:

1 () ()

2 HkJ/mol + -

3

H>0H

-183 kJ/molH= -184.6 kJ/molH=

4 H -H

H +H >0C+CO2 C+H2O Ba(OH)28H2O+NH4Cl

1mol H2436 kJ1mol O2496 kJ1mol HO463 kJ 2H2+ O2 = 2H2OH=-484kJ/mol

11molC1molH2O(g)lmol CO(g)1mol H2(g)131.5kJH= kJ/mol2 lmol HHlmol NHlmolNN436kJ391kJ946kJ1mol N2NH31mol H2NH3 131.5-92KJ/mol-30.7KJ/mol

25101KPaglsaq2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(g) H1=-Q1kJ/mol2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l) H2=-Q2kJ/mol

HHH2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(l)H=-285.8kJ/mol H+-2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l)H=-571.6kJ/mol

125101kpa1gC8H18()48.40kJ AC8H18(1)+25/2O2(g)=8CO2(g)+9H2O(g) H=-48.40 kJmol-1BC8H18(1)+25/2O2(g)=8CO2(g)+9H2O(1) H=-5518 kJmol-1CC8H18(1)+25/2O2(g)=8CO2(g)+9H2O(1) H=+5518 kJmol-1DC8H18(1)+25/2O2(g)=8CO2(g)+9H2O(1) H=-48.40 kJmol-1

2155.625KJCH4(g)+2O2(g)=CO2(g)+2H2O(l) H=- 890 kJ/mol314CO141.3KJCO(g) + 1/2O2(g)=CO2(g) H=- 282.6 kJ/mol

2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l)H1=-Q1kJ/molH2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(l)H2=-Q2kJ/mol4Q1Q2 H1H2Q1Q2H1 H2 H Q1Q2H1 H2S(g)+O2(g)==SO2(g) H1=- Q1 kJ/molS(s)+O2(g)==SO2(g) H2=- Q2 kJ/molQ1>Q2H1

6C(s)+O2(g)==CO2(g) H=-393.5 kJ/mol1000kg30.5g

S(s)+O2(g)=SO2(g) H=- 290.6 kJ/mol1.6gSO2,14.53kJ

11mol H2O H= -57.3kJ/mol

2 Q=mct

a

b50mL 0.5mol/L c50mL 0.55mol/LdNaOHe24

2.6 g C2H2CO2g130 kJ: C2H2(g) 5/2O2 (g) = 2CO2 (g) H2Ol H=1300 kJ/mol2C2H2 (g) 5O2 (g) = 4CO2(g)2H2O(l) H=2600 kJ/mol

1101kPa1molCH4(g)+2O2 (g) =CO2 (g) +2H2O (l) H=-890.3kJ/mol 890.31kJ/mol

2H

H/kJmol-1H/kJmol-1C(s)-393.5C2H6(g)-1559.8C(s)-395.0C2H4(g)-1411.0H2(g)-285.8C2H2(g)-1299.6CO(g)-283.0C2H5OH(l)-1366.8CH4(g)-890.31C3H8(g)-2219.9CH3OH(l)-726.51C6H6(l)-3267.5

11/2CH4(g)+O2 (g) =1/2CO2 (g) +H2O(l) H=-445.15kJ/mol 445.15kJ/mol22H2( g ) + O2 ( g) = 2H2O ( l ) H= - 571.6 kJ/molH2( g ) +1/2 O2 ( g) = H2O ( g ) H= - 241.8 kJ/mol:H=-285.8 kJ/mol

2C(s+ O2g= CO2g H= -393.5 kJ/mol

C(s+ O2g= CO2gH= -395.0 kJ/mol,

H

1234

1 A. B. C. D.

21.5gCH3NHNHCH350kJA.1000kJ/mol B.1500kJ/mol C.2000kJ/mol D.3000kJ/mol

3.10kg 5105kJ

H2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(g) H1=241.8kJ/mol H2O(g)=H2O(l) H= 44kJ/molH2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(l) H2=H1+H= 285.8kJ/molH2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(l) H2=285.8kJ/molH1

CO(g)C(s)CO2(g)CO(g)+1/2O2(g)=CO2(g) H2=-283.0kJ/molC(s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) H3=-393.5kJ/mol

C(s)+1/2O2(g)=CO(g) H1=?

