SOC 204 Drugs & SocietyChapter 11 StimulantsGoldberg
Historically, cocaine was used as a local anesthetic.
A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%0%
StimulantsModify (stimulate) a person’s
◦Activity level◦Mood◦Central nervous system
Increased heart rate Increased respiration Increased blood pressure Dilated pupils
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3GYI-Kpf5M
History of Cocaine Bush that grows in the Andes Natives chewed the leaves for
endurance
Cocoa wineCoca-ColaPatent medicines
Cocaine accounts for more ER visits than any other illegal drug.A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%0%
HistoryLocal anesthesia:
Dr. W. S. HalstedEarly psychiatric
uses:Sigmund Freud
Used to alleviate fatigue, depression, opiate addiction
Later opposed this use
Legal Control46 states passed laws to regulate
cocaine between 1887 and 1914Negative publicity about cocaine
influenced the passage of the 1914 Harrison Act
Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988
The majority of powder cocaine users who enter treatment are white, and the majority of crack cocaine users who enter treatment are black.
A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%0%
Forms of CocaineProcessing 500 kilograms of coca
leaves yields 1 kilogram of cocaine
Coca pasteCocaine hydrochlorideFreebaseCrack or rock
Mechanism of ActionCocaine blocks reuptake of
dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
The depressant effects of alcohol reduce the stimulating effects of cocaine, making serious side effects less likely to occur.
A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%0%
Administration/EliminationRoutes:
◦Topical, snorting, IV, smokingCocaine is metabolized by
enzymes in the blood and liverCocaine has a half-life of about
one hourMajor metabolites (detected
by drug screens) have a half-life of eight hours
Benefits/ConcernsAnesthetic
properties Acute toxicityDamage to nasal
septumParanoid psychosisDamage to heart
muscleDependenceSome withdrawalUse during
pregnancy
AmphetaminesAncient Chinese used ephedraChemical version in 1932 –
amphetamineUsed in WWII to fight fatigue1960’sTighter control
After Mexico, the largest producer of methamphetamine is Canada, because pseudoephedrine is not regulated there.A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%0%
PharmacologyChemical structure is similar to
catecholamine neurotransmitters (adrenaline, noradrenaline)
Methamphetamine and amphetamine both cross blood brain barrier
Increases activity of monoamine neurotransmitters by stimulating their release (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin)
Absorption/EliminationPeak effects
◦1.5 hours oral◦5-20 min snorting◦5-10 min smoking
Half-life is 5-12 hoursRapid tolerance
Boys are more than twice as likely as girls to be identified with ADHD.
A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%0%
BenefitsDepressionWeight controlNarcolepsyADD/ADHDConcentrationAthletics
ADHD is limited to teenagers and children. Very few adults have this disorder.
A. TrueB. False
TrueFa
lse
0%0%
RisksAcute behavioral
toxicityHigh doses may
destroy catecholamine neurons
ContaminantsParanoid psychosisNo withdrawalPowerful
psychological dependence
Methamphetamine
Ritalin, AdderallMost commonly
prescribed drugs for ADHD
Ritalin and other stimulants enhance the functioning of the reticular activating system, which helps children focus attention and filter out extraneous stimuli
Side effects include insomnia, weight loss, headaches, irritability, nausea, and dizziness
VideosCaffeine
Humor◦http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=TqFRP5lXTmE
Do you think of Caffeine as a Drug?
A. YesB. NoC. Not sure
Yes No
Not sure
0% 0%0%Why or why not?
CaffeineSources of caffeine
Coffee Tea Soda Chocolate Energy drinks Over-the-counter medications
NoDoz Vivarin Anacin Excedrin Midol Diurex
What do you consider an acceptable level of caffeine intake?
A. NoneB. One beverage a
dayC. 2-5 beverages a
dayD. Any level is ok
None
One beverage
a day
2-5 beverages a
day
Any level is
ok
0% 0%0%0%
PharmacologyPeak blood levels reached 30
minutes after oral intakeHalf-life is about 3 hoursLow-grade tolerance does
develop
Mechanism of Action200 mg
◦ Increased arousal◦ Mood-elevating effects
500 mg◦ Increased heart rate & respiration◦ Paradoxical effect on blood vessels: dilation◦ Constriction of blood vessels in the brain =
headache relief◦ Increased basal metabolic rate (10%) in chronic
usersWorks on the neurotransmitter adenosine
(inhibitory)◦ Blocks receptors
EffectsBehavioral
◦ Stimulation◦ Headache◦ Hyperactivity◦ Does not sober one up
Concerns◦ Panic attacks◦ 1980s thought to have a link
to cancer, since disproven◦ Reproduction◦ Heart disease (large amounts)◦ Caffeinism
Should there be an age limit on caffeine consumption?
A. YesB. No
Yes No
0%0%
ConsiderationsWhat age?
◦ Infants◦ Toddlers◦ School age◦ Teenage
What products?◦ Energy drinks◦ Soda◦ Coffee ◦ Tea/iced tea◦ Hot chocolate◦ Chocolate
VideosYour brain on coffee
◦http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbuCmO8Bwhs&noredirect=1
◦http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfntvRGwpvs
Children and Caffeine◦http://guardianlv.com/2014/02/caffeine-
is-a-drug-for-kids-video/
Wrap-upHow much
caffeine do you consume?
1981 FDA: limit of 6 mg of caffeine per ounce◦No labeling
required
Item Amount of Item Amount of Caffeine
Jolt soft drink 12 ounces 71.2 mg
Mountain Dew 12 ounces 55.0 mg
Coca-Cola 12 ounces 34.0 mg
Diet Coke 12 ounces 45.0 mg
Pepsi 12 ounces 38.0 mg
7-Up 12 ounces 0 mg
Brewed coffee (drip method)
5 ounces 115 mg
Espresso 1 shot 64 mg
Tea 5 ounces 40 mg
Iced tea 12 ounces 70 mg
Dark chocolate 1 ounce 20 mg
Milk chocolate 1 ounce 6 mg
Cocoa beverage 5 ounces 4 mg
Chocolate milk beverage
8 ounces 5 mg
Cold relief medication 1 tablet 30 mg
Midol 1 tablet 32 mg
Excedrin 1 tablet 65 mg
Monster Energy Drink 16 ounces 160 mg
Red Bull 8 ounces 60 mg
Under what circumstances should a person consider reducing caffeine intake?A. When they are
cranky without itB. When they have
health complications
C. When they obsess about it
D. Can’t think of a time I’d give it up!
When th
ey are cr
anky w
...
When th
ey have health
...
When th
ey obsess
about it
Can’t think of a
time I’d g.
..
0% 0%0%0%
Do you agree with the use of medication for ADD/ADHD?A. YesB. NoC. I’m not sure
Yes No
I’m not s
ure
0% 0%0%Response
Questions for Discussion 6List three benefits or risks of
using stimulant medication to treat ADD/ADHD
Do the benefits or risks change when prescribing to children?
Back up your points with research