p;sf] Psf]xf]/f] Wofg df5fk'R5«]df lyof] .
pm t cfsf/ ablnof] ls eg]/ 3l/3l/ kj{tlt/} dfq x]g]{ uYof]{ .
Pp6f vf]nf] t/]/ psfnf] nfu]kl5 aNn 3fGb|'s cfOk'Uof] . ToxfF
k'Ubf t df5fk'R5«] 7\ofDd} df5fsf] k'R5/h:t} b]lvof] . ædf5fk'R5«] eg]sf]
7Ls} /}Ú5,Æ v';Ln] pk|mFb} Eofu'tf] xL/faxfb'/sf] sfg}df s/fof] .
3fGb|'s Pp6f nf]slk|o ko{6s:yn xf] lsgeg] oxfFaf6 cGgk"0ff{sf]
z[ª\vnf dhf;Fu b]lvG5 . oxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿sf sf/0f klg of] 7fpF k|l;4
5 . oxfFsf ufpFn]x¿ ldnLh'nL sfd ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf w]/} ufpFx¿df
cfw'lgs ;Eotfn] ubf{ k/Dk/f / ;+:s[lt x/fpFb} uPsf] 5 . t/ 3fGb|'sdf
eg] ToxfFsf ufpFn]x¿n] cfˆgf] k/Dk/f / ;+:s[ltnfO{ hf]ufO/fv]sf /x]5g\
eGg] a'́ of] eQmk|;fbn] .
40
3fGb|'sdf w]/} /fd|f/fd|f nhx¿ 5g\ . xL/faxfb'/l;t labfaf/L eP/
ltg}dWo] Pp6fdf eQmk|;fb l5¥of] . To; nhsf] ;ª\s]tkf6Ldf …lb dfpG6]g
Eo" PG8 rSn]6 k'l8ª nhÚ eg]/ n]lvPsf] lyof] . æg'xfpgnfO{ tftf]
kfgLsf] Joj:yf 5Æ eGg] hfgsf/L klg To; ;"rgfkf6Ldf lbOPsf] lyof] .
tftf] kfgLn] g'xfpg'knf{ eg]/ eQm]sf] cfª l;l/Ë eof], lsgeg] Eofu'tfnfO{
tftf] kfgL dg kb}{g . eQm]n] g'xfpg] ljrf/ 5f8\of] / nhsf] cl3lNt/
rf}/df /flvPsf] s';L{df a:of] . ToxLF a;]/ pm df5fk'R5«]nfO{ Ps6s x]g{
yfNof] . cflv/ pm ToxL x]g{} eg]/ Tolt 6f9faf6 cfPsf] lyof] . xhf/f}F
lkm6dfly plePsf] lxpF / r§fgsf] To; r'r'/fn] ;fFlRrs} df5fn] ‰}F
k'R5/ xNnfP/ jl/kl/sf] afbnnfO{ 5tf5'Nn kfnf{ h:t} b]lvGYof] .
eQmk|;fbn] Tof] lbg cGgk"0ff{ lxdfn x]/]/ g} latfof] . 3fd c:tfpg]
a]nfdf t ‰g} dgdf]xs b[Zo b]lvof] . lxdfnsf] /ª km]l/P/ lgSv/ ;]tf]
/ªaf6 ;'Gtn], /ftf], ;'gf}nf clg 3fd k"/} 8'a]kl5 km';|f] eof] . ;fF‰
kg]{lalQs} …cGgk"0ff{ blIf0fÚ sf] 6'Kkf]kl5lNt/af6 k"l0f{dfsf h"g pbfP .
h"gsf] pHofnfdf kx/]bf/h:t} plePsf tL lxdfnn] k'mRr] Eofu'tfnfO{
x]l//x]‰}F nfUbYof] . To:tf] ;'Gb/tf b]v]]/ n6\7 k/]sf] eQmk|;fb efjfj]zdf
æSof uha Û Sof uha ÛÆ eg]/ s/fof] .
nh5]ps} af6faf6 Psgf; cfO/x]sf] 6fª6fª6'ª6'ªsf] cfjfhn]
eQm]sf] Wofg efFl8of] . h"gsf] pHofnfdf /ËLrËL uxgf / km'sf{ nufPsf]
Pp6f vRr8 p;n] b]Vof] . To; vRr8n] 3fF6Ldf afFw]sf] 7"nf] 306Laf6}
6fª6fª6'ª6'ª cfjfh cfPsf] /x]5 .
9'Ë]kvf{nlg/ cfP/ Tof] vRr8 /f]lsof] / leqlt/ x]/]/ p;n] eGof],
æuha 5 af < clg Eofu'tf] eP/ klg af]lNbg] <Æ
s'/fsfgL ug{ l;kfn' eQmk|;fb pk|mFb} cl3 a9\of] / vRr8l;t
lrgf–krL{ ul/xfNof] . vRr8sf] gfpF zflnu|fd zdz]/ lyof] . pm
df5fk'R5«]sf] vf]hLdf
41
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
sfnLu08sL Onfsfdf ;fx"x¿sf] ef/L v]Kg] uYof]{ .
s'/}s'/fdf zflnu|fdn] eGof], æd clxn] hf]d;f]d hfg lxF8]sf] Û
hf]d;f]d cGgk"0ff{ lxdfnsf] kl5lNt/, pQ/df k5{ . d;Fu hfg] xf] <Æ
eQmk|;fbn] t vf]h]s} ToxL lyof] . pm t/fO{ 3'ld;s]sf] lyof] .
dWokxf8L efu klg p;n] b]lvxfNof] . ca lxdfno kf/ u/]/ To;sf]
pQ/kl§ k'Ug] df}sf pm lsg 5f8\Yof] .
ænf} g zflnu|fd ;/, dnfO{ klg n}hfg';\ g,Æ eQm]n] ljgd| eP/
cg'/f]w u¥of] .
cfˆgf] k'R5/ / 6fpsf] b'j} xNnfpFb} uw{gsf] 306L ahfP/
zflnu|fdn] :jLs[lt hgfof] . p;n] Eofu'tfnfO{ cfk"mn] af]s]sf] rfdnsf]
af]/fdfly r9\g nufof] / eGof], æ/fd|f];Fu 8f]/L ;dfP/ a; . af6f] v/fa
5 . lrKn]/ n8\of} eg] Ps}rf]l6 gbLdf k'U5f} .Æ
To;kl5 clGtdkN6 eQmk|;fbn] df5fk'R5«]nfO{ x]¥of] / dw'/f] :j/df
æuPF x}Æ eg]/ labf lnof] . eQm]nfO{ df5fk'R5«]n] klg cfˆgf] k'R5/
xNnfP/ labf lbP ‰}F nfUof] . eQmk|;fb rfdnsf] ef/Ldfly 8f]/L ;dft]/
cf/fdn] a:of] . vRr8sf] Psgf;sf] rfndf eQmk|;fb lgbfof] . zflnu|fd
eg] cfˆg} ;'/df sfnLu08sLsf] tL/}tL/ pQ/lt/ al9/x\of] .
42
:ofp / zflnu|fd
hf]d;f]d hfg] af6f] s'g}s'g} 7fpFdf t rf}8f lyof] . t/ s'g} 7fpFdf
eg] Psbd} ;fFu'/f] eP/ eL/kx/faf6 hfg'kYof]{ . ToxL af6f] eP/ ljb]zL
ko{6s, el/of / tLy{ofqLx¿ klg uO/x]sf lyP . Pp6f v'§f lrKNof] ls
zflnu|fd / eQm] b'j}hgf sfnLu08sLsf] kfgLdf df5fsf] vfhf aGy] .
pgLx¿ xl/of hËn x'Fb}, 5ª5ª ug]{ ‰/gf / lxdfnx¿ x]b}{ pQ/tkm{
a9\b} uP . hlt pQ/ nfUof] lxdfnsf] cfsf/ klg km]l/Fb} hfGYof] . 5]pdf
sfnLu08sL uh{Fb} / kmLFh lgsfNb} Psgf; alu/x]sf] x'GYof] . lxdfnoaf6
aUg] gbLdWo] sfnLu08sL ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL gbL xf] eGg] h:tf cg]s
s'/f ;D‰fpFb} cl3 a9\Yof] zflnu|fd .
k"j{kl§ cGgk"0ff{ / klZrdkl§ ljzfn wjnflul/ lxdfnnfO{ aLrdf
lr/]/ ulx/f] vf]Fr agfpFb} sfnLu08sL au]sf] lyof] .
æyfxf 5 eQm] of] ;+;f/sf] ;aeGbf ulx/f] vf]Fr xf] <Æ vRr8n]
eGof] .
3fGb|'saf6 lxF8]sf] s]xL lbgkl5 eQmk|;fbn] km/skm/s lsl;dsf
b[Zox¿ b]Vg yfNof] . wfgv]t / xl/of hËn ePsf] dWo–kxf8L g]kfnaf6
ca pgLx¿ d?e"ldh:tf] b]lvg] pQ/L efudf k:t} lyP . xl/of w"kLsf
¿vx¿ kl5lNt/ 5fl8P . ca ltgsf 7fpFdf 7'6] / sfF8] kf]y|fkf]y|Lx¿dfq
b]lvg yfn] . kf]v/f / 3fGb|'ssf 5]p5fpdf kfOg] vfnsf ¿vkftx¿
b]lvg 5f8] . ltgsf 7fpFdf htftt} r§fg / afn'jfdfq b]lvGy] . af/Ldf
43
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
wfg / ux'Fsf] ;f6f] st}st} hf}sf] afnL nufOPsf] lyof], clg 5kSs}
nufOPsf lyP :ofpsf af]6x¿ Û
eQmk|;fbn] 5]j}df ‰'lG8Psf] Pp6f :ofp l6k]/ rfVof] .
dfkmf{ ufpF k'u]kl5 ToxfF y'k|} vRr8x¿ e]l6P . pgLx¿ ef/L cf];fg{
kf]v/f ‰g{ nfu]sf lyP . zflnu|fdn] tL ;a} vRr8x¿;Fu 5f]6f]
44
enfs';f/L u¥of] .
dfkmf{ ufpF c;fWo ;'Gb/ 5 . af6fsf bfofFafofF b'j}tkm{ /]:6'/fF /
nhx¿ 5g\ . otflt/ w]/} kfgL gkg]{ ePsfn] oxfFsf 3/sf 5fgf le/fnf
agfOPsf x'Fb}gg\ . oxfFsf 3/sf d'G8f 5fgf df6fsf x'G5g\ . k|To]s
3/sf 5fgfdf bfp/fsf ef/L tx nufP/ /flvPsf] x'G5 . To;/L /flvPsf
bfp/fsf ef/Lcg';f/ dflg;sf] cf}sft hfFlrG5 eg]/ zflnu|fdn] eQm]nfO{
a'‰fof] .
9'Ëf 5fk]/ agfOPsf] dfkmf{ ufpFsf] d"naf6f] ;kmf lyof] . ;a}sf
3/cfFug l;lgQ b]lvGy] . pgLx¿ kmf]xf]/nfO{ 9ndf ldNsfpFy] . sf7df8f}F
/ kf]v/fsf] bfFhf]df dfkmf{ / 3fGb|'sh:tf ufpFx¿ olt la£g ;kmf b]v]/
eQmk|;fbnfO{ xfd|f zx/x¿ lsg Tolt kmf]xf]/ ePsf xf]nfg\ eGg] nfUof] .
t/ of] k|Zg zflnu|fdnfO{ ;f]Wg] s'/} ePg, lsgeg] p;nfO{ sfnLu08sL
Onfsfafx]s g]kfnsf c¿ 7fpFaf/] s]xL yfx} lyPg .
af6f]5]p Pp6f dfG5]n] sk8f cf]5ØfP/ To;dfly sfnf /ªsf
9'Ëfx¿ /fv]/ a]lr/x]sf] lyof] . zflnu|fdn] eQm]nfO{ tL 9'Ëf b]vfpFb} eGof],
ænf}, oL 9'Ëfx¿nfO{ /fd|f]l;t x]/ .Æ eQmk|;fbn] tL sfnf 9'Ëfx¿df
:ofp / zflnu|fd
45
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
ljlrqsf cfs[ltx¿ sf]l/Psf b]Vof] .
zflnu|fdn] p;nfO{ a'‰fpFb} eGof], æoL 9'Ëfx¿ clt k|frLg
hLjhGt'sf cjz]ifx¿ x'g\ . lognfO{ cª\u]|hLdf …cfdf]gfO6Ú eG5g\ .
s/f]8f}F jif{cl3 of] 7fpF dxf;fu/d'lg 8'a]sf] lyof] . kfgLleq y'k|}
hLjhGt'x¿ lyP, hf] kl5 d/] / df6f]d'lg lylrP . nfvf}F jif{cl3 k[YjLsf]
¿k/]vf ablnFb} uof] . clg oL ;a} kxf8kj{t dxf;fu/sf] ulx/fOaf6
p7]/ dfly cfP . log} kj{tx¿nfO{ ulx/f]l;t lr/]/ sfnLu08sL aUgfn]
oL 9'Ëfx¿ aflx/ lgl:sPsf x'g\ . jf:tjdf log} 9'Ëfx¿n] ubf{
sfnLu08sLIf]q k|l;4 5 . oL 9'ËfnfO{ b]ptfs} :j¿k dflgG5 /
dflg;x¿ logsf] k"hf u5{g\ .Æ
ænf} eg t lognfO{ g]kfnLdf s] eG5g\ <Æ vRr8n] ;f]Wof] .
eQmk|;fbn] aNn yfxf kfof] . p;n] t'?Gt} hjfkm lbof], æzflnu|fd Û
lognfO{ zflnu|fd eG5g\, bfO Û ÛÆ
46
sfnLu08sLsf] atf;
ds}sf] 9'6f] vfO;s]kl5 ufpF5]j}sf] vf]N;fdf uP/ zflnu|fdn] 6Gg
kfgL vfof] . To;kl5 pgLx¿ hf]d;f]dlt/ nfu] . lbpF;f]sf] o:t} afx«Ps
ah]sf] x'Fbf] xf], af6fdf crfgs s8f xfjf rNg yfNof] . Ps}l5gd} x'/L
rn]h:t} eof] . t/ cfsfzdf eg] afbn Ps/lQ b]lvFb}gYof] / kfgL kg]{
s'g} 5fF6 klg lyPg . x'/Ln] kl5lNt/af6 ;;fgf 9'Ëf / sÍ8x¿ p8fP/
NofpFYof] . tL 9'Ëfx¿ hLpdf alh|P/ eQmk|;fbnfO{ x}/fg kfy]{ .
x'/Ln] eQmk|;fbsf] 6f]kL klg p8fof] . of] b]Vg]lalQs} zflnu|fd
6f]kLsf] kl5kl5 bu'¥of] . Tof] 6f]kL 3/L ¿veGbf dfly;Dd p8\Yof], 3/L
e'OFdf ‰/]/ rSs/ vfFb} k/k/ k'UYof] . PskN6 vRr8sf] cl3Nnf] v'§fn]
6f]kLnfO{ e]§fO;s]sf] lyof] . t/ To;}a]nf xfjfn] km]l/ To;nfO{ p8fOxfNof] .
eQmk|;fbrflxF æpm Totf, TotfÆ eg]/ b]vfpFb} 3f]8r9Ln] ‰}F zflnu|fdnfO{
x'6x'6\ofpFYof] . s]xLa]/ o;}k|sf/ 6f]kLnv]6fO rln/XØf] . sfnLu08sLsf]
a]tf]8sf] xfjfx'/Lsf] cl3lNt/ ef/L af]s]sf vRr8sf] s]xL hf]8 rn]g .
kl;gfn] lgy'|Ss ePsf] zflnu|fdn] cflv/df 6f]kL nv]6\g 5f8\of] .
eQmk|;fbsf] 6f]kL Psl5gd} sfnLu08sLkf/L au/df k'Uof] . :ofF:ofF
ub}{ zflnu|fdn] eGof], æ6f]kL p8fP/ s:tf] gdHhf eof] xlu < d}n] klxn]
g} eGg'kYof]{ . d]/f] klg z'l4 ePg .Æ
æs] eP/ xf], xfjf t la£g} hf]8n] rNbf] /x]5Æ, eQmk|;fbn] ;f]Wof] .
sfnLu08sLsf] dflyNnf] v08df o:tf] xfjfx'/L lbgx'F rNb5 egL
47
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
zflnu|fdn] Eofu'tfnfO{ atfof] . p;n] la:tf/l;t a'‰fpFb} eQmk|;fbnfO{
eGof], æk|To]s lbg lbpF;f] dWofGxlt/ pQ/L ef/t / g]kfnsf] t/fO{af6
tftf] xfjf lxdfnotkm{ p8]/ cfpF5 / To;sf] rfk a9\b} hfG5 . ltAatsf]
k7f/df xfjfsf] rfk Hofb} sd x'gfn] To;/L p8]/ cfPsf] xfjf ltAatsf]
k7f/lt/ hfg vf]H5 . t/ To;n] cUnf] lxdfno kj{tnfO{ gf£g ;St}g .
clg sfnLu08sLn] agfPsf] o; ulx/f] vf]Frsf] af6f] eP/
Tof] xfjf ltAatsf] k7f/;Dd k'Ub5 . To;}n] oxfF xfjf olt hf]8n] rn]sf]
xf] .Æ
æo; xfjfn] a6'jfnfO{ ;f:tL klg lbG5 / ;'la:tf klg,Æ zflnu|fdn]
eGof] . p;sf] egfOdf hf]d;f]daf6 3fGb|'s jf kf]v/flt/ ‰bf{ xfjfsf]
lbzfljk/Lt lxF8\g'k5{ . To;n] ubf{ ofqf nfdf] / sl7g x'G5 . t/
pQ/sf] sfua]gL ufpFlt/ hfg] xf] eg] rflxF xfjfn] kl5lNt/af6 7]n]/
lxF8\g ;lhnf] / l56f] klg x'G5 .