C(s)+1/2O2(g)=CO(g) H1=? CO(g)+1/2O2(g)=CO2(g) H2=-283.0kJ/molC(s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) H3=-393.5kJ/mol ;; , H ;

1 (25,101kPa)

1 2

C(s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) H1=-393.5kJ/molC(s)+O2(g)=CO2(g) H2=-395.0kJ/mol - C(s)= C(s) H=+1.5kJ/mol

2N2H4NO2N2H2O N2(g)+2O2(g)==2NO2(g) H1=+67.2kJ/mol N2H4(g)+O2(g)==N2(g)+2H2O(l) H2=-534kJ/mol

2 N2H4(g)+ 2NO2(g)== 3N2(g)+4H2O(l) H=-1135.2kJ/mol

38 1 36 34 34

v moL / ( L min ) moL / ( L s ) 1

==2

A + 3B = 2C + 2D (1)v(A)=0.3mol/Ls (2)v(B)=0.6mol/ Ls (3)v(C)=0.4mol/ Ls (4)v(D)=0.45mol/ Ls (1)>(4)>(2)=(3)

25100mLHCl 14.6g5.6g2s1.12L()4s (1)2sFeCl2 (2)4sHCl (3)2s4s 0.25mol/(Ls)0.25mol/(Ls)2s2s4s

12L 3A(g)+ B(g)=2C(g)+D(g)A B 4mol10sA 0.12mol/Ls10sB 22L1mol3mol3min0.9 3.2mol0.1mol/(Lmin )

:(1)_____;_____(2)2minABC___ _________

1

1 23 HI

n=n%%

2

3E1E2E2-E1

:

1 2

3

1 2

3

12

3 10 v 2 ~ 4

12

3

1A B C D E 2ABCD

3A BNaOH CNa2CO3 DNaCl

4ABCD

5N22O22NO2A B CHe DHe E

AB C DAAC D

1 ABCD ECaCl2 FCaCl2GCaCO3CaCO3BG

2 Na2S2O3Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+SO2+S+H2O 1100.1 mol /L Na2S2O30.1 mol /L H2SO4 5 mL2100.1 mol /L Na2S2O30.1 mol /L H2SO4 5 mL10mL3 20 0.1 mol /L Na2S2O30.1 mol /L H2SO4 5 mL4 20 0.2mol /L Na2S2O30.1 mol /L H2SO45 mL10 mLC

1 =

2

V=1L8001atm, CO + H2O CO2 + H2 VVVV

1

TPVV = V 0

V=1L8001atm, CO + H2O CO2 + H2 0. 1 0. 1 0 0mol/L)0.5min 0.08 0.08 0.02 0.021min 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.042min 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.054min 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

2V=V0,

X2(g)Y2(g) 2XY(g) n mol X2 n mol XY 2n molXYn mol Y2 n mol XXn mol YY n mol X2 n mol Y2 VV0

X2(g)Y2(g) 2XY(g) X2Y2XY X2Y2XY 112 X2Y2 X2

3

1

2 34

5()

PTCO2O2CaCO3NH4Cl

12NO2 N2O4PP22NH3 N2 +3H233NO2 +H2O 2HNO3 +NO4CO +H2O(g) CO2 +H25CH3COOH +C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 +H2O

