지식정보사회의 경력과 생애과정

05-0221

2005. 2

:

:

.

2005. 2

:

:

1

7

1 13

2 16

1 16

2 21

3 23

4 :

24

3 27

1 27

1. 27

2. 29

3. 32

2 35

1. 35

2. 37

3. 47

4. 53

3 61

1. 62

2. 65

2

4 (Protean Career) 66

1. 67

2. 69

3. 70

4. : 72

5. (Relational Learning) (Diversity Learning) 73

6. 75

7. 77

8. 77

9. 78

10. 80

5 82

1. 83

2. (A Pluralistic Approach) 85

6 87

1. 89

2. 90

3. 92

4. 92

5. 93

4 95

1 95

1. 95

2. 95

3. 96

4. 96

3

5. 97

6. - 97

2 97

1. UNESCO 98

2. OECD 100

3. 102

3 103

1. 104

2. 104

3. 105

4 107

1. 108

2. 115

3. 117

4. 120

5. 123

6. e-learning 124

7. 127

8. 132

5 136

1. 136

2. 137

3. 138

4. 138

5. 139

6. 140

4

7. e-Learning 141

8. 141

9. : , , 142

10. 142

11. 143

12. 143

5 145

1 146

2 147

3 148

4 148

5 148

6 149

7 149

8 150

9 150

10 151

11 151

12 e-Learning 152

13 : , , 152

14 152

15 153

16 154

17 154

156

5

20

34

44

49

54

59

63

71

72

86

86

6

[ 21] 26

[ 31] 3 41

[ 32] Hall 45

[ 33] 46

[ 34] 50

[ 35] 55

[ 36] 65

[ 41] 103

[ 42] () 109

[ 43] 128

[ 44] 129

7

1.

, ,

.

.

.

.

.

.

, ,

.

,

. (lifewide)

(lifelong) (career compentency)

,

8

.

2.

(bound-

aryless career), (protean career), (multiple career),

(post-corporate career) . (or-

ganizational career) .

.

. .

, .

.

.

. Hall

. (psychological success)

.

(learning stage) .

(know-how) (learn-how),

(employability) ,

.

, .

.

.

9

.

, , ,

.

. UNESCO

, OECD

.

, -

(Social Learning Net)

.

, (workplace competencies)

,

.

.

,

.

, (market failure)

. ,

.

.

10

3.

.

,

.

.

, , ,

(portable)

.

.

.

(signal) (guide)

, ,

(National Skill Standard) .

,

e-Learning

. e-Learning

.

.

11

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

1 13

1

21 ,

,

. ,

, . (glo-

balization)

.

, ,

.

, ,

.

,

.

.

,

.

.

.

.

, .

.

14

(longitudinal)

.

,

.

.

.

(career competency) .

, 21 20

. ,

() , .

.

.

.

.

. (continuous learning)

.

, ,

.

. , ,

1 15

, ,

.

, ,

.

, 2

, 3

. 4

(lifewide) (lifelong)

(career compentency)

.

16

2

1

, ,

,

(intangible intellectual capital) .

,

,

.

,

. ,

.

(, 2003). ,

.

,

1). , .

1) ,

. () , (). ,

2 17

,

. .

,

.

.

, , ,

, , , ,

2).

, , () . , . , ,

(, 2001). 2) IT (spotmarket) . IT

(, 2001). Jacoby(1999) , ,

. Laubacher and McGovern(2000) IT 21 . acoby(1999) (career-type employment practices) .

(degree) (kind) .

18

, ,

(good jobs) .

(

) (, 2001).

,

.

,

. Cappelli(1999)

(portable) ,

, (employment outco

mes) (Earned Income

Tax Credit) .

. 15

. ,

. 1995 47.4% 3054

1999 47.8% 2010 50.9%

, 55 1990

. (career-type) (risk reallocation) . , , (welfare capitalism).

. . Cappelli(1999) IT .

.

2 19

17.3% 1999 20.6% 2000 2010

25.3% 4 1 . 1990 14.2%

1519 1999 10.9% , 2000

2010 7.3% .

. ,

.

. ,

,

,

. 1970 40%

1980 ,

2010 56% (, 2001).

21

, 5% ,

.

.

(

).

(mismatch) ( , 2001; , 2003).

.3)

3) (globalized competition) . , , /

20

.

.

