Listening - Beginning
Chapter 1 - Skill A
Wordlist Meaning
skip (v) to avoid; to not do
binge (v) to eat or drink in an uncontrolled, excessive
manner
ruin (v) to destroy; to damage
grain (n) a food that comes from grass, like wheat,
rice, and corn
regular (adj) following a set schedule; at the same time
every day
uncertain (adj) not sure; not definite
symphony (n) a long piece of music performed by an
orchestra
recognize (v) to be familiar with; to know
deaf (adj) unable to hear
conduct (v) to lead and control an orchestra
bush (n) a low, tree-like plant
base (n) the bottom part
heartbeat (n) the rate at which the heart pumps blood
store (v) to keep for future use
weak (adj) not strong; low on energy
what’s up (phrase) What is happening?; What are you doing?
break (n) a short time of no work or study
surf (v) to search or use the Internet
multiply (v) to increase; to perform a mathematic
function, e.g. 2 X 3 = 6
calculator (n) a machine that performs
mathematic functions
1
event (n) a competition; a gathering for a purpose
persistence (n) not giving up until a goal is completed
antelope (n) a horned, deer-like animal
herd (n) a group of animals, like cows or deer
slaughter (v) to kill and cut off the meat
specific (adj) exact in detail or purpose
clearly (adv) with exactness; easily understood
positive (adj) showing a happy or optimistic outlook
regret (v) to feel bad about something in the past
inform (v) to tell; to give information to
lottery (n) a selection made by chance from among a
number of contestants
limited (adj) not great in number or quantity
freshman (n) a first-year student
campus (n) the grounds of a school or university
privilege (n) a special ability or access
technique (n) a way of doing something; a method
index (n) something that guides or organizes
definition (n) the written meaning
native (adj) of one’s birthplace
divide (v) to make into two parts
2
Chapter 1 - Skill B
Wordlist Meaning
continent (n) a large land mass
reason (n) a cause
permanently (adj) constantly; always
occupant (n) a person who lives in a place
located (adj) positioned
on your way (phrase) going to
recreation (n) fun activities
member (n) someone who belongs to a group
tuition (n) money paid to attend school
cool (adj) good
classic (n) a well-known example
ado (n) an old-fashioned word for a controversy;
an action and discussion; a fuss
ruin (v) to destroy; to damage greatly
fortune (n) luck
modern (adj) recent
wonder (v) to question in one’s mind; to think about
atmosphere (n) the layer of air above the Earth
sunrise (n) when the sun moves into the sky in the
morning
sunset (n) when the sun moves out of the sky in the
evening
path (n) a way to go; a road
What on Earth!(phrase)
an expression of surprise
hermit crab (n) a kind of crab that carries and lives in
empty shells made by snails or other sea
creatures
3
squished (adj) put into too-small a space
feed (v) to give food to
captivity (n) being kept in a cage or zoo; not free
productive (adj) useful; helpful
rush (v) to go fast
beat the clock(phrase)
to go faster than previous times
pointless (adj) without purpose; not helpful
measure (v) to read the level or quantity
vitamin (n) a substance needed for normal growth and
energy
sunshine (n) light from the sun
enough (adj) the amount needed
naturally (adv) without help from science
notice (v) to pay attention to
check this out(phrase)
to look at this
really (adv) very
article (n) a written news story
strange (adj) unusual; weird
cushion (n) a pillow for sitting on
4
Chapter 1 - Skill C
Wordlist Meaning
course (n) a series of classes for studying a subject
culture (n) what makes a group of people distinct,
including language, food and art
certainly (adv) yes; of course
determine (v) to decide on; to calculate
account for (v) to make up; to go towards
effective (adj) successful
increase (v) to make larger or greater
variety (n) many different kinds
look up (v) to search for to try to find
previous (adj) just before
especially (adj) with emphasis
closely (adv) with care; with attention
copy (v) to make the same; to do the same way
notice (v) to see and understand
nowadays (adv) these days; in current times
pueblo (n) a building or town of buildings made from
adobe (dried mud); and the people who
traditionally dwell in them
weave (v) to create cloth by interlacing (putting
together) fibers or yarn
basket (n) a container made from woven fibers
fiber (n) a long, thin piece of some material, such as
grass
method (n) a way of doing something; a procedure
disappear (v) to go away; to die off
5
lay (v) to put down; to deposit eggs
here goes (phrase) an expression used to signify, “I’m trying
something, but I don’t know what the result
will be.”