[Ca5(PO4)3OH]Ca5(PO4)3OH 5Ca2+ + 3PO43- + OH- H+

1 : Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClOCaCO3,

A BCHClO DHClO BD

2 : C+H2O(g) CO +H2H2ACOH2BCOH2CH2H2O(g)DCOH2O(g)C

3 : PCl5 PCl3 + Cl237ClCl2PCl337Cl PCl537ClPCl5PCl337Cl

1

vtt2t3t5 At2 Bt3Ct5 Dt5XA

2mA(g)+nB(g) pC(g)+qD(g); H =QkJ/mol 0T1T2Q0>>:

mA(g)+nB(g) pC(g)+qD(g); H =QkJ/mol P2P1A0:P1 P2m+n p+q

A(g)+B(g) C(g) A AT1>T2 BT1T2 DT1

2Mg+Ng Rg+2L,RR% ALBLCLDLC

A0TmA(g)+nB(g) pC(g)+qD(g) HkJ/mol m+n p+q>Q 0

mA(g)+nB(g) pC(g)+qD(g) HkJ/mol >

(),,

1

2SO2 +O2 2SO3()....

mol A 1mol B 2 A+ B C A4mol A + 2 mol BB4mol C C1.6 mol A + 0.8mol B + 0.mol C D 4mol A + 2 mol B + 3mol C

2

3

molAmolBA + B C C0.6molA0.molB.molCC

,:N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3 N2 H2 NH3A. 1 mol 3 mol 0 mol B. 0.5 mol 1.5 mol 0 mol C. 2 mol 6 mol 0 mol D. 0 mol 0 mol 2 mol

mol A 1mol B 2 A+ B 3C + D CW mol/LCW mol/L:A4mol A + 2 mol BB3mol C + 1 mol DC1 mol A + 0.5mol B + 1. 5mol C + 0. 5mol DD 4mol A + 2 mol B + 3mol C + 1 mol D

BC

,N2H2, 1molN2 3molH2 1molNH3,1molN2 3molH21molNH3 B

A B [2

1

2 K(molL-1)n

3 K K K1 K2 K1 = K22

K 105 K 10-5 10-5 K 105 N2(g)+O2(g) 2NO(g) K =110-30(298K)4

,,K ;,,KH

623K698K763K66 .954.445.9

:: FeO(s)+CO(g) Fe(s)+CO2(g); H < 0(1)K =_________;(2)1100,K =0.263.,,K ________(,).(3) 1100,c(CO2)=0.025mol/L,c(CO)=0.1mol/L,,________(),v________v( >,

1H2(g)I2(g)0.1mol10LcH2=0.0080mol/L(1)(2)H2(g)I2(g)0.2mol,

2: 2.0mol CO 10mol H2O(g),CO(g)+H2O(g) CO2(g)+H2(g) 800,k=1. COCO2

1 mA(g)+nB(g) pC(g) + qD(g)....

2 CO2(g)+H2(g) CO(g) +H2O(g),t

(1)k(2)(3)...v(H2)=v(H2O) D.c(CO2)=c(CO)(4)c(CO2) .c(H2)=c(CO) .c(H2O), .

1:N2+3H22NH3:[N2]=3molL-1,[H2]=9molL-1,[NH3] =4molL-1N2H2K=7.3210-3[N2][H2]515molL-1

() ()1: 2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 K1 2NO2 (g) N2O4 K2 2NO (g) +O2(g) N2O4 (g) K = K1 K2

2: C (s) + CO2(g) 2CO(g) K C (s) + H2O (g) CO (g) + H2 (g) K1

CO (g) +H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g) K2 K = K1/K2

QC > k QC = kQC < k

K 105 K 10-5 10-5 K 105 N2(g)+O2(g) 2NO(g) K =110-30(298K)

D. CO(g)C(s)1/2O2B. 2N2O5(g)4NO2(g)O2(g)A. (NH4 )2CO3(s)NH4HCO3(s)+NH3(g)C. MgCO3(s)MgO(s)CO2(s)

?

