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STRUCTURALHEALTHMONITORING
dr.ing.NAGYGYRGY Tams
lecturer2012v1
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REFERENCES
. . SAMCO http://www.samco.org/network/index.htm ISIS and SAMCO Educational Module 5: An Introduction to Structural Health
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INTRODUCTION WhyweneedSHM?
Populationdependsonanextensiveinfrastructuresystem
roads
buildingsetc
Theinfrastructuresystemhassuffered
neglect eter orat onlackoffunding
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INTRODUCTION WhyweneedSHM?
Factorsleadingtotheextensivedegradation
existinginfrastructure
Consequences: Problemsbecomeapparentonlywhenstructuresareindireneedofrepair
Result Repaircostsbecomecomparableto
replacementcosts
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INTRODUCTION WhyweneedSHM?
Factorsleadingtotheextensivedegradation
reinforcementwithinconcrete
Consequences: Expansionofsteelleadstocrackingandspalling,furtherdeterioration
Result Reductionsinstrengthandserviceability,
resultinginneedforrepairand/orreplacement
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INTRODUCTION WhyweneedSHM?
Factorsleadingtotheextensivedegradation
time(e.g.heaviertrucks)
Consequences: Increaseddeteriorationduetooverloadsortostructuralinadequaciesresultingfromdesign
Result Structuresdeemedunsafeorunserviceable
andstrengtheningorreplacementisrequired
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INTRODUCTION WhyweneedSHM?
Factorsleadingtotheextensivedegradation
Consequences: Variousdetrimentaleffectsonstructuralperformance,bothsafetyandserviceability
Result Needforrepair,rehabilitation,
strengtheningorreplacement
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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INTRODUCTION Materials&Technologies
SHM FRP
Newandinnovativematerialsandmonitoringtoolsthatprolongtheservicelivesofstructureswhiledecreasingcosts
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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WHATISSHM?
Assessingtheinserviceperformanceofstructuresusingavarietyofmeasurementtechniques
Leadingtosmartstructures
EXTERNALDISTURBANCES
STRUCTURE RESPONSE
SENSORSACTUATORS
CONTROLLER
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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WHATISSHM?
Inspection Onsitenondestructiveexaminationtoestablishthe resentconditionofthestructure
Loadtesting Testofthestructureorpartthereofbyloadingtoeva ua e s e av ororproper es,or opre c sloadbearingcapacity
Monitoring Frequentorcontinuous,normallylongterm,observationormeasurementofstructuralconditionsoractions
Bjrn Tljsten
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WHATISSHM? Whymonitoring?
followupphysicalphenomenon
Bjrn Tljsten
assessmentofstructures
verificationofthestrengtheningeffects
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WHATISSHM? WhatisSHM becomingpopular?
EmerginguseofSHM isaresultof:
1.
The
increasing
need
forMonitoringofinnovativedesignsandmaterials
2.Theongoingdevelopmentof ewsensors e.g. er p c ensors , smar materialsetc.)Dataacquisitionsystems(DAS)
WirelessandinternettechnologiesDatatransmission,collection,archivingandretrievalsystems
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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WHATISSHM? BodyAnalogy
MedicalDoctor SHM Engineer
Monitorpatientshealth
Monitorconditionofstructures
tocheckoverallhealth
Prescribescorrective
structuralhealth
Ifexcessivestressor
me c ne requ re e orma on,correc s u a o n
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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WHATISSHM? SystemComponents
AcquisitionofData
CommunicationofData
http://www.smartstructuresinc.com
StorageofProcessedData RetrievalofData
DiagnosticsISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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WHATISSHM? SHM Categories
StaticFieldTesting:
DynamicFieldTesting:Stresshistor tests
DiagnostictestsProoftests
AmbientvibrationtestsDyn.LoadAllowance(DLA)tests
PeriodicMonitoring:Field testin
ContinuousMonitoring:Active monitorin
Teststodeterminechangesinstructure
Passivemonitoring
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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WHATISSHM? ClassificationofSHM Systems
LevelIV , ,
L v l IIIDetectpresence,locationandseverityofdamage
Leve IIDetectpresenceandlocationofdamage
LevelI
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WHATISSHM? ClassificationofSHM Systems
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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WHATISSHM? AdvantagesofSHM
AdvantagesofSHM
Increasedunderstandin ofinsitustructuralbehaviour
Earlydamagedetection
Decreaseddowntimeforinspectionandrepair
Developmentofrationalmaintenance/managementstrategies
Increasedeffectivenessinallocationofscarceresources
Enablesandencouragesuseofnewandinnovativematerials
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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METHODOLOGY
IdealSHM system:
1.
