67Ù¯. 101 APXAIO§O°IA & TEXNE™

∏‡ÏË (1880 x 1430 ¯ÈÏ.) ¤¯ÂȈ˜ ÎÂÓÙÚÈÎfi ı¤Ì· ÙÔÓ ÃÚÈ-

ÛÙfi ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞Á›Ô˘ ¶ÔÙËÚ›Ô˘, ÛÂÛÙ¿ÛË Â˘ÏÔÁ›·˜. ∞ÚÈÛÙÂÚ¿ Î·È ‰Â-ÍÈ¿ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È ¿ÁÁÂÏÔÈ Û ÓÂʤ-ψ̷, ÎÚ·ÙÒÓÙ·˜ ·ÓÔÈÎÙfi ÂÈÏËÙ¿-ÚÈÔ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÁÚ·Ê‹: ∂°ø ∂πªπ O∞ƒ∆O™ O ∑ø¡ O ∂∫ ∆OÀ OÀƒ∞¡OÀ∫∞∆∞µ∞™. ∆Ô ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ ÎÂÓfi ÙÔ˘ÎfiÎÎÈÓÔ˘ ‚ÂÏÔ‡‰ÈÓÔ˘ οÌÔ˘ η-χÙÂÙ·È ·fi 22 ·ÛÙ¤Ú˜, ÔÈ ÌÂ-Ù·ÏÏÈΤ˜ ›Ó˜ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ›ӷÈÛÙÂÚˆ̤Ó˜ ¿Óˆ Û ¯·ÚÙfiÓÈ ÁÈ·ÈÔ ·Ó¿ÁÏ˘ÊÔ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·. ™ÙÔοو ̤ÚÔ˜, ÎÔÓÙ¿ ÛÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘‰ÈÛÎÔfiÙËÚÔ˘ ÛÙËÓ ·ÚÈÛÙÂÚ‹ ηȉÂÍÈ¿ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ™Â-Ú·Ê›Ì, Ù· ÔÔ›· ÎÔÈÙÔ‡Ó ÚÔ˜ ٷ¿ӈ ÙÔÓ £Â¿ÓıÚˆÔ. °È· ÙËÓ·ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¯ÓÈ΋ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ÊÙÂ-ÚÒÓ Ë Ù¯ӛÙÚÈ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛÂÙËÓ ·Ì˘Á‰·ÏˆÙ‹ Û˘ÚÌ¿ÙÈÓË Ú›˙·.°È· ÙËÓ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ ‚ÔÛÙÚ‡¯ˆÓÙÔ˘˜ ¤¯ÂÈ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› Ë ‚ÂÏÔ-ÓÈ¿ ÚÔÎÔÎfi. ¶ÂÚÈÌÂÙÚÈο, Ë Û‡Ó-ıÂÛË ÎÏ›ÓÂÈ Ì ÙÔ Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚·Ófi-ÌÂÓÔ ÌÔÙ›‚Ô ÙˆÓ ÂÏÈÎÔÂȉÒÓ ‚Ï·-ÛÙÒÓ Ù˘ ·Ì¤ÏÔ˘.

¶¤Ù·ÛÌ· øÚ·›·˜ ¶‡Ï˘ ·fi ÙÔÓ I.N. AÁ›Ô˘ ºˆÎ¿ (TÔ˘ÚΛ·)K·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÊıÔÚÒÓ Î·È ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘

ÃÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ Ã. ∫·Ú‡‰Ë˜ÀÔ„‹ÊÈÔ˜ ¢È‰¿ÎÙˆÚ ™˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ Î·È IÛÙÔÚ›·˜ ÀÊ¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜

µÔËı. §¤ÎÙÔÚ·˜, University of Lincoln

∆· ‚‹Ï·, ·Ú·ÂÙ¿ÛÌ·Ù· ‹ ηٷÂÙ¿ÛÌ·Ù·, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ‹‰Ë ·fi ÙÔ˘˜ «·Ï·ÈÔ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎÔ‡˜ ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜ ˆ˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈο ˘Ê¿ÛÌ·Ù·»,1 ·Ú¯Èο ˆ˜ ηχÌÌ·Ù· Ù˘ ∞Á›·˜ ∆Ú·¤˙˘ Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·, Ì ÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË Ù˘ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘ Ù¤ÌÏÔ˘, ˆ˜ ·Ú·ÂÙ¿ÛÌ·Ù·, ÒÛÙ ӷ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ÈÂÚfi ‚‹Ì· ·fi ÙÔÓ Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ó·fi. ∆Ô ‡Ê·ÛÌ· Ô˘ Ú·ÁÌ·Ù‡ÂÙ·È ÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ ¿ÚıÚÔ, Î·È ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô‰ËÌÔÛȇÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÚÒÙË ÊÔÚ¿, ÌÂٷʤÚıËÎÂ, ÁÈ· ÏfiÁÔ˘˜ ·ÛÊ¿ÏÂÈ·˜, ·fi ÙÔ Ó·fi ÙÔ˘ ∞Á›Ô˘ ºˆÎ¿2 ÛÙÔ OÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi ¶·ÙÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ô fiÔ˘ Î·È Ê˘Ï¿ÛÛÂÙ·È Ì¤¯ÚÈ Û‹ÌÂÚ·.