CuSO4CuZnSO4

1

H

NH4HCO3(s)+CH3COOH(aq)= CO2(g)+CH3COONH4(aq)+H2O(l)

H=37.3KJ/mol(NH4)2CO3(s)= NH4HCO3(s)+NH3 (g) H=37.3KJ/mol

2S. Jmol-1K-1 S=SS

Ss Sl Sg

S>0

S0S0S0S0

H0S>0S>0S

CaCO3(s) = CaO(s) + CO2(g) H>0

3G= HTSGGG0

3[(NH4)2CO3]ABCDA

G G= H-TSGG

:A. B. C. D. C

ABCD

A BCDCD

250C1.01105Pa 2N2O5g=4NO2g+O2g H=56.76kJ/mol A BCDD

H= 122 kJmol-1S=231 Jmol-1K-1 ( ) A B C D

A

2KClO3(s)==2KCl(s)+3O2(g)H = -78.03 kJmol-1S = 494.4 Jmol-1K-1CO(g)==C(s,)+1/2O2(g)H = 110.5 kJmol-1S = -89.36 Jmol-1K-1

1

HNH3

H2SO4HClSO3Cl2KOHAgNO3COH2ONH3Na2SO4BaSO4Al(OH)3CuSO45H2OCuCH3COOH

H2SO4HClSO3Cl2KOHAgNO3COH2ONH3Na2SO4BaSO4Al(OH)3CuSO45H2OCuCH3COOH

Na b. Br2 c.CaO d.Al2O3 e. SO3 f. H2S g. H2SO4 h. HCl HClO j. HF k. Ba(OH)2 NH3H2O m. NaCl n. BaSO4 o. H2O p. C2H5OH (1) (2) (3) (4) c d f g h i j k l m n oe pc d g h k m nf i j l o

? ?

2

3

CH3COOH CH3COOHH+CH3COO+

KCl =K++Cl

1H2SO4HClNaOH=H++Cl=2H++SO42=Na++OH

2CH3COOHH+ + CH3COONHH2OH2CO3HCO3 Mg2+ + 2OH NH4+ + OHH+ + HCO3 H+ + CO32 Mg(OH)2

3NaCl NaHSO4 =Na++Cl =Na++H++SO42 NaHSO4 =Na++HSO4 NaHCO3 =Na++HCO3 HCO3 H++ CO32

1 HClO 2 KHSO43 CaCO34 CuOH2H++ClO-= K++H++SO42-= Ca2++CO32-Cu2++2OH-5 NaHCO3= Na++HCO3-HCO3- H+ + CO32-

A. BaSO4 Ba2++SO42-B. H3PO4 3H++PO43-C. AlOH3 H++AlO2-+H2OD. NaHS=Na++H++S2-

C

3

H2CO3HCO3 H+ + HCO3 H+ + CO32 =4.4107 =4.71011 K1>>K2

NaOH______c(H)____________CH3COONa______c(H)__________________ c(H)__________________c(H)____________

4 ______c(H)____________ CH+

>

HA H++A H 0c(H+)c(A )HAH2ONaOHNaA

>

BOH B++OH H 0c(OH)c(B+ )BOHNaOHBCl

. A.B.C.D.A

A.NaOH( B.H2O C.NH4Cl D.CH3COONa ( BDE. F. NaClEF

H+a b c______H2_________a=b=ca=b

BBCDCH+10A

0.05molNaOH100mL A. B. 0.5mol/LNH4Cl C. 0.5mol/L D. 0.5mol/L BD

1

2Kw25 KW= 1014TKWKW

=>

pH 1CH+ = COH-CH+ 1107mol/LCH+COH-COH-1107mol/L= 1107mol/LCH+COH-

123C H+COH-410010-12C H+51mol/LC H+6C H+C H+

---1C H+COH-23CH+/ COH-4CH+COH-5 CH+10-6mol/L6 CH+

250Cc(H) 0.01mol/L H2SO4 1.0104 mol/L HCl 1.0104 mol/L NaOH 0.005 mol/L Ba(OH)2

1250.1 molL1 KW A11014B11014 C11014 D2 Ac (H)107 molL1 B C100 c (H) 107 molL1 D100 c (H) 107 molL1 CBD

