1
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
SECTION - 1
TECHNICAL STANDARDS
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
1. Background Facts
Ripening is theprocessbywhich fruits attain their desirable flavour, quality, colour andother texturalproperties.Onthebasisof ripeningbehaviour, fruitsareclassifiedas:(i) Climacteric:Climactericfruitsaredefinedasfruitsthatenterclimactericphaseafterharvest i.e.they
continuetoripen. During theripeningprocess the fruits emit ethylenealongwith increased rateofrespiration. Ripe fruitsare softanddelicateandgenerally cannotwithstandrigorsof transportandrepeatedhanding.Thesefruitsare,therefore,harvestedhardandgreenbutnearfullmaturityandareripenednearconsumptionareasbyusingripeningaid.Evenfullymaturefruitsofthiscategorymayberipenedbyusing ripeningaidtogetuniformripening in large lots forbulk transportandmarketing.Smalldoseofethylene isusedto induceripeningprocessundercontrolledconditionsoftemperatureandhumidity.Climactericfruitsaremango,banana,papaya,guava,sapota,kiwi,persimmon,fig,apple,passionfruit,apricot,plumandpear.
(ii) NonClimacteric: Nonclimacteric fruitsonceharvesteddonot ripen further.Nonclimacteric fruitsproduce very small amountof ethyleneanddonot respond to ethylene treatment. There is nocharacteristic increasedrateofrespirationorproductionofcarbondioxide.
Nonclimacteric fruits are citrus,pineapple, grape, strawberry, pomegranate, lichi,watermelonandcherry.
Theessentialrequirementsofanethyleneripeningsystemare:
Areasonablyairtightroomwithinsulation
Atemperaturecontrolsystemforcoolingand/orheating
Anaircirculationandventilationsystem
Humiditycontrol
Anethylenegas injectionsystemand
Anelectriccontrolsystem
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Figure1TypicalLayoutofaFruitRipeningUnit
2. A Typical Layout and Types of Ripening Unit
ATypical Layoutofa FruitRipeningUnitmayhaveanumberof chambersandapackhouse.Numberofchamberswilldependonripeningcycle intermsofnumberofdays forwhichsystemhasbeendesigned.Packhousemaynotbenecessarilyanintegralpartofripeningunitandmaybeatadifferentsitealso.
a. RipeningRoomType1
Thistypeofripeningroomhasinsulatedcoldroomwithadditionofethyleneequipment.Formaintaindesiredleveloflowtemperatureandhumidity,ceilingmountedFinCoilEvaporator(closetowallpanel, leavingsomegapforsuction)willbeconnectedtotheCondensingUnitOutside.Fruitswithperforatedplasticcrateswillbeplacedintheroom.Theairisallowedthroughtheplasticcratesbymodifyingitsflowbysimplearrangementslike tarpetc, thusensuringuniformaircirculation,uniformethylenedistributionandfruits ripening.Asimpleventilationsystemisprovided,toprovideautomaticormanualventcontroltokeepCO
2withinthelimits.Inan
AutomaticVentilationsystemadual inlet/dischargedamperoperatesinparallelwiththefantoallowfreshair
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Figure2IllustrationsofRipeningUnitsType1
fromoutsidetoreplacetheairwithintheroomwhenventingisrequired.Incontrasttoit,inaManualVentilationSystem,ventilatingeffect inripeningrooms inachievedbyopening thedoors forabout20minutesevery12hoursafter the first24hoursof ripening. Stackingwillbedone in floor (single tier)only, uptoareasonableheight,whichwill facilitate for inspecting ripening status of fruits. Since, single tier system is generallyconsidered;MechanizedMaterialhandlingequipments (Forklifts) neednotbe required. SimpleHandpallettrucksaremorethansufficienttohandle theproduce.
a. RipeningUnitsType2
This typeofRipeningUnitshas specialair flowsystemwhichgeneratesdesired staticpressure in ripeningchamber.Theinsulatedcoldroomshaveasystemoffalseceiling,separatedandsealedannularspacebetweenwallandpalletisedcrates/CFBboxeswithorwithoutairinletlockingsystemtoisolatedesignatedpalletsetc.CoolairisroutedthroughfalseceilingintoboxeswithperforatedholesofCrates/CFBboxesforaircirculation)which, in turnare stacked in single /multitiersystem. In caseofmultitierstacking, fork lift operation isnecessary tohandle theproduce.
Figure3IllustrationsofRipeningUnitsType2
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Figure4BananaRipeningChart
3. A Guide for Fruit Ripening
Fruitsareripenedwithethyleneexposureat certainprescribedTemperatureandRelativeHumidity levelof9095%.Followingisbroadguide for fruitripeningcondition.Table1
S. Produce Ethylene Ethylene Ripening StorageNo. Details Concentration ExposureTime Temperature Temperature
(ppm) (hours) (oC) afterripening (oC)
1 Banana 100150 2448 1518 1314
2 Mango 100 24 2022 1013
3 Papaya 100 2448 2025 Aboutat7
4 Pears 100150 2472 1822 Aboutat0oC
5 Tomato 100150 2448 1820 12.5
Source: Adel A. Kader,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA. http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/produce/producefacts/fruits,http://fruitripening.com
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
4. Technical Standards for Ripening Chambers/ Units
I. BackgroundFacts
It is alsonoticed that ripening chamberswhichare being setupunder various schemesofhorticulturedevelopment,donotadhere toappropriate technicalstandards.Mainshortcomingsnoticedareas follows Inadequatebuildingdesign;
Useof inadequate/unreliable insulationmaterialwith insufficientK value
Useofobsoleteandenergy inefficient refrigerationunits
Lackofuniformair flowcirculationsystem
Lackofcontrolledconditionsandtechnology forethylene, temperatureandrelativehumidity
Lackofproperventilationsystemsandexhaustfans forCo2emission
Lackofmonitoringandcontrolsystemanddisplaydevices;
Useofunsafeelectricaldevices
It is therefore,necessary toprescribeappropriate technicalstandards inrespectofmodern,pressurised fruitripeningunitswhicharegiven in followingchapter.
