Starter QuestionsStarter Questions• What does a bully do?What does a bully do?

• What is a colony?What is a colony?

• Why would one country want to make a Why would one country want to make a colony out of another country? colony out of another country?

Foreign TerritoriesForeign Territories

• Who owns/controls these places then and Who owns/controls these places then and now?now?– HawaiiHawaii– AlaskaAlaska– Philippines Philippines – CubaCuba– Puerto RicoPuerto Rico

Foreign TerritoriesForeign Territories

• Hawaii- Independent island; now US stateHawaii- Independent island; now US state• Alaska- Russian, now US StateAlaska- Russian, now US State• Philippines- Spanish rule, now independentPhilippines- Spanish rule, now independent• Cuba- Spanish rule, now independentCuba- Spanish rule, now independent• Puerto Rico- Spanish rule, independence, Puerto Rico- Spanish rule, independence,

now commonwealth of US (some rights as now commonwealth of US (some rights as US citizens but still has their own US citizens but still has their own constitution)constitution)

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

• Hawaii:Hawaii:

• Alaska:Alaska:

American Imperialism (1877-1914)

1) 1880U.S. population was 50 million and it was the 2nd leading industrial nation in the world

2) While the Civil War put the U.S. in opposition to France and England, during the Gilded Age, the U.S. became inward-focused and isolationist

3) The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, though it was nicknamed "Seward's Folly" at the time

By the 188os many American leaders thought the US should create colonies overseas

This idea is called “Imperialism”

The policy in which stronger nations extend economic, political or military control over weaker territories.

Europe had competed for territory all over the world

Most Americans gradually accepted the idea of overseas expansion

3 “ISM’s”3 “ISM’s”

• Imperialism= building an empire by building Imperialism= building an empire by building countries overseas (taking over other countries overseas (taking over other countries)countries)

• Expansionism= expanding the economy and Expansionism= expanding the economy and territory of a countryterritory of a country

• Isolationism= avoiding involvement in other Isolationism= avoiding involvement in other countries (separating)countries (separating)

• What is right for U.S.???What is right for U.S.???

1) Desire for military strength2) Search for new markets3) Belief in the superiority of

American culture

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

Industrial GrowthIndustrial Growth

• U.S. needed raw materials- copper, U.S. needed raw materials- copper, rubber, tinrubber, tin

• New markets for goodsNew markets for goods• Source of powerSource of power

1) As America's economy surged, companies began building factories overseas

2) Need to export goods to balance foreign debt

3) While most goods went to Europe and Canada, non-western markets were seen as important for future growth

American Foreign Trade:

1870-1914

1. Commercial/Business 1. Commercial/Business InterestsInterests

2. Military/Strategic 2. Military/Strategic InterestsInterests

Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking

The White Man’sBurdenThe Hierarchy

of Race

Missionary WorkMissionary Work

• MissionaryMissionary: : a person sent by a church sent by a church into an area to carry on into an area to carry on evangelism (spread religion) or other activities, as (spread religion) or other activities, as educational or hospital work. educational or hospital work.

• Missionary work in China, Philippines Missionary work in China, Philippines

• Was this right?? Does one person have Was this right?? Does one person have the right to tell another person what the right to tell another person what religion to practice?religion to practice?

4. Religious/Missionary 4. Religious/Missionary InterestsInterests

American Missionaries

in China, 1905

5. Closing the American 5. Closing the American FrontierFrontier

America as a Pacific America as a Pacific PowerPower

Seward’s Folly…or not?Seward’s Folly…or not?

• Natural resources found:Natural resources found:Fur, timber, minerals, gold, oilFur, timber, minerals, gold, oil

““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867

$7.2 million

““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Queen Liliuokalani was the last

reigning monarch of the Hawaiian

islands. She felt her mission was to preserve the

islands for their native residents. In 1898, Hawaii was annexed to the

United States and Queen Liliuokalani was forced to give

up her throne.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XpsmUCtsd2o

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WuKLYVLJya4&feature=related

U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

• Protectorate = An area protected Protectorate = An area protected diplomatically or militarily by another diplomatically or militarily by another country country

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

• Sugar became main export in HawaiiSugar became main export in Hawaii• American planters had interest in cropAmerican planters had interest in crop

U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians

Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849

by virtue of economic treaties.

Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani

Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

Queen Lilioukalani Queen Lilioukalani

• Spoke out on behalf of native-born Spoke out on behalf of native-born Hawaiians and preservation of traditionsHawaiians and preservation of traditions

• Why would people in Hawaii not want a Why would people in Hawaii not want a U.S. take over?U.S. take over?

