Tmp_28467-مبادئ الاحصاء .. د.أحمد عبدالسميع طبيه 20082023180628
الاحصاء الحيودي د رستم
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Transcript of الاحصاء الحيودي د رستم
-
MGH 2
1
(evidence-based medicine)
P)p(
Citations
-
MGH 3
Citation
CITATIONS: are footnotes to reference published with a scholarly journal article .
1962ISIInstitute for Scientific InformationScience Citation index (SCI)
Cited reference
Citation Medline) (
SCIMedlineInspec
-
MGH 4
Impact factor Citation index
Impact factor Citations (impact factor)
(The New England journal of medicine)34.833
(Saudi medical journal)0.306 (American Journal of Preventive Medicine ) 3.256 (respiratory research)4.03
Citations Impact factor
-
MGH 5
60
(HCR)
5000500
500
-
MGH 6
-
MGH 7
-
MGH 8
Snow
Statistical Analysis
Excel
-
MGH 9
Data
- CasesObservationsRecords
-
VariablesFields
Values variables
cases
GIS
-
MGH 10
dependentoutcome independentexposure
-
MGH 11
Measurement scales
Categorical Nominal
A, B, AB, O
Dichotomous Nominal Yes/No , binary, logical
coding0, 1
-
MGH 12
Ordinal
1 I, II, III, IV, VIIIIIIIIIIIIIIV
2 I, II, III, IV 3
||||||
10,000||10,00020,000
||20,00040,000||40,000 015||1545||
-
MGH 13
Continuous
Interval
Ratio
cyclic
variables
506070
(50+60+70) / 3 =60 nominal
21:00,
01:00, 02:00(21+1+2) / 3 = 8
Continuous
165
-
MGH 14
proportionbinary
23 Rate
5.5
Time to an event
Data Types
Numeric String
Date
Currency Binary
-
MGH 15
coding
Martial status
* 1 single * 2 divorced * 3 widowed * 4 married
) 1,2,3,4. (
. ( .
-
MGH 16
-
MGH 17
scaleordinal
100001200020000
30000100002000020000300003000040000
-
MGH 18
Descriptive statistics
Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics
Estimation a parameter within population
Detect Relations between variables.
Predict values: one variable based on others, parameters of the population,.
1
2 2020
-
MGH 19
there is no other way of representing "meaning" except in terms of relations between some quantities or qualities; either way involves relations between variables
Population and samples
Population) Censussampleinterference
Sampling variation
Population 10
target population
Population
-
MGH 20
census
Representing sample
students are typical
Observational
Experimental
-
MGH 21
Confounders
association causation
Confounders
-
MGH 22
ExcelAccessExcel
ExcelAccess
1 SAS System 1982
SAS
PC Personal computerMain frameWindows,
Unix, Linux, Mac
-
MGH 23
SAS Specialist
2 SPSS
Graphics
3 STATISTICA SPSSGraphics
SPSS 4 Epi Info
5 RS-Plus
:
-
MGH 24
- 2 spss
Data view Variable view
SPSS Viewer
Data View
Value Labels
Labels
30
-
MGH 25
Variable view Variable view
Name
_
Underscore
Label
Measure Scale/, Ordinal, Nominal
-
MGH 26
TYPE
Numeric Date dollarcustom currency String
Character
Values
ValueValue
Label
-
MGH 27
Missing Values
SPSS MissingSPSS
-
MGH 28
ExcelFileOpen
DataExcel . Files of type
-
MGH 29
3
Reliability - Unbiased
Reliable and unbiased
Reliable = Free of random error. (stochastic error) Unbiased = Free of systematic error.
ReliablePrecision
UnbiasedAccuracy
-
MGH 30
BiasReliability (a)intra-arterial cannula
(b)sphygmomano-meter
Unreliable
Unreliable Results Cant be used.