II. TechnicalParametersforPressurisedRipeningChamber
Unless specificallyotherwisementioned, all the applicable latest codesand standardspublishedby theBureauof Indian Standards andall other standards, shall govern in all respectsofdesign,workmanship,quality, properties ofmaterials,methodof testingandmethodofmeasurements.Generally relevant ISspecificationandCodeofPracticesshallbeusedforallelectrical,mechanicalandcivilworks/ installation,however,wherever IS code is not available, relevant standard codes of ASME / ASHRAE / IIARor otherInternationalCodesare tobe followed.Latest revisionswillbe followed in allcases. Even forRipeningofFruits andVegetables theprocessas recommendedby IS Standards (e.g. IS 11977of 1987 for ripeningofgreenbanana)orasperInternationalStandardsshouldbefollowed.Forfurtherguidance,followingtechnicalparametersmaybe followed:
Storagecapacityofripeningchambermaydependonfruitstoberipenedandstackingandairflowsystem.Inthiscontext,bananamaybetakenasreferencecropforcalculationofstoragecapacityforagivenvolumeofstoragespace.
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Table2
S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications
1 CivilStructurebuildingdesign CivilStructure
a. StructuralSafetyStructuraldesignasperBISCode
b. AdherencetolocalBuildingRegulations
c. Concretefloorwithsufficientloadbearingcapacity.
d. Chambersizeisnotsmallerthan50CuMforpreventingbuildingupofhighconcentrationofethylene.
2 RipeningRoomDimensions a. RipeningRoomdimensionswilldependonnumberoftiersandnumberofpalletstobestored.Onanaverage11M3
perMTofbananafruits inripeningunitsfor10MTorlargercapacityand12M3/MTforripeningunitsof lessthan10MT capacity. For this purpose, volumeof onechamberistakenintoaccount.
b. Number of chambers may vary from four to eightdependingonripeningcycleintermsofnumberofdays.Chamberswill be generally identical in dimension. Inlowcostsolution,oneethyleneexposurechambermaybeaccompaniedbysinglestoragehallof,say,fourtimesthesizeoftheformer.However,insuchlowcostsolutions,lotsofdifferentripeningstagesbeingstackedtogether,itmaynotbepossibletoprovidetemperatureconditionsrecommendedforeachofthem.
c. FurtherIncreaseinnumberofchambers inmultipleofripeningcyclemaybeundertakenbutsituationinwhichmechanised handling is possible,multi tier ripeningchamber is analternativeoptionavailable.Numberoftiersmaygouptothree.
3 RipeningRoomConstruction ConstructionFeatures
a. Ripening Room Chambers should be designed andconstructed to hermetically seal with appropriateclosures / doors.The key feature of ripening rooms isthatconditionedairisforcedthroughtheproductratherthan the product just being stored in a temperaturecontrolledroom.Thesystempassesairthougheachpalletor seriesof palletsbefore returning to theevaporator.Therefore,anyairstackingorcrossstackingofboxesisnotnecessary,andtheresultislessspacerequirement,lesserhandlingofthefruitandimprovedproductquality.ItisforthisreasonthattheyarerecommendedevenforripeningoffruitsincratesandaremandatoryforfruitsinCFBboxesandsingleormultitierstackingsystem.
b. Theairflowwithintheripeningroomsistobedesignedto
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
penetrate all boxes of fruit with an even airflowthroughouttheroomresultinginallfruitbeingripeneduniformly.Recommendairflowis0.3cfmperpoundofbananasor2000m3/perhour/permetrictonofproduct.Ifthepulptemperaturedifferencebetweenthewarmestandcoolestfruitislessthan1oFor0.55oCthenthereisadequateairflow.Plenumchamberisrecommendedsoastoequalisepressurethroughtheproductforuniformdistribution/flowofairandethylenethroughtheproduct.
c. RipeningroomsmaybeconstructedofPUFpanelsorbyapplication of suitable thermal insulationwith vapourbarrier andcladding onwalls, floor and ceilingof civilstructure.Panelsareprefabricatedbuildingcomponentsfilledwith insulation, clad on both sideswith facingmaterialsandarrangedwithajointingmeanstoconnectpanelsandmaybepreferred.Inanycase,innerchambersurfaceshouldbeoffoodgradecladding.
d. Theinsulationenvelopeshallbedesignedtoensurethatairpressurecreatedbyfansdoesnotaffecttheintegrityofthecoldstorestructureorthepaneljoints.
e. Theheightofwallpanelsisoftensuchthatcaremustbetakentoensurethatadequatestabilityofthewallpanelsismaintained.Ifceilingsupportareprovided,theCeilingsupportsystemshallbeconnectedtothemainstructureinamannerwhichtakesintoaccount:
i. Themethod of supporting the insulating ceilingpanels,
ii. The position of the supports to avoid local overstresswithinthesupports,thesuspendedceilingorthemainstructure,
iii. Theexpansionandcontractionofthemainstructure.
4 RipeningRoomDoors Ripeningdoorsshouldbedesignedforminimalgasleakage.Ingeneral.
i. Forsingletierloading,hingeddoors,andinsomecases,slidingdoorsareused.Thedoorsshouldbedesignedforrugged operation and easy access for incoming andoutgoingfruitsonpallets.
ii. When stacking ismultitier and handling of pallets ismechanised,wideropeningsofdoorsarerequired.
iii. Careshouldbetakenwhenpositioningdoorsadjacenttofanstoavoidingressoregressofairassignificantchangesinstorepressurecanoccurwhensuchdoorsareopened.iv.