U. S. Business Interests In U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiHawaii

1875 – 1875 – Reciprocity Reciprocity Treaty Treaty1890 – 1890 – McKinley McKinley TariffTariff1893 – AmericanAmericanbusinessmen backed businessmen backed ananuprising against uprising against Queen Queen Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole

proclaims the proclaims the Republic Republic of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

To The Victor Belongs the To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsSpoils

Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

Japan becomes a world powerJapan becomes a world power

- U.S. trading partner with JapanU.S. trading partner with Japan- Japan gained control of China and Korea Japan gained control of China and Korea

in Asia after Russo-Japanese warin Asia after Russo-Japanese war

Commodore Matthew Perry Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853

The Japanese View of

Commodore Perry

Treaty of Kanagawa: Treaty of Kanagawa: 18541854

Gentleman’s Agreement: Gentleman’s Agreement: 19081908A Japanese note agreeing A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports toto deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding immigrants holding passportspassportsissued by other countries.issued by other countries.The U.S. government got The U.S. government got thetheschool board of San school board of San Francisco Francisco to rescind their order toto rescind their order tosegregate Asians in segregate Asians in separateseparateschools.schools.

1908 1908 Root-Takahira Root-Takahira AgreementAgreement..

Root-Takahira Agreement: Root-Takahira Agreement: 19081908

A pledge to maintain the status quo A pledge to maintain the status quo in the Far East.in the Far East.

Recognition of China’s independence Recognition of China’s independence and territorial integrity, and support and territorial integrity, and support for continuation of the Open-Door for continuation of the Open-Door Policy.Policy.

An agreement to mutual consultation An agreement to mutual consultation in the event of future Far Eastern in the event of future Far Eastern crises.crises.

Lodge Corollary to the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912Monroe Doctrine: 1912

Senator Henry Senator Henry CabotCabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)Non-European Non-European powers,powers,like Japan, would belike Japan, would beexcluded from excluded from owningowningterritory in the territory in the WesternWesternHemisphere.Hemisphere.

Stereotypes of the Stereotypes of the Chinese Chinese

ImmigrantImmigrant

Oriental [Chinese]

Exclusion Act, 1887

Spheres of InfluenceSpheres of Influence

• Foreign countries controlled resources- Foreign countries controlled resources- Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain, Japan, Russia- controlled parts of ChinaRussia- controlled parts of China

• US sent Secretary of State John Hay to US sent Secretary of State John Hay to keep Chinese markets open to U.S.keep Chinese markets open to U.S.

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary Secretary John HayJohn Hay..Give all nations equalGive all nations equalaccess to trade in China.access to trade in China.Guaranteed that China would NOT be Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken taken over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

TheTheOpen Door Open Door

PolicyPolicy

Boxer RebellionBoxer Rebellion

• Chinese resented foreign powers and Chinese resented foreign powers and controlcontrol

• ““Boxers”- Chinese nationalists who were Boxers”- Chinese nationalists who were against foreign countries in China, against foreign countries in China, supported by Chinese governmentsupported by Chinese government

• Boxers killed more than 200 in Beijing, Boxers killed more than 200 in Beijing, capital of Chinacapital of China

The Boxer Rebellion: The Boxer Rebellion: 19001900

The Peaceful Harmonious The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.Fists.““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

The Imperialist TailorThe Imperialist Tailor

Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

Valeriano Weyler’s Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

““Yellow Journalism” & Yellow Journalism” & JingoismJingoism

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolph Hearst

Hearst to Frederick Hearst to Frederick Remington:Remington: You furnish the You furnish the pictures,pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! and I’ll furnish the war!

De Lôme LetterDe Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishSpanishAmbassador to the Ambassador to the U.S.U.S.Criticized PresidentCriticized PresidentMcKinley as McKinley as weak and weak and aabidder for the bidder for the admirationadmirationof the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be being a would-be politicianpoliticianwho tries to leave a who tries to leave a doordooropen behind himself open behind himself whilewhilekeeping on good termskeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of hisparty.party.

Theodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltAssistant Assistant Secretary of the Secretary of the Navy in the Navy in the McKinley McKinley administration.administration.Imperialist and Imperialist and American American nationalist.nationalist.Criticized Criticized PresidentPresidentMcKinley as McKinley as having the having the backbone of a backbone of a chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!Resigns his Resigns his position to fight in position to fight in Cuba.Cuba.

