Slide 1

. . ... . . . ... . .

:(1) : .

(2) : .

(3) : .

(4) : .

5) ) .

(6)

(7) : , .

(8) : .

(9) : . : 1- . 2- . 3- . 4- .5- . 6- .

(10) : .

(11) : 4.5 4 840.5 7 5 4.5 3.50.5 .

(12) .

(13) .

(14) .

(15) : .

(16) : 3.20 . .

(17) .

(18) : .

(19) : .

1*-: (step) :

, , . () . , " " "".

*- : . 3 14 . . . 80 120

*- : *- : . *- : . *-: .

*- : . .*- : .*- : 2,10 .

*- : .*- :

: . : . (): : .: 90 180

. : .

: (Hand rail)( ): .

: (Balusters) (): . .... . 30 .

string: .

: . slope: (Bull-nose step) . . .

: . :1- + =40 45 .2- * = 400 450 .3- 2()+ = 60 63 . : . . (garden for people) :2 + = 65 . 15 35 .

: ladder: (cat ladder) 5/8 .

ladder (cat laddr)

: (step ladder): .

: (interior stairs): . : : (parallel treads) :1- .2- .3- .4- .5- .- (winders) (parallel treads) :1- . . .

2- . 90 . .

3- : 180 : . .

.

4- three quarter turn stairs : 270 . .

5 : . (double return stairs) (bifurcated stairs ) .

- geometrical stairs (geometrical stairs) . (open well) :- circular stairs . semi circular stairs . Eleptical stairs. semi eleptical stairs. spiral stairs .

spiral stair .- .- . - .

.

. . . Escalator : 30 = * 1.732 35 = * 1.428

.

EXTERIOR STAIRS .

TYPES OF RAMPS :1 (STEEP RAMPS) : 10 24 1:6 1:2.5 (STEP RAMPS) .2 (MEDIUM RAMPS ) 6 -10 1:10 1:6 .3 (SHALLOW RAMPS ) 6 1:10 . .

(HANDICAPPED) . (WHEELCHAIR LIFT) . .

TIMBER STAIRS (STAIRCASE) (WOOD JOOINTS) . . . (FLIGHT) (NEWL POSTS) .

SPANDRIL STAIRS 25 . . . ( ) 8 10 3 . 8 12 2

REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS . . . . (ONE WAY SLAB)

.

:- 3 . 3 5-8 . 2 4 . 20 -30 .