S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications
Wherepossiblethedoorshouldbelocatedontheexternal(warmside)ofthecoldstoreinsulation.
v. Suitablegasketsshallbeprovidedtoformasealaroundthedooropening.
vi. Large doors shall be supported by a subframeindependentoftheinsulatingpanels.
vii. Automaticdoorsshallopenandclosepromptly.
viii. Automatic doors shall incorporate a safety device toavoid injury topersonnelordamage toproduct in thecaseofaccidentalclosure.
ix. Alldoorsrequiredformeansofescapepurposesshallbeeasilyand immediatelyoperable from the insideatalltimes. Doors, which open automatically, are notacceptableformeansofescapeunlesstheyhaveamanualoverrideandcanbeopenedmanuallyintheeventofapowerfailure.
x. Incaseofmultitierstacking,doorsarerollinguptypeand therefore, following desirable safety features fordoorsshouldbeensured
a. InternalDoorRelease
b. BottomEdgePressureOperatedSafetyStop
c. CableBreakElectricalSafetyStop
d. SpringBreakMechanicalSafetyStop
e. VisionPanelwithemergencyKnockoutpanel
f. VerticalDsectionflexiblesealforeffectivesealinginconditionofreverseairflowforuniformripening.Sealshouldbestrongenoughtowithstandimpactfrompalletsduringloadingoperationsandflexibleenough to create an adequate seal between airdistributionsystemandproduct.Horizontalpalletseals shouldbe supported continuouslyalong thefulllengthofroombutshouldbeeasytoremoveasealforcleaningorreplacement.
g. Door protection by Goal Post Protectionwhichprotect door perimeters or Single FixedBollardsdoorssuitableforripeningchamber.
5 Insulationmaterial i. INSULATIONMATERIAL
a. Somemanufacturers recommend Rockwool or Polyisocyanurate (PIR) core composite panels for fireproofing.However, Polyurethane (PUR) Foam / EPS /Extrudedpolystyrenearealsoused.
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications
b. PUFpanelsareadvisableforripeningchambers.Minimum60 mm thick up to 120mm thick (PUF) insulatedsandwiched panel (minimum density of 40 Kg /M3)dependingonthedesignrequirements;oranyotherinsulation material having minimum R value of 2.6M2.K/ Warerecommendedforeasyinsituconstructionandvapourbarriereffect.Floor shallhavePUFslab60mm (minimum density of 40 Kg /M3) or any otherequivalentinsulatingmaterialisrecommended.
c. Covering floor insulationwith 100mm concrete isrecommended. Floor finish should be smoothwithpolymercoatingsohastobekeptclean.
ii. FACINGMATERIALS Oneofthefollowingcoveringsmaybeused;thefirstthreeareusedmorefrequentlythantheothersandaminimumtotalcoatedthicknessof0,5mmisrecommended.Avapoursealshallbeusedontheouterfacingofmaterials,whicharepermeable,suchasbrickmasonry:
a. Galvanizedsteelsheeting
b. Suitableplasticcoatedgalvanizedsteelsheeting
c. Polyestercoatedgalvanizedsteelsheeting
d. Stainlesssteelsheeting
e. Aluminiumsheeting
f. Aluminium/zincprotectedsteelsheeting
g. Glass reinforcedplastics
iii. ADHESIVES
a. Certainadhesiveshaveacombustiblesolventbasewhichcanbeabsorbedbyandremaininthepanelinsulation. These solvents should, therefore, beavoided.
b. Certainadhesivesshouldbestoredundercontrolledconditions and themanufacturers requirementsshouldbestrictlyobserved;manyadhesiveshaveamaximumshelflife.
c. Adhesivesshouldnothavealingeringtaint
6 Temperature&Humiditylevels Ripeningispreferredatalowertemperaturebutabovelevelofchillinginjury.Systemhastobedesignedtoachieveprescribedripening conditions in terms of temperature and relativehumidity for target fruits.Generally, RH level of 90 95% isrecommendedtopreventmoistureloss.
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications
7 HeatLoadCalculationandRefrigerant Coolingandheatingsystemneedstobedesignedbasedonheatload calculation. As per Kyoto Protocol standards, any ecofriendlyrefrigerantshouldbeusedincludingammonia,R134aandR404a.
8 Cooling/heatingcoilsandplenum a. CoolingcoilsaremanufacturedfromCopperorStainless
chamber SteelTubesandAluminiumFins.Thecoilsmustprovideexceptionally largesurfaceareatoensurehighnaturalhumidity levels within ripening rooms. In case ofammoniaasrefrigerant,coppertubeshallnotbeused.
b. Incaseofaplenumchamber;coolingcoilsandfansmustbeeasilyaccessibleviasingleaccesshatchlocatedaboveorattheendoftheplenumchamberatrooflevel.Ceilingvoidsshouldbefullyilluminatedtofacilitateinspectionofcoilsatregular intervals.
c. Electric heating elements should be used for heatingripeningroomduringlowertemperatureseasonasperdesign requirement andbe placed in easily accessiblelocations.Openflametypechamberheatingshouldneverbeusedduetoexplosivenatureofethylene.
d. Fixing of the cooler shall be arranged to avoiddisturbanceoftheceilingpanelsupportsystem.Ceilingpanelsinthevicinityofthecoolerunitswillbesubjectedto continual variations in temperature and therefore,relativemovementduringdefrostcycles.
9 Materialtobeusedforripening Ethylenegaswithsuitabledetectionanddosingequipmenttomaintain ethylene concentration within required levelsdependingonproduct(Range10to200ppm).
10 EthyleneGeneratorandDosingdevice a. Ethylenemaybeintroducedinripeningchambersinoneofthethreewaysbyusingindependentethylenegeneratorwithregulator;ethylenecartridgesandethylenenitrogenmixture(5%ethylene+95%nitrogen)cylinder.Whichevermethodisused,thedutyholdershouldensurethatthereare adequatemeans of dispersing the ethylene gasesthroughouttheripeningroomonitsrelease.
b. CentralizedEthylenesupplywithAutomationformultiplechambersforcontrolledandsafedosingofethylenemaybepreferredforlargerunits.
c. Ifageneratorcontainingethanolbasedsolutionrequirestobemoved, itshouldbeswitchedoff,themainscordremovedfromthesocketoutlet,andthemanufacturersinstructions closely followed.
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications
d. Itmaybeborneinmindthatethyleneinconcentrationabove27000ppmmayexplode.