48
xfjfsf] ultaf/] o:tf j}1flgs s'/f ubf{ub}{ hf]d;f]d cfOk'Uof] . of]
Pp6f Jofkfl/s s]Gb|sf ;fy} nf]slk|o ko{6s:yn klg xf] . oxfF Pp6f
ljdfg:yn 5 . o; 7fpFsf] d'Vo cfsif{0f xf] gLnlul/ lxdfn, h;df
k/]sf] lxpFsf] y'k|fnfO{ xft}n] 5f]OPnf h:tf] nfUb5 .
hf]d;f]d cfOk'u]kl5 zflnu|fdnfO{ p;sf] ef/L la;fpg Pshgf
;fx"hLn] ;xof]u u/] . To;kl5 zflnu|fdn] xl/of 3fF; ePsf] rp/df rg{
kfof] . sfd /fd|f];Fu u/]afkt of] p;sf] k'/:sf/ lyof] .
ca Eofu'tf] / vRr8 5'l§g] a]nf eof] . zflnu|fdsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/
eQmk|;fb km6fkm6 pQ/lt/ nfUof] . kl5lNt/af6 xfjf hf]8n] rln/x]sf]
x'gfn] To;af6 eQmk|;fbsf] lxF8fOnfO{ lgs} ;3fp k'Uof] .
eQmk|;fb hltkN6 plk|mGYof], xfjfn] p;nfO{ lgs} k/;Dd x'TofP/
nfGYof] . xfjf grn]sf] eP eQmk|;fb ;fdfGo Ps km8\sf]df tLg lkm6;Dd
gf£g] uYof]{ . t/ xfjfsf]] ;xfotfn] ubf{ p;n] 5 lkm6sf] km8\sf]
dfl//x]sf] lyof] . To;} a]nf p;n] pN6f]lt/ lxFl8/x]sf s]xL /}yfg]
Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ b]Vof] . xfjfn] ubf{ tL Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ lgs} ;f:tL eO/x]sf]
lyof] . c¿ a]nf tLg lkm6sf] km8\sf] dfg]{ tL Eofu'tfx¿ xfjf rNgfn]
Ps8]9 lkm6dfq} gfl3/x]sf lyP .
bGbgfP/ cl3 al9/x]sf] eQmk|;fbn] dgdg} ;f]Rof], æo:tf] tfnn]
logLx¿ hf]d;f]d slxn] k'Unfg\ < oL Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ /f]s]/ aft dfg]{ t
s'/} ePg .Æ
sfnLu08sLsf] atf;
49
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
sfua]gLsf] gfnLa]nL
xfjfn] 7]n]sf] e/df eQmk|;fb l5§} g} sfua]gL cfOk'Uof] . of] 7fpF
cln ljlrqsf] lyof] . ufpFel/ g} lah'nLsf n6\7f / tf/x¿ lyP . t/
/ft k/]kl5 klg aQL st} an]sf] b]lvPg . g]kfnsf c¿ xhf/f}F ufpFx¿‰}F
sfua]gL klg k"/} cGwsf/df 8'a]sf] lyof] .
æof] s:tf] crDd <Æ eQmk|;fbn] ;f]Rof] .
ToxL a]nf stfaf6 xf] Pp6L …‰f]kfÚ 6'Kn'Ss b]vfkl/g\ / ltgn]
eQm]sf] dgsf] s'/f a'‰]‰}F elgg\, æsfua]gLdf lah'nL lsg gan]sf] eg]/
5Ss k¥of} xf]nf xf]Og <Æ eQmk|;fbn] cfˆgf] ofqfdf e]6]sf hLjhGt'dWo]
tL ‰f]kf ;a}eGbf km/fl;nL / af]nSs8 lyOg\ . lxdfnL ofs / cf}nsf]
ufO{af6 hGd]sf ;GtfgnfO{ …‰f]kfÚ eG5g\ . pgL af6f;Fu} hf]l8Psf 6x/fdf
al:yg\ . af6f] lxF8\g] a6'jfnfO{ af; lbg' / pgLx¿;Fu ukmufkm ug'{df g}
pgsf] lbg laTYof] . ltgn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ ufpFdf l5g]{lalQs} b]lv;s]sL
lyOg\ .
æcfpm gfgL, leq cfpm ÛÆ eQmk|;fbnfO{ cfk"msxfF af]nfpFb} ‰f]kfn]
elgg\ .
k;"F ls gk;"F x'Fb} eQmk|;fb 6x/fleq l5¥of] .
ænf} a;, d ltdLnfO{ ufF7L s'/f ;'gfpF5' .Æ Eofu'tf] a:g]lalQs}
‰f]kfn] ;f;} gkm]/L eGg yflng\, æPstfsf sf7df8f}Faf6 s]xL OlGhlgo/
dfG5]x¿ sfua]gL cfP . pgLx¿n] oxfF xfjfaf6 h]g/]6/ rnfP/ lah'nL
50
lgsfNg] of]hgf agfP . t/ oxfFsf] xfjfsf] hf]8 slt x'G5 eGg]
pgLx¿n] c8\sn sf6\g} ;s]gg\ . lah'nL lgsfNg kª\vf hf]8]s} lbg
xfjfn] kª\vf;ª\vf p8fP/ a]kQf kfl/lbof] .Æ
æP, To;}n] lah'nLsf tf/ / n6\7f eP klg aQLrflxF gan]sf] <Æ
eQmk|;fbn] s'/f a'́ of] / cfˆgf] kl/ro lbb}F eGof], æcF ;fFlRr, xfd|f]
lrghfg} ePsf] 5}g . drflxF Eofu'tf] k/]F, /fgfl6lu|gf hfltsf] .
sf7df8f}Faf6 cfPsf] . sxfF hfg] 7]ufg 5}g .Æ
æP Û drflxF ‰f]kf x'F . dnfO{ ;flxFnL‰f]kf eG5g\ . afa' lxdfnsf]
ofs, cfdfrflxF cf}nsf] ufO{ . cfwf ofs, cfwf ufO{ . l7dfxf k/]F .
dfG5]nfO{ rf}F/Lsf] h:tf] an klg rflxG5 / ufO{n] lbg] h:tf] b"w klg .
t/ dnfO{ t dtna 5}g . lbgel/ oxL 6x/fdf cf/fd u5'{ . a]n'sL
clnstf b"w lbG5' . o;} u/L rln/fVof 5 .Æ
ædnfO{ rf}F/LufO{af/] c¿ s'/f ;'gfpg';\ g ÛÆ eQmk|;fbnfO{ ‰f]kf
;flxFnLsf s'/fdf dhf cfof] .
ærf}F/LnfO{ lxdfnsf] pmF6 eg]/ eGb5g\ . t/ d]/f] ljrf/df rflxF
pmF6nfO{ d?e"ldsf] rf}F/L elglbP c‰ 7Ls x'GYof] .Æ
æcF cF ÛÆ Eofu'tfn] ;xL yfKof] .
ærf}F/Lsf] z/L/ afSnf] /f}Fn] 9flsPsf] x'G5 . logLx¿ pRr lxdfnL
If]qdf a:t5g\ . hf8fdf rf}F/LnfO{ uf]7fnfx¿n] tNnf] prfOdf ‰fb{5g\ .
vRr8h:t} rf}F/L klg sfd ug{df hf]wfxf x'G5g\ . lhpFbf] rf}F/L t sfd
nfU5 g}, d/]sf] rf}F/L klg plQs} pkof]uL x'G5 . rf}F/Lsf] /f}Faf6 pmgL
sk8f aG5 . 5fnfaf6 cg]s y/Lsf rLhaLh aGb5g\ . dflg;x¿ o;sf]
df;' klg vfG5g\ . b"waf6 rLh, 5'kL{x¿ agfOG5 .Æ
æclg tkfO{+rflxF s] ug'{x'G5 <Æ
æd < d t vfln b"w lbG5', Tof] klg ;Sbf] yf]/} . To;afx]s s]xL
sfua]gLsf] gfnLa]nL
51
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
ulb{gF . n]saf6 rf}F/Lx¿ sfua]gL cfpF5g\, hfG5g\ . t/ cfk"m eg] 3/df
a:ofa:o},Æ ;flxFnL‰f]kfn] elgg\ . ærg{ hfg dg gnfu]sf a]nf 6x/faf6
6fpsf] tGsfP/ ufpFn]x¿n] af]s]/ NofPsf 3fF; jf k/fn y't]/ vfG5' .Æ
hlxn] klg ;flxFnL‰f]kfsf] d'v rln/x]sf] x'GYof] / pgL s]xL
rkfO/x]sL x'lGyg\ . ;a} ufO{x¿ o:t} vGr'jf t x'g'gkg]{ eg]/
eQmk|;fbnfO{ cfZro{ nfUof] / ;flxFnLnfO{ ;f]Wof], ætkfO{+n] s] rkfPsf] <Æ
æ5'k{L{ lg ÛÆ 76\of}nf] kf/fdf ;flxFnLn] elgg\ .
clxn];Dd eQmk|;fbn] af6fdf hlt hgfnfO{ e]6\of] ltgdWo] ;flxFnL
‰f]kf a]Un} vfnsL lyOg\ . pgsf] :jefj Psbd} 76\of}nf] lyof] . k"mndfof
1fgL / uDeL/ :jefjsL lyOg\ . k|hfklt kf]v/]nL clns wSs'afh eP
klg km'lt{nf] lyof] . zflnu||fd zdz]/rflxF hf]wfxf sfdbf/ lyof], h;n]
hLjgsf] cfgGb lng hfg]s} lyPg . ;flxFnL‰f]kfn] eg] ;+;f/ ;a}
b]v]a'‰]sL lyOg\, t/ ;a} s'/fnfO{ pgL 7§}df p8fOlblGyg\ .
af6f5]psf] cfˆgf] 6x/fd} al;a;L klg ;flxFnLnfO{ w]/} s'/f yfxf
x'GYof] . ToxfF cfphfp ul//x]sf dflg;x¿sf nflu t ;flxFnL ;dfrf/bftf
g} lyOg\ . sf7df8f}Fdf /fhfn] ;+;bdf s] efif0f u/] eGg] klg pgLaf6}
;'Gg kfOGYof] . k}x«fn] k'n aufPsf], v/fa df};dn] ubf{ hf]d;f]dsf] p8fg
/2 ePsf] / c¿ cg]s lsl;dsf ;dfrf/ pgL ;a}nfO{ ;'gfpFlyg\ .
;flxFnL‰f]kfsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ eQmk|;fbn] sfua]gLdf c‰} Ps lbg
a:g] ljrf/ u¥of] .
æltdL cf}naf6 cfPsf 5f} . ca ‰g\‰g\ prfOdf hfg'kg]{ x'G5 .
prfOdf hfFbf ltdLnfO{ n]s nfUg ;S5 . n]s nfUbfv]l/ kmf]S;f] / lubLdf
kfgL el/G5 .Æ t/ of] n]s nfUg] 8/ b]vfP/ ;flxFnLn] p;nfO{
sfua]gLdf Ps lbg a9L a;fpg] rfn u/]sL x'g\ ls eGg] klg
eQmk|;fbnfO{ nfUof] . pgnfO{ hlxn] klg kmt/kmt/ ug]{ ;fyL rflxGYof] .
52
;flxFnL‰f]kfn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ ofqfaf/] s]xL ;Nnfx lbOg\ . æg]kfnsf]
gS;fdf kf]v/fb]lv pQ/tkm{ Pp6f r'Rrf] efu cnUu} lgl:sPsf] b]lvG5
lg, Tof] d':tfª xf] . To;nfO{ ænf]Æ klg eGb5g\ . Tof] 7fpF uhasf]
5 . d]/f] ljrf/df ltdL ;'?df d'lQmgfysf] bz{g u/]/ cfzLjf{b lnOj/L
nf]–dfGyfªlt/ nfu .Æ
sfua]gLsf] gfnLa]nL
53
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
d'lQmgfysf tLy{ofqLx¿
7f8f] psfnfdf pk|]msf] p |̂o} hfFbf eQmk|;fbnfO{ sfua]gLb]lv
d'lQmgfy;Dd cfOk'Ug k"/} Ps lbg nfUof] . af6fdf lxFl8/xFbf p;n]
ultlj1fgaf/] km]l/ s]xL ;f]Rg] df}sf kfof] . sfnLu08sLsf] tL/}tL/ lxF8\bf
xfjfn] 3r]8]sf] klg p;n] ;D´of] . clxn] of] psfnf] r9\bf d}bfgdf
h:tf] ;lhnf] u/L pm pk|mg ;ls/x]sf] lyPg .
æpsfnf] nfUbf plQs} pk|mfOdf d}bfgdf eGbf yf]/} cl3 al9Fbf]
/x]5 . To;sf] pN6f], cf]/fnfdf pk|mFbf eg] d}bfgdf eGbf a9L EofOFbf]
/x]5,Æ Eofu'tfn] dgdg} ts{ u¥of] .
o;/L lxF8\b} hfFbf eQmk|;fbnfO{ cfk"m a9L j}1flgs tl/sfn] ;f]Rg
;Sg] ePh:tf] nfUof] . ofqfsf] qmddf p;n] cg]s ;d:ofx¿ ef]Ug'k/]sf]
lyof] . To;/L b]v]sf / ef]u]sf s'/fx¿af/] p;sf] dgdf v'Nb'nL hfUg
yfNof] . h;n] ubf{ pm x/]s ljifodf ulxl/P/ a'́ g] r]i6f ug{ nfUof] .
eQmk|;fbn] …Eofu'tfsf] pk|mfOsf] ultÚ ljifodf Pp6f vf]hk"0f{ n]v
n]v]/ pk|mfOsf ljleGg kIfx¿af/] p;n] kQf nufPsf s'/fsf] JofVof ug]{
ljrf/ u¥of] . ca of] ofqf ;lsPkl5 :s"nsn]h k9]/ ljåfg\ j}1flgs x'g]
klg p;n] c7f]6 u¥of] .
dgdf o:t} s'/f v]nfpFb} lxF8\bf hlQs} psfnf] sf6\g k/] klg
p;nfO{ d'lQmgfy cfOk'u]sf] kQ} ePg . To;a]nf ‰dSs ;fF‰ kl/;s]sf]
lyof] . p;n] Tof] /ft af6f5]ps} Pp6f wd{zfnfdf latfpg] lgZro u¥of] .