biased
Validation
-
MGH 31
Validity Unbiased
Bias ReliableUnbiasedUnvalid
Gold standard
Internal VExternal V
ValidReliableUnbiased
Validation study
-4 -
Descriptive Statistics
Pictorial Numerical summaries
v
-
MGH 32
Frequency distributions
Frequency Table Frequency
Percent
Valid percent
Cumulative percent
-
MGH 33
-
100 - ordinal
Frequency Analysis
significant figures
92420420.452497551420
0.452%45.2
-
MGH 34
2650224,175,9000.00109621560.001090.0011110
100,000
Graphics 1 Bars
. Frequency
-
MGH 35
2 Pie
SPSS AnalyzeDescriptive Statistics
Frequencies Charts OK
-
MGH 36
Histogram 512
Grouping140160160180161179
-
MGH 37
SPSS cm140
cm140cm 1499
Frequency Percent Cumulative frequency
=190 4 0.2 100
-
MGH 38
histogram
-
MGH 39
histogram , bars
bars
Histogram
-
MGH 40
Steam and leaf diagrams histogram
leaves
Frequency Stem & Leaf 3.00 1 . 259 12/15/ 19 4.00 2 . 0224 20/22/22/24 8.00 3 . 01125689 30/31/31/32/35/36/ 7.00 4 . 0002457 40/40/40/42/44/45/47 5.00 5 . 01127 50/51/51/52/57 4.00 6 . 2789 62/67/68/69 2.00 7 . 04 70/74 1.00 8 . 0 80
Stem width: 10.00 Each leaf: 1 case(s) stem * stem width + leaf =X E.g. 1*10+2=12
-
MGH 41
Frequency Analysis
Crosstabulation
-
MGH 42
CrosstabulationSPSS AnalyzeDescriptive statisticsCrosstabs
Cells PercentageRowColumn
-
MGH 43
Clustered bar chart
male ,female
Clustered bar chart
-
MGH 44
22.2 20.6
77.1 74.2
0.8 1.20 4.30
102030405060708090
Male Female
singlemarrieddivorcedwidowed
Scale scatter plots
-
MGH 45
Time series
Time series
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Income
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330Times (minutes)
Con
cent
ratio
n (m
g/10
0 m
l)
Healthy not-healthy
-
MGH 46
Stacked bar chart
3-D graphics
single marrieddivorced widowed
single married divorced widowed
-
MGH 47
None Win Mac
01020304050607080
`
Mac Win None
n
MacWinNone
McGill
-
MGH 48
0102030405060708090
Male Female
singlemarrieddivorcedwidowed
Stacked bar chart
Stacked bar chartClustered bar chart
1990
2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Male Female
widoweddiv orcedmarriedsingle
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Income
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Income
-
MGH 49
0
50
100
150
200
250
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Income
198200202204206208210212214
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
Income
1980
-
MGH 50
Rubber-band Scales
-
MGH 51
-
MGH 52
11010
100
1970
100
100
10101 1001002 100010003 10010
-
MGH 53
21
3
1 2 3
- :
-
.
45 HGM
5
: )tnemirepxe(
) ....( : . )ecaps elpmaS( . )semoctuO( : )tnevE(
. : :
. }6,5,4,3,2,1{ * . 6,5, 4, 3, 2 ,1 semoctuO * 1 *
...) : )elpmiS(
dnuopmoC ()
( . ( {1} ) 1 :
4 2 .. }6,4,2 { 6
B A :(noinU) . B U A
A : (noitcesretnI) . B A B A: )tnemelpmoc(
. A A A :
.
: .
: . A * . B *
-
.
55 HGM
B U A * .
BA * .
4 321 ) A * (6 .
B ,A : .
:)evisulcxe yllautuM( .
3 1 : * .
a n: . n/a
84 001 : * . 84.0
: (ytilibaborp) .
-
.
65 HGM
A B
B,A B, A
1 < P > 0 : P
. ) ( 0=P * . ) ( 1=P *
A( B A: . )B U
6/1 1 * 6/2 3 1 6/1 3
)A( : P -1 . 3.0 = 7.0-1 7.0 *
: B A: )B A( P )B(P + )A(P = )B U A( P
( 6 4 2 ) 2 * )6/4( = )6/1( )6/2( + )6/3( = P(6, 3 ) 3
(
B UA * )( .
M 2E N 1E: . M x N
* .
-
.