. ,

, , (Social Learning Net)

.

, ,

, , .

, , (, 2004).

.

2 21

, , ,

.

,

2

,

(multi-skill), (upper-skill) (knowledge worker)

. ,

(, 2001).

(spot) .

22

.

, , ,

.

.

(digital

divide)

, (,

2002; , 2003). ,

(winner takes all)

.

.

( )

4).

4)

. . , .

. 1 .

2 23

3

20 . ,

() ,

.

.

.5)

.

WORLD BANK, OECD, ILO

. , ,

OECD

(, 2004).

, ,

. (, 2004).

5) . , . , , (, 2003).

24

(partial retirement) ,

.

. IMF

.

,

.

,

, .

.

.

.

(working poor) .

4 :

, , ,

,

.

(job security)

2 25

(labor market security) (lifetime employment) (

, 2003; , 2001).

.

, ,

,

.

.

.

. , ,

, , (, 2004).

,

,

.

, , ,

(Riley and Riley, 2000).

, ,

.

26

OECD

(Recurrent Education) ,

(OECD, 1999).

.

. , ,

, ,

.

[ 21]

: Riley et al.(1994: 26)

3 27

3

1

.

. 1) , 2)

, 3) .

1.

,

. 1)

, 2) , 3) , 4)

, 5) , 6)

(, 2000).

.

(globalization)

. WTO

.

.

.

28

.

. , ,

.

, ,

.

.

.

. ,

.

,

(, 2000).

.

.

. 21

(facilitator) .

.

.

.

,

. .

3 29

,

.

.

. X

.

(Brousseau , 1996).

.

.

. 21

.

. .

2.

.

, , .

.

Brousseau (1996) (job) .

.

. (fixed sets of tasks)

.

.

() .

30

.

.

, .

.

. .

. ,

.

.

.

.

. ,

, .

, .

, (on-call workers),

.

(, 2001; , 2002).

21 .

, , .

.6)

6) Pfeffer Baron(1988) ( )

3 31

.

(psychological contract)

(Arthur, Claman and Defillippi, 1995; Hall, 1996a).

,

.

.

.

.

.

.

(employability)

( ) . . , . ( ), (, ), ( ) .Rousseau(1989) . . . , , . , . .

32

(discrete exchange) . , 21

,

.

(occupational excellence)

.

3.

.

, , ,

(Defillipi and Arthur, 1994; Brousseau

, 1996).

.

.

.

(downsizing) .

.

.

.

.

. .

,

3 33

.

.

21

.

(outsourcing) (spin-off) .

.

, .

,

.

.

21

. (hierarchy)

. , ,

. ,

.

21

.

, ,

(Allred, Snow and Miles, 1996).

21 . ,

(boundaryless)

.

(role) .

34

/ / / / / / / /

/ / /

: Nicholson, N.(1996: 43).

.

(generalist).

, (job) (Nicholson,

1996).

20 (key com-

petency) (relational)(technical) .

(commercial) (Allred et. al., 1996).

21

(multiskilled specialist) .

(output)

, (Nicholson, 1996).

, 21 . (col-

laborative)

3 35

, ,

. 21

(self-governance) .

2

1.

(career) , , ,

, ,

(Hall, 1976; , 2000).

Super(1976)

(career choice)

, (prevocational activities) (postvocational acti-

vities) . Hall(1976)

, ,

.

. (work)

(Greenhaus, 1987; Arthur et. al., 1989; , 2000)

. ,

, ,

36

.

,

.

,

.

.

(Mirvis and

Hall, 1996). , .

. ,

. , (space)

.

. ,

.

.

,

(, 1999).

3 37

2.

Van Mannen Schein(1977)

(external perspective) (internal perspective) .

, , , ,

,

. Greenhaus(1987)

.

.

.

, (carrer choice)

(Platton and McMahon, 1999).

(content theory) ,

(process theory) (, 2000).

.

.

(content approach), (process approach)

(, 1999).

.

1900

. (dif-

38

ferential psychology) Parsons (matching men and jobs)

(Betz et als., 1989).

.

Parsons (Trait-Factor Theory)

, ( , ,

, , , )

. Holland (Vocational Prefer-

ences Model) (Theory of Work Adjustment) . Hol-

land

. Dawis Lofquist(1984) , Holland

.

(Platton et al., 1999).