54
d'lQmgfysf tLy{ofqLx¿
laxfg p7]/ rf/}lt/ x]bf{ eQmk|;fbn] Pp6f ljzfn kj{tsf] km]bLdf
d'lQmgfysf] dlGb/ b]Vof] . kj{tsf] sf]Krfdf ePsfn] d'lQmgfydf 3fd
nflu;s]sf] lyPg . t/ kNnf] kj{tdf nfu]sf] 3fdsf] 6xsn] ubf{ d'lQmgfy
k"/} pHofnf] b]lvGYof] . rf/}lt/ ?U?ufpFbf] jftfj/0f lyof] . s]jn d'lQmgfy
ePsf] 7fpFdfq xl/of ¿vkftaf6 ;lhPsf] lyof] . To; 7fpFdf d"n km'6]/
55
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
56
kfgL lg:s]sf] lyof] . b'O{ tn] 5fgf ePsf] Kofuf]8f z}nLsf] d'lQmgfysf]
dlGb/ b]v]/ eQmk|;fbnfO{ sf7df8f}Fsf dlGb/x¿sf] ‰‰Nsf] nfUof] .
d'lQmgfy g]kfnsf] k|l;4 tLy{:yn xf] . rf/}lt/af6 ;fgf7"nf ;a}vfn]
hLjhGt'x¿ k"hfcr{gf ug{, Wofg ug{ / ;f+;fl/s sd{b]lv …d'lQmÚ kfpg
oxfF cfpFbf /x]5g\ . dlGb/sf] Psflt/ Ps;o cf7cf]6f wf/fx¿ lyP . tL
wf/fdf ufO{sf] lz/sf] cfsf/sf 6'6Lx¿ 5g\ eg]/ ;flxFnL‰f]kfn] atfPsf]
p;n] ;D´of] . geGb} s'/f] ;fFrf] /x]5 .
wf/fsf] kfgL au]/ hDdf x'g] Pp6f kf]v/L klg ToxfF lyof] .
eQmk|;fbn] To; kf]v/Ldf k"j{, klZrd, pQ/, blIf0f rf/}lt/af6 tLy{ ug{
cfPsf tLy{ofqLx¿nfO{ e]6\of] . ToxfF ;'b"/ klZrdsf] h'Dnfaf6 cfPsf
8fFkm]x¿sf] Ps hf]8L lyof] . lrtjg;Fu hf]l8Psf] lhNnf k/f;Laf6 cfPsf
:ofnx¿sf] k"/} kl/jf/ klg ToxfF lyof] . ToxLF Pp6f sfnf] /ªsf] s5'jf
klg g'xfO/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] af]Ng] efiff s;}n] a'́ b}gy] . p;n] O;f/fn]
blIf0f ef/taf6 tLg jif{ nufP/ oxfF cfOk'u]sf] atfof] .
h'DnL 8fFkm]n] eQmk|;fbnfO{ dg k/fP . pgLx¿n] p;nfO{ dlGb/j/k/
3'dfP/ bz{g ug{ klg nu] . tL hf]O{kf]O k;]sf] Pp6f sf]7fleq cFWof/f]
lyof] . ToxfF r§fgsf] lr/faf6 Pp6f aQL aln/x]sf] lyof] . hldgsf] leqL
txaf6 lgl:sPsf] UofF; ;Ns]/ aln/x]sf] gLnf] Hjfnfs} d'lGt/ 5ª5ª
u/]/ kfgL alu/x]sf] cfjfh klg ;'lgGYof] . k'hf/Ln] eQmk|;fbnfO{ eg],
æcfuf] / kfgLsf] d]n x'g] d'lQmgfy k'0oe"ld xf], a'́ of} afa' <Æ
k'hf/Ln] eg]cg';f/ d'lQmgfydf ;a} vfnsf eQmhgx¿ cfpF5g\ .
pQ/lt/af6 ltAatL af}4dfuL{x¿ cfpF5g\ / blIf0flt/af6 lxGb"x¿ . oxfF
k|s[ltsf k"hsx¿ klg cfpF5g\ . k"hf gug]{ gfl:tsx¿ klg cfpF5g\ .
æof] Psbd} ;t\ ePsf] 7fpF xf] . oxfF k[YjLsf] leqL txaf6 pmhf{
lgl:s/x]sf] 5 . o; lbJo Hof]ltn] xfdLnfO{ o; w/tL / oxfFsf ;a}
d'lQmgfysf tLy{ofqLx¿
57
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
r/fr/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{k5{ eGg] 1fg lbO/x]5,Æ k'hf/Ln] eg] .
dlGb/leq aln/x]sf] gLnf] Hjfnfsf] cl3lNt/ plePsf] eQmk|;fbnfO{
ca Ps lsl;dsf] a]Un} cg'e"lt eof] . k[YjL, ¿vla?jf, 9'Ëf,
vf]nfgfnfnufot ;f/f hLjhGt'nfO{ ;Ddfg / >4f ug'{kb{5 eGg] efjgf
pmleq hfu]/ cfof] . cfˆgf] b]z x]g{] p2]Zon] eQmk|;fb Tolt 6f9faf6 o;
dlGb/leq cfOk'u]sf] lyof] . PSn} eP klg ofqfdf lg:s]/ 7Ls} u/]5' eGg]
af]w clxn] p;nfO{ eO/x]sf] lyof] . Psl5gsf nflu eQmk|;fbnfO{ cfk"m
ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf a'h'|s Eofu'tf] ePsf] cg'ej eof] . To:tf] zfGt /
kljq :yfgdf lrRofpg ldn]g . To;} eP/ p;n] ;':t/L cfkm}FnfO{ eGof],
æSofjft\ eQ]m Û v"a ul/;\ ÛÆ
h'DnL hf]O{kf]On] k"hf ul/;s]kl5 eQmk|;fb pgLx¿ ;Fu;Fu} dlGb/sf]
k|fª\u0faflx/ lgl:sof] . pgLx¿n] eQmk|;fbnfO{ cfk"m;Fu} h'Dnf hfpFm eg]sf
lyP . t/ eQmk|;fbn] cfˆg} af6f] nfUg] lgZro ul/;s]sf] lyof] .
dlGb/sf] 5]j}df p;n] ko{6s ;"rgf s]Gb|sf] c8\8f b]Vof] . ToxfF Pshgf
dlxnf sd{rf/L lyOg\ . pm ToxfF ;f]wk'5 ug{ uof] .
tL dlxnfsf] egfOadf]lhd p;n] ls t sfua]gL ‰g'{k¥of] cyjf
pQ/lt/ nfu]/ d':tfªsf] ;b/d'sfd nf]–dfGyfªlt/ hfg'k¥of] . ls t
k"j{lt/ lxF8]/ …yf]?ª nfÚ kf/ u/]/ dgfª lhNnflt/ hfg'k¥of] .
58
;"rgfs]Gb|sL dlxnfn] elgg\, æotfaf6 yf]?ª nf hfFbf 7f8} psfnf] k5{ /
af6fdf af; a:g] s'g} 7fpF 5}g . cfh;Dd s'g} Eofu'tfn] yf]?ª nf
sf6]/ uPsf] xfdLn] ;'g]sf 5}gf}F . prfOn] ubf{ yf]?ªdf n]s nfU5 . w]/}
prfOdf clS;hgsf] sdL x'G5 . To;n] ubf{ Eofu'tf t s] dfG5]x¿ klg
la/fdL k5{g\ . slt t dg{ klg ;S5g\ .Æ
oxL pd]/df dg]{ eQmk|;fbsf] ljrf/ lyPg klg . ;flxFnL‰f]kfsf]
;'‰fpadf]lhd ug]{ p;n] ;'/ u¥of] . p;n] tL dlxnfnfO{ eGof], æyf]?ª nf
hfgsf nflu s'g} lbg deGbf klg ;fxl;nf] s'g} csf]{ Eofu'tf] cfpnf .
drflxF clxn]nfO{ nf]–dfGyfª g} hfG5' .Æ
d'lQmgfysf tLy{ofqLx¿
59
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
lxdfnL d?e"ld
c¿ Eofu'tf eP d'lQmgfysf] bz{g u/]kl5 3/ kms{Gy] xf]nfg\ t/
eQmk|;fbsf] 3'Dg] OR5f c‰} k"/f ePsf] lyPg .
eQmk|;fb dflyNnf] d':tfª hfg vf]Hg'df Pp6f csf]{ sf/0f klg
lyof] . ;flxFnL‰f]kfn] eQm]nfO{ ;'gfPcg';f/ ToxfFsf] ;dfh laNs'n} leGg
lsl;dsf] lyof] . lat]sf s]xL ;dootf b]zdf ePsf ljleGg ljsf; /
kl/jt{gsf] xfjf ToxfF clxn];Dd k'u]sf] lyPg . To;}n] To; 7fpFdf clxn]
klg k'/fg} /Lltlylt / rfnrng rNb} cfPsf 5g\ . d':tfªdf ToxLFsf
/fhf 5g\ . pgnfO{ ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿n] v'a} dfGb5g\ . d':tfª]/fhf
rf/}lt/ kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] …nf]–dfGyfªÚ gu/df a:b5g\ . ToxfFsf
afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ …nf]afÚ elgG5 .
æd':tfª g]kfnsf] xL/f xf] . of] clåtLo 5,Æ ;flxFnLn] eg]sL lyOg\ .
h'DnL bDktLl;t labfaf/L eP/ eQmk|;fb d'lQmgfysf] uf}d'v]wf/fsf]
kfgLdf rf]klnof] . To;kl5 d'lQmIf]q 5f]8]/ pm pQ/lt/ nfUof] . s]xL
a]/d} pm lgh{g d?e"ldh:tf] b]lvg] ;'g;fg 7fpFdf k'Uof] . ToxfF jl/kl/
r§fg}r§fgdfq lyP, lxF8\g] af6f] klg au/‰}F lyof] / k|To]s kfOnfdf
a'ª\a'ª\tL w"nf] p8\Yof] . eQm]nfO{ ToxfF lxF8\g c;fWo} ufx|f] k¥of] .
kl5lNt/af6 rsf]{ lxdfnL 3fdn] p;sf] 9f8 klg ;]ls/x]sf] lyof] .
jf:tjdf Eofu'tfx¿ prfOdf cjl:yt d':tfªh:tf] d?e"ldt'No 7fpFdf
a:gsf nflu pTklQ ePs} xf]Ogg\ . Eofu'tfnufot ;a} k|sf/sf
60
peor/x¿ kfgL / kfgLjl/kl/sf] hldgdf a;f]af; ug{sf nflu ag]sf
x'g\ . p;n] nf]–dfGyfª hfg] s'/f ubf{ d'lQmgfydf e]l6Psf hLjhGt'x¿
lsg jfNn k/]sf lyP eg]/ ca aNn eQmk|;fbn] a'́ of] .
d':tfªdf ;'Svf hldgafx]s s]xL lyPg . eQmk|;fbn] cfk"m vª\u|ª\u
k/]/ ;'s]sf] rfn kfO;s]sf] lyof] . To;f] x'g' p;sf nflu 8/dbf]{ s'/f
lyof] . 3fd ‰g\‰g\ rls{Fbf] lyof] . af6fdf w"nf] klg a9]sf] a9\o} lyof] .
eQmk|;fbsf] 3fF6L ;'s]/ KofsKofs eof] . 3fdn] 89]/ p;sf] d'v sfnf]
x'Fb} uof] . æd?e"lddf x/fpg] Eofu'tfsf] ult o:t} x'Fbf] xf]nf,Æ eQmk|;fbn]
;f]Rof] . clg p;nfO{ cfkm}F d?e"lddf x/fPsf] Eofu'tf]h:tf] nfUg nfUof] .
æo:t} xf] eg] t kms{g' knf{,Æ s]xL ;Lk gnfu]/ eQmk|;fbn] ljrf/
u¥of] . To;} a]nf p;sf ylst cfFvfn] s]xL xl/of] b]v]h:tf] nfUof] . t/
p;n] To;nfO{ sfNklgs …d?BfgÚ 7fGof] . d?e"lddf lxF8\g]x¿n]
…d[ud/LlrsfÚ b]Vg] ub{5g\ eGg] eQmk|;fbn] ;'g]sf] lyof] . To;}n] st}
;kgf t b]v]sf] xf]Og eg]/ p;n] cfFvf ldr]/ 6fpsf] ‰8\sfpFb} km]l/ Tof]
b[Zo Wofgk"j{s x]¥of] .
t/ To;f] xf]Og /x]5 . ToxfF b]lvPsf] jf:tjdf g} …d?BfgÚ /x]5 .
kj{tsf] km]bLdf hxfF;'s} dflysf] lxpF kUn]/ vf]N;fvf]N;Lx¿ alu/x]sf
lyP . kfgL lr;f] / ;kmf lyof] . To; kfgLnfO{ s'nfaf6 v]t;Dd
k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] . v]tdf cfn', ux'F / hf}sf afnL nufOPsf lyP . xl/of]
afnL nfu]sf] af/Lsf 5]pdf ;;fgf d'G8f 3/x¿ ePsf] ufpF lyof] . ToxfF
nx/] kLknsf af]6x¿ ‰'ln/x]sf lyP .
æof] Tolt g/fd|f] 7fpF t /x]g5,Æ eQmk|;fbn] ;f]Rof] . p;n] kms{g]
ljrf/ Tofu]/ cl3 a9\g] g} c7f]6 lnof] . o:t} xl/of] v]taf/L ePsf kmfF6
x'Fb} psfnL r9\b} km]l/ cf]/fnf] ‰b}{ pm nf]–dfGyfªtkm{ a9\b} uof] .
af6fdf rOn], 3]dL / rf/fª ufpFx¿ ky]{ . Pp6f ufpF / csf]{
lxdfnL d?e"ld
61
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
ufpFaLrdf cUnf] 8fF8f] kYof]{ . To:tf] 8fF8fsf] b]p/fnLdf …nf–tf]Ú x'GYof] .
…nf–tf]Ú eg]sf] ;;fgf 9'Ëfsf] …lk/fld8Ú h:tf] y'k|f] xf] . o:tf] y'k|f] k|To]s
b]p/fnLdf e]l6G5 . ofqfdf lg:sFbf jf ofqf ;s]/ kms{Fbf b]jLb]ptfnfO{
;D‰Fb} a6'jfx¿n] r9fpg] 9'Ëfx¿af6} nf–tf] aGb5 . s'g}s'g} nf–tf] w]/}
cUnf lyP . To:tf cUnf nf–tf]x¿ kSsf klg ;of}F jif{ k'/fgf x'g'k5{
eGg] eQmk|;fbn] cg'dfg nufof] .
o:t} Pp6f nf–tf] ePsf] 7fpFdf k'u]/ eQmk|;fb Psl5g ;':tfpg
62
cl8of] . lgwf/sf] kl;gf k'5\t} cfk"m lxF8]/ cfPsf] af6f] x]g{ kl5lNt/
kmls{of] . sfua]gL / hf]d;f]db]lv kf/ u/]sf] b"/L ;D‰Fbf pm cfkm}FnfO{
kTof/ nfu]g . hf]d;f]dsf] 6fps}dfly l7ª\lu|Ë plePsf] gLnlul/ lxdfn
clxn] k/ lIflthdf ;fgf] y'Dsf]h:tf] dfq b]lvGYof] .
cfk"mnfO{ lxdfnosf] pQ/lt/ olt k/ cfOk'u]sf] kfpFbf eQmk|;fbnfO{
pb]s nfUof] . c‰ dhfsf] s'/f t s] eg] pm c‰} g]kfnd} lyof] . w]/}h;f]
7fpFdf lxdfnon] g]kfnsf] pQ/L ;Ldfsf] sfd u/]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}F,
kf]v/f / cGoqaf6 lxdfn x]g{nfO{ pQ/lt/ kms{g'k5{ . t/ d':tfªdf t
p;n] blIf0f kms]{/ lxdfnnfO{ x]l//x]sf] lyof] . p;sf nflu of] cg'ej
Psbd} gf}nf] lyof] .
;flxFnL‰f]kfaf6 eQmk|;fbn] d':tfª Psbd} ;'Svf x'gfsf] sf/0f klg
a'‰]sf] lyof] . aËfnsf] vf8Laf6 p7]sf] afbn cfP/ ljzfn lxdfno
kj{tdfnfdf 7f]lsG5 . To;/L 7f]lSsFbf lxdfnosf] blIf0fL efudf kfgL
k5{ . t/ lxdfnosf] pQ/L efudf eg] slxn] klg kfgL kg{ kfpFb}g .