75 HGM
01 5 *= 01 x 01 x 01 x 01 x 5 = M x N x....... :
00005
sddO . . : )ssol( ytilibaborp / )niw( ytilibaborP= )P-1( / P = sddO
)sddO+1( / sddO = P
) P : sddo
.( P > sddO . sddO P )1.0< P( P : . 1 = sddO ) 5.0=P( :
ytilibaborP lanoitidnoC
A B A . B
: )3,2,1( : A * )4,3,2( : B * ) B = 6/3 A *
A 4,3,2( . 3/2
. )B|A(P : . )B( P / ) B A( P = )B|A( P : ) 6/2 B A )BA( P
. 3/2 = )6|3( / )6|2( = )B|A( P : ( 3 2
stneve tnednepednI
B A .
-
.
85 HGM
. 1 A : . 3 B
( 3 ) B .6/1
. )B(P = )A|B(P )A(P = )B|A( P :
: B A )B(P * )A(P = )BA( P
: . = *
.
: 001 *
001 (0103 *.172)
4 . ) (
001 *
.
...... ( ** ) ) ( . .
: Ai :
)iA|B(P * ) iA(P = )B( P :
)B( P / )iA|B(P * )iA(P = )B|iA( P
. B %06 A :
. : %05 %03 %04
-
.
95 HGM
) ( * .
* * . : ) (
00001 0083
%83 0081 0083 :
. %4.74 0083/0081 0024 0026 :
%7.76 0026/0024 .
%1 %5 %99
. *
*
-
.
06 HGM
99 495 * 495/99
. %7.61 6049 *
5049 . %989.99
. %1
%5 %99 *
. . *
.
yticificepS ytivitisneS
:: )PT( *
. evitisoP eurT( ) PT
-
.
16 HGM
: )PF( * ( evitisoP eslaF )
) ( . evitageN eslaF :)NF( * ( .) evitageN eurT :)NT( * . NF + PT: )tneitaP( * : . )yhtlaeh( * . : )tset +( * . : )tset ( * : . )lla( *
: ytivitisneS *
. : / PT *
tneitap / PT = ytivitisneS yticificepS:
*
* :
. yhtlaeh / NT = yticificepS
: VPP eulav evitciderp evitisoP : *
)tset +( / PT = VPP : VPN eulav evitciderp evitageN
: * )tset - ( / NT = VPN
:
-
.
26 HGM
*
. *
.
: )( %59 *
)( %09 ) %01
( . ) (
. 00001 *
. 0001 0009 %01 * %59 *
059 59.0 * 0001 0001 . 05
0009 %09 * . 009 0018 9.0 * 0009
. *
: * %59 = 0001 / 059 = tneitap / PT = ytivitisneS *
: : * % 4.15 = 0581 / 059 = )tset+( / PT = VPP *
-
.
36 HGM
: * %4.99 = 0518 / 0018 = )tset-( / NT = VPN *
( %09 %59 )
. %01 %1
59 099 5801 5 0198 5198
001 0099
%8.8 = 5801 / 59 = VPP : . %8.8 * :
%49.99 = 5198 / 0198 = VPN . *
.
VPN
VPP
:
.
: ) ( .
0
02
04
06
08
001
21 01 8 6 4 2 0
VPPVPN
-
.
46 HGM
setar ytilatroM
001
0203
040506
0708
001 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 0sititapeH %
%
yspoib lacidem yregruS
.
gnikaM-noisiceD lacinilC
05 . esatahpsohp enilaklA TPGS
: : (sititapeh cilohocla ) E
)(. ( sitignalohc) E
. . %5 :
. % 5 : : .1 : : ) ( .2
. %05 : 0 . %01 : 0
: : ) ( .3 . %52 : 0 . %57 : 0
) ( ) ( .
1
2
3
-
.
56 HGM
( : 1 ) * .
: ( :2 ) * .
: ( :3 ) *
. %5 *
%89 %05 .
. .
: %5 %01
. %05 .1 .2 .3
.4 .5 . ) (
%05 .1 .
%52= 0001/052 = .2= 0009/052 = .3
%68.2
-
.
66 HGM
= 000,01/052 = .4 %5.2
= 000,01/057,8 = .5 %5.78
.
- %01
.
: : =
x x
. :)detceffanu|reirraC( P :
)detceffanU( P , 2/1 = )detceffanu dna reirraC( P 4/3 =
)detceffanu( P / )detceffanu dna reirraC( P = )detceffanu|reirraC( P 76.0 = )4/3( / )2/1(=
: %01 760.0 = 1.0 * 76.0 = P
%52 :
)% 7.1( 57610.0 = 52.0 * 760.0 = P
: dlihc 000,01/52 = )%52.0( 5200.0 = 52.0 * 1.0 * 1.0= P
-
.