protection (n) keeping safe
hotline (n) a phone number for particular information
or a specific purpose
science fair (n) a competition of science projects
white noise (n) noise made up of all frequencies of sound
annoy (v) to bother; to make angry
lessen (v) to make lower; to decrease
shut out (v) to keep away
treat (v) to make better, healthier
develop (v) to invent; to create
insert (v) to put in
system (n) a group of organs or machines working for a
common purpose
current (n) a flow; a movement in one direction
geometry (n) a field of math related to points, lines,
shapes, etc.
point (n) a single place; a dot
continuous (adj) without a break or ending place
space (n) a distance; an empty place
segment (n) a part; a piece
prepare (v) to get ready
familiar with (adj phrase)
used to; knowledgeable about
beneficial (adj) helpful; positive
6
anxious (adj) nervous; worried
decide (v) to choose
memorize (v) to put information into one’s memory; to
repeat material until it is remembered
thorough (adj) complete; full
session (n) a period of time devoted to a certain activity
or purpose
direction (n) instruction; how to complete a task
plenty of (adj phrase) a lot of; lots of
form (n) a type; a kind
matter (n) something that takes up space and can be
sensed
burn (v) to consume in fire; to change form by fire
fuel (n) something used to burn
flammable (adj) able to be burned
place (v) to put into position
spark (n) a flash of light or heat
match (n) a narrow piece of wood or paper with a
highly flammable coating on one end, used
for starting fires
magnify (v) to make larger or more intense
powder (n) a substance made of finely ground particles
7
Chapter 1 - Skill D
Wordlist Meaning
catalog (n) a book or pamphlet containing a list of activities
or products
transfer (v) to move from one place to another
lithography (n) a printing process in which a chemically treated
plate is used with ink
transcript (n) a printed copy of university results
grade (n) a standard assessment of quality of work (or
performance) in a classroom
example (n) a representative model or action used to
illustrate a concept or idea
consensus (n) a general agreement or a collective decision
opinion (n) a belief on a subject that is usually made
without extensive knowledge
already (adv) previously accomplished; done before
idea (n) a meaningful thought or concept
several (adj) three or four
public (adj) among a large group of people; for the
population
education (n) an organized system of teaching and learning
religion (n) an organized system of spiritual or supernatural
belief
lonely (adj) a sadness resulting from being or feeling alone
consider (v) to think seriously about something
fail (v) to be unsuccessful
physics (n) the study of movement in nature
atomic (adj) relating to atoms or nuclear energy
bomb (n) an explosive device
8
lungs (n) the two-part organ used for breathing
oxygen (n) the gas that animals depend on for breathing
filthy (adj) extremely dirty
boring (adj) uninteresting; not entertaining
break (n) a short time of rest
continent (n) one of the seven main land areas on the Earth
realize (v) to understand; to comprehend
equator (n) the imaginary horizontal line separating
Earth’s northern and southern hemispheres
narrow (adj) of thin degree or width
Antarctica (n) the continent that contains the South Pole
exhibit (n) a public presentation (usually artistic in nature)
nature (n) the natural physical world, unchanged by
humans
category (n) a structured and organized area of a topic
blossom (n) a flower on a tree
enlarge (v) to make bigger
democracy (n) a system of government where the people hold
ruling power
government (n) an organized, usually political system that
administers public policy
vote (v) to decide, usually in a political context
empire (n) a nation and all the territories and other nations
it rules over
tax (n) money paid to a government
9
Chapter 1 - Skill E
Wordlist Meaning
telescope (n) an optical device used to make distant objects
appear closer
moon (n) a natural, smaller object revolving around a
planet
planet (n) a large sphere that rotates around a star
river (n) a large, long body of water that flows
ocean (n) a large body of salt water that takes up the
Earth’s surface
rules (n) a set of instructions about the right way to act
warning (n) a signal that something bad or dangerous may