325KW11014 100KW11012 A B100KW CKW D25c(H)100c(H)4 ANaClBNaOH CDCH3COOH ABBD

2pHpH= lg c(H+) pHpOH= lg c(OH)pOH+ pH = [lg c(OH)+ lg c(H+) ]= lg [c(OH)c(H+) ]= lg (Kw)= lg (11014)= 14

2pHpH= lg c(H+) pHpOH= lg c(OH)pOH+ pH = 14CH+ CH+ pH pH

pHCH+ = COH-CH+COH-CH+COH-pH =7pH>7pH

pH: CH+ 1 mol/L COH-1 mol/L pH 1014 mol/L CH+ 1mol / L14 pH 0

pHpHpOHpH7

pH 1

1 0.1mol/LHCl0.1mol/LNaOHpH0.05mL5710

HClNaOHpH24.95mL25.00mL25.00mL25.00mL25.05mL25.00mL

2 HCl0.1mol/LNaOHHClpH0.04mL0.10020.10000.0998

HClNaOHHCl24.95mL25.00mL25.00mL25.00mL25.05mL25.00mL

2

1

0

23

41 (22~3

3 4(5) 2~3(6)

5121231234

NaClNa2CO3NaHCO3NH4ClNa2SO4CH3COONa(NH4)2SO4

NaClNa2SO4NaHCO3Na2CO3CH3COONaNH4Cl(NH4)2SO4

CH+ COH-CH3COONa=Na+ + CH3COOCH3COONa CH+

1H+OH H+OH

2

1. PH7A B C D 2. A B C D 3.A NH4+ B SO42_ C Al3+ D F_

4.A NH4+ H + OH-Cl_ B Cl _ NH4+ H + OH _

C H + Cl_ NH4+ OH _

D Cl NH4+ OH- H +

NaXNaYNaZpH7910HXHYHZHXHYHZ

Na2CO3NaClOCH3COONaNa2SO4NaOH(NH4)2SO4NaHSO4pHNaOH>NaClO>Na2CO3>CH3COONa>Na2SO4>(NH4)2SO4>NaHSO4 >7:

3

NH4+ Mg2+Al3+Fe2+Fe3+Cu2+CH3COO ClO CNFAlO2 CO32 SiO32 SO32 S2 PO43 HCO3 HSO3 HSHPO42 H2PO4

1 H>0

NaA A+H2O HA +OHc(H+)c(A )c(OH )pHNaOHNaA

BCl B++H2O H++BOHc(H+)c(B+ )c(OH )pHNaOHBCl

3mL CH3COONa

0.1mol/LNaClNa+ClH+OH[Na+] [Cl] [H+] [OH][Na+][Cl][Na+] [Cl] [H+] [OH][H+][OH]

a.[Na+][Cl]b.[Na+] [Cl] [H+] [OH]c.[H+][OH][Na+]=[SO42][Na+]+[H+]=[Cl]+[OH][H+]=[OH]

0.1mol/LNa2SO4Na+SO42H+OH[Na+] [SO42] [H+] [OH][Na+][SO42][Na+] [SO42] [H+] [OH][H+][OH]

a.[Na+][SO42]b.[Na+] [SO42] [H+] [OH]c.[H+][OH][Na+]+[H+]=2[SO42]+[OH][H+]=[OH]

4 H+OH

1CH3COONaNa+CH3COO CH3COOHH+OH[CH3COO]+[CH3COOH]=[Na+][CH3COO]+[OH]=[Na+]+[H+][OH]=[CH3COOH]+[H+]

2Na2CO3Na+ CO3 2 HCO3 H2CO3H+OH[H+]+[Na+]=2[CO3 2]+[HCO3] +[OH][OH] =[HCO3] +2[H2CO3]+[H+]