76 HGM
-6-\
elbairav modnaR : . :
* . 01 0
. *
. ( )
. :
. :
.
: . X * : *
4 3 2 1 0 : X 5 52651.0 5213.0 5213.0 52651.0 52130.0 : P 52130.0 57869.0 5218.0 5.0 5781.0 52130.0 :cP 1
: cP P :: X : *
: . X : . P .
.Pc
-
.
86 HGM
laimoniB : noitubirtsid laimoniB
. N *
. * . * . p * ) ( *
: ,01=n) 01 *
(5.0=p ,8=n) 8 4 *
(761.0=p 01 *
.(10.0=p ,01=n) 10.0 : SSPS
n ) ( )p ,n ,X (moniB.FDP =P .1. p
. X .)p ,n ,X( moniB.FDC =cP .2
. X
-
.
96 HGM
: X : X : )p ,n ,1-X( moniB.FDC -1=cP-1
: 761.0=6/1=p 6=n ) 6 * 5 *
8350. = )761.0 ,6 ,3 (moniB.FDP =P 2 1 0 ) 5 *
( 45 3 32199.0 = )761.0 ,6 ,3( moniB.FDC=P
5 4 3 ) 5 * ( 6
6260.0 = )761.0 ,6 ,2( moniB.FDC -1=P ) ( *
433. = )761.0 ,6 ,0 (moniB.FDP = P
noitroporP . . 02 %01 :
3 * 91.0 = )1.0 ,02 ,3(moniB.FDP =P
5 * 40.0 = )1.0,02,4( moniB .FDC 1 = P
... * 21.0 = )1.0 ,02 ,0(moniB.FDP = P
nossioP
. :
. * . * . *
:
. : SSPS
-
.
07 HGM
),X( nossioP.FDP=P : .1 .
: ),X( nossioP.FDC=cP .2 :
x 3 * 3) )3( nossioP
(.3= : *
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 : X 101.0 861.0 4202.0 422.0 941.0 050.0 :P 7 220.0 050.0 669.0 619.0 518.0 746.0 324.0 991.0 050.0 :cP
889.0
: *
422.0 = )3,3( nossioP.FDP=P
746.0 = )3,3( nossioP.FDC=P
775.0 = )3,2( nossioP.FDC-1=P
x 3 :
X : )3,X(nossioP.FDC E (.) 91324.0 = )3,2(nossioP.FDC : E
( 1 0 ) : 8675.0 = 91324.0-1 E
. ....( 543 )( 102 ) E
. :
* 5
-
.
17 HGM
04 . 04
3 32-E 5.7 = )5,04( nossioP * .
.
etaR :
000,001 01 E 6 000,02
000,001 01 ) E : (4 000,02
01.0 = )4,6( nossioP.FDP= P 5
E .
E .
: . p : 0 : 0
.
) ( )
( 261 )x(F )x(f
. ...... : :
051 041 . )041(F )051(F
-
.
27 HGM
=P )071(F 071 =P )071(F -1 071
: :
) ... (
.
.
.
-
.
37 HGM
: ) ( E (evitagen ) ( evitisop ) E
. ladom . U
: E
.
-
.
47 HGM
E .
: E
( ) ) (
- - - : -
-
.
77 HGM
- 7-
ecnairav & ycnednet lartneC
ycnednet lartneC : , :
: naeM ) / (
. eulav detcepxe . : edoM : )(
E sdohtem lacirtemarap
-non . sdohtem lacirtemarap
: naideM E .
: :(1) E 581 771 071 851 541 431
391 661 = 7 / )391++541+431( = naeM ( . 071 ) naideM 7 naideM . edoM :(2) E
001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 001 0001
. 001 = naidem , 091 = naeM
.
-
.
87 HGM
elbailer
. naideM naeM
)( . edoM > naideM > naeM :
. )(
/ :
.
. ) ( :
. )
(. .
sreiltuO ) ( .
04 054 021-08
-
.
97 HGM
) .... (
: . ) / (. )
(.
selitnecreP & selitrauQ : .