11 SpecificationforAircirculationsystem i. Minimumairflowshouldbe2000M3perhour,perMTofproductripenedat95%.
ii. InRipeningUnits type1,air circulation ismodified foruniformripeningbyintroductionofsystemofTarp,Tarp/LockSockSystem/AirBagforVerticalAirCirculationorHorizontalAirFlow.
iii. In case of Ripening Units type 2, air circulation fansshould have adequate static pressure for uniformair/ethyleneflowthroughtheventilationholesprovidedintheCFBboxes/ Plastic Crates /Plastic Bags containingfruits.Forthis,largediameter,reversibleaxialflowfansshould be installed in the false ceiling accessible via asingleaccesshatchfor airsupplyunderpressure. Eachfanshould preferably be equippedwith venturi inlet toprovidemaximum efficiency throughout the ripeningprocess.Insuchcases,palletisolationmustbeprovidedforenergysavingsinpartloadconditionsbyprovidingaseriesofisolationdampersalongthelengthoftheripeningchamber. This function is operatedbymaking properselectionforpalletisolationonComputerisedRipeningRoomManagementSystem.
12 VentilationSystem a. When fruits are ripening, they release carbondioxidewhichwillbuildupinaripeningroom.TheCO
2production
beginsasthefruitripensenterstheclimactericphase,ortheperiodwhenbananasreleaseethyleneandhaveanelevatedrateofrespiration(alongwithagreatdealofother physiological changes). Respiration involves theuptakeofoxygen,thereleaseofcarbondioxide,andthebreakdownof starches.Carbondioxideconcentrationsabove1% (10,000ppm)will retard ripening, delay theeffectsofethyleneandcausequalityproblems.Suitableventingsystemconsistingoffans/dampers/openshutvalvesshouldbeinstalledtomaintainCO
2concentration
below5000ppm.
b. InripeningroomsType1,ventilationmaybeautomaticormanual.
c. In case of ripening rooms type2withpallet isolation,ventilationmaybeprovidedbyaroofmountedfanwhichisidentical inspecificationtothepressurefans.
d. In case of automatic forced air exhaust / ventilationsystemwith ducting, a dual inlet / discharge damper
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications
operatesinparallelwiththefantoallowfreshairfromoutsidetoreplacetheairwithintheroomwhenventisrequired.Automaticexhaustfans(eithertimedorsensorbased) or flowthough (constant) ventilation areprovidedattwolocations(onenearceilingofchamberandanotheralittleabovefloorlevel)ineachchamber.Thisalsoevacuatestheethyleneafterthedesiredexposureperiod andhelps tomaintain CO
2concentration low
(below5000ppm)duringtheripeningcycleforproperripening. Insuchcases,openingandshutoffactuators/valvescontrolisaffectedbyCO
2sensorandtimerdevice.
13 SensorsandControldevices a. Suitablesensorsandcontrolleddevicesshouldbeusedfor maintaining following parameters. For this,temperature&humidityloggersandRipeningChamberAirAnalysisKit(forEthyleneandCO2levels)maybeused.
i. Temperature
ii. Relativehumidity
iii. Ethyleneconcentration
iv. CO2Concentration
b. PLCdevicealsoknownasRipeningRoomManagementSystem RMS ismust in RipeningUnit Type2. Thecontrollerprovidestotalcontroloftheripeningsystemallowing operators secure and password protectedaccessto followingfunctions
c. Clearrealtimetemperaturedisplayandcontrol
d. Fanspeedandenergyusage
e. Ventilation intervals
f. Relativehumidityindicatorandcontrol
g. Ethylenelevelmonitoringandregulation
h. Doorcontrol
i. Lightingcontrol
j. Pallet loading and isolation
k. DifferentialPressureDisplayDifferentialPressureDisplayprovides the ripenerwithan indicationofairpressuredropcrossthefruitpallets.Thisinformationalongwithinformation fromTemperature. Ethylene gas censorslocatedinsidechamber,withinpalletsandwithinboxes/plasticbags,isusedtodeterminethesettingoftheinverterdrive based on factors such as the type of productpackagingandfruit,amountofpalletsintheroomand
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications
currentstageoftheripeningprocess.TheRMSformultichamberpressureripeningsystemshouldpreferablybeabletobeconfiguredtoallowallroomstobeviewedandcontrolledlocallyand,orremotely.
14 Electricalplugpoint a. ForoperatingPortableEthyleneGenerator,anElectricalPlugpointisrequiredinsidetheroom.MetalCladPlugpointintheMetalSockethousingwiththeindependentcircuit breaker system, in order to isolate the systemindependentwiththerestoftheSystem,isrecommended.
b. Forcentralized gasemission,noelectrical connectionsarerequiredinsidetheroom.
15 PalletRackingandMaterialHandling a. Ripening unit with single tier stacking should have amanually operated pallet lifting and carrying device.Pallet racking system comprises of box sectionconstructionwhichmaybedesignedasperBS5950orequivalent IS standards for strength and cleanliness,providingeasyaccessforpalletloadingathighlevel.
b. Formultitier stackingmotorised forklift should beprovided. In suchcases, inorder toassist loadingatupperlevels,forkliftguidesaretobeinstalledtoformacentreaislewhicharestrengthenedbyback fillingwithconcrete.Theseguidesaretobetaperedatthefront. To facilitate loading and centralising the forklifttruckinthedriveinracking,themiddleanduppertiersofrackingareoffsetfromthelowertier.Anaccessladder isalsoprovidedto the rearwall foraccess toanoptionalgratedwalkwayatmiddleandupperpalletlevels.
c. TypicalpalletisationsystemsareshowninSection3.
16 SomeUsefulAppliancesand WeighingScalesandFruitInspectionInstrumentssuchas
Instruments follow
a. WeighingScale
b. FirmnessTester
c. Refractometer
d. Sizers andCallipers
e. ProduceKnife
17 SafetyCertification I. Variousfiredetectionandpreventionsystemsanddevicesare commercially available and use of these is goodpractice.Theyincludedetectorsforheatandsmoke;fixedwatersprinkling system, inert gas snuffing systems,
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
I. Variation/amendmentClause
Thestandardsprescribedabovearenotintendedtopreventordiscouragevariationsarisingoutofnewconcepts,innovationsandR&Dinbuildingdesign&construction,thermalinsulationandcooling&refrigerationtechnologyetc.However,anyvariationsordeviationsfromtheaboveprescribedstandardsmustbesupportedbyscientific/technical details forpriorapprovalof thecompetentauthority, on thebasisofmeritwhomaydecide theproposal in viewof relevant technical details including critical storage requirements, energyefficiency(coefficientofperformance),availabilityofStandards,environmentalconcerns, safety etc.Similarly,periodicamendmentofstandardsforgeneralapplicationmayalsobeundertakenbytheNationalHorticultureBoard;inconsultationwithacommitteeofsubjectmatterexpertsdulyconstitutedfor thispurpose.
smoke release valves, flameproof barriers, fire breaks
formedbytheseparationofchambers,etc.Alldevices
usedshallhavebeentestedatlowtemperaturesandshown
tobesatisfactory.