To;}n] d':tfªh:tf] OnfsfnfO{ …lxdfnL d?e"ldÚ eGb5g\ .
oL ;a} j}1flgs tYo a'‰]/ klg o:tf] ;'Svf 7fpF g]kfn g} x'g ;S5
eGg]df kTof/ ug{ eQm]nfO{ clns ufx«} k¥of] . eQmk|;fbn] cfk}Fm;Fu eGof],
æsf7df8f}Fdf d]/f bf}Ft/Lx¿nfO{ oL s'/f ;'gfpFbf pgLx¿n] kTofpnfg\ t <Æ
lxdfnL d?e"ld
63
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
b]p/fnLdf nf–tf]
8fF8fsf] km]bLaf6 nf–tf] ePsf] b]p/fnL k'Uof], km]l/ tn ‰¥of] . km]l/
psfnf] r9\of], km]l/ cf]/fnf] ‰¥of] . of] slxNo} gl;l4g] qmd b]v]/ eQm]nfO{
p/f7 nfu]/ cfO;s]sf] lyof] . pm yfs]/ nf]y eO;s]sf] lyof] .
eQmk|;fbn] cfk"mnfO{ h;f]t;f] l3;fb}{ Pp6f b]p/fnL8fF8fdf k'¥ofof] . ca
km]l/ csf]{ 8fF8f] plSng' gk/f];\ eg]/ p;n] ToxfF ePsf] nf–tf] df Pp6f
9'Ëf] r9fof] . clg ltAatL cIf/df …cf]d\ dl0f kb\d] x'FÚ eGg] dGq
s'FlbPsf] Pp6f 7"nf] 9'Ëfsf] 5]j}df pm yrSs a:of] .
Tolt g} v]/ crfgs kl5lNt/af6 æcf]d dl0f kb\d] x'F ÛÆ eGb} Pp6f
e'Tn] hGt' cfP/ nf–tf]lg/} k;fl/of] . To; hGt'n] nfdf] ;':s]/f xfNb}
eGof], æaNn cfOk'luof] af nf]–dfGyfª ÛÆ Tof] a6'jf hGt'sf] s'/f ;'g]/
eQmk|;fb bËbf; k¥of] .
To; k|f0fLsf] y't'gf] y]Krf] lyof] . nfdfnfdf h'F3f lyP . ;'n'Q k/]sf]
z/L/ ePsf] To; k|f0fLsf e'Tnf lrNnf / rlDsnf lyP . To;sf cfFvf
r~rn] lyP . cg'xf/df r~rn xfF;f] v]ln/x]sf] b]lvGYof] . crfgs
eQmk|;fbnfO{ cfˆgf] 5]j}df nvt/fg k/]/ al;/x]sf] b]v]kl5 Tof] k|f0fL
‰l:sof] .
æP Û ltdL t Eofu'tf kf] /}Ú5f} Û d}n] kf]v/f / ef/tdf ltdLh:tf
y'k|} Eofu'tf b]v]sf] 5' . olt 6f9f ltdL s;/L cfof} < ls af6f] la/fof}
xF <Æ p;n] 7§f ub}{ ;f]Wof] .
64
Joy}{ lsg 5'Rrf] x'g' eGg] ljrf/n] eQmk|;fbn] ;la:tf/ cfˆgf] syf
;'gfof] . Tof] e'Tn] k|f0fLnfO{ lrQ a'́ of] Sof/], clg p;n] klg cfˆgf]
kl/ro lbof] .
æd]/f] gfd k]Daf d';f] xf], t/ d ;fFlRrs} d';f]rflxF xf]Og .Æ
b]p/fnLdf nf–tf]
65
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
jf:tjdf pm d';f] geO{ Pp6f …dfd{6Ú lyof] . nf]–dfGyfªkfl/sf] k7f/df
y'k|} dfd{6x¿ kfOG5g\ eGg] eQmk|;fbn] st} ;'g]sf] ;D´of] . To:tf
dfd{6nfO{ …ˆof d';f]Ú klg eGb5g\ .
æPskN6 cf}nlt/af6 Pshgf lzIfs cfPsf lyP . pgn] oxfFsf
k|f0fLx¿sf af/]df s]xL a'‰]s} lyPgg\ . pgn] dfd{6 slxNo} gb]v]sf x'gfn]
dnfO{ d';f] 7fg] . To;}n] pgn] d]/f] gfd …d';f]Ú /flvlbP,Æ k]Dafn] cfˆgf]
gfdsf] af/]df ;kmfO lbof] . æt/ o;n] dnfO{ s]xL lauf/ u/]sf] 5}g,
lsgeg] tNnf] e]slt/ Jofkf/ ug{ hfFbf o; gfpFaf6 dnfO{ kmfObf g}
ePsf] 5 . vf;df d Jofkf/L x'F . hf8fdf oxfF lgs} lr;f] x'g yfn]kl5
d g]kfn / ef/tlt/ 3'Dg lg:sG5',Æ k]Dafn] cfˆgf af/]df c¿ yk s'/f
atfof] .
o;kl5 ljifo abNb} tn df6fsf] d'G8f 5fgf ePsf 3/x¿sf]
a:tLnfO{ b]vfpFb} k]Dafn] eGof], æTof] nf]afx¿sf] /fhwfgL nf]–dfGyfª xf] .
To;nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 kvf{nn] 3]l/Psf] 5 . ToxfF l5g]{ Pp6} 9f]sf 5 /
;fF‰ k/]kl5 Tof] 9f]sf aGb ul/G5 .Æ
a:tLnfO{ kvf{nn] 3]g]{ / ;"of{:tkl5 gu/sf] 9f]sf aGb ug]{ nf]–
dfGyfªsf] k'/fgf] rng xf] . klxn]klxn] ;'g;fg 7fpFsf a:tLx¿df
pQ/lt/af6 8fFsfx¿ cfpg] 8/ lyof] . lxhf]cfh To:tf] 8/ 5}g . t/
klg gu/sf] d'Vo åf/ aGb ug]{ k/Dk/frflxF 5Fb} 5 .
crfgs k]Dafn] cfˆgf] 9NsFb} uPsf] 3fdtkm{ x]¥of] / eGof], ænf}
df¥of] Û ‰§} hfcf}F Û gq nf]–dfGyfªsf] 9f]sf aGb x'G5 / xfdL aflx/}
kg]{5f}F .Æ
To; 7fpFaf6 nf]–dfGyfª k'Ug ;Lw} cf]/fnf] ‰g'{kYof]{ . k]Daf t
bf}l8xfNof] . eQmk|;fb eg] la:tf/} km'q'skm'q's ub}{ p;sf] kl5kl5 nfUof] .
gu/sf] 9f]sf aGb x'g} nfu]sf] a]nf eQmk|;fb / k]Daf b'j} leq l5/] .
66
æ‰G8} laTof; k/]sf] Û Toqf] nfdf] af6f] lxF8]/ cfP/ km]l/ lr;fdf
aflx/} ;'Tg'k¥of eP < nf} dl;t cfpmÆ eGb} k]Daf cl3cl3 lxF8\of] .
;fF3'/f uNnLx¿ x'Fb} k]Dafn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ Pp6f e§Ldf k'¥ofof] .
To; e§LsL dflnSgLsf] gfd x]dfdflngL xf] eg]/ k]Dafn] atfof] . Tof]
b]p/fnLdf nf–tf]
67
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
;'g]/ eQmk|;fb rlst eof], lsgeg] x]dfdflngL Pstfsf gfdL ef/tLo
cleg]qL lyOg\ eGg] eQmk|;fbnfO{ yfxf lyof] . eQmk|;fbn] s]xL ;f]Wg
gEofpFb} p;sf] s'/f a'‰]/ k]Daf cfkm}Fn] eGof], ævf;df p;sf] gfpF 8f]Ndf
xf] . t/ x]dfdflngLh:t} la5§} ;'Gb/L ePsLn] xfdL ;a} p;nfO{ ToxL
gfpFn] af]nfpF5f}F .Æ
w'j}Fw'jfFn] s'O/Ld08n ePsf] e§Lleq pgLx¿ k:bf ToxfF u|fxsx¿
6gf6g lyP . pgLx¿ 7"n7"nf] :j/df xfF:t}, s'/f ub}{, vfFb} lyP . Psflt/
s'gfdf s]xL tf; v]ln/x]sf lyP, csf{lt/ ;;fgf e'/fe'/L /f8Ldf n8La'8L
v]ln/x]sf lyP .
æs] 5 P k]Daf Û clg ltdL;Fu cfpg] ;fyLrflxF sf] xf] lg <Æ
k/Dk/fut kf];fs …5'jfÚ nufPsL Pp6L o'jtLn] pgLx¿nfO{ x]b}{ ;f]lwg\ .
ltgsf] d'xf/ sf]dn / af6'nf] lyof] . ltgsf] :j/ tLvf] eP tfklg dL7f]
lyof] . pgL xfF:tf nfnl6gsf] dw'/f] pHofnfdf klg ;'gsf bfFt l6lnSs
6NsGy] .
ægd:t] lbbL Û of] d]/f] ;fyL eQmk|;fb Eofu'tf] xf] . d}n] p;nfO{
b]p/fnLdf e]6]/ ;Fu} NofPsf],Æ a8f] cba /fv]/ k]Dafn] eGof] . clg
eQmk|;fblt/ kms]{/ p;n] ;fptL dfb}{ eGof], æ8f]Ndf eg]sL log} x'g\ .
lxdfnosf] pQ/lt/sL ;a}eGbf ;'Gb/Lh:tf] nfu]g t ltdLnfO{ <Æ
æn otf a; ÛÆ 8f]Ndfn] pgLx¿sf] cl3lNt/ sf7sf] xf]rf] 6]a'ndf
b'O{ srf}/f …rDkfÚ / a'§]bf/ lrlgofF skdf lrof /flvlbOg\ . k]Dafn]
eQmk|;fbnfO{ lrofdf rDkf ld;fP/ vfg l;sfof] . g'lgnf] lrofdf rf}F/Lsf]
l3psf] af:gf cfO/x]sf] lyof] . eQmk|;fbnfO{ Tof] lrof cf}wL dg k¥of] .
k]Dafn] ;fx«} u'KtL s'/f vf]n]‰}F eQmk|;fbnfO{ eGof], æc‰} o;df e'6]sf] ds}
ld;fpg kfPdf ‰g} :jflbnf] x'G5 .Æ
To;kl5 k]Dafn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ lnP/ nf]–dfGyfªsf] Ps rSs/
68
b]p/fnLdf nf–tf]
nufof] . ToxfFsf af6f ;fF3'/f / 3'dfp/f lyP . bfofFafofF ag]sf b'O{ tn]
d'G8f 3/x¿sf l5F8Ldf ofs / vRr8x¿ afFlwPsf lyP . dflyNnf] tnfdf
rflxF dfG5]x¿ a:by] . pgLx¿ 7"n7"nf u'Dafx¿leq klg k;] . ToxfF
b'O{tLg tn] 3/hlt cUnf eujfg\sf d"lt{x¿ lyP . oltv]/;Dddf ‰dSs}
;fF‰ kl/;s]sf] lyof] . u'Dafdf nfdfx¿sf] Psgf;sf] k|fy{gfl;t} w"kbLk
afn]/ cf/fwgf x'g yfNof] . 306 / 9f]nx¿ aHg yfn] .
3'Db} pgLx¿ Pp6f cUnf] ;]tf] ejg cl3lNt/ cfOk'u] . ejgsf]
afb{nLdf chËsf] ef]6]s's'/ afFlwPsf] lyof] . k]Dafn] ejglt/ b]vfpFb}
dl;gf] :j/df ;'gfof], æof] /fhfsf] b/af/ xf] . x'g t d':tfª g]kfn
clw/fHoleq} kb{5 . t/ g]kfnsf dxf/fhflw/fhs} cg'dltcg';f/ d':tfªdf
/fhf /xg] Joj:yf ePsf] xf] . d':tfª] /fhfsf] zlQm w]/} geP klg
pgnfO{ oxfFsf afl;Gbfn] lgs} >4f / ;Ddfg ub{5g\ .Æ
d':tfªsf] d?e"ldt'No 7fpFdf klg lrl6Ss k/]sf] o:tf] gu/ xf]nf
eGg] eQm]n] sNkgf g} u/]sf] lyPg . To; 7fpFdf cg]s ;'Gb/ u'Dafx¿,
Toltsf dfG5], /fhb/af/ / /fhf;d]t ePsf] kfpFbf eQmk|;fb lhNn
k¥of] . p;n] cfˆgf] dgsf s'/f k]DafnfO{ ;'gfof] . æltd|f nflu d?e"ldt'No
xf]nf, t/ xfdLnfO{ t oxLF /dfOnf] nfU5 . ef]ln d ltdLnfO{ d]/f] 3/
n}hfpFnf, clg a'́ nfp oxfF slt /dfOnf] x'G5Æ eg]/ k]Dafn] eGof] .
To;kl5 b'j}hgf x]dfdflngLsf] e§Llt/ kmls{P .
69
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
rfªyfªsf dfd{6x¿
laxfg ;a]/} k]Dafn] e§Ldf vfP/ ;'t]sf] k};f 8f]NdfnfO{ r'Qmf u¥of] .
To;kl5 dfd{6 / Eofu'tf] nf]–dfGyfªsf] k|j]zåf/af6 lgl:sP/ cl3 a9] .
klxn] pgLx¿ cf]/fnf] ‰/] / vf]nf] t/] . clg ;Lw} pQ/lt/ xflgP .
s]xL 306f lxF8]kl5 pgLx¿ nf–tf] ePsf] csf]{ b]p/fnLdf cfOk'u] . ca
km]l/ cf]/fnf] ‰g'{knf{ eg]/ eQmk|;fb ;f]lr/x]sf] lyof] . t/ To;klt{/
cf]/fnf] geP/ To;sf] 7fpFdf cfFvfn] EofpGh]n ;dtn d}bfg lyof] .
æP˜˜ k]Daf Sof xf] o:tf] < oxfF t t/fO{df h:t} ;Dd k/]sf] d}bfg
kf] 5 t ÛÆ eQmk|;fb s/fof] .
To;sf] pQ/df k]Dafn] eGof], æxf], t/ t/fO{sf] prfO ;d'b|L
;txeGbf Psxhf/ lkm6 klg 5}g . of] 7fpFrflxF t]x« xhf/ lkm6dfly 5 .
o; 7fpFnfO{ rfªyfª eG5g\ . oxfFb]lv ;'? ePsf] of] ;dyn d}bfg kf/L
ltAat;Dd} km}lnPsf] 5 . ltAatnfO{ lsg …pRr k7f/Ú eGb5g\ ca t
a'́ of} xf]nf <Æ
ToxfFsf] ;'Svf / ;dy/ af6fdf s]xL a]/ lxF8]kl5 pgLx¿ Pp6f tLg
lkm6hlt cUnf] l;d]G6n] ag]sf] n6\7f ufl8Psf] 7fpFdf k'u] . Tof] v'nf
k7f/df Pp6f ToxL n6\7fdfq l7Ë plePsf] b]lvGYof] .
5Ss k/]/ eQmk|;fbn] ;f]Wof], æs] xf] of] n6\7f, k]Daf <
æxfdL clxn] g]kfnsf] l;dfgfdf cfOk'u]sf 5f}F . of] n6\7f ;Ldf:tDe
xf] . o;eGbf ptf ltAatIf]q kb{5 . w]/} klxn] g]kfnL / lrlgofF
70
clwsf/Lx¿ o; 7fpFdf cfP/ gfkgS;f u/]sf lyP . b'O{ b]zsf] l;dfgf
oxfF kb{5 eg]/ pgLx¿n] 7]ufg u/]kl5 of] n6\7f ufl8Psf] xf] .Æ
;Ldf:tDesf] Psfkl§ g]kfnLdf …g]kfn, g+= @@, @)!( ;fnÚ eg]/ n]lvPsf]
lyof] . csf{kl§ rflxF lrlgofF cIf/df ;fob ToxL s'/f n]lvPsf] lyof] .