Schein (Career Anchor) .

, .7)

7) . Schein (1996) . . Schein

. . .

3 39

. Holland ,

Dawis Lofquist

,

(,

1999).

.

, ,

, .

1)

(Life-Span Models),

. Miller Form

(Individualistic Approach) Super (Life-Span, Life Space Approach)

. Miller Form ,

(social adjustment) .

, . (preparatory work period),

(initial period), (trial period), (stable work period), (retire-

ment period) ,

. .

, Schein 8 . .

40

, .

, ,

(Dalton, 1989).

Super

(self-concept)

.

(life stages) . Super

(Super, 1957).

.

.

.

2) Schein

Schein(1971)

(career stage) .

(pre-entry and entry), (basic training and initi-

ation), 1 (first regular assignment), 2 (second

assignment), (granting tenure and exit),

(post-exit) .

Schein . Schein(1971)

[ 31] .

3 (three-dimensional model)

.

3 41

[ 31] 3

: Schein, E. H(1971: 204), (2000: 102) .

(vertical movement) ,

. (horizontal movement)

. (radial movement)

(inner core) .

,

.

(boundary) .

, ,

. ,

,

.

(socialization)

42

.

3)

Driver(1979)

.

, , ,

. , , 4

.

(linear career concept)

.

,

.

.

.

(expert career concept)

.

,

. ,

.

(spiral career concept)

710

. 7 10

.

( ) ( )

, .

3 43

(: ) ,

.

.

(transitory career concept)

35

.

.

.

, ,

(Brousseau , 1996).

.

, .

, .

,

.

, , , ,

. , ,

.

21 .

44

710 35

: Brousseau (1996: 56-59), (2000: 104) .

4) Hall

Hall(1976) [ 32]

,

.

Hall(1993)

3 45

[ 32] Hall

: Hall, D. T(1976: 57)

. 20

,

.

(transitory) . Hall(1993)

,

[ 33]

.

.

Hall 21

.

.

46

[ 33]

: Hall, D. T(1993 : 15)

.

.

.

. ,

Parsons

.

3 47

8).

(Driver , )

.

, ,

,

.

3.

(career goal) .

.

. ,

(career stage)

.

(know-how) ,

, ,

(Hall, 1976; 1996b).

(linear career)

8) (Arthur, 1994). , , . , . , , , . ,

.

48

(expert career) .

,

(Brousseau et. al., 1996).

, ,

(Allred et. al., 1996). (local)

. , ,

.

21

(multiple career) (, 1998).

, , ,

, . 21

(boundaryless) .


Hall(1976, 1996b) 21

. (protean career)

.

(psychological success) .

.

(the path with a heart) .

(continuous learning) .

(learning stage) .


(employability) ,

3 49

, .

, ,

, ,

, , ,

,

Sullivan, Carden Martin

(1998) . Sullivan (1998) Super

(career grid taxonomy) .

.

.

(transferability) (inter-

nal work values) ,

,

.

.

.

50

. ,

.

.

, .

. ,

.

[ 34]

High 9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

Low 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Low High

: Sullivan et. al.(1998: 169).

(1.9) (Provisional)

(9.9) (Self-Designing) .

(1.1) (Traditional)

(9.1) (Self-Directed) . .

3 51

. ,

.

[ 34] ,

.9) (traditional) (1.1)

, .

,

. , .

.

.

, ,

. , ,

.

, ,

.

, .

.

, .

(self-directed) (9.1)

.

9) . , . (snap shot) , , ( ) ( , ) (Sullivan et. al., 1998).

52

. .

. ,

, .

, .

(self-designing) (9.9)

, .

.

.

, ,

.

.

.

( ) .

.

,

. ,

.

(1.9) .

. (provisional)

.

. Aetna Prudential GEICO

McDonald

.

3 53

(Sullivan et. al., 1998).

21

.

, ,

.

4.

21

. (hierarchy)

. , ,

. ,

. ,

.

(zero-sum game) .

(job) .

21

.

, , .

.

,

.

.

Malone(2005)

54

.

.

.

.

.

(Malone, 2005).

. . ,

().

.

: Malone(2005: 19).

,

.

, ,

.

. 1800

3 55

. 1900 , , ,

.

.

20

, .

.

.

. 1

.

.

[ 35]

.

()

()

()

: Malone(2005: 44).