II. Certificationforsafestorageofethyleneandforsystem
forpreventionofignitionandexplosionfromcompetent
authority,asperstatutoryrequirement, ifany,mustbe
taken. Similarly, safety forworkers against suffocation
mustbeensured.CertificationfromfollowingCertification
Authorityisnecessary
a. FactoryInspector
b. FireFightingInspector
c. ElectricalSafetyInspector
S.No. Items/Particular MinimumTechnicalSpecifications
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
SECTION - 2
BASIC DESIGN DATA SHEET
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
BASICDESIGNDATASHEET
Sl.No. Specifications Units Parameters
1 StorageCapacity(intermsofbanana) MT ...............................................
2 RoomVolume M3 ...............................................
3 RoomSize(lxwxht) eachinM ...............................................
3a) Ripeningrooms Number ...............................................
4 Pallets Type ...............................................
4a) Sizeofeachpallet MMxMMxMM ...............................................
4b) Palletseachchamber Number ...............................................
4c) Crates/boxlayersonaPallet Number ...............................................
4d) Stacksincaseofmultitierstacking Number ...............................................
4e) Palletliftingsystem ...............................................
5 DesignAmbientTemperature DEG.C ...............................................
6 TargetFruits Names ...............................................
7. RipeningRoomTemperature DEG.C ...............................................
8 SST DEG.C ...............................................
9 DesignRHinripeningroom % ...............................................
10 ProductIncomingTemperature DEG.C ...............................................
11 PulldownPeriod HOURS ...............................................
12 Wall /Ceiling/Floor Insulation Type
13 ValuesofThermal Insulation (a)Density................... (b)Uvalue...........................
14 Insulation Thickness
14a) Wall Insulation Thickness MM ...............................................
14b) Ceiling Insulation Thickness MM ...............................................
14c) Floor Insulation Thickness MM ...............................................
14d) Typeandthicknessofcladdingoninsulationonwalls ...............................................
16 DoorSize(wxhtxThick)eachin MM ...............................................
16a) HingedDoorSize ...............................................
16b) SlidingDoorSize ...............................................
16c) OtherType ...............................................
17 TubeLightFittings WxNos. ...............................................
18 DesignRipeningPeriod NoofDays ...............................................
19 RefrigerationLoad KW/Tr ...............................................
20 SuggestedRefrigerationUnits TrandNo. ...............................................
21 IndicativePowerInputDataforRefrigerationSystem KW ...............................................
22 HumidificationLoad Kg/Hr ...............................................
23 EthyleneApplicationSystem Detail ...............................................
24 Sensors Detail ...............................................
25 ControlSystem Detail ...............................................
26 ElectricSystemforchamber ...............................................
27 Humidifier Detail ...............................................
28 Measurestoensureproperqualityofwaterforhumidifier ...............................................
29 CoP ...............................................
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
SECTION - 3
Guidelines for Stacking & Typical Construction Features
of a Ripening Unit
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
AppendixI
Some Typical Pallets Arrangements
Figure5ATypicalPallet
Figure6ATypicalCrate
Figure7ATypicalPalletCratesArrangement
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Figure1130MTRipeningChamberEvaporatorUnit&Pallets
Arrangements
Figure1020MTRipeningChamberEvaporatorUnit&Pallets
Arrangements
Figure910MTRipeningChamberEvaporatorUnit&Pallets
Arrangements
Figure85MTRipeningChamberEvaporatorUnit&Pallets
Arrangements
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Figure12TypicalAirFlowDiagramforRipeningRoom
Figure13TypicalAirFlowDiagramforRipeningRoomWithPallets
Figure14TypicalPalletcratesArrangementsinARipeningRoom
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Figure17TypicalControlPanel&SensorLocations
Figure18HumidifierLocation
APPENDIX2
Typical Construction Features of a Ripening Unit
Figure15TypicalGeneralItemsArrangementsinARipeningRoom
Figure16TypicalEvaporatorFixingArrangements
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Figure19TypicalFreshAirEntry&ExhaustSystem
24
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Figure20AirBags(VerticalAirCirculation)
Figure21LockSockSystem
25
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Figure24RacksandPalletIsolation
Figure22LockSockSystem
Figure23HorizontalAirCirculation
26
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
SECTION - 4
Protocol for Implementation of Technical Standards
27
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Protocol for Implementation of Technical Standards
Subject toprovisionsof VariationClause,only those coldstorageprojects that are in conformitywith theprescribedtechnicalstandardswillbeeligibleforCentralGovernmentSubsidy.Inordertoverifythis,followingmechanismneedstobeputinplace
A. SystemofLetterofIntent(LoI)
LoItobeobtainedbythepromoterpriortoundertakingconstructionofcoldstorageneedstobeintroduced.AnapplicationforLetterofIntentmustbeaccompaniedbyfollowingdocuments,inadditiontoanyotherdocumentsprescribed.
I. Acopyofthedetailedprojectreport
II. Information inprescribedBasicDesignDataSheetaccompaniedbyrequisitedocuments
Technicalscrutinyoftheabovedocumentswillbeundertakentoensurethattheprojectis inconformitywiththeprescribedtechnicalstandardsoranyvariation is fully justifiedkeeping inviewtheproduct tobestored,prescribedstorage conditions,energyefficiencyandenvironmentalandsafety concerns.