Information
on
demand
about
a
structures
health2.Warningsregardinganydamagedetected
DevelopmentofaSHM systeminvolvesutilizing
Computers
Materials
ommun cat onStructuresSensors
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
IntelligentProcessing
DataCollection
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METHODOLOGY SystemComponents
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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METHODOLOGY Monitoringprinciples
Competenceof theMonitoringobjectives
ri geengineer
What?Bridgemodel Constraints
When?Designmodelmonitoringsystem
How?Designofphysical
monitoringsystem
Installationofphysicalmonitoring
Competenceofthemonitoringengineer
Validationofmodeland physicalmonitoringsystem
After Glauco Feltrin, EMPA, 2007
Maintenanceofmodelandphysicalmonitoringsystem
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METHODOLOGY Monitoringprinciples
0
0.05
]
g
0 1 2 3 4 5 6-0.1
-0.05d[m
Displacement D1
0
0.05
m]
Interactionbridge
0 1 2 3 4 5 6-0.1
-0.05d[
Displacement D2
time [s]
DomodelresultsmatchImproved
model/monitoring withmonitoringresults?corre a on
Bjrn Tljsten
o ca ono mo e
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METHODOLOGY Monitoringprinciples
g
Verificationbymonitoring notnew
TestingofasteeltrussinEnglandforarailwaybridgeinIndiainthe19thcentury
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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METHODOLOGY 1 AcquisitionofData
Thecollection
of
raw
data:strains,deformations,
accelerations,temperatures,moisture levels,acousticem ss onsan oa s
(a)SelectionofSensors
Appropriateandrobustsensors
Whataspectsofthestructurewillbemonitored?
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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METHODOLOGY 1 AcquisitionofData
(b)SensorInstallationandPlacement
Mustbeabletoinstallsensorswithoutalterin thebehaviour of
thestructure
, ,
accessoriesmustbeaccountedforintheinitialstructuraldesign
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METHODOLOGY 1 AcquisitionofData
(c)TransfertoDataAcquisitionSystem(DAS)
Method1LeadwiredirectphysicallinkbetweensensorandDAS
notpracticalforsomelargestructures
long
lead
wires
increase
signal
noise
Method WirelesstransmissionMore ex ensive
SignalsaretransferredmoreslowlyandarelesssecureUseisexpectedtoincreaseinthefuture
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METHODOLOGY 1 AcquisitionofData
(d)DataSamplingandCollection
GeneralRule:
Theamountofdatashouldnotbesoscantyasto jeopardize
,overwhelminterpretation
Issues:NumberofsensorsanddatasamplingratesData sortin for onsite stora e
Insomecases,largevolumesofdata
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
esu :Efficient
strategies
needed
for
data
sampling
and
storing
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METHODOLOGY 1 AcquisitionofData
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
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METHODOLOGY 1 AcquisitionofData
Whatismonitored,howandwhy?
oa
Magnitudeandconfigurationofforcesappliedtoa
Aretheyasexpected?
How
are
they
distributed?
Deformation
Excessiveorunexpecteddeformation,mayresultinaneedforrehabilitationorupgrade
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
Measuredusingvarioustransducers
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METHODOLOGY 1 AcquisitionofData
Strain
Intensityofdeformation
Magnitudeandvariationofstrainscanbeexaminedto
evaluatesafetyandintegrity Measuredusin strain au es
FOS,electrical,vibratingwire,etc.
empera ure Changesintemperature causedeformation
ThermalExpansion
Repeatedcyclescancausedamage Temperatureaffectsstrainreadings
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
MeasuredusingThermocouples(TC),Temperature
IndicatorControllers(TIC),thermistors
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METHODOLOGY 1 AcquisitionofData
Acceleration
Loadscauseaccelerationsofstructuralcomponentsand
viceversa
Howisthestructureresistingaccelerationsandtheresultin loads?