æo:tf ;of}F :tDex¿ l;dfgfel/ g} 5g\,Æ k]Dafn] atfof] . clg
76\of}nL kf/fn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ x]b}{ k]Dafn] eGof], æoxL xf] d]/f] 3/ ÛÆ
k]Dafsf] s'/f ;'g]/ eQm] lhNn k¥of] . rfªyfªsf] Tof] ;'Svf hldgdf
st} klg Pp6f 5fk|f]wl/ lyPg . e'O{Fdf oqtq vf]lkN6fx¿ lyP, TolQ
xf] . Eofu'tfn] tL b'nfx¿df km]l/ Psrf]6L lgofn]/ x]¥of] . tL k|To]s
Kjfnaf6 dfd{6x¿ lrofO/x]sf lyP . tL ;a} k]Dafsf bfh'eFO /
zfvf;Gtfg lyP . pgLx¿ of] cgf}7f]sf] k|f0fL sxfFaf6 cfOk'Uof] eg]/
rfªyfªsf dfd{6x¿
71
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
eQmk|;fbnfO{ Psf]xf]/f] x]l//x]sf lyP .
k]Dafn] Oi6ldqx¿nfO{ af]nfpFb} eGof], æ;a}hgf aflx/ cfcf] Û dl;t
sf7df8f}Faf6 Pshgf ;fyL klg cfPsf] 5 . p;sf] gfpF eQmk|;fb
Eofu'tf] xf] .Æ
;of}F dfd{6x¿ Ps};fy b'nfaf6 aflx/ lgl:sP . rf/}lt/ w"nf] p8\of]
/ xNnLvNnL dlRrof] . rfªyfªsf dfd{6n] o;cl3 Eofu'tf b]v]s} lyPgg\ .
eQmk|;fbsf] kl/ro lbFb} 7"nf] :j/df k]Dafn] s;/L eQmk|;fb g]kfnsf
cg]s 7fpF 8'Nb} rfªyfª cfOk'Uof] eg]/ atfof] . p;n] eQm]nfO{ Pp6f
;fx;L ofqL / cGj]ifs eg]/ lrgfof] . dfd{6x¿sf] :jefj gofFgofF s'/f
hfGg vf]Hg] vfnsf] x'G5 . :jefj}n] ;a} s'/f hfGg] ;f]v x'G5 . pgLx¿n]
cfˆgf] b]zsf af/]df atfpg eQmk|;fbnfO{ cfu|x u/] . Eofu'tfn] klg
pT;fx;fy pgLx¿nfO{ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] gfnLa]nL ;'gfOlbof] .
sf7df8f}Fsf c;g ahf/, ToxfFsf dlGb/, b/af/ clg afl;Gbfx¿sf] j0f{g
u¥of] . lrtjgsf] hËn, kf]v/fsf] km]jftfn, 3fGb|'saf6 b]lvg] lxdfnsf] b[Zo /
d'lQmgfysf] gLnf] Hjfnf cflbaf/] klg la:tf/;fy atfof] . ToltGh]ndf
‰dSs ;fF‰ kl/;s]sf] lyof] .
To;kl5 pgLx¿ aLrdf w'gL afn]/ To;sf] jl/kl/ uf]naGb eP/
a;] . eQmk|;fbn] 6fpsf] prfn]/ dfl:t/ x]¥of] . ;kmf cfsfzdf pHofnf
tf/fx¿ rlDs/x]sf lyP . TolQs}df s;}n] 8Dkm' 7f]Sof] / csf{n] 6'ª\gf
ahfof] . rlDsnf tf/fx¿sf] 5fgfd'lg /dfOnf] …kf6L{Ú ;'? x'g} nfu]sf]
lyof] . Pp6f dfd{6n] pleP/ ;a}nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ eGof], ædlxnf tyf
;Hhgj[Gb, cfh xfdLaLr Pshgf cltly kfNg'ePsf] 5 . pxfF x'g'x'G5
Eofu'tf] eQmk|;fb . To;sf ;fy} xfd|f] k]Daf klg 3/ kms{]sf] 5 .
k]Dafsf] lkmtL{ / Eofu'tfhLsf] ;Ddfgdf cfh of] /flqef]h cfof]hgf
ul/Psf] xf] . wGojfb ÛÆ
72
To;kl5 s] ;fgf s] 7"nf ;a} dfd{6x¿ gfRgufpg yfn] . pgLx¿
nx/nx/df xft]dfnf] u/]/ cl3kl5 kfOnf ;fb}{ æ:of] :of]Æ ub}{ gfRy] .
To;/L gfRg' eQmk|;fbsf] a'tfaflx/sf] s'/f lyof] . To;}n] p;n]
:joDe"k5fl8sf] v]tdf gfRg] u/]sf] …k|muL 8fG;Ú b]vfOlbof] . eQmk|;fb
gfr]sf] b]v]/ /dfPsf dfd{6x¿n] klg To;/L g} gfRg] sf]l;; gu/]sf
x}gg\ . t/ pgLx¿ Eofu'tf‰}F plk|mg ;Sg] s'/} cfPg .
otf logLx¿ gflr/x]sf lyP . ptf pgLx¿sf] xf]xNnf / xNnLvNnL
rfªyfªjl/kl/ 6f9f6f9f;Dd k'lu/x]sf] lyof] . uLt / 8Dkm'sf] cfjfhn]
ubf{ kf/L ltAatsf] k7f/df kfnleq ;'Tg] t/v/df nfu]sf 8«f]Skfx¿sf]
lgb|fdf klg vnan kl//x]sf] lyof] . dfd{6x¿sf] rLFrLFsf] cfjfhnfO{
9fs]/ ;a}eGbf rsf]{ :j/df ufO/x]sf] eQm]sf] 6\jf/6\jf/] uLt 6f9}af6 k|:6
;'lgGYof] .
tn nf]–dfGyfªsL 8f]Ndfn] klg cfˆgf] ´ofnaf6 uLt ;'lgg\ /
elgg\, æof] :j/ d lrG5' Û Tof] sf7df8f}Faf6 cfPsf] Eofu'tfsf] xf] .Æ
rfªyfªsf dfd{6x¿
73
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
s}nL;Fusf] ofqf
kf6L{ /flt ca]/;Dd rNof] . To;}n] ef]lnkN6 laxfg ;a}hgf
l9nf];Dd cf]5\ofgd} tlGs/x]sf lyP . k]Dafsf] b'n]3/df ;'t]sf] eQmk|;fbn]
lapF‰]kl5 cN5L tfnn] aflx/ lrofof] . /flt ePsf] /dfOnfnfO{ ;D‰fpg]
Pp6f 8Dkm'afx]s aflx/ s]xL lyPg . 8Dkm'rflxF s;}n] la;]{/ uPsf] /x]5 .
k]Daf c‰} ;'lt/x]s} lyof] . eQmk|;fb aflx/ cfFugdf lgl:sP/ rSs/
dfg{ yfNof] . p;nfO{ PSsfl; cfˆgf] ofqf oxLF 6'lËPh:tf] nfUof] .
g]kfnsf] l;dfgfdf cfO;lsof] . o;eGbf ptf ltAat hfg] s'/f ePg .
pm;Fu /fxbfgL t lyPg, …le;fÚ sf] s'/} 5f8f}F Û
eQm] r'krfk 3f]lTn/x]s} a]nf PsPs ub}{ ;a} dfd{6x¿ cfFvf ldRb}
cfcfˆgf b'nfaf6 aflx/ lg:s] . kl5 k]Daf klg lg:Sof] . eQmk|;fbnfO{
lrlGtt cj:yfdf b]v]/ p;n] ;f]Wof], æefO Û lsg 3f]lTn/x]sf] <Æ
eQmk|;fbn] p;nfO{ cfˆgf] kL/ atfof] . eQm]sf] ;d:ofk|lt 5nkmn
ug{ dfd{6x¿ tTsfn hDdf eP . 5nkmndf Pp6f kfsf] dfd{6n]
eQmk|;fbn] klZrd g]kfnsf] a‰fª / afh'/f hfg'kg]{ ;Nnfx lbof] . csf{n]
;'b"/ k"jL{ g]kfnlt/ hfg' a]; x'g] /fo lbof] . Pp6f tGg]/L dfd{6n] rflxF
eQm]nfO{ ToxLF ePsf b'nfx¿dWo] Pp6f /f]h]/ rfªyfªd} 3/hd u/]/ a:g]
;'‰fp lbof] .
t/ k]DafnfO{ oL s'g} klg ;Nnfx lrQ a'‰]g . p;sf] ljrf/df
a‰fª, afh'/f / k"jL{g]kfn w]/} 6f9f ePsfn] eQmk|;fbsf nflu Totf hfg'
74
;Dej lyPg . d':tfªsf] hf8f] Eofu'tfn] vKg g;Sg] x'gfn] ;w}Fel/
rfªyfªdf a:g] s'/f klg cfPg . To;}n] k]Dafn] k|:tfj /fVof], æeQm] a?
8f]Nkf] hfcf];\ / ToxfFsf u'Dafx¿sf] bz{g u/f];\ . nf]–dfGyfªaf6
tLy{ofqLx¿sf] Pp6f bn pQ/L 8f]Nkf]sf] z] u'Daf hfFb} 5 . eQm] klg
ltgLx¿;Fu} ldl;P/ hfg ;S5 .Æ ;a}hgf p;sf s'/fdf ;xdt eP .
eQmk|;fb klg v';L;fy ;xdt eof] .
rfªyfªsf ;a} dfd{6 eQmk|;fbnfO{ k'¥ofpg glhssf] nf–tf];Dd
cfP . To; 7fpFaf6 nf]–dfGyfª kms{g] cf]/fnf] af6f] ;'? x'GYof] .
Eofu'tf] nf]–dfGyfªsf] af6f] nfu]kl5 dfd{6x¿n] xft xNnfO{xNnfO{ p;sf]
labfO u/] .
eQmk|;fb nf]–dfGyfª cfOk'Ubf p;n] 8f]Nkf] hfg] tLy{ofqLx¿nfO{
lxF8\gsf nflu tDtof/ kfof] . eQm]n] s}nL rf}F/Ll;t ;fy nfu]/ hfg'kg]{
Joj:yf ldNof] . s}nL rf}F/L 8f]Nkf]sf] z] u'Dafsf nflu d':tfªsf /fhfsf]
rDkfsf] b'O{ af]/f sf];]nL af]s]/ hfFb} lyO{ . Eofu'tf] uP/ s}nLsf]
ef/Ldfly a:of] . clg rf}F/Lsf] n:s/n] klZrdsf] nfdf] ofqfsf nflu
cfˆgf uf]7fnfx¿sf ;fy nf]–dfGyfª 5f8\of] .
eQmk|;fbn] clxn];Ddsf] ofqfdf s}nLh:tf] yf]/} af]Ng] k|f0fL e]6]sf]
lyPg . af]Ng' gk/];Dd gaf]Ng] . rflxg]eGbf a9\tf Ps zAb klg p;sf]
d'vaf6 glg:sg] . w]/}h;f] t p;n] æcF, cFÆ eg]/} 6fl/lbGyL . eQmk|;fbn]
Orª\u'sf ufO{x¿n] v]tdf Kof/Kof/ u/]/ cfwf lbg} latfpg] u/]sf] b]v]sf]
lyof] . t/ s}nL rf}F/L eg] rfOFr'OF s]xL ulb{gyL . af6fsf] vf]N;fdf kfgL
vfg k/] 7\ofSs cl8P/ eQmk|;fbsf] Wofg tfGg hLp xNnfpFb} ækfgLÆ
eGyL . ofqfsf] qmddf eQmk|;fbn] s}nLsf To:tf 5f]6s/L s'/f / O;f/f
a'́ g yfNof] . h:t} s}nLn] æl‰FufÆ eGbf p;sf] k'R5/ gk'Ug] 7fpFdf a;]/
b'Mv lbg] l‰FufnfO{ p;n] wkfOlbg'k5{ eGg] a'́ g'kYof]{ .
s}nL;Fusf] ofqf
75
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
8f]Nkf] hfg] nfdf] / cK7\of/f] af6f] s'g} aftlrtlagf g} eQm]n]
s6fpg'kg]{ b]lvof] . s'/fsfgL ug{' gk/]kl5 eQmk|;fbn] af6fsf c¿
s'/ftkm{ Wofg lbg yfNof] . p;n] o;cl3 o:tf s'/fdf plt Wofg lbg]
u/]sf] lyPg . clxn] pm kxf8kfvfdf laxfgb]lv a]n'sLkv;Dd cfpg]
3fd5fofFsf] kl/jt{g x]g{ yfNof] . afbnx¿sf] cfsf/df cfpg] kl/jt{g
x]/]/ /dfpg yfNof], clg kx/flt/ ‰Nofs‰'n's b]lvg] lxdfnL e]8f
…gfp/Úx¿ x]g]{lt/ p;sf] dg nf]leg yfNof] .
PskN6 s}nL lxF8\bflxF8\b} PSsfl; hLp s8f kf/]/ l7ª\u pleO{ .
w"kLsf] ‰f8Ldfl:t/ cSs/lt/ x]b}{ p;n] b'O{ zAb egL ælxpFlrt'jf ÛÆ
76
geGb} ToxfF uhSs k/]/ Pp6f lxpFlrt'jf al;/x]sf] lyof] . eQm] klg
lxpFlrt'jf b]v]/ Psk6s t:of]{ . To; b'n{e lxpFlrt'jfn] klg s}nL rf}F/L,
To;sf] ef/L / To;dfly a;]sf] Eofu'tfnfO{ Ps6s nufP/ x]¥of] .
pgLx¿sf cfFvf h'w] . To;kl5 lrt'jfn] la:tf/} p7]/ cfˆgf] hLp tGsfof],
clg cfˆgf] df]6f] nfdf] k'R5/ xNnfof] . To;kl5 k"mlt{;fy c‰} dfl:t/sf]
cUnf] r§fgdf r9\of] / ToxfFaf6 Ps}l5gdf cnk eof] . s}nLn] s]xL
gaf]nL eQmk|;fbnfO{ ss]{ cfFvfn] x]/L . Ps lx;fan] p;n] eQmk|;fbnfO{
;f]lw/x]sL lyO{, æs:tf] nfUof] t <Æ
s}nL;Fusf] ofqf
77
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
af]Gkf]dfuL{ gLdf Rofª\u|f]
8f]Nkf]h:tf] uha If]qdf k'u]/ ;"of]{bob]lv ;"of{:t;Dd} k|s[ltsf] 56f
x]g{ kfpg' sd cfgGbsf] s'/f xf]Og . t/ /ftf]lbg o;f] ubf{ eg] dhf
36\b} hfG5 . c‰, To;df klg k6Ss} gaf]Ng] ;fyL k¥of] eg] t /dfOnf]
g} x'Fb}g . eQm]nfO{ clxn] To:t} eO/x]sf] lyof] . p;n] s}nL;Fu w]/} s'/f
ug{ vf]Hof] . t/ ;'Gof g;'Go} ul/lbPkl5 eQm]sf] s] nfuf];\ < eQmk|;fbn]
uLt ufpFb} cfkm}FnfO{ e'nfpg] r]i6f klg u¥of] . t/ ;ª\uLt / Eofu'tfsf]
unfsf] tfn;'/ g} ldNb}g . cfˆgf] cl3kl5 lxFl8/x]sf c¿ rf}F/Lx¿;Fu}
ukm n8fpg] klg eQmk|;fbn] k|of; u¥of] . t/ p;sf] :j/ pgLx¿;Dd
k'Ug} ;Qm}gYof] .
w]/} lbg;Dd s;};Fu s'/f ug{ gkfpFbf eQmk|;fbnfO{ af]Ng} lal;{Og]
kf] xf] ls eGg] klg 8/ nfUof] . 6\jf/{6\jf/{ ug{ g;Sg] Eofu'tfnfO{
Eofu'tf] eGg} ldNb}g Û To;}n] lbSs dfg]/ cfsfzlt/ x]b{} eQm] nfdf] /
pbf; :j/df hf]8l;t s/fof] .
;+of]ujz, Tolt g} a]nf Pp6f Rofª\u|fn] s}nLnfO{ pl5Gg nfu]sf]
lyof] . To; Rofª\u|fn] Eofu'tfsf] k'sf/ ;'Gof] . p;sf] gfpF gLdf lyof] .
pm Pp6f ef/L af]Sg] el/of Rofª\u|f] lyof] . cfk"mh:t} c¿ Rofª\u|fx¿sf]
;fydf pm 8f]Nkf]af6 ef]6]g'g af]s]/ a]F;Llt/ n}hfGYof], clg a]F;Llt/af6
cGgsf ef/L af]s]/ 8f]Nkf] k'¥ofpFYof] . gLdf Rofª\u|f] s'/f ug{ v"a dg
k/fpg] af]nSs8 /x]5 .