1. ∆Ô ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔÚÈÓ ·fi ÙËÓ·Ê·›ÚÂÛ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·fiÙËÓ Í‡ÏÈÓË ¶‡ÏË.

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68 Ù¯. 101 APXAIO§O°IA & TEXNE™

™ÙË ‚¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÛÎÔfiÙËÚÔ˘, ÛÙÔοو ·ÎÚÈ‚Ò˜ ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ‡Ï˘,˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Â˘·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛÙË ·ÊÈÂڈ̷ÙÈ-΋ ÂÈÁÚ·Ê‹, ÂÎ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ Ì¿˜ Á›-ÓÂÙ·È ÁÓˆÛÙfi fiÙÈ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ¤Ú-ÁÔ Ù˘ °ÚËÁÔÚ›ÙÛ·˜ ¢È‰·ÛοϷ˜:∞£∞¡∞™πO™ ∫Oª¡∏¡OÀ ∆ø π∂ƒø¡∞ø ∞°πOÀ ºø∫∞ ∞ºπ∂ƒø™∂ 1857™∂¶∆∂ªµƒπOÀ 20. ¶O¡∏ª∞ °ƒ∏°O-ƒπ∆™∞™3 ¢π¢∞™∫∞§∞™.∆· ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο Ó‹Ì·Ù·, Ù· ÔÔ›·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¯ӛ-ÙÚÈ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Î·Ù·Û΢‹ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚ-ÊÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ‰È·ÎÔÛÌËÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙÔÈ-¯Â›ˆÓ, ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÈ¯Ú˘Ûˆ-̤ӷ, οÙÈ ·Ó·ÌÂÓfiÌÂÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÔ-¯‹ Ô˘ ηٷÛ΢¿ÛÙËΠÙÔ ·ÓÙÈ-ΛÌÂÓÔ. ¶ÚÔÛÂÎÙÈÎfiÙÂÚË ·Ú·Ù‹-ÚËÛË, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÙÂÚÂÔ-ÌÈÎÚÔÛÎÔ›Ô˘, Ì·˜ ‚‚·ÈÒÓÂÈ fiÙÈÓ‹Ì·Ù· ›‰È·˜ ÙÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, fiˆ˜Î›ÙÚÈÓÔ Î·È Ï¢Îfi, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıË-Î·Ó ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙËÌ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÔÌ›ÌË-ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯Ú˘ÛÔ‡ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÛËÌÈÔ‡.OÈ Ù¯ӛÙ˜ ¤ÏÂÁ·Ó Ó‹Ì·Ù· Ù˘›‰È·˜ ÂÚ›Ô˘ ÙÔÓÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜, ÁÈ· ÙËÓÂÏ¿ÙÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ηı·ÚÔ‡ ÌÂÙ¿ÏÏÔ˘,·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·Ó¿-ÁÏ˘Ê˘ ·Ú¿ÛÙ·Û˘, ÂÈÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÔ-ÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ ʈÙÔÛÎÈ¿ÛÂȘ‹ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒÓÙ·˜ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο Ó‹-Ì·Ù· ÛÙÚÈÌ̤ӷ ÌÂ Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfiÔÈÎÈÏfi¯ÚˆÌˆÓ ÌÂٷ͈ÙÒÓ ÈÓÒÓ,Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÙȘ ·Ô¯ÚÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ˘

ÎfiÎÎÈÓÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ ΛÙÚÈÓÔ˘, ÙÔ˘ ÌÏ ‹ÙÔ˘ Ï¢ÎÔ‡. ∆· ̤ٷÏÏ· Ô˘¤¯Ô˘Ó ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ÛÂÈ Â›Ó·È ¯Ú˘-Ûfi˜4 Î·È ·Û‹ÌÈ. TÔ ·Ó¿ÁÏ˘ÊÔ ÙÔ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÙÔÓ›˙ÂÙ·È ·ÎfiÌË Â-ÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·fi ÙËÓ Ù¯ӛÙÚÈ· ÌÂÙËÓ ÙÔÔı¤ÙËÛË ¯·ÚÙÔÓÈÔ‡ Û fiÏËÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ,ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ·fi Ù· ‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ¿¯ÚfiÓÈ·, ¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ «‰ÈÔÁΈı›»Ì ·˘ÙfiÓ ÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ Ë ·Ú¿ÛÙ·ÛË.5