The The “Rough “Rough Riders”Riders”

Remember the MaineRemember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

What is the message of this cartoon?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________Name two symbols and what they represent:______________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

How prepared was the US for war?

The Spanish-American War The Spanish-American War (1898):(1898):

“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

Commodore George Dewey

-Sends warships and gunboats to Philippines

-Dewey defeated Spanish to occupy Philippines

Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo

LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the FilipinoUprising.Uprising.

July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:Philippine Philippine independenceindependence

William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines

Great Great administrator.administrator.

Our “Sphere of Influence”Our “Sphere of Influence”

The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898

Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofisland ofGuam.Guam.The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for thePhilippines.Philippines.The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomesan imperial power!an imperial power!

The American Anti-The American Anti-Imperialist Imperialist

League LeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.Mark Twain, Mark Twain, Andrew Andrew Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan Jennings Bryan amongamongthe leaders.the leaders.Campaigned Campaigned against the against the annexation of theannexation of thePhilippines and Philippines and otherotheracts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

Teller Amendment Teller Amendment (1898)(1898)

Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903) (1903)1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with

foreign powers that would endanger its foreign powers that would endanger its independence.independence.

2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.naval and coaling station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Senator Orville Platt

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker ActForaker Act.. PR became an “unincorporated PR became an “unincorporated

territory.”territory.” Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods

1901-1903 1901-1903 the the Insular CasesInsular Cases.. Constitutional rights were not Constitutional rights were not

automatically extended to territorial automatically extended to territorial possessions.possessions.

Congress had the power to decide these Congress had the power to decide these rights.rights.

Import duties laid down by the Foraker Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!Act were legal!

Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 18981917 – 1917 – Jones ActJones Act.. Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR. Removed tariff duties on PR goods Removed tariff duties on PR goods

coming into the US.coming into the US. PRs elected theirPRs elected their

own legislators &own legislators &governor to enforcegovernor to enforcelocal laws.local laws.

PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT votein US presidentialin US presidentialelections.elections.

A resident commissioner was sent to A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the Washington to vote for PR in the House.House.

Panama: The King’s Panama: The King’s CrownCrown1850 1850 Clayton-Clayton-

BulwerBulwer Treaty Treaty..1901 1901 Hay-Hay-PauncefortePaunceforte Treaty Treaty. . Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.agent provocateur.Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.1903 1903 Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty Varilla Treaty..

Panama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction

begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary to The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905the Monroe Doctrine: 1905

Chronic wrongdoing… Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately elsewhere, ultimately require intervention require intervention by some civilized by some civilized nation, and in the nation, and in the Western Hemisphere Western Hemisphere the adherence of the the adherence of the United States to the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may Monroe Doctrine may force the United force the United States, however States, however reluctantly, in flagrant reluctantly, in flagrant cases of suchcases of such wrongdoing or wrongdoing or impotence, to the impotence, to the exercise of an exercise of an international police international police powerpower .

Speak Softly,Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

1. What is the cartoon’s message?

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

2. What does it say about Imperialism?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Cares of a Growing The Cares of a Growing FamilyFamily

Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

Treaty of Portsmouth: Treaty of Portsmouth: 19051905

Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

Taft’s “Dollar Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

Improve financialImprove financialopportunities for opportunities for American businesses.American businesses.Use private capital toUse private capital tofurther U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interestsoverseas.overseas.Therefore, the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. should create should create stability and order stability and order abroad that would abroad that would best promote best promote America’s America’s commercial interests.commercial interests.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910s

Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he and puts Madero in prison where he was was murdered.murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by The U.S. also got involved by occupying occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.country.Eventually Carranza would gain Eventually Carranza would gain power in power in Mexico.Mexico.

The Mexican Revolution: The Mexican Revolution: 1910s1910sEmiliano

Zapata

Francisco I Madero

Venustiano Carranza

Porfirio Diaz

Pancho Villa

Wilson’s “Moral Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”Diplomacy”

The U. S. shouldThe U. S. shouldbe the consciencebe the conscienceof the world.of the world.

Spread Spread democracy.democracy.

Promote peace.Promote peace.

Condemn Condemn colonialism.colonialism.

Searching for Searching for BanditosBanditos

General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing with with PanchoPanchoVillaVilla in 1914. in 1914.

U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America, Investments in Latin America,

19141914

U. S. Interventions in U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

Uncle Sam: One of the Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”