happen
break (v) to not follow; to not obey
force (v) to make someone do something they do not
want to do
basic (adj) main or most necessary
full (adj) no more things or people can go in
room (n) space that is not being used
coach (n) a part of a train for passengers
conductor (n) someone who checks passenger tickets on a
train
comfortable (adj) feeling relaxed; not stressed or bothered
personality (n) the character of an individual
accountant (n) an expert in bookkeeping
interact (v) to influence and act upon one another
factor (n) something that has an effect on something else
status (n) the amount of respect others have for a person
mid-term (adj) an exam taken during the middle part of a
semester
10
elevator (n) a room that carries people up or down
study (v) to read in order to learn and understand
squeeze (v) the act of applying pressure on all sides
strengthen (v) to gain power or strength
spin (v) to turn around and around very quickly
rotate (v) to move in a circle
completely (adv) in a way so that everything is finished
darkness (n) the absence of light
situation (n) everything that is happening at a particular place
at one time
revolution (n) when a government or political system is
(usually) violently changed
paper (n) a type of essay or assignment
Internet (n) a network that connects computers all around
the world
type (v) to press lettered keys on a keyboard to form
words
website (n) a special location on the Internet used in a
variety of ways
common (adj) normal or usual
quality (n) the attribute or nature of something
detail (n) the specific or small character of an object or
process
imagine (v) to use the mind to create an unreal image or
situation
alive (adj) having the qualities of life; living
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Chapter 1 - Skill F
Wordlist Meaning
sailor (n) a person who works on a boat or ship
trade (n) buying, selling, or trading goods
colony (n) a country that is ruled by a stronger country
establish (v) to securely settle; to officially declare an
operation
decline (v) to lower in quality or quantity
campus (n) the area that belongs to a university, college, or
school
mighty (adj) strong; powerful
sword (n) a long metal blade used for battle
educator (n) a person who teaches
glad (adj) happy; pleased
appear (v) to come into sight; to become visible
strength (n) power
criminal (n) an individual who commits crimes
butler (n) the male servant or assistant of a household
costume (n) a special clothing used for acting or special
occasions
crude (adj) in a raw form
leak (v) to continuously lose liquid or air from a
container
evaporation (n) the gradual action of a liquid changing into a gas
emulsification (n)
when two liquids are put together, but do not
mix completely, i.e., oil in water
mousse (n) a chilled dessert made with whipped cream and
gelatin
ache (v) to feel pain
12
thermometer (n) an instrument that measures temperature
temperature (n) the system to measure cold and heat
malaria (n) a disease transferred by an infected mosquito
symptom (n) a sign that shows a person may have a disease or
illness
light (n) illumination received as varying levels of
brightness to the eye
judge (v) to decide on a winner
distance (n) the space between two points
lightning (n) large and bright natural electrical charges that
occur during storms
thunder (n) the sound made by lightning
vacation (n) a holiday that involves traveling to an area of
interest
state (n) a region inside a country with its own
administration
license plate (n) a sign on a vehicle that shows the vehicle’s
identity number
awesome (adj) inspiring extreme wonderment and awe
cavern (n) a large cave
inventor (n) a person who makes something new
detailed (adj) containing a lot of specific information;
rendered with specifics
observation (n) an event or detail noticed by someone watching
invention (n) a creation
parachute (n) a device consisting of fabric and string designed
to reduce the effects of a fall
impossible (adj) not able to be done
repeat (v) to say again; to do again
13
word for word(phrase)
using the exact same words in the exact same
order
accomplish (v) to do something difficult or noteworthy
feat (n) an accomplishment; a difficult or noteworthy
action
piece (n) a part for playing a game
seasoned (adj) experienced
chessboard (n) a board on which the game chess is played