B. CivilStructure
Followingdocumentsmustbesubmittedbythepromoter inrespectofcivilconstruction
i. Certificateofapprovalof thebuildingplanby localplanningauthority,
i. CertificateissuedbyregisteredcivildesignengineeraboutconformitywithrelevantBISStandardsandprescribedstandardsandsafetyconcerns,
ii. Certificatebysiteengineer/architecttotheeffectofconstructionofthecivilstructureasperapprovedbuildingplananddesignandcompletionof the civilcomponentsaccordingly in all respects asperprescribedplanandstandards,
C. ThermalInsulation&RefrigerationSystem,ControlandSafetyDevices
i. Thecomponentsof insulationandrefrigerationsystemshouldbecertifiedin formofatechnicaldatasheetbythemanufacturerconfirmingtheratingandperformanceasperprescribedstandards.
ii. Further,site inspectionat appropriate stagesofconstruction / erectionandcommissioningmaybeundertakenbyan inspectionteamconstitutedbycompetentauthority for thispurpose.
iii. Finally, themanufacturer/refrigeration contractingagencywill issue a certificate of satisfactorycommissioningofthecoolingsystem inconformancetotheperformance indicatorsasperprescribedstandards.
28
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
iv. Themanufacturer/refrigerationcontractingagencywillalsoprovideasbuiltdrawings, includingcoldstore layout,P&Iandelectricaldrawingandanoperation&maintenancemanualalongwitha listofessential spareparts.
v. A setofabovedocuments alongwith the refrigerationsystemperformance certificate issuedbytherefrigeration company / contractingagency,duly signedby anauthorizedgraduateengineerof thecompany/agency,mustbesubmittedtocompetentauthorityforrecordandacopyofthesamemustbeissuedtothepromoter/owneroftheproject.
29
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
AnnexureI
List of Members / Experts in Technical Committee of NHB
1. ShriBijayKumar,ManagingDirector,NationalHorticultureBoard,Gurgaon(Haryana)
2. Shri I.C.Chadha,DY.GeneralManager(Tech.),CentralPlanningHousingCorporation.NewDelhi
3 ShriNareshKumar Jawa,Chief ExecutiveOfficer, Fresh&HealthyEnterprises Ltd.,CONCORHSIIDCIndustrialEstate,Rai,Sonepat131029(Haryana)
4 ShriR.S.Rathore,DepartmentofHorticulture&FoodProcessing,Govt.ofUttarPradesh,Lucknow
5 ShriSuneethToteje,ScientistC, Food&AgriBureauofIndianStandards
6 ShriR.K.Boyal,GeneralManager (F&R),Agriculture&ProcessedFoodProductExpertDevelopmentAuthority(APEDA),3rd Floor,NCUIBuilding,3Siri InstitutionalArea,AugustKrantiMarg,NewDelhi
7 ShriVinodKaul,Dy.GeneralManager(F&R),Agriculture&ProcessedfoodProductExpertDevelopment,Authority (APEDA),3rd Floor,NCUIBuilding,3Siri InstitutionalArea,AugustKrantiMarg,NewDelhi
8 ShriS.D.Sharma,AGM(Project)CWC,CO,NewDelhi
9 Dr.S.K.Chauhan,Deptt.OfHorticulture&FoodProcessing,Lucknow(UP)
10 Dr.M.M.Mustaffa,Director,NationalResearchCenterofBanana,Trichi
11 Shri P. Saxena,Advisor,NationalCooperativeDevelopmentCorporation,NewDelhi
12 Dr.D.K. Tandon,Scientist,Central Institute forsubtropicalHorticulture,Lucknow(UP)
13 ShriA.K.Verma,Central Institute forsubtropical Horticulture,Lucknow(UP)
14 Dr.R.K.Sharma,Sr.DeputyDirector,NationalHorticultureBoard,Gurgaon
15 ShriBrijendraSingh,DeputyDirector,NationalHorticultureBoard,Gurgaon
16 ShriK.VijaySingh,RinacIndiaPvt.Ltd,101C,IstFloor,KudanHouse,HariNagar,AshramChowk,NewDelhi110014.
17 ShriMr.T.N. Jayaram,Head(TechnicalTraining&Support)Rinac IndiaPvt.Ltd.,101C, IstFloor, KudanHouse,HariNagar,AshramChowk,NewDelhi.