56

.

. , ,

.

.

21

. ,

.

.

.

.

19

.

.

. ,

.

1 () . GM

(division) .

.

,

. ( )

, , . 19501960

(matrix)

. 1860

3 57

1970 , ,

.

.

,

. ,

(Allred et. al., 1996).

.

. ,

.

,

,

.

(expertise) . , ,

,

.10)

10) .

. R and D

. . Nike . , , , , . .

58

, ,

.

.

(collaborative skills) .

. 3

referral, partnering, relationship management .

referral

.

. referral skill .

. partnering

, . (ralationship management)

,

.

.

.

.

(Allred et.

al., 1996).

. . . . , . .

(Allred et. al., 1996).

3 59

, , , ,

, , , , , ,

, , ,

: Allred et. al.(1996: 18-21).

. 21 : 11)

21 () . ,

11) . (autonomous work team) . ,

. , , , . , . , . . , (Brousseau , 1996). . , , .

60

. .

.

. ( ,

) . .

.

( DNA ) .

, , .

.

.

.

. ()

.

.

.

.

.

.

, .

.

.

,

, . .

,

.

3 61

Hall(1996b)

. .

. .

3

. , ,

, ,

.

(outsourcing)

.

,

.

,

,

(boundaryless career), (protean career), (multiple career),

(post-corporate career) (Peiperl, 1997; , 1998).

, ,

,

.

.

.

62

.

1.

, .

.

,

(DeFillippi and Aruthur, 1996).

1980 GE

. .

,

.

, , ,

,

(Hirshhorn and Gilmore, 1992).

, ,

, .

(boundaryless career) ,

(Arthur, 1994). Arthur(1994) , ,

.

(portable) , , .

, ,

.

3 63

. Arthur Rousseau

(1996) .

. Silicon Valley

.

.

.

.

.

, .

.

.

know-why

know-how

know-whom(network)(locus)

: DeFillippi and Arthur(1994: 317), (1998: 23) .

64

,

.

,

.

,

.

.

( ),

( ), ( ), ,

( ) .

( ).

(, , ), (

), (communities of practices)( , 1998),

(DeFillippi and Arthur, 1994).

.

, .

.

.

.

,

(Sullivan, 1999).

3 65

2.

. (1998)

,

.

.

. ,

.

,

.

, (1998) ,

, .

[ 36]

: (1998: 192).

,

.

,

( )

( )

( )

66

.

,

.

.

, ,

,

,

.

.

,

,

,

.

( , 1998).

4 (Protean Career)

(The Career is dead.-Long live

the career). Hall(1996a) 21

. .

( , ) 21

. (continuous learning) (identity change)

(organizational career)

(protean career) .

3 67

1.

12).

.

.

,

.

(relational contract)

(transactional contract) 13).

, (one-day contract)

.

. ,

.

.

(shamrock organization) . Handy

1 . 2

12) Hall(1996a) (The old psychological contract is dead) , , ,

(Rousseau, 1989). .

13) MacNeill(1985) 2 . (relational contract) . . , (transactional contract) . (Hall and Mirvis, 1996).

68

, 3 . 1

2 3 , , .

.

.

(Hall et. al., 1996).

.

.

.

(free agent) , .

.

.14)

14) , . (, 2003).

.

. . .

. .

.

3 69

.

.

. , , ,

.

.

.

.

.

.

2.

(Mirvis et. al.,

1996). , .

, .

. .

.

. ( ), ( , ), 1 , .

(, 2003).

70

, , (

), , ,

, .

, . (payed work)

, .

,

( , 1998).

,

.

.

.

. (free agent) .

,

, , .

.

.

.

.

3.

, , ,

.

.

, ,

. ,

3 71

,

.

know-how

work self

learn-how

whole self: Hall, D. T.(1996: 9).

(growth) , ,

. .

, , , , ,

(connections) .

.

,

(business needs) (Hall, 1996).

learn how .

know-how learn-how

.

(employability)

. .

, ,

72

15).

.

4. :

?

.

(meta skill)

.

time span

: Hall, D. T(1996b: 11).

. (time span:

) , ( )

. (personal learning)

.

15) (holistic) . . , . . Shepard(1984) , . (Levinson, 1986).

3 73

.

,

. ,

.

,

.

,

.

. 21

(self-directed protean career)

. ,

.