apply (v) to use to or adapt for a certain purpose
possible (adj) able to be done
go overboard(phrase)
to do too much or too often; to go to an extreme
strategy (n) a plan; a technique
highlight (v) to use a colored marker to note or emphasize
part of a text
ponder (v) to think about
compile (v) to collect and organize
review (v) to look again; to study again
suggestion (n) a tip; a piece of advice
pick out (v) to choose; to select
in sum (phrase n)
to summarize; to give a general idea of what
something is about
discouraged (adj) having lost interest or confidence
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Chapter 2 - Skill A
Wordlist Meaning
customary (adj) the normal way; a usual habit
response (n) an answer to a question; a reply
theory (n) an idea explaining something
superstition (n) a belief in luck or the influence of magic
custom (n) a normal or common action for a particular
culture
elect (v) to choose by vote
plague (n) a deadly, serious, widespread disease
get rid of (v) to remove; to destroy; to make go away
order (v) to command; to tell to do
immediately (adv) right away; very soon after
secret (n) a private technique or strategy
abstract (adj) based on ideas instead of objects
picture (v) to imagine; to form an image in one’s mind
hard time (n) difficulty
cent (n) 1/100 of a dollar
network (n) a group of computers sharing information
and files
right now (phrase) at this moment
avenue (n) a way; a means
asymmetrical (adj) not symmetrical; uneven or unbalanced
subscriber (n) someone registered for a particular service
connection (n) a way of joining two or more things
accommodate (v) to provide for; to allow
comparison (n) looking at how two things are the same or
different
15
copper (n) a reddish brown metallic element good for
conducting electricity
wire (n) a long thin piece of metal used to conduct
electricity
film (n) a movie
festival (n) a series of cultural or artistic performances
or exhibitions
dormitory (n) a building or room for sleeping
play (v) to show
kick out (v) to force out; to send away from
hide (v) to make so one can’t be seen by others
protect (v) to keep safe
method (n) a way; a technique
surroundings (n) what is around something; the environment
forest (n) an area with a lot of trees
soft (adj) weak; not bright
pattern (n) a repeated design or marking
spot (v) to see; to notice
instance (n) an example
copy (v) to act or look like something else
wonder (v) to think about and question
century (n) 100 years
ancient (adj) from very long ago
foretell (v) to describe or show an event before it
happens
consider (v) to think of as
omen (n) a sign of the future, of things to come
modern (adj) recent
16
represent (v) to symbolize; to stand for; to show
suppress (v) to keep down; to keep hidden
god (n) a being with powers above those of people
17
Chapter 2 - Skill B
Wordlist Meaning
confused (adj) mixed up; unable to think or understand
clearly
type (n) a kind; a classification
blood (n) the fluid pumped by the heart that transports
oxygen, nutrients, and waste in the body
classify (v) to place a subject in an appropriate category
Earth (n) the world; the third planet from the sun, on
which we live
imagination (n) a creation of an unreal form or event in one’s
mind
attempt (v) to try; to make an effort to do
slightly (adj) in a small amount or degree
plot (n) the order of events that form a story
phrase (n) a sequence of words containing meaning
cumulative (adj) increasing or enlarging by repetition or
addition
humorous (adj) making a person smile or laugh
nonsense (n) something silly or without meaning
hopelessly (adv) without hope
enchanted (adj) under a magical spell; mysteriously
attractive
tutor (v) to give private teaching or instruction
sign up (v) to apply or register
get in touch (v) to contact; to have communication
feedback (n) a response that gives an opinion or criticism
survey (n) a question or a group of questions given to a
group or population
18
web (n) a net made by a spider to catch insects
among (prep) within or throughout a group
thread (n) a thin, sometimes flexible string
spin (v) to create thread
strand (n) a single thin piece of thread or similar
material
covering (n) something that is used to cover over an object,
usually for protection
coat (v) to cover, usually with some kind of liquid
(paint, glue, wax, etc.)