78
p;n] lk7\o"Fdf bfofFafofF b'j}lt/ b'O{cf]6f pmgsf af]/fdf g'gsf ef/L
af]s]sf] lyof] . cGtlt/ Rofª\u|fnfO{ ef/L af]sfpg] rng x/fpFb} uPsf] 5,
t/ 8f]Nkf]df c‰} of] k|yf 5Fb} 5 . Rofª\u|fsf] b'Mv b]v]/ eQmk|;fbsf]
dgdf bof hfUof] . o;eGbf cl3 eQmk|;fbnfO{ afv|f / Rofª\u|fx¿ bfgf
/ 3fF; VjfP/ k'Nk'NofP/ /flvg] hGt' x'g\ eGg] nfUbYof] .
lrgfkrL{ ePkl5 Eofu'tfn] Rofª\u|fnfO{ cfˆgf] dgsf To:tf s'/f
atfof] . gLdfn] k'/fgf] 3lgi7 ;fyLh:tf] u/L Eofu'tfnfO{ eGof], æwt\
Eofu'tf Û bof t bfgf / 3fF; VjfP/ kflnPsf df]6f v;L / Rofª\u|fnfO{
kf] ug'{k5{ . dfG5]x¿ ltgnfO{ sf6]/ vfgsf nflu df]6f] kf5{g\ . Tof]eGbf
t oxL g'gsf] ef/L af]Sg} /fd|f] . d}n] af]s]/ NofPsf] g'gn] s;}sf] enf] t
u5{ . km]l/ Hofg klg aRof] ÛÆ
hLjgnfO{ ;xh 9Ën] lng] gLdfsf] tl/sf eQmk|;fbnfO{ dg k¥of] .
gLdf Rofª\u|f] klg z] u'Daflt/} hfFb} lyof] . To;}n] s}nL, eQmk|;fb /
gLdf tLg}hgf ;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9\gyfn] . aNn eQmk|;fbn] s'/f ug]{ ;fyL
kfof] . p;nfO{ s'/fsf] ;'/df af6f] l56f]l56f] s6]sf] h:tf] nfUg yfNof] .
pm slxn] s}nLsf] lk7\o"Faf6 pk|]m/ gLdfsf] lk7\o"Fdf a:Yof] . slxn]
Rofª\u|fsf] lk7\o"Faf6 km]l/ s}nLs}df hfGYof] . o;/L af6fel/ p;n] jf/kf/
ul//x\of] .
8f]Nkf] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lhNnf xf], t/ ;a}eGbf lk5l8Psf] /
b'u{d lhNnf klg oxL xf] . ToxfFsf] hldg ¿vf] 5 / ToxfFsf] hLjg a8f]
b'MvL 5 . æaflx/sf dfG5]x¿ oxfF la/n} cfpF5g\ . To;}n] o; 7fpFdf
k'/fgf] wd{ / ;+:s[lt c‰} lhpFb} 5 . g]kfnsf c¿ efudf t k'/fgf]
;+:s[lt x/fO;Sof],Æ gLdfn] k/L nfpFb} eGof] . gLdf b]zb]zfj/
3'ld;s]sfn] lgs} a'‰Ss8 lyof] .
z] u'Daf k'Ug' Ps lbgcl3 af6fdf Pp6f …5f]t]{gÚ cyjf :t"k b]vf
af]Gkf]dfuL{ gLdf Rofª\u|f]
79
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
k¥of] . To; 5f]t]{gnfO{ s}nLn] bflxg]lt/af6 kl/qmdf u/L . caf]nf / lh2L
s}nLn] dfq xf]Og c¿ rf}F/Lx¿ klg pN6} lt/af6 5f]t]{g jl/kl/ 3'Db}
lyP . x'Fbfx'Fbf gLdf;d]t ;a} Rofª\u|fn] rf}F/Lx¿nfO{ k5\ofpFb} bflxg]af6}
5f]t]{g 3'd] . sf7df8f}Fsf dlGb/ / d':tfªsf] u'Dafdf ;a}n] afofFlt/af6
kl/qmdf ug]{ u/]sf] eQmk|;fbn] b]v]sf] lyof] . oxfF eg] ;a}hgf pN6f]
3'Db} lyP Û
æls t 8f]Nkf]df ;a} kfun 5g\, ls d}n] s'/f] ga'‰]sf] xf],Æ eQm]n]
;f]Rof] . s}nLnfO{ ;f]w]/ s]xL kmfObf lyPg . To;} x'gfn] p;n] Ps}
l5gkl5 gLdflt/ kms]{/ ;f]Wof], æoxfF ;a}hgfn] lsg pN6f]lt/af6 5f]t]{g
3'd]sf bfO <Æ
80
æg]kfndf b]a|]lt/af6 uf8L rnfpF5g\ eg] ltAatdf bflxg]lt/af6
rnfpF5g\, ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 < To:t} xf] ÛÆ ltAat / g]kfnsf] a]F;Lsf
ahf/x¿df hfFbf uf8Lx¿ b]lv;s]sf] gLdfn] hjfkm lbof], æ8f]Nkf]df xfdL
u'Dafx¿ bflxg]af6} 3'D5f}F, lsgeg] xfd|F] wd{ …af]g–kf]Ú xf] . of] c¿
wd{eGbf km/s 5 . clg of] wd{ lgs} k'/fgf] klg xf] .Æ
gLdfn] c‰} a'‰fpFb} eGof], æcfw'lgstfn] ubf{ g]kfn / ltAatdf wd{
/ k/Dk/fx¿ klg ablnO;s] . 8f]Nkf]df eg] clxn];Dd aflx/L ;+;f/sf]
s'g} c;/ k/]sf] 5}g . xfdLn] cfˆgf] k/Dk/f c‰} hf]ufP/ /fv]sf 5f}F .Æ
cln 76\of}nL u/]/ p;n] s'/f yKof], ækm]l/, a'4 eujfg 5f]t]{gnfO{
afofFkl§ kf/]/ 3'Dg'x'G5, xfdL bfofFkl§ kf/]/ 3'D5f}+ . To;f] ubf{
eujfgl;t 3/L3/L e]6\g kfOof] lg ÛÆ
af]Gkf]dfuL{ gLdf Rofª\u|f]
81
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
nfdf] nfdf
af6fdf s]xL lbg ;fy} lxF8\bf gLdfn] lgs} dfld{s s'/fx¿ eQm]nfO{
;'gfof] . dflg;x¿ v;L, e]8f, Rofª\u|f / rf}F/Lsf df;' lsg vfG5g\ eGg]
af/] pgLx¿aLr Ps lbg rrf{ rNof] . eQm]n] d'v laufb}{ eGof], æ5\of Û
dflg;x¿ ltd|f hfltnfO{ klg vfG5g\ xlu < dfG5]af6 xfdL Eofu'tf eg]
t 9'Ss 5f}F . xfdLnfO{ 8/ vfnL ;k{;Fu xf] .Æ
æTo;f] geg eQm] Û dfG5]n] Eofu'tfsf] df;' klg vfG5g\, a'́ of} <
;ft ;d'b|kfl/ k||mfG; eGg] b]zdf t Eofu'tfnfO{ :jflbnf] vfg]s'/f
dflgG5 . ToxfFsf dfG5]n] Eofu'tfsf ;fFk|f cf}wL ?rfpF5g\ eGg] ;'g]sf]
5',Æ gLdfn] eGof] .
p;sf s'/f ;'g]/ eQm]sf] cg'xf/ km';|f] eof] . gLdfn] eQmk|;fbnfO{
kmsfpFb} eGof], æwGbf gdfg, sf7df8f}Fdf k|]mGr vfgfsf] c‰} rNtL
eO;s]sf] 5}g . ltd|f c¿ b'O{rf/ k':tfnfO{ dfG5]af6 s]xL 8/ 5}g .
9'Ss eP/ a; .Æ
To;}lbg eQm] s}nLsf] lk7\o"Fdf lgbfof] / ;kgf b]Vg yfNof] . ;kgfdf
p;n] Orª\u'sf ;a} Eofu'tfx¿nfO{ ga'l‰g] efiff af]Ng] dflg;x¿n] ;dfTg
eg]/ nv]l6/fv]sf b]Vof] . TolQs}df Pp6f cfjfh cfof] æpM ÛÆ Pshgf
s/fof], æz] Ho"g Pe]s\ n] ufGb\;\ ls;];\ Û -Tof] df]6f] ;fFk|f] ePsf] k6\7f]
Eofu'tf] ;dft\ . To;nfO{ pDsg gb] ÛÆ_ clg Pp6f xftn] cfP/ p;nfO{
RofKk ;dfTof] . eQmk|;fb lg:;fl;P/ lrRofof] .
82
æs}nLsf] lk7\o"Fdf of] Eofu'tf] stfaf6 cfof] xF < dnfO{ b]v]/ of] lsg
o;/L lrRofO/x]5 <Æ ;kgfaf6 lapF‰Fbf eQmk|;fbn] cfk"mnfO{ Pp6f b'Anf],
kftnf] / cUnf] l76f] nfdfsf] xftdf kfof] . eQmk|;fbsf] 6f]nL z] u'Daf
nfdf] nfdf
83
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
cfOk'lu;s]sfn] Tof] l76f] nfdfrflxF s}nLsf] ef/L ‰fg{ eg]/ cfPsf]
lyof] . To;}a]nf nfdfn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ b]v]sf] lyof] .
ædnfO{ 5fl8lbgf];\, 5fl8lbgf];\ ÛÆ eg]/ eQmk|;fbn] nfdfsf] xftaf6
pDsg] r]i6f u¥of] .
æP, ltdL t af]Nbf /}Ú5f} . g8/fpm . pDsg] an klg gu/ . d
ltdLnfO{ s]xL ulb{gF . d]/f] gfd nfdf] nfdf xf] . ltd|f] gfd s] xf] lg <
P, eQmk|;fb < nf} d]/f] sfFwdf a;, u'Dafleq hfcf}F .Æ
nfdf] nfdfn] eg]sf] dfGg]afx]s eQmk|;fb;Fu s'g} csf]{ pkfo lyPg .
l76f] nfdfn] s}nLsf] ef/L nu]/ u'Dafsf] e08f/sf]7fdf /fVof] / To;kl5
d'Vo u'Daflt/ nfUof] . eQm]rflxF nl8Pnf eGg] 8/n] alnof]l;t nfdfsf]
s7fnf] ;dft]/ p;sf] sfFwdf al;/x\of] . 9'Ëf / df6fsf] hf]8fOn] ag]sf]
z] u'Dafsf] ejg cln e2f eP klg 7"nf] / eJo lyof] . u'Dafsf]
leqkl§af6 ´ofD6f, 9f]n / ;;fgf 306Lsf] ldl>t cfjfh cfO/x]sf]
lyof] .
nfdfx¿ a;]/ k|fy{gf ug]{ sf]7f nfDrf] / cFWof/f] lyof] . sf]7fdf w"k
/ £o"sf] ;'uGw 5l/Psf] lyof] . kNnf] s'gfdf cUnf] cf;gdfly u'Dafsf
d'Vo nfdf a;]sf lyP . pgsf] Pp6f xftdf 306L lyof] . 306L ahfpFb}
csf]{ xftsf cf}Fnfx¿af6 pgL d'b|fx¿ agfpFy] . To:tf wfld{s ljlwx¿
eQmk|;fbn] klxn] slxNo} b]v]sf] lyPg / p;n] s]xL a'́ g ;s]g . d'Vo
nfdfsf] cl3lNt/ bf]xf]/f] kª\lQmdf w]/} nfdfx¿ kn]6L df/]/ a;]sf lyP .
pgLx¿ ;a} Ps};fy e6\ofP/ wd{u|Gy kf7 ul//x]sf lyP . ToxfF Pp6f
eofgs cg'xf/ ePsf] d"lt{ klg lyof] . To;d'lGt/ /x]sf] j]bLdf l3psf
;of}F bLkx¿ aln/x]sf lyP . ltg} bLkaf6 sf]7fdf clnslt eP klg
pHofnf] cfO/x]sf] lyof] .
nfdf] nfdf c¿ nfdfx¿sf] kl5lNt/ 9f]s}lg/ uP/ a:of] . pm l;sf?
84
nfdf lyof] . nfdf] nfdf /ftf] sk8fdf a]l/Psf] cfˆgf] k':tssf] kf]sf]
vf]Nof] . k':tssf kfgf kN6fpFb} pm klg c¿;Fu} kf7 ug{ yfNof] . kf7
rln/x]s} a]nf Pp6f nfdfn] ;a}nfO{ £o" xfn]sf] lrof afF8\b} cfof] .
eQmk|;fbn] To:tf] lrof klxnf]k6s nf]–dfGyfªsf] e§Ldf rfv]sf] lyof] .
eQm]n] lrofsf] srf}/fdf cfFvf uf8]sf] b]v]/ kf7 ubf{ub}{ nfdf] nfdfn]
eQmk|;fbnfO{ …vfP x'G5Ú eg]/ O;f/f u¥of] .
eQmk|;fbn] t'?Gt tn cf]n]{/ lrof ;'Sof{of] . cfxf Û Sof dL7f] .
d':tfªb]lv 8f]Nkf] cfOk'u]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] k'/:sf/ p;sf nflu dfgf}F ToxL
lrof lyof] .
nfdf] nfdf
85
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
u'Dafsf] 1fg
rf}F/Lsf] £o" ld;fPsf] lrofn] cfˆgf] ltvf{ d]6]/ eQmk|;fb km]l/ nfdf]
nfdfsf] sfFwdf uP/ a:of] . nfdf] nfdf / c¿ l;sf? nfdfx¿n] kf7
l;4ØfP/ k':ts aGb ug{ yfn] . t/ kfsf nfdfx¿ eg] c‰} k9\b} lyP .
nfdf] nfdfn] ToxL df}sfdf eQmk|;fbnfO{ k|fy{gf / u|Gy kf7sf] dxŒjaf/]
a'‰fpg nfUof] .
nfdf] nfdfn] atfPcg';f/ ;+;f/df hGd lnPkl5 k|s[lthut\ /
k|f0fLhut\nfO{ a'́ g'kb{5 . hLjg eg]sf] hGd, d[To' / k'gh{Gdsf] rqm xf] .
k|To]s r]tgzLn k|f0fLn] cfˆgf] hLjgsf x/]s cj:yfdf kljq ljrf/
/fVg'kb{5 / c;n sd{ ug'{k5{ . ;a} k|f0fLk|lt s?0ff / bofefj /fVg'kb{5 .
eQmk|;fbn] w]/} s]xL ga'‰] klg nfdfsf s'/f Wofgk"j{s ;'lg/XØf] .
nfdf] nfdfn] c¿ eGof], æk|f0fLdf x'g'kg]{ pQd u'0f s] xf] eg] p;n] s'g}
klg s'/fnfO{ cfˆgf] xf]Og, csf{sf] gh/af6 x]g{ ;Sg'kb{5 . To;f] ug{
;Sg] hf] sf]xL klg c;n / a'l4dfg\ sxlnG5 . ;a} cfˆgf] ljrf/nfO{
dfq 7Ls 7fGb5g\ . clg cfˆgf] ljrf/ c¿dfly yf]kg{ vf]H5g\ . ;+;f/df
x'g] n8fOF, ‰}‰u8f / bËfkm;fbx¿sf] d'Vo sf/0f ToxL g} xf] .Æ of] s'/f
eg] eQmk|;fbn] klg a'́ of] . p;nfO{ 3t nfUof] / d'G6f] xNnfP/ eGof],
ædgfl;a ÛÆ
eQmk|;fb o;/L ofqfdf lg:sg'cl3 o; w/tLdf Eofu'tfdfq} dxŒjk"0f{
k|f0fL x'g\ eGg] p;sf] ;f]rfO lyof] . p;n] cfˆgf] ofqfsf] qmddf y'k|}
86
hLjhGt'x¿nfO{ b]Vg] / e]6\g] df}sf kfof], / clxn];Dddf t p;nfO{ c¿
;of}F hLjhGt'x¿sf ljifodf klg yfxf eO;s]sf] lyof] . otf, nfdf]
nfdfn] zfGt efjdf eGb} lyof], æx]/, of] k[YjL uF8\of}nf, Gofp/Ld';f,
as'Nnf, lu4, af?nf, nfdv'§], k'tnL, lxpFlrt'jf, gfp/, dflg; /
v'Dn]sL/fh:tf ;a}sf] ;f‰f 3/ xf] . k[YjLdf hËn klg 5g\ . hËndf
;Nnf / pGo""Fsf 3f/L klg x'G5g\ . To;afx]s oxfF 7"n7"nf r§fg, gLnf]
cfsfz, afbn, gbL, ‰/gf, tfn, 3fd, h"g, u|x / gIfqx¿, kxf8, kj{t,
pkTosf / ;dtn e"ldh:tf lghL{j s'/fx¿ klg 5g\ . clg oL ;a}
j:t'x¿sf aLrdf ltdLxfdL klg 5f}F Û ;+;f/sf ;a} ;hLj / lghL{j
j:t'x¿ 5'§} 5g\ . t/ tL ;a} Pscfk;df ;DalGwt klg 5g\ .Æ
nfdf] nfdfsf] efif0f c‰ ;lsPsf] lyPg . pm eGb} lyof], æ;+;f/sf
x/]s j:t'n] afFRgsf nflu Pscsf{sf] e/ gk/L ;'Sv} 5}g .Æ cfˆgf] s'/f
Eofu'tfn] WofgdUg eP/ ;'g]sf] b]v]/ nfdf] nfdf c‰ xf}l;of] / cfˆgf]
k|jrgqmd cl3 a9fof], æs'g} klg k|f0fL jf j:t' cfkm}Fdf dxŒjk"0f{ x'Fb}g .
pbfx/0fsf nflu e]8fs} s'/f lnpmF . e]8fnfO{ afFRg 3fF; rflxG5 . 3fF;
pd|g df6f] rflxG5 . df6f] dlnnf] x'gnfO{ e]8fs} a8\sf}Fnf rflxG5 .Æ
nfdf] nfdf af]Nb} lyof], eQmk|;fb eg] u'Dafsf] j]bLdf aQLx¿ gflr/x]sf
x]bf{x]b}{ 6f]nfpg yfNof] . 9f]n / ´ofD6fsf] 9\ofª9\ofª / nfdfx¿sf]
dGqf]Rrf/0fsf] Wjlgn] u'lGh/x]sf] u'Dafsf] To:tf] jftfj/0fdf eQmk|;fbsf]
dgdf Pstdf;sf s'/f v]Ng yfn] . clxn];Dd p;n] cfFvf, sfg / c¿
OlGb|osf] ;xfotfaf6 aflx/L ;+;f/nfO{ x]l//x]sf] lyof] . t/ ca p;sf
dgsf cfFvf v'Ng vf]Hb} lyP . pm ltg} cfFvfn] leqLs'/f x]g{ vf]Hb} lyof] .