%05 naideM
rewoL %52 elitrauQ
reppU %57 litrauQ
elitnecrep-n n
. . 001 : 431 = muminiM : 1 391 = mumixaM : 001 05 = naideM : 05 =elitrauq rewoL : 52
851 771 = elitrauq reppU: 57
5ht 541 = elitnecrep : 5 59ht =elitnecrep: 59
581
-ixaMmum
ht59-necrepelit
reppUnaidemelitrauq
rewoLelitrauq
ht5-necrepelit
-iniMmum
1552055759001
431541851071771581091
-ixaMmum
ht59-necrepelit
reppUnaidemelitrauq
rewoLelitrauq
ht5-necrepelit
-iniMmum
1552055759001
431541851071771581091
-
.
08 HGM
: : STRAHC
: (ni, mc )
. .
( )
52 : 52 . 57
5 . 59
ecnairaV fO serusaeM :
.
: egnaR .1 mumixaM = egnaR :
muminiM: ytilibailernU :
.
-
.
18 HGM
: (RQI) egnaR elitrauqretnI .2 rewoL elitrauQ reppU = RQI :
elitrauQ
.
: ecnairaV .3-N( / )naeM X( muS :ecnairaV :
)1 1 /
0 N 1-N
) 1-N 0 (naem
) ( . desaibnU 1-N N ) (
. 1-N . :
.
:) ( noitairaV: V lacigoloiB eurT
. snoitavresbo gnikaM
: snoitidnoc tnereffid rednu ) ( citametsyS
.
-
.
28 HGM
: V tnemerusaeM .
. ) (: :
: noitairav tcejbus-nihtiW .
: stcejbus neewteb noitairaV .
: noitaiveD dradnatS .4 )ecnairaV( RQS =DS : . ) :
(. ecnairaV DS naeM DS*N
: noitairav fO tneiciffeoC .5 naeM / DS = noitairav fO tneiciffeoC : :
(. )
.
. ) = +
(. . . 2 051 %1 :
( Hp lC K aN) %01 .%04-01
: .6 :
:)ssenwekS( .
(. ) : )sisotruK( . .
.
-
.
38 HGM
noitubirtsiD lamroN ) , ,X (lamroN.FDP = )x(f :
:
)( . ) ( . )( . + - . 1
-
.
48 HGM
: ,-( )+
6286.0 ,2-( )2+
4459.0 ,3-( )3+ 3
4799.0
. 01 061 . 071 .1
071 ) ( . 1.071 9.961
. 071 051 .2-)01,061,071(LAMRON.FDC =P
386.0 = )01,061,051(LAMRON.FDC
: 051 .3 6851. = )01,061,051( lamroN.FDC=P
571 .4
-
.
58 HGM
8660. = )01 ,061 ,571( lamroN.FDC -1 =P
2 .5 176130000. = )01 ,061 ,002( lamroN.FDC -1 = P
)nollim/23(
051 ,X( lamroN.FDC
)01, = 071 051 X
. 051 071 1 = 071
. 071
% 01
. : ) (
)1.0-1(=)01,051,X( lamroN.FDC :
), , p( lamroN.FDI =X 8.271 = )01 ,051 ,9.0( lamroN.FDI = X
: : noitcnuF ytisneD ytilibaborP E
), ,X(lamroN.FDP=P SSPS .
noitcnuF noitubirtsiD evitalumuC E
), ,X(lamroN.FDC =P SSPS snoitcnuF noitubirtsiD esrevnI E
: SSPS ), ,p(lamroN.FDI=X
: :
-
.
68 HGM
:) ...( .1 .
. ) ...(. .2 (. FDI,FDC ,FDP ) .3 . .4
. Z 1 0 x:
. /)-x(=z (elbairaV dezidradnatS ) z
. 061 01 051 :
1 1=01/051-061 .
.
.
. %99 ]3+,3-[ Z
. . 3+>Z 3-
-
.
78 HGM
. (nX ,3X 2X ,1X ) : :
.
naeM . )n( rqS/
. )n( rqS/ naem eht fo rorrE dradnatS DS
:
noitubirtsiD lamroN . . :
. ) (
. kcabdeeF :
. )( . :
: .
-
.
88 HGM
: kcabdeeF
.