sticky (adj) acting as an adhesive; causing attachment
stuck (adj) being unable to move
trapdoor (n) a secret door used for escape
balloon (n) a flexible bag filled with a gas
float (v) to stay on top of a liquid; to stay up in the air
pour (v) to dump or allow to flow out or downward
cap (n) a covering that is used to seal in the contents
of an object
rise (v) to move from a lower to a higher position
bottom (n) the lowest possible location
weigh (v) to measure the weight
displace (v) to move out of a former position
helium (n) a gas used to fill balloons
buoyancy (n) the ability to float in air or on water
naturally (adv) in a natural way; in a way without human
influence
artificially (adv) in an artificial or man-made way
plenty (adj) large in amount or degree
19
consume (v) to eat; to use up
interfere (v) to interrupt an action
nerve (n) a part of the body that sends signals to the
brain
tube (n) a long and hollow cylinder used for transport
vessel (n) a narrow tube used for circulating bodily
fluids
surface (n) the top side of an object; the highest outside
layer
conquer (v) to defeat or overcome
20
Chapter 2 - Skill C (Skill Review)
Wordlist Meaning
microscope (n) a tool for making very small objects look
large
device (n) a tool; an instrument
cell (n) the smallest structural unit of tissue in living
things
pretty (adj) very; quite
specimen (n) an example for study
section (n a part; a unit of a whole
stain (v) to change the color of
limit (v) to keep small; to prevent from developing
enable (v) to allow; to make possible; to give the
ability
shade (n) a dark area in which light has been blocked
billion (n) 1,000,000,000
reason (n) an explanation
lay (v) to place down
stretch (v) to go; to reach across
donate (v) to give away so as to help
address (n) a speech for a certain audience or event
last (v) to continue to occur
cemetery (n) a place where dead bodies are buried
salute (v) to put one’s hand to one’s forehead as a sign
of respect
governor (n) a politician in charge of a state in the US
valley (n) a low area between two hills or mountains
freedom (n) the right to choose one’s way in life
needlessly (adv) for no good reason
21
cheer (v) to show appreciation by clapping, yelling,
or whistling
plan (v) to think about; to make a strategy for
surprise (v) to give unexpected knowledge or feelings
tone up (v) to make tighter
strengthen (v) to make stronger
disease (n) a sickness; an illness
equipment (n) tools or machines to help do an activity
country (n) a rural area; a place not in the city
stretch (n) an exercise that make muscles longer and
more relaxed
straight (adj) not bent or curved
deep (adj) long and full
pace (n) a rate; a speed
sorority (n) a club for women in college
escort (n) a person who goes with another person for
protection
give a ride(phrase)
to drive someone from
pick up (v) to meet in order to give a ride
run (v) to operate; to offer service
big day (n) a day of an important event
nervous (adj) worried; anxious
natural (adj) normal; healthy
panic (n) to feel sudden, very strong fear
confident (adj) believing in oneself; not nervous or worried
admission (n) an ability or permission to enter somewhere
portion (n) a section; a part
22
calculator (n) an electronic tool that performs math
functions
alarm (n) a bell or noise to signal time
portable (adj) able to be moved and carried easily
hall (n) a large room for gatherings of people
imagine (v) to believe; to not be surprised
unique (adj) special; like no other
depend on (v) to change according to
carry over (v) to continue
treat (v) to pay for someone else
declining (adj) going down; becoming less
balance (n) an amount of money or points remaining
withdraw (v) to take out
account (n) a place or system where money
or points are kept
several (adj) many
consider (v) to think about
permanently (adv)
continuously; for ever
frozen (adj) solid because of cold
classify (v) to group; to organize
location (n) a place
equator (n) an imaginary line going around the Earth,
dividing it into northern and southern halves
spill (v) to cause to fall from a container
form (v) to create; to make
measurable (adj) countable; noticeable
mistake (n) an incorrect act
catch it (v) to notice it
misspell (v) to spell incorrectly
alike (adj) the same
direct (v) to control; to manage
duty (n) a responsibility on a job
marital (adj) about marriage
23
status (n) condition
plenty (adj) a lot of
font (n) a style of printed letters
trillion (n) 1,000,000,000,000
earn (v) to make money
childbirth (n) the process of a baby first leaving its
mother’s body
task (n) a job; a piece of work
bridge (n) a connection
income (n) money earned
interest (n) money charged for a loan
loan (n) money given with the promise it will be
paid back with interest
credit (n) the ability to buy goods with the promise to
pay in the future
headquarters (n) a main office
24
Chapter 2 - Skill D
Wordlist Meaning
head (v) to go towards