∆· ÚfiÛˆ· ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡ Î·È ÙˆÓ·ÁÁ¤ÏˆÓ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÔ‡Ó ‰˘ÙÈο Úfi-Ù˘·, Î·È Â›Ó·È ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈṲ̂ӷ È-ı·ÓfiÓ Ì ·˘ÁÔÙ¤ÌÂÚ· ¿Óˆ ÛÂÌÈÎÚfi ÎÔÌÌ¿ÙÈ ÌÔ˘Û·Ì¿, ÙÔ ÔÔ›ÔÂ›Ó·È Ú·Ì̤ÓÔ ¿Óˆ Û ¯·ÚÙfiÓÈ.∆· Ì·ÏÏÈ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡ η ÙˆÓ ·Á-Á¤ÏˆÓ ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÛÈÙfi¯ÚˆÌÔÌÂÙ¿ÍÈ.™Â ·Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ¤¯Ô˘ÓÊÈÏÔÙ¯ÓËı› Ì ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈο Ó‹Ì·-Ù· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔ˘Ì «›ÛÈ· Î·È Ï˘ÁÈÛÙ¿ÙÈÚ-ÙÈÚ»,6 Ù· ÔÔ›· ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓÔ˘ÓÙË ¯ÚÔÓÔÏfiÁËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤-ÓÔ˘, Û˘Ó˘ÔÏÔÁ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ÙËÓ ·ÊÈÂ-ڈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÂÈÁÚ·Ê‹ ÙËÓ ÔÔ›· ·˘-Ùfi ʤÚÂÈ. °È· fiÏË ÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û˘Ó-‰˘·ÛÌÔ› ÙˆÓ ÁÓˆÛÙÒÓ ‚ÂÏÔÓÈÒÓfiˆ˜: Ì·ÎÏ·‰ˆÙ¿, ÎÔÙÛ¿ÎÈ·, η-‚·Ï›ÎÈ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È Ë ÔÚı‹ Ú›˙· ÁÈ·ÙÔ ÊˆÙÔÛ٤ʷÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡.∞Ó¿ÏÔÁË Û‡ÓıÂÛË Î·È Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ‚Ϥ-

Ô˘Ì ÛÙËÓ ¶‡ÏË Ù˘ ªÔÓ‹˜ ¶·-Ó·¯Ú¿ÓÙÔ˘ Ù˘ ÕÓ‰ÚÔ˘, ¤ÚÁÔ Ù˘∫ÔÎfiÓ·˜. ∏ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ηٷÛ΢‹˜ÙˆÓ ʈÙÔÛÙ¤Ê·ÓˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÁ¤ÏˆÓÎ·È ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÛÎÔfiÙËÚÔ˘ Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈ-ÎfiÓ· ÙÔ˘ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡ ʤÚÔ˘Ó ÔÌÔÈfi-ÙËÙ˜ Ì ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹-ıËΠÛÙËÓ ¶‡ÏË Ù˘ ÕÓ‰ÚÔ˘, ·Ï-Ï¿ fi¯È Î·È ÙËÓ ›‰È· ÔÈfiÙËÙ· ÂÎÙ¤-ÏÂÛ˘-·fi‰ÔÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÔÚÊÒÓ.