18 ShriEkanathGajare,At&PoChinawal,TehsilRaver,Dist Jalgaon(MS)
19 ShriAshishSrivatava,ChemtronScienceLabPvt.Ltd.,Lucknow(UP)
20 ShriV.S.Sunjay,YesBankLtd.,DLFPhaseII,Gurgaon(Haryana)
21 ShriUmeshC.Agrawal,IsopanInsulationPvt.Ltd.,T11/90,VipulGreen,SohanaRoad,Gurgaon(Haryana)
22 ShriSureshKumar,BlueStarLtd.,Block2A,DLFCorporatePark,Gurgoan
30
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
23 ShriB.Thiagarajan,BlueStarLtd,9BazullahRoad,T.Nagar,Cheenai600017
24 ShriRMIyengar,BlueStarLtd.
25 ShriDnyandeoGanpati Mahajan,At&PoChinawal,TehsilRaver,DistJalgaon(M.S)
26 ShriS.K.Sharma,ManagingDirector,GlobalAgriSystemPvt.Ltd.,K13,HauzKhas,Enclave,NewDelhi
27 ShriM.S.Manjunath,VicePresident (BusinessDevelopment), Ingersoll Rand International (India),Bangalore
28 ShriM.Venkanna,Ranersonrand International IndiaLtd.,Bangalore
29 ShriSanjayGupta,Infracool,4276,Sector23A,Gurgaon
30 ShriR.AnishSinha,RinacIndiaLtd.,Bangalore
31 ShriRajeshKumar,ChemtronScienceLabPvt.Ltd.,EI47,MSDCMahape,NaviMumbai.
32 ShriDineshGoswasy,AgritechEquipment&ServicesPvt.Ltd.,NewDelhi
33 ShriA.K.Choudhary,DevBhumiColdChainLtd.,1718,SabjiMandi,Azadpur,Delhi
34 ShriSubhashKankan,DevBhumiColdChainLtd.,1718,SabjiMandi,Azadpur,Delhi
35 ShriSanjayAggarwal,DevBhumiColdChainLtd.,1718,SabjiMandi,Azadpur,Delhi
36 Shri S.K. Sharma,BajajProcessorMachinePvt.Ltd., 7/27, Jailaxmi Industrial, Estate site4,Sahabad,IndustrialArea,Gaziabad(UP)
37 ShriGirishBajaj, Bajaj ProcessorMachinePvt. Ltd., 7/27, Jailaxmi Industrial,Estate site4,Sahabad,IndustrialArea,Gaziabad(UP)
38 ShriJ.M.Gupta,MD,APCPolycoat(India)Pvt.Ltd.A1/296,Janakpuri,PankhaRoad,NewDelhi
39 ShriMahavirVerma,VicePresident, InternationalCoilCompany,A2124,Naraina, IndustrialArea,PhaseII,NewDelhi110028
40 ShriMukeshPuri,President, ISHRAE,HQ, , 502, 5th Floor,DDABuildingDistrictCentre,LaxmiNagar,Delhi110092
41 ShriGirishSachar,Executive Secretary, ISHRAE,HQ,502,5th Floor,DDABuildingDistrictCentre,LaxmiNagar, Delhi110092
42 Shri S.S.Malik,B5&6/4299,VasantKunj,NewDelhi110070
43 ShriAshutoshC.Mali,JainIrrigationSystemLtd.,Jalgaon(M.S)
44 NHBOfficersfromitsHQanddifferentStates.
31
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
AnnexureII
List of Relevant BIS and Other Standards
TheCodesandStandards listed in thisannexurerepresentpracticesandmethodspublishedbyBureauofIndianStandards (BIS) andother InternationalOrganizations applying todesignand constructionofColdStores,PackHouse,RipeningChambers,andFoodProcessingFacilitiesetc.Theyarevaluableguidesforthepracticingengineer indetermining testmethods, rating, performance requirement and limits applying todesign constructionandequipmentsused.
Thecodesandstandardslistedareintendedtoserveasminimumrequirement,andarenottobeconstruedas limiting goodpractice.Wherever ISCode is not available, relevant standardcodesofASME/ASHRAE /IIARorotherInternationalCodesare tobe followed.Latest revisionswill befollowed inall cases.
The responsibility fordecidingwhetherotherrequirementsadditional to theones listed in thisdocumentarenecessary toensure system integrity, efficiencyandoverall safety, includingoperation,maintenanceand servicingand/or thenecessity toadoptadditional requirementsin the systemdesignand constructionto guarantee the overall performance, stil l restswith the supplier /manufacturer. The suppliers /manufacturers shall furnish to theowner copiesof instructionmanualwhich shall includeoperation&maintenance instruction,asbuilt drawings,wiringdiagrams, recommended sparepartsand replacementpart list.
Thesuppliers /manufacturers shallprovide training for theplant andmachinery installed includingsafetyand emergency procedures. The supplier /manufacturerwi ll follow all practices set forth by goodmanufacturingpracticesby variousapplicableCodesandStandards listed in thisdocumentandshall fullycertify theequipment, plant andmachinery supplied / installed in compliance to the relevant codesandstandards.
Where there is a requirement for deviation, the difference(s)mustbebrought to the intentionof theregularitybodyandthecustomerinwriting.
Allexceptions/deviationstothecodesandstandardsfortheplantandmachineryincludingcivilworksanddesign shallbe identifiedanddetailed in theproposal/ biddocuments to the customers /ownerandhisspecificapproval inwritingwillbetakenbefore commencementofsupply/work.
Thesupplier/manufacturer/contractorshouldbefullyawareofalldetailsinhisscopeetc,anditisimperativethat allworkperformed shall be donebypersonnel trainedand skilled in the installation of plant andmachinery.
32
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Codes and Standards
A. ElectricalBureauofIndianStandards(BIS)
S.No. Title Reference
1. PVCInsulatedcables(lightduty)forworkingvoltageupto1100volts IS 6941977PartI&II
2. PVCInsulatedcables(heavyduty)forworkingvoltageupto1100volts IS 15541976PartI
3. PVCInsulatedcablesforvoltage3.3KVto11KV IS 15541976PartII
4. SpecificationofPolyurethaneinsulatedPVCsheetedheavyduty IS 59591970electricalcables,voltagenotexceeding1100V PartI
5. SpecificationofPolyurethaneinsulatedPVCsheetedheavyduty IS 59591970electricalcables,voltage3.3KVto11KV PartII
6. Guideformakingofinsulatedconductors IS 55781970
7. Codeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofpaper IS 12551967insulatedpowercables
8. Codeofpracticeforearthling IS 30431966
9. Guideofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofinductionmotors IS 52161969
10. CodeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofAC IS 52141969inductionmotorstarters
11. CodeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofACinductionmotors IS 9001965
12. Codeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceofswitchgears IS 3721975
13. Codeofpracticeforinstallationandmaintenanceoftransformers IS 18861967
14. Codeofpracticeforelectricalwiringinstallation,voltagenot IS 7321963exceeding650V
15. Codeofpracticeforelectricalwiring installation IS 22741963
(systemvoltageexceeding650V)
16. GuidefortestingthreephaseinductionMotor IS 40291967