Widespreaduseinhighlyseismicregions Measuredusingaccelerometers
WindSpeedandPressure Windloadscangovernthedesignoflongspan bridgesand
tallbuildingsRecordspeedandpressureatvariouslocations
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
i i i f
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METHODOLOGY 1 AcquisitionofData
AcousticEmissions
Whencertainstructuralelementsbreak,theyemitnoise
AElistensforthenoises,andpinpointslocations
usingtriangulation Usedin osttensionedconcreteandcablesta edstructures
Measuredusingmicrophones
VideoMonitoring Timestampedvideosandpicturescanbeusedtowitness
extremeloadsoreventsDatacanbecorrelatedwithimages
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
Emerginginternetcameratechnologyisused
HO OLOGY 2 C i ti f D t
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METHODOLOGY 2 CommunicationofData
ReferstodatatransferfromtheDAStoanoffsitelocation
Allowsforremotemonitoring,eliminationofsitevisits
Telephone
lines
DAS Internet Offsite
Wireless
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
METHODOLOGY 3 I t lli t P i f D t
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METHODOLOGY 3 IntelligentProcessingofData
Requiredbeforedatacanbestoredforlaterinterpretationandanalysis
Thegoalistoremovemundanedata,noise,thermal,or
Easier
FasterMoreaccurate
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
METHODOLOGY 4 Storage of Processed Data
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METHODOLOGY 4 StorageofProcessedData
DatamaybestoredforverylongperiodsoftimeRetrieveddatamustbeunderstandableDatamustnotbecorruptedSufficientmemorymustbeavailable
Datafilesmustbewelldocumentedforfuture
inter retation
Itiscommontodisregardrawdataandstoreonly
processedoranalyzeddataThisdoesnotallowforreinterpretation
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
METHODOLOGY 5 Diagnostics
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METHODOLOGY 5 Diagnostics
ExtremelyimportantcomponentConvertsabstractdatasignalsintousefulinformationaboutstructuralresponseandcondition
Methodolo used de ends onTypeofstructureTypeandlocationofsensorsused
MotivationformonitoringStructuralresponsesunderconsideration
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
METHODOLOGY 6 Data Retrieval
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METHODOLOGY 6 DataRetrieval
Whenstoringdataforretrieval,consider1.Significanceofdata2.Confidenceinanalysis
Remember:
The oal o SHM is to rovide detailed h sical data whichcanbeusedtoenablerational,knowledgebasedengineeringdecisions.
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY
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SENSORTECHNOLOGY
ManysensortypesarecurrentlyavailableChoiceforSHM dependsonvariousfactors
Fibre opticsensors(FOSs)
Emergingforinfrastructureapplications
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY FOS
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SENSORTECHNOLOGY FOS
FOSAdvantages:
Stability Increasedlongtermstabilityanddecreased
noise
Nonconductive Immunetoelectromagneticandradio
fre uenc interference
Flexibility MultiplexingandDistributedsensing
Convenience Light,smalldiameters,noncorrosive,
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
em e a e,eas y on a e
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY How do FOSs work?
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SENSORTECHNOLOGY HowdoFOSs work?
Sensingusingopticalfibres andtechniques
Lightbeam laser issentdownanopticalfibre towardagauged
lengthLi htwavesmeasurechan esinstate i.e.elon ationorcontractionChangeinreflectedlightwavesiscorrelatedtostrainreadingDemodulationunitcalculatesstrainfromlightsignalsandgives
DASconvertsvoltagetostraindataforprocessing
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY Sensor Technology
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SENSORTECHNOLOGY SensorTechnology
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY Sensor Technology
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SENSORTECHNOLOGY SensorTechnology
Characteristics:
Useforstaticanddynamicmonitoring
Embeddable,bondableandweldableGau elen thcanvar fromcmtomorethan1kmThermalandmechanicalstrainscanbeseparated
WidthofcracksStraintransferinbondedjoints
tress
concentrat ons
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SHM SYSTEM DESIGN
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SHM SYSTEMDESIGN
1.DesignIssues DefinitionofSHM objectives
Typesofmonitoring
Sensorplacement
DurabilityandlifespanofSHM
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SHM SYSTEM DESIGN
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SHM SYSTEMDESIGN
2.InstallationIssues Contractoreducation
Sensoridentification
Sensordamageduring
construction
Structuralchangesinducedby
presence
o
SHM system
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
Protect onaga nstdeteriorationandvandalism
SHM SYSTEMDESIGN
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3.Use
Issues Disseminationof
performanceresults
Continuit ofknowled e
Datacollectionandmanagement
Publicawareness
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SHM SYSTEMDESIGN Methodology
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1. Identifythedamageordeteriorationmechanisms
.