∫·Ù·ÁÚ·Ê‹ ÊıÔÚÒÓ

∏ ‡ÏË ¤¯ÂÈ ÁÂÓÈο ˘ÔÛÙ› ÌÂÁ¿-Ϙ ÊıÔÚ¤˜, ÚÔÂÚ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ΢-Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿-ÛÂȘ Î·È Î·Î‹ ¤ÎıÂÛË Û ÌË ÂÏÂÁ-¯fiÌÂÓ˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹-Θ. ∆Ô ¤ÚÁÔ ‹Ù·Ó ·Ú¯Èο ηÚʈ-̤ÓÔ ÂÚÈÌÂÙÚÈο Ì ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈοÔÍÂȉˆÌ¤Ó· ηÚÊÈ¿, ¿Óˆ Û ͇-ÏÈÓË fiÚÙ·, Ë ÔÔ›· ›¯Â ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-ÔÈËı› ˆ˜ øÚ·›· ¶‡ÏË (ÂÈÎ. 1). ∏ÔÍ›‰ˆÛË ÙˆÓ Î·ÚÊÈÒÓ Â›¯Â ÌÂÙ·-ÊÂÚı› ÛÙÔ ‡Ê·ÛÌ· ÚÔηÏÒÓÙ·˜ÏÂΤ‰Â˜. ™ÙÔ ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ ¤ÊÂÚ ‰‡ÔÏÈÓ¤˜ Êfi‰Ú˜ (1/1 tabby weave), ÔÈÔԛ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÎÔÏÏË̤Ó˜ Ë Ì›· ÌÂÙËÓ ¿ÏÏË Ì ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ΋ ÎfiÏÏ·. ¶Â-ÚÈÌÂÙÚÈο ›¯Â Ú·ÊÙ› ¯ÔÓ‰Ú‹ ÏÈ-Ó¿ÙÛ· Û˘ÁÎÚ·ÙÒÓÙ·˜ ÙȘ ‰‡Ô Êfi-‰Ú˜ (ÂÈÎ. 2). ø˜ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÛÙÚÒ-Ì·, ÛÙÔ ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ ›¯Â ÙÔÔıÂ-ÙËı› Ï·ÛÙÈÎfi, ηχÙÔÓÙ·˜ fiÏËÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·. ª›· ·fi ÙȘ ·Ï·È-fiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ›¯·Ó Á›-ÓÂÈ ‹Ù·Ó Ë ÂÈÛ΢‹-Ú¿„ÈÌÔ ÌÂÁÚ‹ÁÔÚË Î·È ¿ÙÛ·ÏË Ú·Ê‹ Ó¤Ô˘‚ÂÏÔ‡‰Ô˘ ÂÚÈÌÂÙÚÈο ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¯È-ÎÔ‡, ÌÂÁ·ÏÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ì ·˘Ùfi ÙÔÓÙÚfiÔ ÙÔ Ï¿ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ Ì‹ÎÔ˜ ÙÔ˘·Ú¯ÈÎÔ‡ ˘Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ‡Ê·ÛÌ· ¤ÊÂÚ ÏÂΤ‰Â˜ ˘ÁÚ·-Û›·˜, ˘ÔÏ›ÌÌ·Ù· ÎÂÚÈÔ‡, ÎËÏ›-‰Â˜ ·fi ÌÔÁÈ¿, ÏÈ·ÚÔ‡˜ ÏÂΤ-‰Â˜, ÎfiÏϘ Î·È Û οÔÈ· ÛËÌ›·Â›¯Â ˘ÔÛÙ› ο„ÈÌÔ. ∂ÈÊ·ÓÂÈ·-ÎÔ› Î·È ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔÈ Ú‡ÔÈ Ì¤-Û· ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈΤ˜ ›Ó˜ ÚÔη-ÏÔ‡Û·Ó ÔÍ›‰ˆÛË ÛÙ· ̤ٷÏÏ·Î·È ÙËÓ ˘Ê·ÛÌ¿ÙÈÓË ‰ÔÌ‹. ∆Ô

2. AÊ·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔ˘ÏÈÓÔ‡ÂÚÈÌÂÙÚÈÎÔ‡˘Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜(ÏÂÙÔ̤ÚÂÈ·).

TELIKO 101.qxd 22-01-08 17:03 ™ÂÏ›‰·68

69Ù¯. 101 APXAIO§O°IA & TEXNE™

·Ê·›ÚÂÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ¤ÁÈÓ ÏfiÁˆ ÙÔ˘ fiÙÈÚÔηÏÔ‡Û·Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓÔ ÙÚ¿‚ËÁÌ·ÛÙÔ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ‡Ê·ÛÌ· Î·È fiÙÈ Ë Îψ-ÛÙ‹ Ô˘ ›¯Â ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ‹Ù·Ó·Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏË ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÙÔ˘‚ÂÏÔ‡‰Ô˘, ‰ÈfiÙÈ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Û ÌÂÁ¿-Ï· ·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·Ù· ÛÙÔ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ‡Ê·ÛÌ·.Â. ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÂÈÊ·ÓÂÈ·Îfi˜ ÌË-¯·ÓÈÎfi˜ ηı·ÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ ÌÚÔÛÙÈ-Ó‹˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ (ÂÈÎ. 4), ·Ê·ÈÚÒ-ÓÙ·˜ ÂÓۈ̷و̤ÓÔ˘˜ Ú‡Ô˘˜.ÛÙ. ∂ȉÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÚÈÌÂ-ÙÚÈΤ˜ Ù۷ΛÛÂȘ Ì ÎÚ‡Ô ·ÙÌfi,ÛÙ˘fi¯·ÚÙÔ Î·È Á˘¿ÏÈÓ· ‚·Ú¿ÎÈ·. ˙. ¶Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÙÂÛ٠ηı·-ÚÈÛÌÔ‡ ¿Óˆ ÛÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈΤ˜ ›Ó˜.TÔ ·Ú¯ÈÎfi ÛÎÂÙÈÎfi ‹Ù·Ó Ó· Ú·Á-Ì·ÙÔÔÈËı› ¤Ó·˜ ‹ÈÔ˜ ηı·ÚÈ-ÛÌfi˜, ·Ê·ÈÚÒÓÙ·˜ ÚÔ˚fiÓÙ· ‰È¿-‚ÚˆÛ˘ Ì ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË ‹È-Ô˘ ‰È·Ï‡ÙË. H ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÎÔ‡‰È·Ï‡ÙË, Ì ÈηÓÔÔÈËÙÈο ·ÔÙÂ-ϤÛÌ·Ù·, ‹Ù·Ó ‰È¿Ï˘Ì· ·ÎÂÙfiÓ˘60% Î·È ·Èı·ÓfiÏ˘ 40%. ∫·Ù¿ ÙˉȿÚÎÂÈ· ÂÊ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ‰È·Ï˘-ÙÒÓ ¿Óˆ ÛÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ¯ÚËÛÈ-ÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÎÚ‡Ô˜ ·¤Ú·˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÛ˘ÓÙÔÌfiÙÂÚË ÂÍ¿ÙÌÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·fiÙËÓ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·. OÈ ‰È·Ï‡Ù˜ ·Ê·›-ÚÂÛ·Ó ÙÔ˘˜ Ú‡Ô˘˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· ‰Ë-ÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ‹ÛÔ˘Ó Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÛÙ· ¿ÏϷ›‰· Î·È ˘ÏÈο ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤-ÓÔ˘ (ÂÈÎ. 5, 6).