5. (Relational Learning) (Diversity Learning)

.

. ,

. .

. Joyce Fletcher

.

(growth in connection) (Hall, 1996b).

.

,

.

74

.

, (, ,

) (, , ) .16)

.

( ) .

.

.

. .

. ( , ,

)

. , ,

, , ( ),

. , Arthur, Claman and Defillippi(1995) Knowing how Knowing

why Knowing whom

. .

16) (mutuality), (inter- dependence), (reciprocity) 3 .

(Arthur, 1994). . . . . .

3 75

21

.

, .

Walker(1996)

. Walker

.

,

,

.

6.

Hall (1996)

.

, , , .

.

. .

,

.

.

,

, ?

? . , ,

,

76

. , , ,

.

,

.

.

. .

,

.

.17)

, , ,

, , , ,

.

.

.

.

.

.

17) (work identity)

. 1( ) 2, 3 ,

(Hall, 1996a).

3 77

7.

.

. , , (sense of self)

.

.

(, , , ) .

.

(self-perception) .

( , , ,

, , ) .

.

.

8.

.

.

.

.

.

.

78

. (real

work)

18).

9.

,

, .19)

18) , , . , , . , (Hall, 1996a). , ,

. (Sullivan et. al., 1998).

. Landers, Rebitzer Taylor(1996)

. . .

19) 20 . , , , , . . , .

3 79

.

.

.

.

.

(work-family)

. (real work)

,

. ,

.

, .

.

.

.

(work vs. life) .

.

,

. . , , , , , .

. , .

(, 2003).

80

.

. ,

,

.

.

10.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

. 5

. .

. ,

,

20).

20) . (sunk cost) .

3 81

.

.

,

. .

, , ,

(ministages)

.

.

. .

, .

.

(Hirsch and Shanley, 1996). ,

. . , Fortune 500 28% . , . X . . , ,


82

. (Driver

) .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

.

5

.

.

Brousseau (1996) .

3 83

.

1.

. , , ,

, ,

.

.

.

.

.

.

, , ,

. ,

.

, ,

. Palo Alto

Ideo . Ideo

.

?

.

. ?


84

.

.

: ,

.

.

.

?

.

.21)

21) 360 , . (Internal Information Interview Network) .

. (1998) .

.

. , , ,

. .

3 85

.

.

.

, .

2. (A Pluralistic Approach)

.

.

.

,

.

,

.

. .

,

IMF 2 , , . , . .

. ( , 1998).

86

: Brousseau et. al.(1996: 58).

. ,

. .

4 .

/

: Brousseau et. al.(1996: 59).

.

. /

.

. , ,

3 87

.

. , ,

.

.

.

, , .

.

(spin-off)

.

,

.

.

6

21 (flux) . .

, , ,

.(, 2000)

. .

.

88

.

,

. , .

,

.

.22)

,

.

.

,

.

.

.

, .

.

22) . . ( ) , , . , , . Hall (Hall, 1976) . , , , . (, , ) . .

3 89

1.

,

.

.

.

.

.

(milestones) .

, ,

(Kram, 1996).

,


, ,

, , , ,

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vidual Learning Account System) .

140

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(22) ,

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learning) .

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long) (career compentency)

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1

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. (career goal) .

. (career stage)

, (know-

how) ,

, ,

(Hall, 1976; 1996b).

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. .

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. 21

.

.

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Hall

.

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(learning stage) .


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. Brous-

seau (1996) .

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, 2004. e-learning. E-HRD 17,

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, 2000. :

. 6(1): 21-37.

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9(1): 211-239.

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.

, 2002. (digital divide) . 36(4):

123-155.

, 1999. (Career)

. , 17(1):5-28. .

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.

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2 .

, 2002. , 7: 82-95.

157

, 2001. , 55: 72-87. .

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7(2): 177-199.

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2(2). .

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, 1998. : ,

, : 167-208.

158

, 2000. .

.

, 2001. ,

7(1): 211-238.

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, , .

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36(1): 83-112.

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.

, 2002. OECD - ,

.

, 2003. ,

9(3): 299-325.

, 2000. : ,

6(1): 1-20.

______, 2002. :

. 8(1): 221-245.

______, 2003. : .

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지식정보사회의 경력과 생애과정

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Transcript of 지식정보사회의 경력과 생애과정