aerobics (n) exercises that strengthen the lungs and
heart
treadmill (n) an exercise machine for running
coordination (n) the ability to move your body the way
your mind wants
discipline (n) the ability to continue a difficult or boring
task
mechanical (adj) by physical forces
process (n) a series of events to achieve a result; a
sequence
freeze (v) to change from a liquid to a solid
thaw (v) to change from a solid to a liquid
altitude (n) the elevation; the height above sea-level
decomposition (n) the break down, or destruction, of matter
through chemical reactions
oxidation (n) a chemical reaction involving the addition
of oxygen molecules
carbonation (n) a chemical reaction involving the addition
of carbon molecules
hydration (n) a chemical reaction involving the addition
of hydrogen molecules
condition (n) a situation; an environment
review (v) to do something again to remember it
better
session (n) one of a series of events, usually lasting a
short time
discussion (n) a talk between two or more people on a
specific topic
extra (adj) more than needed; more than usual
economics (n) a class studying money and finances
escape (v) to avoid something; to get away from
something
25
tired of (adj) bored with; bothered by
instead of (adv) in place of
product (n) something produced to be sold
placement (n) a display; putting something in a certain
location
disguise (n) something designed to hide the true nature
of another thing
publicity (n) attention from people
limited to (adj) only (in)
technique (n) a way of doing something
realism (n) the sense or feeling of being true, or real
oral (adj) spoken
generation (n) a group of people born and living about
the same time
rhyme (n) words that have the same ending sounds
American Indian (n) a native person of North America, who
Europeans mistook for Indians
notion (n) an idea; a plan
laden (adj) filled with; burdened by
bound (adj) going towards
verse (n) a grouping of lines in a poem or song
typical (adj) normal; characteristic of
repeat (v) to state again
pattern (n) a repeated event or occurrence
imaginary (adj) not real; existing only in one’s mind
hemisphere (n) a half of a ball-shaped object (like the
Earth)
back and forth (adv) to some place and then back again
depend on (v) to need; to rely on
latitude (n) a measurement of north-south position on
Earth
stalled (adj) unable to move; stopped
mean (v) to intend
steady (adj) constant; continuous
propel (v) to push forward
26
27
Chapter 2 - Skill E
Wordlist Meaning
permit (n) an official paper that allows the holder to do
something
valid (adj) correct; usable; in effect
serial number (n)
a unique number on a piece of equipment that can
identify that equipment
identification (n)
a document that proves the identity of a person
fine (n) money paid as punishment for doing something
wrong
fancy (adj) heavily decorated; not simple
clay (n) a soft, sticky mud used for making things
mold (n) a shape made out of hard material that can be used
to make other shapes of the same size
glaze (v) to apply a thin layer of clay that becomes glass when
heated at a high temperature
ingredient (n) a smaller part that mixes with others to create a
whole
tube (n) a long, hollow cylinder
plaster (n) a mixture of sand, water, and other ingredients that
becomes very hard when dry
shell (n) a hard layer around an object for protection
incredibly (adj) very; extremely
support (v) to hold up; to hold the weight of
check out (v) to borrow; to take out from the library
ID (n) identification; a card that proves the identity of
someone
form (n) a paper asking for standard information to be written
fill out (v) to write the needed information on a form
bother (v) to make the effort to do something
mineral (n) a chemical substance made from natural physical
(but not living) processes
nerve (n) a fiber that transmits sensations and movement
information to the brain
28
muscle (n) a long cell that contracts to produce movement in
the body
curve (v) to shape like part of a circle; to not be straight
ultraviolet (adj)
of a wavelength that is invisible to the human eye
and that is shorter than the wavelength seen as the
color violet
ray (n) a beam of light
transform (v) to change
calm (adj) peaceful; relaxed; not stressed
related to (adj) about; concerned with
chip (n) a very small piece of arranged electronics used in
computer technology
logic (n) a simple language based on rational thinking and
used by computers for calculation
map (v) to organize
bits (n) the combinations of the numbers zero and one,
which form the smallest units of computer data
bytes (n) a combination of usually 8 bits, which forms a
single character
pathway (n) a way of traveling; a road
input (n) information going in
output (n) information going out
combination (n)
two or more things mixed together
bladder (n) a sack-like organ in animals, which holds liquid or
gas
squeeze (v) to push together the walls of a container to expel the
contents