Ë. ŒÁÈÓ ·Ê·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔ˘ ÔÍÂȉˆÌ¤-ÓÔ˘ ‚ÂÚÓÈÎÈÔ‡ ·fi ÙË ˙ˆÁÚ·ÊÈ΋ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ÚÔÛÒˆÓ ÙˆÓ ·-Ú·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ Ì ·ÎÂÙfiÓË Î·È ·ÚÁfi-ÙÂÚ· ¤ÁÈÓ ÂÈÎ¿Ï˘„Ë Ù˘ ˙ˆÁÚ·-ÊÈ΋˜ ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜ Ì ·ÎÚ˘ÏÈÎfi Ô-Ï˘ÌÂÚ¤˜ ÙÂÏÈÎfi ÚÔÛٷ٢ÙÈÎfi‚ÂÚÓ›ÎÈ. ı. OÈ ÎËÏ›‰Â˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÂÚÈÒÓ ·Ê·ÈÚ¤-ıËÎ·Ó Ì ·Ú·ÊÈÓÈÎfi ˘‰ÚÔÁÔÓ¿Ó-ıڷη Î·È ÛÙ˘fi¯·ÚÙÔ. OÈ ÎËÏ›-‰Â˜ ·fi ÙȘ ÌÔÁȤ˜ ·Ê·ÈÚ¤ıËηÓ,fiÛÔ ‹Ù·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, Ì ÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ ‰È¿-Ï˘Ì· Ô˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ·ÙÔÓ Î·ı·ÚÈÛÌfi Ù˘ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈ΋˜ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·˜. OÈ ÏÈ·ÚÔ› ÏÂΤ‰Â˜Î·È ÔÈ ÏÂΤ‰Â˜ ÔÍ›‰ˆÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ÌÂ-Ù¿ÏÏÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· ·Ê·È-ÚÂıÔ‡Ó Ì ‹ÈÔ˘˜ ‰È·Ï‡Ù˜ Î·È ÌÂÌ˯·ÓÈÎfi ÙÚfiÔ. È. ∆Ô ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Î·Ï‡ÊıËΠÌÂ Û˘ÓıÂÙÈÎfi ‡Ê·ÛÌ·Ì ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔ›ËÛË Û˘ÓıÂÙÈÎÒÓÓËÌ¿ÙˆÓ (skalaì threads Ù˘ Guter-mann), Û˘Ì‚·‰›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ Ì ÙËÓ ÙÔ-ÓÈÎfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ‚ÂÏÔ‡‰Ô˘. ∆Ô ‡Ê·-ÛÌ· ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠÁÈ· ÙËÓ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈÍË ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘, ·Ï-Ï¿ Î·È ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÚÔÛÙ·Û›· Ù˘ ÂÈ-Ê¿ÓÂÈ·˜ ·fi ÂÈηı›ÛÂȘ (ÛÎfiÓË,ÎÂÚÈ¿ Î.¿.) ‹ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ˜,.¯. ÙËÓ Â·Ê‹ Ì ٷ ·ÓıÚÒÈÓ·¯¤ÚÈ· Û ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÌÂÙ·ÊÔÚ¿˜

3. ∞Ê·›ÚÂÛËÏ·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·fi ÙËÓ›Ûˆ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘.

‡Ê·ÛÌ· ¤ÊÂÚ ·ÚÎÂÙ¤˜ ·ÒÏÂÈ-˜, ·ÓÔ›ÁÌ·Ù·, ÂχıÂÚ˜ ›Ó˜,·ÒÏÂÈ· ‚ÂÏÔ‡‰Ô˘ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÏ·-ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿˜ ÙÔ˘ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¿Ú-ÙËÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÊÔ‰ÚÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘Ï·ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ÛÙÔ ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘.