æd}n] of] ofqf lsg u/]F < lsg k|f0fLx¿ hGdG5g\ / lsg db{5g\ <
hLjgsf] cy{ s] xf] <Æ cflb u"9 s'/fx¿ a'́ g pm 3f]lTng yfNof] .
eQmk|;fb ulx/f] ;f]rdf dUg eof] . p;nfO{ nfdf] nfdfn] pkb]z
u'Dafsf] 1fg
87
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
klg lbO/XØf], æhlthlt ltdLn] hLjg a'́ 5f}, plt g} ltdLn] c¿
k|f0fLk|ltsf] gd|tfsf] dxŒj klg a'́ b} hfg]5f}, :jfyL{ x'g 5f8\g]5f} / d} x'F
eGg] efjgf /fVg 5f8\g]5f}Ù s?0ff / bofsf] dxŒj klg a'́ g]5f} . ltdLdf
bofn' / k/f]ksf/L efjgf cfpg yfNg]5g\ .Æ
eQmk|;fbn] Psfu| eP/ 6fpsf] xNnfof] . p;n] cfˆgf] hLjgdf olt
w]/} / uxg s'/f slxNo} ;'Gg kfPsf] lyPg, o:tf s'/f slxn] ;f]r]s}
lyPg . pm rlst eof] . w]/} 6f9fb]lv lxF8]/ cfPh:tf] p;nfO{ ysfO
nfu]/ cfof] . eQm]nfO{ Ps}rf]l6 ;a} s'/f a'́ g ufx|f] k/]sf] s'/f nfdf]
nfdfn] klg a'́ of] . eQm]nfO{ 9f8df yKykfpFb} p;n] eGof], æhLjgdf
l;Sg] s'/fx¿ w]/} 5g\, eQmk|;fb . l;s]/ slxNo} ;lsGg . h]xf];\,
cfhb]lv ltdLn] klg l;Sg ;'? u¥of}, dnfO{ o;}df v';L nfu]sf] 5 .Æ
eQmk|;fbsf] cg'xf/ pHofnf] eof] . cfh p;sf] hLjgsf] Pp6f gf}nf]
cWofo ;'? ePsf] lyof] . æo;cl3 t d lxF8]sf] dfq /x]5' . t/ ca eg]
d cfkm"n] e]6]sf k|f0fL / b]v]sf 36gfx¿nfO{ a'́ g] r]i6f ug]{5',Æ eQm]n]
eGof] . nfdf] nfdf of] ;'g]/ bË k¥of] . sf7df8f}Fsf] Eofu'tfn] cUnf
kj{tx¿sf aLrdf /x]sf] 8f]Nkf]df cfP/ af]Gkf]dfuL{ u'Dafdf dgsf] ;+;f/
km]nf kf/]sf] / p;n] cfTd1fg kfPsf] b]v]/ nfdf] nfdfnfO{ ;Gtf]if nfUof] .
klxn]klxn] eP o:tf] a]nfdf eQmk|;fb v';Ln] pk|mGYof] /
lrRofpFYof] . t/ clxn] eg] eQmk|;fb zfGt lyof] . pm leqleq} ub\ub
eP klg p;n] lrRofpg' h?/L 7fg]g . p;n] dgdg} eGof], æcGtd{gdf
ltdL v';L 5f}, lsgeg] c¿af6 ltdLn] ;b\Jojxf/ kfPsf 5f} . o;df
ltdLn] km'ls{g] s] s'/f 5 / <Æ o:t} lgM:jfy{ efjgfaf6 p;nfO{ cfgGb
ldNof] . eQmk|;fb z] u'Dafsf] d'Vo sIfdf rln/x]sf] k|fy{gf g;lsP;Dd
cfglGbt eP/ al;/XØf] . p;n] dgdg} cfˆgf] …u'?Ú nfdf] nfdfnfO{
wGojfb lbO/Xof] .
88
labf 8f]Nkf] Û
/ft k/]kl5 eQmk|;fb nfdf] nfdfl;ts} sf]7fdf uP/ ;'Tof] . nfdf]
nfdfn] eGof], æltdLn] lgs} nfdf] ofqf ul/;s]sf 5f} eQmk|;fb . t/ cfh
ltdLn] of] yfxf kfof} xf]nf ls ltdL lxF8]/ klg sxLF gk'Ug ;S5f}, clg
glxF8Lsg klg sxLF k'Ug ;S5f} . ltdL cfk"mnfO{ efUodfgL 7fg, lsgeg]
ltdLn] ofqf klg ug{ kfPsf 5f} / cfk"mnfO{ lrg]sf klg 5f} .Æ
lgbfpg'cl3 eQm]sf] ofqf sfo{qmdaf/] pgLx¿aLr 5nkmn eof] .
nfdf] nfdfn] eQm]nfO{ 3/ kms{g] ;Nnfx lbof] / eQmk|;fbsf] klg To;
s'/fdf lrQ a'́ of] . eQm]n] ef]lnkN6 blIf0flt/ nfUg] lgZro u¥of] .
laxfgsf] 3fdsf] ls/0f sf]7fdf k/]kl5 eQmk|;fb lapF́ of] . laxfgLsf]
3fddf sf]7fsf] ;fgf] ´ofnaf6 aflx/ ljzfn / cljrn kj{tx¿ b]lvGy] .
cfˆgf] lgTo sfd l;4ØfP/ nfdf] nfdfn] cl3 g} aflx/sf sfd
yfln;s]sf] lyof] . s]xL nfdfx¿ eQm]nfO{ labfO ug{ cfPsf lyP . nfdf]
nfdfn] Eofu'tfnfO{ l7Ss x'g] u/L sf6]sf] …vfbfÚ eQmk|;fbsf] 3fF6Ldf
nufOlbof] . nfdfx¿sf] :g]x kfP/ eQmk|;fbsf] d'6'df ufF7f] k¥of], t}klg
dg afFw]/ nfdf] nfdf / c¿ nfdfx¿l;t labf lnFb} eQmk|;fb cfˆgf]
af6f] nfUof] .
p;n] ;Lw} blIf0fL 8f]Nkf]sf] h'kmfn gfdsf] xjfO{c8\8flt/sf] af6f]
;dfTof] . af6fdf w]/} 3/ / a:tLx¿ lyPgg\ . Pp6f 7"nf] /d0fLo tfn
lyof] h;sf] kfgLlgsf;n] ;of}F lkm6 ‰g]{ ‰/gf agfPsf] lyof] . ‰gf{sf]
89
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
km]bLdf k]ml/ Pp6f dhfsf] tnfp ag]sf] lyof] .
hf8fn] ubf{ d':tfª / 8f]Nkf]df eQm]n] g'xfpg] cfF6 ug{ ;s]sf]
lyPg . clxn] p;n] ToxL tnfpdf cfˆgf] z/L/sf] w"nf], kl;gf /
d}nf] kvfNof] .
g'xfOj/L tfhf ePsf] eQmk|;fb ‰g\ k"mlt{;fy cl3 a9\of] . pm ca
nSsf hjfg eO;s]sf] lyof] . p;sf] hLp sl:;Psf] lyof] . lxdfnsf]
3fdn] p;sf] 5fnf 89]/ clncln sfnf] ePsf] lyof] . nfdf] ;dosf]
90
lxF8fOn] ubf{ p;sf xftuf]8f;d]t alnof ePsf lyP . clxn] pm c¿
Eofu'tfx¿eGbf a9L plk|mg / l56f] lxF8\g ;Sg] ePsf] lyof] .
lxF8]/ sf7df8f}F k'Ug ;lsFb}g eGg] s'/f Eofu'tfnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf
lyof] . 8f]Nkf]af6 sf7df8f}F lxF8]/ cfpg] xf] eg] dlxgf}F nfUg ;S5 .
af6fdf cg]s ;d:of cfOkg{ ;S5g\, clg 3/ kms{g] s'/f la;]{/ pm
af6fd} cNdlng klg ;S5 . clxn] g} t p;n] cfˆgf afh] a'l4k|;fb /
efOa}gLsf] cg'xf/ lal;{;s]sf] lyof] . cfdfsf] cg'xf/rflxF p;sf] ;D‰gfdf
tfh} lyof] . cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ e]6\g] nfn;fn] pm h'kmfn k'Ug ‰g\‰g\ nfdf
km8\sf df/]/ lxF8\g yfNof] .
cflv/df eQm] h'kmfnsf] xjfO{c8\8fdf k'Uof] . t/ ToxfF jfo';]jfsf]
l6s6 a]Rg] dfG5]n] elglbof], æsL/f, km6\ofª\u|f, Eofu'tf, kfxf, ;k{, d';f
OToflbnfO{ l6s6 lbg ldNb}g .Æ c‰, To; dfG5]n] eQm]nfO{ ælxF8]/}
sf7df8f}F hfpmÆ elGbFbf t Eofu'tf] ‰g\ lg/fz eof] . pbf; dgn] p;n]
xjfO{c8\8fsf] tn alu/x]sf] e]/L gbLlt/ x]¥of] . e]/Lsf] lsgf/}lsgf/
blIf0ftkm{ nfUg] af6f] xjfO{d}bfgaf6 b]lvGYof] .
t/ eQmk|;fbn] h;/L eP klg p8]/} hfG5' eGg] c7f]6 u¥of] .
æo:tf] a]sfObfsf] lgod klg st} x'G5 < ef]ln hxfh cfPkl5 kfOn6l;t
cfkm}F s'/f u5'{,Æ p;n] ljrf/ u¥of] . Toltv]/ p;n] gf/fo0f3f6af6
k"mndfofsf] 6«sdf r9]/ kf]v/f uPsf] klg ;D´of] . æk"mndfofn] …lnˆ6Ú
lbOg\ eg] kfOn6n] lsg gb]nfg\ < k"mndfof 6«s rnfpg] 8«fOe/ lyOg\\ .
kfOn6 eg]sf] klg xjfO{hxfh rnfpg] 8«fOe/ t xf] lg Û oL b'O{df
clfv/ km/s s] 5 / < d]/f] dsf{ a'l‰xfN5g\ lg .Æ
To; /ft eQmk|;fb h'kmfn ljdfg:ynsf] ;fdfg hf]Vg] ldl;gd'lGt/
3'l;|P/ ;'Tof] . ca p;sf] 3'Dg] wf]sf] k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . ca pm ;s];Dd
l56f] Orª\u'sf] wfgv]tdf cfˆgf] kl/jf/df‰ kms{g rfxGYof] .
labf 8f]Nkf] Û
91
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
92
cfsfzdf p8\bf
ljdfg:yndf cf]ln{Psf] 6\jLgc6/ hxfhsf] rsf]{ cfjfhn eQmk|;fb Ao"F́ of] .
h'kmfnsf] ljdfg:yn le/fnf] / sRrL 5 . ToxfF hxfh p8\bf / cf]ln{Fbf
a]:;/L w"nf] p8\5 . clxn] klg w"nf] p8fpFb} hxfh 6ld{gn ejgglhs
k'u]/ cl8of] . j/k/af6 ufpFn]x¿ hxfh cfPsf] x]g{ e]nf ePsf lyP .
Psl5gkl5 hxfhsf] y't'gf]sf] 5]paf6 Pp6f ;fgf] 9f]sf v'Nof] .
ToxfFaf6 cfwf afx'nfsf] ;]tf] sldh nufPsf] dflg; k"mlt{;fy e'O{Fdf
cf]ln{of] / cf]n]{/ hxfhsf] jl/kl/ 3'd]/ lg/LIf0f ug{ yfNof] . æTof] dflg;
hxfhsf] sKtfg xf],Æ s;}n] eg]sf] p;n] ;'Gof] . kfOn6nfO{ g} sKtfg eGbf
/x]5g\ eGg] a'‰]kl5 eQmk|;fb l56l56f] plk|mFb} sKtfgsf] 5]pdf k'Uof] .
Wofgk"j{s hxfhsf kv]6f x]l//x]sf] kfOn6sf] gh/ slxn] cfk"mdfly knf{
eg]/ eQmk|;fb 6'n'6'n' x]b}{ s'/]/ a:of] . t/ kfOn6n] Eofu'tflt/ k6Ss}
x]/]g . To;kl5 Gjf/fgb]lvsf] an lgsfn]/ eQmk|;fb kfOn6sf] cfFvf ;fd'Gg]
kg]{ u/L pk|mØf] . geGb} kfOn6n] p;nfO{ b]Vof] / p;n] sfnf] r:df
km'sfn]/ 6'qm'Ss a;]/ vfbf nufPsf] crDdsf] o; Eofu'tfnfO{ x]¥of] .
eQmk|;fbn] t'?Gt} cfˆgf] kl/ro lbof], ægd:sf/ Û sKtfg;fx]a Û ;/,
d]/f] gfd eQmk|;fb Eofu'tf] xf] .Æ
ægd:t] efO Û d]/f] gfdrflxF cfsfze}/j gf/fo0f xf] . dnfO{
…SofK6]g PaLÚ eg]/ af]nfP x'G5 . eg, s] ug'{k¥of] <Æ
æx]g'{;\ g, dnfO{ hxfhdf r9\g lbGgF eG5g\ . sf7df8f}F 3/ kms{g
93
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
kl/;Sof] . d g]kfnbz{gdf lg:s]sf] dlxgf}F eof] . 3/ ;D‰]/ lgof;|f]
nflu/x]sf] 5 . cfdf / xh'/af s'l//xg'ePsf] xf]nf . nf} g hgL u/]/
dnfO{ sf7df8f}F nlulbg'xf];\,Æ Eofu'tfn] Ps} ;f;df dgsf] s'/f km/// elglbof] .
æcf] xf], af]Ng] Eofu'tf], uha /}Ú 5 ÛÆ bfx|L sf6]/ lrNnf] ePsf]
lrpF8f] d';fb}{ SofK6]g PaLn] eg] . æx'g t x'g] lyof] === t}klg ===
Eofu'tfnfO{ …k];]Gh/Ú agfP/ n}hfg gx'g] lgodrflxF 5 . cF, t/ lgoddf
æsslk6Æ df SofK6]gsf] vNtLleq /fv]/ nfg'x'Gg eGg] rflxF sxLF
n]lvPsf] 5}g ÛÆ SofK6]g PaLn] Pp6f cfFvf l‰DSofFpFb} of] s'/f eg] .
eQmk|;fb ca 3/ k'lug] eOof] eg]/ v';Ln] ub\ub eof] .