sink (v) to go down; to not float
vertically (adv) going up and down
propeller (n) a machine with spinning metal blades that makes an
airplane or boat move
swing (v) to move side to side
lift (n) an upward movement
position (v) to put in a place
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enable (v) to allow; to make possible
stabilizer (n) a vertical wing on an airplane that helps it keep its
position
Chapter 2 - Skill F (Skill Review)
Wordlist Meaning
personality (n) a group of traits and behaviors particular to a
person
define (v) to tell exactly what something is
precise (adj) exact
reprogrammable (adj)
able to be given new, different instructions
vast (adj) great in number or quantity
majority (n) more than 50 percent of a group
hydraulic (adj) operated by water under pressure
compressed (adj) pushed into a small volume to create
pressure
pneumatic (adj) operated by compressed air
plug (v) to connect, usually to gain electricity
cell (n) the smallest structures of living matter that
can form larger organs in larger life forms
radiation (n) the process of giving off light and/or heat
energy
respond (v) to react; to act because of a prior action
repair (v) to fix
protect (v) to keep from getting hurt
lotion (n) a cream or oil applied to skin
block (v) to stop; to prevent
shield (n) a device for protection; a device that blocks
danger
reach (v) to get to; to arrive at
absorb (v) to take in
I’m free (phrase) I have no work or appointments
tribal (adj) concerning a group of people
totem (n) an animal or plant that acts as a symbol for a
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group of people
paper (n) an essay; a written report
go over (v) to review; to describe
shed (v) to get rid of from oneself; to leave a part of
oneself behind
remind (v) to bring to attention again
discard (v) to get rid of; to throw away
certain (adj) particular; specific
evolve (v) to change and improve over time
admire (v) to respect
vegetation (n) plants growing in a certain area
forage (v) to wander in search of food
avoid (v) to stay away from
migrate (v) to move from one area to another
apply for (v) to try to get
position (n) a job
tour guide (n) a person who leads a group of people around
a place and gives them information about the
place
duty (n) a responsibility; a task needed on a job
hold (v) to have; to do
martial (adj) having to do with war or fighting
picture (n) to imagine; to see in one’s mind
spectacular (adj) impressive; amazing
spin (v) to turn quickly in a circle
strengthen (v) to make stronger
principle (n) a main or guiding idea in a way of thinking
and behaving
concentrate (v) to focus; to think closely
alert (adj) aware of everything around
resumé (n) a paper explaining one’s education, work
experience, and suitable skills for a job
deal with (v) to successfully act to overcome a challenge;
to handle
advisor (n) someone who gives advice, or helps solve
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problems
major (v) to take as a main course of study
civilization (n) the state of large numbers of people living
together under certain rules
cover (v) to teach about; to include
reformation (n) a period of great social change
intriguing (adj) interesting
discussion (n) a talk about a particular topic
closely (adv) with exactness; not going far from
society (n) a group of people of the same culture living
in the same area
citizen (n) one member of a society
mother (adj) place or country of beginning
tongue (n) a language
academic (n) a scholar; a person who studies for a job
educator (n) a teacher
basic (adj) fundamental; the simplest and most
important
disagree (v) to have different opinions
for sure (phrase) with certainty; without doubt
coordinate (adj) working together
personality (n) the thought and behavior that distinguish one
person from others
end up (v) to result in; to be or exist at the end of some
event
pay attention (v) to listen closely; to focus
curriculum (n) courses and topics of study
composition (n) the act of writing
require (v) to need
lengthy (adj) long
semester (n) a division of a school year
humanities (n) an area of study including literature, history,
and philosophy
relate to (v) to deal with; to be important to
elective (n) a course that students get to choose; not
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required
fulfill (v) to complete the requirements
basis (n) a root; a basic principle
invisible (adj) not able to be seen
radical (adj) very different; attempting to change society
ethical (adj) concerning right or wrong behavior
acceptable (adj) considered right; not offensive
diversity (n) the state of having many different peoples,
ideas, and lifestyles in a culture
conform (v) to submit to a standard
alternative (adj) different than a standard
uniform (adj) the same throughout
Interdependence (n)
two or more people or units equally relying
on each other
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