.
.
.
SSPS
: : SSPS
. sevitpircseD scitsitatS evitpircseD ezylanA . mumixam ) snoitpO
.)....... ecnairav ,egnar, muminim, . , KO
:
-
.
98 HGM
: SSPS . erolpxE scitsitatS evitpircseD - ezylanA . elbairav tnednepeD evitpircseD ) scitsitatS
sreiltuO ...( elitnecreP
.( tlopxoB ,faeL dna metS, margotsiH) stolP
-
.
09 HGM
)(
:
-
.
19 HGM
tolpxoB
.
-
.
29 HGM
. naideM ( ) .
.
.
erolpxE erolpxE
. scitsitatS evitpircseD ezylanA : :
. erolpxE . elbairav tnednepeD . tsil rotcaF
-
.
39 HGM
:
) : ( .
sreiltuO
. sreiltuO
-
.
49 HGM
)(: : : lacirtemaraP .I
2 > |Z| = reiltuO laitnetoP
3 > |Z| = reiltuO dekraM
. %5.0 %5 6>Z Z 01 BD
) (. . . tolP P-P margotsiH
: lacirtemarap-noN .II egnaR elitrauqretnI *5.1 edistuO = reiltuO laitnetoP egnaR elitrauqretnI*3 edistuO = reiltuO dekraM
: . (RQI*3) . RQI( *3) RQI( *5.1)
: sreiltuo dna tolpxoB
QLMQU
123456789011121314151
621031051051051551651061061261461461561081781
QLMQU
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621031051051051551651061061261461461561081781
051= QL : E )( .
061= : M E ) (
461= QU : E . )(
: RQI E
41 = 051-461 = RQI
: E
-
.
59 HGM
00.
51.
1.5
2.2.
5rF
qeeu
cny
08 06 04 02 0)syaD( yatS fo htgneL
2= ) 5.1 *41( :RQI *5.1 581 = 12 + 461 921 = 12 051
laitnetoP 921 581 0
. : E
24 = ) 3 * 41( :RQI *3 801 = 24 051
602 = 24 + 461
dekraM 801 602 0 .
. : (1)
8.02
0.41 [ 82.84, 96.6-] %59
. [05, 3 ] %59 .
( :2 )
. 1.5
4.6 ,4.7-[ %59 . ]6.71
. , 5 = Z( 5=4.6/1.5-73 = Z : 73
. ( )noillim/3.0=P
-
.
69 HGM
%59 73
:
. naideM naeM : .ssenwekS .)( : sisotruK : ) margotsiH fael dna metS
(. tolP xoB : tolp ytilibaborP lamroN
.
) D vorogomloK kliW-oripahS . (
. sisotruK ssenwekS
-
.
79 HGM
) (. .
.001 . liaT yvaeH
noitubirtsid laitnenopxE: .1
) (
. sselyromeM
. . PXE.FDP SSPS
::
) ( 3= . 3/1
. :
. . . sselyromeM
) ( .
-
.
: .2
-
.
89 HGM
: (.A.)
: (.B)
: (.C) .
(.D).
.
: ammaG .3
.
. . AMMAG.FDP
: mrofinU .4 )
. ( .
.
SSPS . MROFINU.FDP
.
-
.
99 HGM
.5
. U
:
=6/3 75 =6/3 . : : 85 . : NT : 16
: .
-
.
101 HGM
8
ataD lacitsitatS
. : 0 : susneC 0
. 002 001 stcart susnec
) ... ( ) ....(
: . .1 ..( ) .2 . .3
.
: gnilpmaS 0
. :
. : noitalupoP
. etinifnI etiniF 4002
. 4002
. .: elpmaS
81 0
evitatneserper .
sdohteM gnilpmaS
-
.
201 HGM
: gnilpmaS :gnilpmaS modnaR
. : gnilpmas modnar-noN
.
: gnilpmaS modnaR elpmiS .1
. : ) :
( ) (. :
.
: gnilpmaS deifitartS .2( )
) ( ) ( . . atartS
.
: gnilpmaS retsulC .3. retsulC
. . . .
.
retsulC deifitarts
-
.
301 HGM
)
(
)
(
.
.
.
: gnilpmas egats-itluM .4
.
.
.
: gnilpmaS citametsyS
) ( . .
