Industrial Gases Co

. . . . .

. () ().

1.1 ()

() ( ) , . , . . : , , .

1.1.1

(Ferrite). 4%. .

. 1.7% , 2.5 % 4% .

(). .

1.1.2

. .

(Bauxite) . . . .

. . . () . .

1- , .

2- , 85% 90% . (high temperature metals)

. , ( ) .

(Rare metals)

. .1.2 ( )

(spinning) . . . . , . .

- a

, .

, ( ) . .

, .

, . b -

(), () .

, .

, . .

. .

1.1.2 .

A - (Organic materials)

.

.1 . .

. .

.2 . . .

b - (Inorganic materials)

, .

.1

. .

. .

.

.2

500 .

, .

.

, . , .

2.1

. .

2.2

. 12 50. . 0.5 .

2.3

. () . , 12 , .

2.4

. . , 123 50 . . .

2.5

. .

2.6

. 2.7 . .

2.8 . .

2.9

. ( ) .

.

. . . .

.1- (hardness) : . . .

2- ( tensil strength ) : . .3- :(ductility) . .

4- (toughness) : . .

5- (elasticity): , , .6- (malleability) : .

7- (brittleness) : () .

8- (corrosion resistance) : .

9- (thermal conductivity) : / , .

10- (electrical conductivity) : . .11- () (plasticity) : . .

12- (machineability) : . .

13- : (weldability) . .

, . ( ) . .

2.1

(pure iron) . (2) .

(wrought iron) .

2.2

2.2.1

. . 1% 100 , 100 , 100 0.3 % 30 .

(plain carbon steel) :

a-

0.1 %- 0.3 % .

. .

b-

0.3%- 0.6% .c-

, 0.6 % - 1.3 % . . . .

2.2.2

, . (3) ( ) , .

.

2.2.3

() . 0.05 % . , 0.08 0.33 % . .

2.3

(Cast iron) .

, , , .

2.3.1

a-

:

- : . ( )

- : 3C) (Fe

b-

. 2.3.2

, , 3.25 %.a-

. , () .

.

. .

.

b-

, , .2. 3. 3

. , .

.

2. 3. 4 . .

, . .

a-

.

b-

() . .

2. 3. 5 . (Nodular graphite) .

, . , .

2.4

(alloy steel) .2.4.1

: .

a-

. . 0.25 6 %.b-

. , .

0.25 38 % : , , , .

c-

, . 2.4.2

26 , :

a -

. 80% , . , .

b-

. 1.9 - 1.6% .

c-

: . .

.d-

. . .

e-

. ( ) .

2.5

100 ( stainless steel ) . :

a-

, b-

.

c-

18% . .

. ( ). .

:

%0.75 .

%4.7 .

%22 .

%1.4 .

%71.15 .

a- b- c- d-

e- f- g- h- (U)

i- j- k- l-

(1)

()

()

()

()

UNION ENGINEERING GROUP

Egyptian Welding Academy

TECHNICAL CENTER

(2) 200

1- ( ) 2-

(3) 100

PAGE 18