responseTheoreticalandnumericalmodelsofstructure
3.Establishcharacteristicresponseofkeyparameters sta s sens t v tyo eac toanappropr ate eve o deterioration
4.SelecttheparametersanddefineperformanceindexRelateschangesinresponsetolevelofdeterioration
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SHM SYSTEMDESIGN Methodology
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5.DesignsystemSelectionofsensors,dataacquisitionandmanagementData inter retation
6.InstallandcalibrateSHM system(baselinereadings)
7.Assessfielddataandadaptsystemasnecessary
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
THEFUTUREOFSHM
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SHMisincreasinglyseenasanimportanttoolinthemaintenanceofsustainableinfrastructuresystems
Ongoingadvancementsareexpected,emergingtechnolo iesinclude:
Smart
CompositesLiveStructures
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
THEFUTUREOFSHM SmartComposites
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SmartComposites
. .
provideinformationabouttheconditionofthestructuralcom onent
Muscle/MemberAnalogy:
Muscleshavenervecellsembeddedinthemthatprovide
Smartcompositeshavesensorsinsidethatprovideinformation
theconditionsofthemuscles
condition
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
THEFUTUREOFSHM SmartComposites
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LiveStructures
analysis
Livestructuresarecapableof:
Sensingloads,
deformations,
and
damage
Correctingandcounteringtheloadeffects
Accom lishedusin emer in selfactuatin materials
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION
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StructuralHealth
Monitoring
optionsfor
monitoring,analysingandunderstandingthe
healthofourinfrastructures stems
Provide
essential
tools
toengineers
who
must
take
steps
toimprovethesustainabilityofinfrastructuresystems
ISIS Canada Educational Module 5
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION
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Ste 1
Assessmentprocedureforthebridge
Initialassessment
Sitevisits several
LaboratoryinvestigationsInvestigationsofLoadModels
Step3
StudyofdocumentsStudyandcarriedout
simplecalculations
StrengtheningcalculationsMonitoringRefinedcalculations,FEmodels
Intermediateassessment
Furtherinspections
Destructivetesting
Step2
,
DetailedcalculationsInvestigationsofloadingetcPlanningfortestingetc
DesignModelsUltimateLimitStateVerification
Bjrn TljstenStep4
. Detai e ana ysisNonlinearFEModels
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION
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CaseStud Thernskldsviksbrid e 2006
StructuralAssessment
S1:Survey S1:QuestionnaireBridgeowner/Consultant Bridgeowner/consultant
S2:Conditionassessment
Visual Ins ections
S2:SimpleFE
Consultant
S2:Nondestructivetests
Radar ultrasonic tests etc.
S2:Materialsamples
S3:Laboratorytesting
Bjrn Tljsten
Drillingofcores,pulloffetc. Concrete,Steeletc.
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION
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CaseStud Thernskldsviks brid e 2006
StructuralAssessment
S3:Sensorinstallation
Specialistconsultant
120
130
Slab
26 Ftg A1 30 Ftg A5 V
120
130
Slab
26 Ftg A1 30 Ftg A5 V
S4:Loadtest1
Testinginstitutes 010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000Timevik2(Platta1U1.bin)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000Timevik2(Platta1U1.bin)
S4:Strengthening
Specialistcontractors
S4:Loadtest2Testinginstitutes
S4:Detailedevaluation
Bjrn Tljsten
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION
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CaseStud Thernskldsviks brid e 2006
PredictedLoadCarryingCapacity
Bjrn Tljsten
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION
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CaseStud Thernskldsviks brid e 2006
PredictedLoadCarryingCapacity
Eurocode 2,
=
30o
P=6,1MN = o =
MCFT,Response,30o P=8,7MN
o =, , ,
Test, 30o P=11,7MN
Bjrn Tljsten
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSION
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Periodiclongtimemonitoring
CaseStudy Kallkllan 1998
80.00
Strains
40.00
60.00
ra
in
[e-6]
20.00
St
0.00
Time
Before strengthening After strengthening "Long-term" behavior
Measurementofstrains
Bjrn Tljsten
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st
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