∂¤Ì‚·ÛË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘

K·Ù¿ ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÙ¿ÛÌ·-ÙÔ˜, ¤ÁÈÓ·Ó ÔÈ ÂÍ‹˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ:·. ∞Ê·ÈÚ¤ıËΠÌ˯·ÓÈο ÙÔ ‡Ê·-ÛÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ Í‡ÏÈÓË fiÚÙ·.‚. ∞Ê·ÈÚ¤ıËÎ·Ó Ì˯·ÓÈο Ù· ‰‡Ô˘Ê¿ÛÌ·Ù·, ÙÔ Ï·ÛÙÈÎfi Î·È ÔÈ ‰‡ÔÏÈÓ¤˜ Êfi‰Ú˜ ·fi ÙÔ ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˜(ÂÈÎ. 3), ÂÏ¢ıÂÚÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ Ì ·˘ÙfiÓÙÔÓ ÙÚfiÔ ÙÔ ‡Ê·ÛÌ· ·fi ÙȘ ‚·-ÚȤ˜ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ˜ ÂÂÌ‚¿ÛÂȘ ηȷÔηıÈÛÙÒÓÙ·˜ ¿ÏÈ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ÂÏ·ÛÙÈÎfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘. ∞Ê·ÈÚÒÓÙ·˜ Ù·˘Ê¿ÛÌ·Ù·, ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÙËÓ›Ûˆ ÏÂ˘Ú¿ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÎË-Ï›‰Â˜ ÌÈÎÚÔÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ (ÌÔ‡¯Ï·).∏ ÚÔÛ‚ÔÏ‹ ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ·fiÌÈÎÚÔÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔfiÙÈ Ê˘Ï·ÛÛfiÙ·Ó Î¿Ùˆ ·fi ȉȷ›ÙÂ-Ú· ·ÛÙ·ı›˜ ÂÚÈ‚·ÏÏÔÓÙÈΤ˜ Û˘Ó-ı‹Î˜ Î·È Â›¯Â ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı› ÔÚ-Á·ÓÈ΋ ÎfiÏÏ· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ¤ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ‰‡Ô ÊÔ‰ÚÒÓ. ∆Ô Ï·ÛÙÈÎfi, ˆ˜ ÙÂÏÈ-Îfi ÛÙÚÒÌ·, ›¯Â ÂÁÎψ‚›ÛÂÈ ˘ÁÚ·-Û›· ÛÙÔ ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÚÁÔ˘, ‰Ë-ÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÒÓÙ·˜ ¤ÙÛÈ Î·Ù¿ÏÏËÏÂ˜Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍË ÌÈÎÚÔ-ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ.Á. ∞Ú¯Èο ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠËÏÂ-ÎÙÚÈ΋ ÛÎÔ‡· ÛÙÔ ›Ûˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ÙÔ˘ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ê·ÈÚÂ-ıÔ‡Ó, fiÛÔ ‹Ù·Ó ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ, ÔÈ ÂÚÈÛ-ÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ÂÈηı›ÛÂȘ. ™ÙË Û˘Ó¤-¯ÂÈ·, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ·Èı·ÓfiÏËÛÙ· ÛËÌ›· ÙˆÓ ÎËÏ›‰ˆÓ Ô˘ ¤ÊÂ-Ú·Ó ÛËÌ¿‰È· ÌÔ‡¯Ï·˜, ÛÙËÓ ›ÛˆÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·. ¶ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙË ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔ-Ô›ËÛË ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÏÂÁ̤ÓÔ˘ ‰È·Ï‡ÙË›¯Â Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈËı› ÙÂÛÙ (dyebleeding) ¿Óˆ ÛÙÔ ‚ÂÏÔ‡‰Ô ÁÈ·Ù˘¯fiÓ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· ÙˆÓ ‚·ÊÒÓ.‰. ∞Ê·ÈÚ¤ıËΠÙÔ ÂÚÈÌÂÙÚÈÎfi Ó¤Ô‚ÂÏÔ‡‰Ô Î·È ÙÔ ÏÈÓfi ‡Ê·ÛÌ· Ԣ›¯Â ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈËı›. ∏ ·fiÊ·ÛË

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70 Ù¯. 101 APXAIO§O°IA & TEXNE™