9
noitamitsE
0 .
)
... ( .
-
.
401 HGM
05>n
.
naem elpmas a fo rorre dradnatS
. )n(rqs/S
. n S : .
. )
(. .
:
-
.
501 HGM
. ) (
-
.
601 HGM
noitamitsE tnioP
.
. 05
. 961 961
noitamitsE lavretnI
. noitamitsE lavretnI P
. .IC lavretnI ecnedifnoC
: 59.0=P ]5.171-5.661[
. %59 :
)naem fo rorrE dradnatS *Z( naeM
)1-N( rqS / noitaiveD dradnatS = naem fo rorrE dradnatS
:
. naeM 0 . rqS N 0 ) ( . Z 0
. ( Z . ) %59 69.1 ) ( :
. (noitaiveD dradnatS ) 0 . 0 ( Z ) 0
.
-
.
701 HGM
) ( ) .(
) . P(
: E.S * Z P = )P( 0
] n / )p-1( * p [ rqS = )P( .E.S 0
Z E.S * Z P = )P( : IC 0
.( 69.1=Z %59)
: . 51 04 E 573.0 = 04/51 = P : E : %59 E
051.0 573.0 =] 04 / 526.0 * 573.0 [ rqS* 69.1 573 .0
]5.25-5.22[ %59 E) %59
(%5 ]2.75-8.71[ %99 E
. (%1) %99 04) : E
. (
01 gnitseT sisehtopyH
sisehtopyH evitanretlA & lluN
: . %52 . P . 52.0=P : : oH
-
.
801 HGM
.52.0>P : : aH )
(. :
. .I . .II
.III .
: .
( ) .
, < , > = :
52.0 > P : aH 52.0 = P :oH P )( : sisehtopyh dedis enO
7.0 < P 52.0> P . P : sisehtopyh dedis owT
. 52.0 P :
)(.
}02..,9,8{
oH X 11=X . aH
: . deliaT reppU X: 52.0>P 0 . deliaT rewoL X :7.0P :aH 52.0=P :oH 0
-
.
901 HGM
: . 0 11=X X }02, ,01 ,9{ 0
. 11
:deliaT rewoL .2
. 52.0
-
.
011 HGM
oH tcejeRrorrE I epyTrorrE oN
oH tpeccArorrE oNrorrE II epyT
eslaF :oH52.0>P
eurT :oH52.0 = P
oH tcejeRrorrE I epyTrorrE oN
oH tpeccArorrE oNrorrE II epyT
eslaF :oH52.0>P
eurT :oH52.0 = P
I . rorrE ahplA I . oH= I :
( 52.0>P 52.0=P 02) .}02..,9,8{
02 ro .. ro 9 ro 8=X I ( 218101.0= )
. %1.01
II
. - rorrE ateB II . oH = II aH> 052.( 52.0=P : oH : )
. P: . P
P ( P :aH>0 52 , 52=P :oH : ) }02..,9,8{
( .P ) . )p(B , P
p 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 )p(B 100.0 20.0 31.0 24.0 77.0
5.0=P . %31
-
.
111 HGM
=3R }02,9{=2R }02..,8{= 1R
: }02,,01{
3R410.0259.0557.0214.0821.0710.0
2R40.0788.0695.0252.0750.0500.0
1R201.0277.0614.0231.0120.0100.0
3.04.05.06.07.0 P )P(B
3R410.0259.0557.0214.0821.0710.0
2R40.0788.0695.0252.0750.0500.0
1R201.0277.0614.0231.0120.0100.0
3.04.05.06.07.0 P )P(B
: ) (
.P
( . ) ) .
P (
: ecnacifingiS fo leveL : ,
) 50.0 . ( 59.0
I .
tseT leveL .
50.0 : : 2R . 50.0
-
.
211 HGM
10.0 50.0
) : . ( 100.0
sorrE ateB dna ahplA
0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
1
2.0 51.0 1.0 50.0 0rorre ahplA
eBat
E rr
ro
052=N 001=N 52=N
.
tseT .
( }02,..,11,01,9{ 2R) 50.0 . rewoP
fo rewoP ) .IIrorrE-1 = )p( )p( ( tset
02.0 50.0 08.0
P: ecnacifingis fo leveL P
( .%5 )
-
.