æltdL;Fu s]xL ;fdfg klg 5g\ ls <Æ
94
æ5}gg\,Æ Eofu'tfn] eGof] .
æTo;f] eP hfcf}F t,Æ SofK6]g PaLn] cfˆgf] sldhsf] vNtLsf] d'v
p3fb}{ 7"nf] agfP/ Eofu'tfnfO{ pk|mg O;f/f u/] . Eofu'tf] a'b|'Ss pk|m]/
;Lw} kfOn6sf] vNtLleq l5¥of] . hxfhsf] p8\g] ;do eO;s]sf] lyof] .
SofK6]g PaL cl3s} ;fgf] 9f]sfaf6 hxfhleq l5/] . pgsf] …sf]–kfOn6Ú
;fyL …sslk6Ú leqsf ld6/x¿ hfFRgdf Jo:t lyP . æPp6f csf]{ ;fyL
klg ylkPsf] 5,Æ e'Ss p7]sf] sldhsf] vNtL ykykfpFb} SofK6]g PaLn]
atfP . sf]–kfOn6 d';'d';' xfF;] .
vNtL dfl:t/sf] km]/df b'a} xftn] ;dft]/ eQmk|;fbn] d'G6f] lgsfn]/
sslk6 aflx/ x]¥of] . Toltv]/ SofK6]gn] 6fpsf]dflysf] XoflG8n lyr]/
OlGhgnfO{ x'OFSofP . To;f] ubf{ b'j}lt/sf kª\vf hf]8l;t kmGkmgL 3'Dg
yfn] / k"/} hxfh y/y/ ub}{ p8\gsf nflu tDtof/ eof] . To;kl5
SofK6]g PaLn] a|]s 5f8\g]lalQs} 6\jLgc6/ hxfh le/fnf] / sRrL
wfjgdfu{df bf}8g yfNof] . Ps}l5gkl5 hxfhsf kfª\u|fn] e'OF 5f8] .
eQmk|;fb xjfO{hxfhl;t} cSsfl;of] .
e]/L gbLsf] ;fFu'/f] vf]Fr x'Fb} Tof] ;fgf] ljdfg klxn] blIf0ftkm{ nfUof]
clg km]l/ k"j{ ;f]l‰of] . kfOn6sf] cufl8sf] P]gfaf6 Eofu'tf] ;a x]b}{
uof] . 8fF8fsfF8f, agkfvf, vf]nfgfnf dflydflyaf6 lxpFn] 5f]k]sf
kj{tx¿sf] glhs glhs x'Fb} hxfh sf7df8f}Ftkm{ a9\g nfUof] . pgLx¿n]
klxn] wjnflul/ lxdfn sf6], To;kl5 cGgk"0ff{sf lzv/x¿ / df5fk'R5«]
l5rf]n] . To;kl5 dgf;n' lxdfn gf3]kl5 u0f]z lxdfn b]vfk¥of] .
Orª\u'af6 ;w}F b]lvg] u0f]z lxdfn eQmk|;fbn] lrlgxfNof] .
g]kfnsf] dWokxf8L efusf] dflydflyaf6 p8\bf b]lvg] b[Zo b]v]/
eQmk|;fb bË k¥of] . p;n] cfˆgf] ofqfsfndf agfPsf ;fyLx¿ ToxLF d'lGt/
lyP . sf]xL bflxg]kl§ t/fO{sf] hËndf / sf]xL afofFkl§ lxdfnkfl/ ef]6df lyP .
cfsfzdf p8\bf
95
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
eQmk|;fbn] ;D´of], t/fO{sf] udL{df t'n;L/fd c‰} uf8f tflg/x]s}
xf]nf . lrtjgsf] hËndf al3gL/fgL l;sf/sf] vf]hLdf xf]lng\ . k"mndfof
kf]v/f hfg]af6fdf 6«s xfFSb} xf]lng\ . kf]v/fsf] xfp8] k|hfklt km]jftfndf
u|fxs 9's]/ al;/x]sf] xf]nf . zflnu|fd pNn]/Lsf] psfnfdf st} kl;gf
r'xfpFb} ef/L af]ls/x]sf] xf]nf . clg eQmk|;fbnfO{ ;flxFnL ‰f]kfsf] klg
;D‰gf cfof] . æpgL clxn] sf];Fu aft dfb}{ xf]lng\ <Æ eg]/ Ps}l5g
eQmk|;fb lhNn k¥of] . To;kl5 p;sf] dg d':tfªkfl/ nf]–dfGyfªdf
8f]NdfsxfF k'Uof] . ToxfF x]dfdflngL lbpF;f]sf] vfhfsf nflu £o"lrof tof/
kfg{ nfu]sL xf]lng\ eGg] p;n] cGbfh u¥of] . rfªyfªsf] k7f/df k]Daf
d';f] cfˆgf] b'nfleq c‰} 3'l;|/x]sf] xf]nf . caf]nf s}nL klg ca t
8f]Nkf]af6 nf]–dfGyfªtkm{ kms{+b} xf]nL eGg] nv sf6\of] eQm]n] . o;kl5
p;n] cfˆgf] u'?nfO{ ;D´of] . nfdf] nfdf z] u'Dafleq lbof]df £o" yKb}
xf]nf . km]l/ PskN6 blIf0flt/ kms]{/ p;n] ‰nSs t/fO{sf] r}t'nfnnfO{
klg ;D´of], hf] 3l8ofnsf] cfxf/ ag]sf] lyof] .
96
km]l/ sf7df8f}F
o:t} t/Ëdf 8'la/x]sf] eQmk|;fbnfO{ SofK6]g PaLn] sf]§ØfP .
eQmk|;fb ctLtaf6 jt{dfgdf cf]Nof]{ . OlGhgsf] XjfOFXjfOFn] ubf{ af]n]sf]
;'Gg ufx|f] lyof] . SofK6]g PaLn] rf]/ cf}Fnfn] ´ofnaflx/ b]vfP .
pT;'stfk"j{s Eofu'tfn] vNtLaf6 tlGsP/ SofK6]gn] b]vfPlt/ x]¥of] .
p;n] tn ljzfn srf}/f b]Vof] . Tof] srf}/f b"wsf] kmLFhn] 6Dd
el/Psf] lyof] . Psl5g x]l//x]kl5 aNn eQmk|;fbn] tn b]lvPsf] srf}/f
sf7df8f}F vfN8f] xf] eg]/ 7Dofof] . hf8fsf] s'lx/fn] sf7df8f}F vfN8fnfO{
8Dd} 9fs]sf] lyof] . sf7df8f}F, kf6g, eQmk'/ / sfF7sf dfG5]x¿ 3fdsf]
d'v x]g{ gkfP/ :o":o" ub}{ lyP xf]nfg\ . oxfF dfly eg] 5\ofË pHofnf]
lyof] . 3fdsf] Gofgfn] s'lx/f] kmf6f];\ eg]/ SofK6]g PaLn] hxfhnfO{
s]xLa]/ pkTosfdfly 3'dfP .
eQmk|;fbn] km]l/ PskN6 tnlt/ x]¥of] . ToxfF p;n] clxn];Dd
gb]v]sf] clåtLo b[Zo b]Vof] . 3fdsf] ls/0faf6 rlDs/x]sf] :joDe"
s'lx/fsf] ;fu/df t}l//x]sf] 6fk'‰}F b]lvGYof] . ;]tf] r}To / To;dfly a'4sf
zfGt cfFvfx¿ lyP . ltg} cfFvfx¿l;t labf lnP/ dg;'gsf] ;'?d} eQm]n]
ofqf yfn]sf] lyof] . clxn] tL cfFvf eQmk|;fb kmls{P/ cfPsf]df dfgf}F
p;sf] :jfut ug{ eg]/ tlD;/x]sf lyP .
k/fk"j{ sfndf sf7df8f}F Pp6f 7"nf] tnfp lyof] . clg clxn]
:joDe"gfy ePsf 7fpFdf rflxF Pp6f sdnsf] k"mn lyof] eg]/ xh'/af
97
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
a'l4k|;fbn] eg]sf] p;n] ;D´of] . To; ;do b]ptfx¿n] :joDe"nfO{ o;/L
g} ;]tf] tnfpdf t}l//x]sf] b]v] xf]nfg\ eGg]] sNkgf u¥of] eQmk|;fbn],
SofK6]g PaLsf] vNtLd} a;]/ .
SofK6]gn] hxfhsf] ult sd ug{nfO{ æy|6nÆ sf] XoflG8n cfk"mlt/
tfg] . clg hxfh la:tf/} tn cf]n{g nfUof] . kf6g zx/dfly k'u]kl5
hxfhnfO{ lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynlt/ kfOn6n] ;f]́ ofP . o;nfO{
klxn] uf}r/ ljdfg:yn elgGYof], lsgeg] klxn] of] ;fFlRrs} ufO{ r/fpg]
7fpF lyof] /] . sslk6sf] ´ofnaf6 x]bf{ eQmk|;fbnfO{ cufl8 t]l;{Psf]
wfjgdfu{ rf}8f /fhdfu{h:tf] nfUof] . Ps}l5gkl5 hxfhsf kfª\u|fn]
9\ofSs u/]/ e'OF 5f]P . hxfh la:tf/} cfGtl/s 6ld{gn ejglt/ u'8\g
yfNof] .
SofK6]g PaLn] hxfh /f]s]s} 7fpFlg/ Pp6f 7"nf] x"n klv{/x]sf]
lyof] . æo; hxfhdf s'g} 7"n} …eL=cfO{=kL=Ú dfG5] cfPsf] /x]5 . To;}
eP/ :jfut ug{ Toltsf dflg; cfPsf xf]nfg\,Æ Eofu'tfn] eGof] .
d';'Ss xfF:b} SofK6]g PaLn] eg], æeL=cfO{=kL= dfG5] xf]Og
Eofu'tf]rflxF xf] . d}n] cl3 g} …sG6«f]n 6fj/Ú df /]l8of]af6 va/ u/]/
ltd|f] kl/jf/nfO{ oxfF af]nfpg nufPsf] lyPF .Æ
SofK6]gn] eQmk|;fbnfO{ vNtLaf6 l‰s]/ hxfhsf] e¥ofª5]pdf
/flvlbP . eQmk|;fbnfO{ 9f]sfdf b]Vg]lalQs} aflx/ xf]xNnf eof] / tfnLx¿
ah] . hxfhaf6 cf]n]{kl5 s;}n] cfP/ eQmk|;fbnfO{ ;okqLsf] ;fgf] dfnf
nufOlbof] . p;sL cfdf ;fg'd}ofFn] cl3 a9]/ eQmk|;fbnfO{ cFufnf] xfnL .
k5fl8 xh'/af a'l4k|;fb Eofu'tf] cfˆgf] gfltnfO{ b]v]/ uj{n] xfFl;/x]sf]
lyof] . a'l4k|;fbsf] kl5lNt/ c9fO{tLg;o o'jf Eofu'tfx¿ lyP . tLrflxF
eQmk|;fb ofqfdf lxF8]kl5 hlGdPsf p;sf gofF efOalxgL lyP .
sf7df8f}F dxfgu/sf d]o/n] pkTosfsf] ;a}eGbf ;fxl;nf] peor/
98
Eofu'tf] g]kfn e|d0f u/]/ kms]{sf]df p;sf] :jfutefif0f u/] . eQmk|;fbn]
efif0f ;'Ggkl§ Tolt Wofg lbPg . pm cfˆg} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿l;tsf]
e]63f6 / enfs';f/Ldf tNnLg lyof] .
ToxfF hDdf ePsf kqsf/x¿n] æeQmk|;fbhLn] s]xL t af]Ng} k¥of]Æ
eg]/ dfu u/] . b}lgs cvaf/sf ;+jfbbftfx¿ ef]lnsf nflu Pp6f /fd|f]
;dfrf/ rfxGy] . Sofd/fsf cfFv} ltld{/fpg] ˆNof; eQmk|;fbsf] cg'xf/df
‰Nofsl‰lns ug{ yfn] . 6]lnlehgsf Sofd]/f / y'k|} ædfOqmf]kmf]gÆx¿
pmlt/ ;f]l‰P . klxn] t pm af]Ng csdlsof] t/ p;nfO{ eGg dg
nfu]sf s'/fx¿ klg w]/} lyP .
km]l/ sf7df8f}F
99
w"dwfdsf] 3'd3fd
æ;fyL xf] Û cfˆgf] ofqf ;'? ubf{ dnfO{ s]xL gf}nf] sfd u/f}F eGg]
dfq nfu]sf] lyof] . t/ clxn] d kms{Fbf w]/} cg'ejx¿ klg lnP/ cfPsf]
5' . d}n] s] kfPF eg] xfd|f] b]z g]kfn eg]sf] 8fF8fsfF8f, vf]nfgfnf,
d}bfg / hËn, kxf8 / kj{tn] l;Fufl/Psf] /x]5 . o; b]zdf a;f]af;
ug]{ sL/fkm6\ofª\u|f, r/fr'?ª\uL, hgfj/ / dflg;x¿ ;a} bofn' / a'H‰sL
/x]5g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosf t ;'Gb/ 5 g}, t/ ;d:t b]z g} ;'Gb/ /x]5
. sf7df8f}F / g]kfn b'j}nfO{ olQs} ;'Gb/ /flv/fvf}F .Æ
eQmk|;fbn] hLjgdf klxnf]rf]l6 Tolt 7"nf] hdftsf ;fd' Tolt nfdf]
af]n]sf] lyof] . p;sf b'j} ufnf nfhn] /ftf eP . æwGojfbÆ eg]/ p;n]
efif0f 6'ª\Uofof] clg cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf] x"ndf uP/ ldl;of] . ;a}hgf
Orª\u' kms{g cft'/ lyP .
eQmk|;fbn] cfˆgf] ofqf ;'? ug]{ a]nfdf ‰G8} ;f‰f a;df r9\g
gkfPsf] 36gf ;f‰f a;sf xflsdn] ;'lg;s]sf lyP . To;}n] pgn]
eQmk|;fbsf vnsnfO{ Po/kf]6{b]lv Orª\u' Nofpgn}hfg o;k6s l;ª\u} a;
g} ldnfOlbPsf lyP .
a;df kms{Fbf eQmk|;fb cfˆgL cfdf / xh'/afsf] aLrdf 6fFl;P/
a:of] . crfgs eQmk|;fbnfO{ lgb|f nfu]h:tf] eof] . 3/ kmls{Psf] xif{n]
ubf{ o:tf] ePsf] xf]nf eGg] p;n] ;f]Rof] . t/ p;sL cfdf ;fg'd}ofF klg
pF£b} u/]sL p;n] b]Vof] . ;fy} a;leqsf ;a} Eofu'tfx¿ klg crDd;Fu
r'krfk lyP .
æolt l56} To:tf] ;do cfO;s]5 ÛÆ eQmk|;fbn] cfˆgf] xh'/aflt/
x]¥of] . a"9fn] eQm]sf] dgsf] s'/f a'‰]/ eGof], æxf] eQm] Û lxpFb ;'?
eO;s]sf] 5 . sf7df8f}Fsf Eofu'tfn] hf8f] 5NgnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;'Tg]
a]nf cfof] . ltdL df}s}df cfOk'Uof} .Æ
Orª\u'glhssf] a;:6kdf a; /f]lsg]lalQs} Eofu'tfsf ayfg hf8f]
100
5Ng cfcfˆgf v]tsf b'nftkm{ u'6'6' nfu] . lxF8\bflxF8\b} ;fg'd}ofFn]
eQmk|;fblt/ kms]{/ egL, æltdL xh'/af;Fu ;'Tg hfg" . ca r}tdf
Ao"Fl‰Pkl5 xfdL ;a}hgf e]nf xf}Fnf / ltd|f] ofqfsf] syf klg ;'gf}Fnf .
To;a]nf d ltdL kms]{sf] v';Ldf 7"nf] ef]h ug]{5' .Æ
To;kl5 a'l4k|;fb / eQmk|;fb le/fnf] kfvfdf 3fF;sf a'§f5]p ag]sf]
u'kmf3/df uP . ToxfF pgLx¿n] s]xL dlxgf cf/fd;Fu ;'Tg ldNg] u/L
7fpF agfP clg afh] / gflt Eofu'tf b'j} zLtsfnLg nfdf] lgb|fdf 8'a] .
km]l/ sf7df8f}F
101