NH4ClCuCl2

c(CO32-) Na2CO3 NaHCO3 NH4HCO3(NH4)2CO3

5 FeCl3 CuSO4 FeCl3 CuSO4 Na2CO3NaOH

Al2(SO4)3 NaHCO3 CO2 CO2

(NH4)2SO4 Mg NH4Cl Na2CO3 NaHCO3pHCH3COONa CH3COO- Na+

= 2-3AgCl

Ag+Cl 12

340.01g10gm1g

(Ca(OH)2)

5KSP

1pHpH78Fe3 + 3NH3H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cu2+Hg2+Na2SH2SCu2+S2=CuS Hg2+S2HgS

2:FeSAl(OH)3Cu(OH)2CaCO3AgClNH3

3:KspCaSO4 Na2CO3 CaCO3

Qc > Ksp Qc = Ksp Qc < Ksp

12 34?56?

1 ()

Zn2eZn2e,2H2eH2 Zn2eZn22H2eH2Zn2HZn2H2 (ZnH2SO4ZnSO4H2

2

3

1.()()()2H2eH2Zn2eZn2Zn2HZn2H2

()()Zn2eZn22H2eH2Zn2HZn2H2Fe2eFe2Cu22eCuFeCu2Fe2CuFeCuSO4CuFeSO4

()()Zn2eZn2Cu22eCuZnCu2Zn2Cu ZnCuSO4ZnSO4Cu

2CuSO4( D )A. B. C. D.

abH2SO4aCuSO4H2Vt D

XYZXZXZXYYXYZAXY Z BX Z YCY X Z DY Z XC

ABCDABACDDACCABDDB4 AABC D BA C D B CC A B D D B A C DB

4

1()

2MnO22H2OZnZn(OH)22MnOOH ZnMnO2 KOH 2MnO22H2O2e2MnOOH2OH Zn2OH2eZn(OH)2

2Ag2OZnZnO2Ag ZnAg2O KOH Ag2OH2O2e2Ag2OH Zn2OH2eZnO+H2O

PbO2 PbO2 2e SO424H PbSO4 2H2O Pb Pb2eSO42 PbSO4 Pb PbO2 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 2H2O

CdNiO(OH)KOH

KOH H2SO4NaCl1

O22H2O4e4OH 2CO2CO2+2OH=CO32+H2OO24H+4e 2H2O H2NH3COCH4CH3OH

B

1 Au Pt

2Cu2 2eCu2Cl2eCl2 ||eeee

2

3S2 I Br Cl OH FAgAgHg2Fe3Cu2H

Pb2Sn2Fe2Zn2H

Al3Mg2NaCa2KH

3S2 I Br Cl OH AgAgHg2Fe3Cu2H

Al3Mg2NaCa2K

4 H+OHH2O

H2SO4NaOH

Na2SO4H2OH2OH2OH2OHClCuCl2HClCuCl2HClCuCl2NaCl

CuSO4HClCuO :4OH--4e- =2H2O+O2: 4H++ 4e- =2H2 : 2Cl--2e - =Cl2 : 2H++ 2e - =H2 : 2Cl--2e - =Cl2 : Cu 2++ 2e - = Cu: 2Cl--2e - =Cl2 : 2H++ 2e - =H2 : 4OH--4e- =2H2O+O2: 2Cu 2++ 4e- =2 Cu

PH

1NaOHCl2H22Cl 2e=Cl22H++2e =H2 2NaCl+2H2O = 2NaOH + H2+Cl2

2

M ne = Mn+ Mn++ne =M

3 AlCl3Al2O3Al2O3

200537117.02 2%~4%3000 200515 4%

Cl2H2SHCN

12O2Cl2SO2

2FeFe-2e-=Fe2+C2H++2e-=H2:Fe + 2H+ =Fe2+ + H2

Fe2O3 nH2O2Fe-4e-=2Fe2+O2+2H2O+4e-=4OH2Fe+2H2O+O2= 2Fe(OH)24Fe(OH)2+2H2O+O2=4Fe(OH)3FeC:

1, 1 , , 2 Fe2e-Fe2+O2+2H2O+4e-4OHFe2e-Fe2+2H++2e-H2

1

2

,?,?