311 HGM
lacitirC: seulaV lacitirC
. lavretni ecnedifnoC: IC
.
52.0 :
: 52.0=P : oH : 0 . 52.0> P : aH : 0 0
: : P .1
.
: ) (
: P )
aP 52.0=oP (. 11 7.0=aP 325 3.0=aP
: ) (
) ( : ) ( .2
. P 50.0 : 3.0=P :
10.0 325 . 1821
: .3 ( )
. P 3.0=P
) ( 50.0 .
-
.
411 HGM
10.0 = 182106126330259.0 =
50.0 = 617498312319.0 =
50.0 = 325079271118.0 =
3.0 =P4.0 =P5.0 =P6.0 =P7.0 =P
10.0 = 182106126330259.0 =
50.0 = 617498312319.0 =
50.0 = 325079271118.0 =
3.0 =P4.0 =P5.0 =P6.0 =P7.0 =P
0 . 59811 %08 %5 62.0=P
2 ^ ] d/ S * ) bZ + aZ( [ = N 0
IC seulav-P :
. IC 0 ) ( eulav-P 0
. : IC ,
: . -P 50.0
-
.
511 HGM
C000529.8 ot 1.1210.0
B00043.35.8 ot 5.4-45.0
B043358 ot 54-45.0
A00030484 ot 23100.0P) P sisehtopyH lluN
. 50.0
-
.
251 HGM
tseT-T selpmaS-deriaP
. tseT-T tnednepeD :
0 0
: 0
.
0 . 0
T : tnednepednI ytilamroN
. ecnairaV fo ytienegomoH
: tseT T selpmas deriaP snaem erapmoC ezylanA 0
-
.
351 HGM
0) / (
.
: ) 0
(.
0 .
0 )
(. .
-
.
451 HGM
64: 0 . 5
:
-
.
651 HGM
rehsiF derauqs -ihC
: . 0
: ( ) 0
:
-
.
751 HGM
: %3.4 %2.5 0
.
. derauqs -ihC 0 scitsitatS noitalubatssorC 0
derauqs-ihC
-
.
851 HGM
:
erauqS-ihC nosraeP 0 . 833.0
0 %8.33
. : derauqs-ihC
. 0 ( 50.0>P / ) 0
.
50.0
-
.
951 HGM
%52 5 : 0
. tset tcaxE rehsiF ihC 0
.
dnert rof tset derauqs-ihC :
. 0 0
. . 0
: 000,01) 0
( 00,04 000,04 000,02 000,02 000,01
. ) ( serauqs-ihc
. P noitaicossa raenil yb raeniL
noitalerroC
: . 0
: ( ) 0
. ( )
) ( .
tneiciffeoc noitalerroC .
: . etairaviB etalerroC ezylanA 0 . 0 nosraeP stneiciffeoc noitalerroC 0
. namraepS
-
.
061 HGM
. KO 0
: : : noitalerroC nosraeP 0
. . ohr s'namraepS cirtemarapnoN 0
: . .
-
.
161 HGM
: : ]1+,1-[ r
noitanimreted fo erusaem 0 X )( Y)(
: ) 1- r 0 (.
: . r 0 : ) 1 r 0
(.) ecnacifingis
. ( 50.0
: . enifeD elpmiS rettacS hparG 0 . KO Y X 0
-
.
261 HGM
0
. yB srekram teS redneg
:
: noitalopartxE
-
.
361 HGM
. R R
. . R : sreiltuO
.
:spuorG suoenegomoh-noN 0
.
.
-
.
461 HGM
:
) Y X 0
(. . 0 . 0 . sreiltuo 0
J J
: 56 .1
% 5: : : 0) % 5 : :
( .( : 3 ) 0
: . %5
: 07 .2 ( 45 3 2 1 0 : o 3 2 1 0 : o
: 27 .3 5.7* 01-32 5.7 E-32 = )5,04( nossioP E 5.7-32
: 58 .4 )01, 061 ,X( lamroN.FDC )01, 051 ,X( lamroN.FDC
. 52.0 => P : aH _ 52.0 > P : aH : 901 .5
-
.
561 HGM
. SSPS .6 ( . 3 56+- ) .7 .8
.( ) : : .9
!! .
-
:
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