ÙÔ˘. ∞Ú¯Èο ÙÔ ‡Ê·ÛÌ· ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›-¯ıËΠ̠οıÂÙ· running stitch(ÛÙÔ ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi) Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÔÈ ‚ÂÏÔÓȤ˜ her-ringbone ÁÈ· Ù· ÂÚÈÌÂÙÚÈο.È·. ∆Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Ô ÛÙ¿‰ÈÔ Ù˘ ¤Ì-‚·Û˘, ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ‰ÂÓ ¤¯ÂÈ Ú·ÁÌ·-ÙÔÔÈËı› ·ÎfiÌË, Â›Ó·È Ë ÙÔÔı¤-ÙËÛË velcroì ÛÙÔ ¿Óˆ ̤ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˘Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜ ˘ÔÛÙ‹ÚÈ͢ (›ÛˆÌ¤ÚÔ˜), Ì ÙË ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ Ù¯ÓÈ΋ ÁÈ·¤ÎıÂÛË ÌÂÁ¿ÏˆÓ ˘Ê·ÛÌ¿ÙÈÓˆÓ ¤Ú-ÁˆÓ Ù¤¯Ó˘.7

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∏ ¤̂·ÛË Ô˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı‹ıËÎÂ‹Ù·Ó Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ Ë ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË ÙˆÓ˘ÏÈÎÒÓ ‰È¿‚ÚˆÛ˘ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡-Û·Ó ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ ÊıÔÚ¿ Î·È ·ÏÏÔ›ˆ-Ó·Ó ÙËÓ ·Ú¯È΋ ·ÈÛıËÙÈ΋ fi„Ë ÙÔ˘˘Ê¿ÛÌ·ÙÔ˜, Ù· ÔÔ›· ‰ÂÓ ¤ÊÂÚ·ÓÈÛÙÔÚÈο ÛÙÔȯ›·. T· ÂÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈο ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·,fiˆ˜ Â›Ó·È Ù· ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈο ˘Ê¿ÛÌ·-Ù·, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·‰Ú·Ì·Ù›ÛÂÈ È‰È·›ÙÂÚ·ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfi ÚfiÏÔ ÛÙÔÓ ÔÚıfi‰ÔÍÔ

¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÈÎfi ÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi ¤ˆ˜ Û‹ÌÂÚ·.∆· ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È ·ÁÎÔ-ÛÌ›ˆ˜ ÁÓˆÛÙ¿, fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÙË ıÂÔ-ÏÔÁÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Í›· ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È ˆ˜ ¤ÚÁ·Ù¤¯Ó˘ Ì ÈÛÙÔÚÈ΋ Î·È ·Ú¯·ÈÔÏÔÁÈ-΋ ·Í›·. O ·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜ fï˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ η-Ù·Û΢‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó Î·È Â›Ó·È ÁÈ·¤Ó· Î·È ÌfiÓÔ ÛÎÔfi: Ó· ˘ËÚÂÙÔ‡ÓÎ·È Ó· ÛÙËÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ›ÛÙË ÛÙËÓηıËÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ˙ˆ‹ ÙˆÓ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÒÓ,¤ÙÛÈ ÒÛÙ ӷ ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ˆ˜ÈÂÚ¿ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓ·.

™ËÌÂÈÒÛÂȘ

* O ÃÚ‹ÛÙÔ˜ ∫·Ú‡‰Ë˜ Â›Ó·È ÂÚ¢ÓË-Ù‹˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÁÈÔÚ›ÙÈÎˆÓ ˘Ê·ÛÌ¿ÙˆÓ ÛÂÛ˘ÓÂÚÁ·Û›· Ì ÙÔ πÓÛÙÈÙÔ‡ÙÔ µ˘˙·ÓÙÈ-ÓÒÓ ∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ∂ıÓÈÎÔ‡ π‰Ú‡Ì·ÙÔ˜∂Ú¢ÓÒÓ. ∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÔÓÙ·ÈÛÙÔ OÈÎÔ˘ÌÂÓÈÎfi ¶·ÙÚÈ·Ú¯Â›Ô ∫ˆÓ-ÛÙ·ÓÙÈÓÔ‡ÔÏ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛËÙÔ˘ ÎÂÈÌËÏ›Ô˘ Ô˘ ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È Û·˘Ùfi ÙÔ ¿ÚıÚÔ. E›Û˘ ÛÙËÓ ∂˘·ÁÁÂ-Ï›· ªÔ‡ÙÔ˘ (ÂÎ·È‰Â˘ÙÈÎfi˜, ª.Sc)ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿ÁÓˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÂÈÚÔ-ÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘.1. ∫. ∫ÔÚÚ¤-∑ˆÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘, ªÂÙ·‚˘˙·ÓÙÈ-Ó‹ - ¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÃÚ˘-ÛÔÎÂÓÙËÙÈ΋, ∞ı‹Ó· 1985, Û. 97-98.2. ∏ ÂÎÎÏËÛ›· ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ¯ˆÚÈfiOrtaköy.3. ∏ ˘ÔÁÚ·Ê‹ Èı·ÓfiÓ ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈfiÙÈ ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙË ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ ÎÂÓÙ‹-ÙÚÈ· °ÚËÁÔÚ›·, Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÙÔ ÂÚÁ·-ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ‚ÚÈÛÎfiÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ∫ˆÓÛÙ·ÓÙÈ-ÓÔ‡ÔÏË. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ fiÓÔÌ·, ÙËÓÂÔ¯‹ ÂΛÓË Û˘ÓËıÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÔÈ Ù¯ӛ-ÙÚȘ Ó· ˘ÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘Ó Ì ٷ ¯·˚‰Â˘ÙÈ-ο ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÓfiÌ·Ù·.4. O ¯Ú˘Ûfi˜, ˆ˜ ÙÔ ÔÏ˘ÙÈÌfiÙÂÚÔ Ì¤-Ù·ÏÏÔ, Ì ÙËÓ Î·ı·ÚfiÙËÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂÎ-ÊÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ˘ÂÚ‚·ÙÈ΋ ʇÛË ÙÔ˘ ™ˆ-Ù‹ÚÔ˜ ÃÚÈÛÙÔ‡. 5. ŒÓ·˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˜ ·Ï·ÈfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ÛÙÂÚ¤ˆÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈÎÒÓ ÈÓÒÓ ‹Ù·ÓÌ η‚·Ï›ÎÈ ‹ ÎÚ˘Ê‹ ‚ÂÏÔÓÈ¿ ¿Óˆ Û‚·Ì‚·ÎÂÚ‹ ‚¿ÛË «Ô˘ÓÙÚ¿ ¯fiÓÙÚÔ˜».6. ∆Ô‡ÚÎÈÎË Ï¤ÍË. ∆· ÙÈÚ-ÙÈÚ ·ÚÔ˘-ÛÈ¿ÛÙËÎ·Ó Û ÎÂÓÙ‹Ì·Ù· ·fi ÙÔÓ 17Ô·ÈÒÓ· Î·È ·ÚÁfiÙÂÚ·. 7. BÏ. S. Landi, The Textile Conserva-tor’s Manual, Butterworth-Heinemann,Oxford 21998, Û. 166-167, method 2.

