T04A: Inclusive Data Management and Sharing

in ArchaeologyChairs

Yasuhisa Kondo & Eric Kansa

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Tuesday, August 30, 14:20 to 16:20, at RY301

Inclusive Data Management & Sharing: Scope

• Inclusive = ‘not excluding any section of society or any party involved in something’ (Oxford Dictionary of English)

• How do we reconcile opportunities for data sharing to make interpretation more public and inclusive while recognizing that archaeological data can also be misused and appropriated?

• What kinds of archaeological practice need to be developed to make data management more inclusive and not a new form of colonialism?

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Presentation Line-up

1 Poster• Takata & Morimoto: Publishing the Comprehensive

Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan for the Purpose of Increasing Information Accessibility

4 Orals• Kondo: Open science, transdisciplinary research, and

the future of archaeology• Miki et al.: Toward inclusive data sharing using Bat

Digital Heritage Inventory: a comparison of inventories for the World Heritage sites at Bat, Oman

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Presentation Line-up

4 Orals (cont.)• Aspöck: Digitizing early farming cultures: sharing

data on Neolithic sites and finds in Greece and Anatolia

• Kikuchi: Open-access and application of 3D Bone Atlas Database

‘Inclusive’ talks and discussions up to 16:20

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transdisciplinary research,and the future of archaeology

Yasuhisa Kondo

WAC-8 Kyoto 2016 Session T04A Inclusive Data Sharing in Archarology

Open Science

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Today’s talk

• Current trends in open science– Open research data– Citizen science

• Societal issue-driven research– Participatory research– Action research– Transdisciplinary research

• Foresight: how can we bind open science and transdisciplinary approaches to promote inclusive data sharing in archaeology?

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Open Science

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Open Definition

“Open means anyone can freely access, use, modify, and share for any purpose (subject, at most, to requirements that preserve provenance and openness).”http://opendefinition.org/

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Open Science at dawn

G8 Open Data Charter (June 2013)8. We therefore agree to follow a set of principles that will be the

foundation for access to, and the release and re-use of, data made available by G8 governments. They are: Open Data by Default Quality and Quantity Useable by All Releasing Data for Improved Governance Releasing Data for Innovation

10. We also recognise the benefits of open data can and should be enjoyed by citizens of all nations.

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Making Open Science a RealityOECD Report, October 2015

“Open science commonly refers to efforts to make the output of publicly funded researchmore widely accessiblein digital format tothe scientific community,the business sector,or society more generally.” (p.9)

doi: 10.1787/5jrs2f963zs1-en

Open science includes various concepts:

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Open Research DataOpen Access

Citizen ScienceData Papers & Journals

Data Citation

Open Access (OA)

“Free, immediate, online availability of research articles, coupled with the rightsto use these articles fully in the digital environment.” http://www.sparc.arl.org/issues/open-access

• Gold OA: Authors pay OA fee to publishers to make their articles open access.

• Green OA: Institutional repositories make articles of affiliated members open access. Time delay (embargo) may apply.

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Open Data

“Open data and content can be freely used, modified, and shared by anyone for any purpose.”http://opendefinition.org

• Open Government Data >> advanced!

• Open Research Data >> to be accomplished

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Data Citationas a gateway to open science

Data Journals Data Repositories

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https://www.datacite.orghttp:///www.nature.com/sdata

Workflow of open research data

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Cabinet Office of Japan (2015.3) Promoting open science in Japan. Executive summary.http://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/sonota/openscience

Research Data Alliance (RDA)

17http://rd-alliance.org

Debate: Are data easily shared in your field?

Rather easy in:• Astronomy• Geomagneticswhere “big data” have internationally been shared over decades.

Rather difficult in:• Human ecology• Cultural anthropologywhere human right issues may remain to be solved.

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Archaeology is somewhere in-between.

Some negative feedbacks

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I don’t want other people to use and interpret my data beyond my control.

I’m reluctant to publish the data until I write and publish a scientific paper using it because the data itself has an original value to be securely kept.

Illustration: http://www.irasutoya.com/

How can we make them willing to give data?

20Illustration: http://www.irasutoya.com/

OK, I will give my data to those whom want.

‘Trust’ is most important for inclusive data sharing.Dialogue (50-50 relationship) may grow the trust.

SocietalIssue-driven

Research23

My experience: digital heritage inventorydevelopment at Bat, Oman

24(Kondo et al. 2016. doi:10.1108/JCHMSD-01-2016-0005)

Miki et al. this session

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Town meeting with local residents

Typology of societal issue-driven research

1. Participatory Research

2. Action Research

3. Transdisciplinary Research

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Researchers

Stakeholders

1. Participatory Research

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Researchoutputs

Methods: questionnaire, interview, ideathon, etc.

Initiative

(Adapted from Scholz 2014)

2. Action Research

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Researchers

Stakeholders

solution

Research outputs

Initiative

(Adapted from Scholz 2014)

3. Transdisciplinary Research

“Science with Society”• Co-design of research agenda,• Co-production of knowledge, and• Co-dissemination of the resultswith societal stakeholders such as governmental agencies, funders, industries, NPOs and civil society.

(Mauser et al. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2013.07.001)

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3. Transdisciplinary Research in sensu stricto

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Researchers

Residents

Decision for

solutionDecision makers

“Co-x”Co-plan

Co-product

Co-deliveryCo-leadership

Mutual trustthrough

dialogue & mutual learning

Solution

└ Societal stakeholers ┘

Research outputs

(Adapted from Scholz 2014)

Tacit-explicit cycle of knowledge

31(Adapted from Nonaka & Takeuchi 1995)

Tacit Knowledge

ExplicitKnowledge

Research Publication

Education, Outreach

A foresight

How can we bind open science and transdisciplinary approaches to promote inclusive data sharing in archaeology?• Open research data with sharing the attached

tacit knowledge.• Promote engagements of pro bonos who have

skills to bridge different knowledge systems.• Establish mutual trust with potential

stakeholders through dialogue.

32Thank you for listening. Contact: kondo@chikyu.ac.jp