4. ∂ÈÊ·ÓÂÈ·Îfi˜Î·ı·ÚÈÛÌfi˜.

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∫OPPE-∑ø°PAºOY ∫., ªÂÙ·‚˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹ -¡ÂÔÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ∂ÎÎÏËÛÈ·ÛÙÈ΋ ÃÚ˘ÛÔÎÂ-ÓÙËÙÈ΋, ∞ı‹Ó· 1985.∫OYKOY§E™ º., µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓÒÓ µ›Ô˜ Î·È ¶Ô-ÏÈÙÈÛÌfi˜, ÙfiÌ. 1-5, ∞ı‹Ó· 1948-1953.LANDI S., The Textile Conservator’s Man-ual, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford21998.MUTHESIUS A., Byzantine Silk WeavingAD 400 to AD 1200, Fassbaenter, Austria1997.MAYO J., A History of EcclesiasticalDress, Batsford, London 1984.POCKNEE C., Liturgical Vesture. Its Ori-gins and Development, Mowbray A.R.,London 1960.REAR M., Vestments, Church LiteratureAssociation, London 1971.™¶YPI¢AKH °.∫., ∂Ó‰‡Ì·Ù· Ù˘ ¶ÚÒÙ˘µ˘˙·ÓÙÈÓ‹˜ ¶ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘, ∂ÂÙËÚ›˜ ÙÔ˘§·ÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÔ‡ ∞Ú¯Â›Ô˘ £-π, ∞ı‹Ó· 1958,Û. 3-28. TIMAR-BALAZSY A. / EASTOP D., ChemicalPrinciples of Textile Conservation, Butter-worth-Heinemann, Oxford 1998.

A Royal Door Pyle from the Church of Hagios Phocas in Turkey.Documentation and ConservationChristos Karydis

This article presents the documenta-tion and conservation of a pyle in thecollection of the Ecumenical Patriar-chate in Constantinople. This liturgicalcloth is a veil that hangs the RoyalDoor of the iconostasis and conceals,when needed, certain rites of the Litur-gy enacted in the bema.The pyle we are dealing with is madeof red velvet and embroidered withsemi-precious threads in a variety ofstitches, bakladota, kotsakia, kavaliki,orthi riza, all typical of the ornamentalneedlework of Orthodox vestments. The conservation of the hanging wasmainly focused on its cleaning: stainsand leftovers from previous interventionsas well as the oxidized varnish from itspainted parts have been removed andthus the pyle is now ready for display.

6. §ÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȷηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ··Ê·›ÚÂÛ˘ ÙˆÓÂÈηı›ÛÂˆÓ ·fiÙȘ ÌÂÙ·ÏÏÈΤ˜ ›Ó˜.

5. §ÂÙÔ̤ÚÂȷηı·ÚÈÛÌÔ‡.

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ATASOY N. / DENNY W. / MACKIE L. /

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