17. ThreePhaseinductionMotors IS325
18. Electricalmeasuringinstrumentsandthereaccessories IS248
19. Currenttransformers IS2705
20 Dimensionsofsliderailsofelectricmotors IS2968
33
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
S.No. Title Reference
21. FlexibleSteelconduitsforelectricwiring IS3480
22. AirBreakSwitches IS4064
23. MotorStartersforvoltagenotexceeding1000Volts IS8544
24. Conduits for electrical installation IS9537
25. Selection,installation&maintenanceofTransformers IS 10028
26. Selection,installation&maintenanceofswitchgearandcontrolgear IS 10118
27. NationalElectrical Codes SP:30
B. MechanicalBureauofIndianStandards(BIS)
S.No. Title Reference
1. SafetycodsforMechanicalRefrigeration IS660
2. Codeofpracticeforthermalinsulationofcoldstorages IS661
3. Codeofpracticeforapplicationofpolyurethaneinsulationby IS 13205insitupouringmethod
4. Rigidphenolicfoamsforthermalinsulation IS 13204
5. Applicationforsprayappliedinsulationcodeofpractice IS 12432Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate PartIII
6. Specificationsforpreformedrigidpolyurethane(Pur)and IS 12436poly isocyanurate(Pir) foamsforthermal insulation
7. Expandedpolystyreneforthermalinsulation IS4671
8. Codeforpracticeforfiresafetyofindustrialbuildings:General IS3594Storageandwarehousingincludingcoldstorage
9. Anhydrousammonia IS662
10. IndustrialBitumen IS702
11. Gunmetalgate,globeandcheckvalveforgeneralpurpose IS778
12. BallValves includingfloats forwatersupplypurposes IS1703
13. MildSteelTubes,tubularandotherwroughtsteelpipesfittings IS1239
14. SteelPlatesforpressurevesselsusedatmoderateandlowtemperature IS2041
15. Colorcodeforidentificationofpipelines IS2379
16. Vbelts for industrialpurposes IS2494
17. Hotdipgalvanizingofironandsteel IS2629
34
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
S.No. Title Reference
18. Codeforunfiredpressurevessels IS2825
19. Glossaryoftermsforsafetyandreliefvalves IS3233
20 Steelforpressurevesselsandweldedstructures IS3503
21. Steeltubesformechanicalandgeneralengineeringpurposes IS3601
22. Steelforgeneralstructuralpurposes IS2062
23. Steeltubesforstructuralpurposes IS1161
24. Specificationsforsteeldoors,windowsandventilators IS1038
25. Codeofpracticefordesignloads(otherthanearthquake) IS875Forbuildingandstructures PartItoV
26. CriteriaforearthquakeresistantdesignofStructures IS1893
27. Specificationsforcoldformedlightgaugestructuralsteelsections IS811
28. CodeofpracticeforuseofSteelTubesingeneralbuildingconstruction IS806
29. Codeofpracticeforuseofcoldformlightgaugesteelstructural IS801membersingeneralbuildingconstruction
30. Codeofpracticeforgeneralconstructioninsteel IS800
31. Glossaryoftermsusedinrefrigerationandairconditioning IS3615
32. Pressureandvacuumgauges IS3624
33. SafetyCodesforscaffoldsandladders IS3696
34. Formedendsfortanksandpressurevessels IS4049
35. Shellantubetypeheatexchangers IS4503
36. Codeofsafetyforammonia IS4544
37. Expandedpolystyreneforthermalinsulationpurposes IS4671
38. HotdipZinccoatingonsteeltubes IS4736
39. Unitsandsymbolforrefrigeration IS4831
40. HDPEpipesforpotablewatersupplies,sewageandindustrialeffluents IS4984
41. Gauge glasses IS5428
42. Specificationforsprayedaluminumandzinccoatingonironand IS5905steel surfaces
43. SteelPipeflanges IS6392
44. InjectionmoldedHDPEfittingsforportablewatersupplies IS8008
45. Verticalsteel ladders IS8172
35
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
S.No. Title Reference
46. Treatmentofwaterforindustrialcoolingsystems IS8188
47. Nominalsizesofvalves IS9520
48. Selection,useandmaintenanceofrespiratoryprotectivedevices IS9623
49. Polythenefloatsforballvalves IS9762
50. Generalpurposeballvalves IS9890
51. SIunits IS 10005
52. Recommendationsforgeneralpipelinewelding IS 10234
53. Ammoniavalves IS 11132
54. Finnedtypeheatexchangerforroomairconditioner IS 11329
57. Specificationformetalairduct IS655
58. Specificationforgalvanizedsteelsheet IS227
59. SpecificationsforPerformedRigidPolyurethane IS124361988
60. GlossaryofTermsusedinRefrigeration&Airconditioning IS3615:2007
61. CodeofPracticeforFireSafetyofWarehousingincluding specificationcoldstoragesISAsperRelevant
62. FoodHygieneGeneralPrincipleCodeofPractice IS 24911998
63. Selfblastedlampsforgenerallightingservice IS 15111Part1and2
C. PublicationbyInternationalSocietiesandAssociationsPreEngineeredBuilding
S.No. Title Reference
1. BuildingCode IBC2006
2. DesignCode AISC2005
3. ToleranceCode MBMA2002
4. PurlinCode AISI2001
5. WeldingCode ANS2006
6. WindLoad&SeismicLoad IS875&ISA8932002&RelevantCodes
36
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
D. EuropeanOrganizationforTechnicalApprovals(EOTA)
S.No. Title Reference
1. ExternalThermalInsulationCompositeSystemswithRendering ETAG004
2. ColdStoragePremisesKitsPart1:ColdStorageRoomKits ETAG21
3. ColdStoragePremisesKitsPart2:ColdStorageBuildingEnvelope ETAG021and itsbuilding.
mericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigerationandAirConditionEngineers,IncASHRAE
RefertoREFRIGERATIONSystemsandApplications,Handbook
Chapter51CodesandStandards,
InternationalStandard(ISO)
Standardand/orproject
ISO873:1980PeachesGuidetocoldstorage
ISO874:1980FreshfruitsandvegetablesSampling
ISO931:1980GreenbananasGuidetostorageandtransport
ISO949:1987CauliflowersGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO1134:1993PearsColdstorage
ISO1212:1995ApplesColdstorage
ISO1673:1991OnionsGuidetostorage
ISO1838:1993FreshpineapplesStorageandtransport
ISO 19561:1982FruitsandvegetablesMorphologicalandstructuralterminology
ISO 19562:1989FruitsandvegetablesMorphologicalandstructuralterminology
37
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Standardand/orproject
ISO 19901:1982FruitsNomenclatureFirstlist
ISO 19902:1985FruitsNomenclatureSecondlist
ISO 19911:1982VegetablesNomenclatureFirstlist
ISO 19912:1995VegetablesNomenclaturePart2:Secondlist
ISO2165:1974WarepotatoesGuidetostorage
ISO2166:1981CarrotsGuidetostorage
ISO2167:1991RoundheadedcabbageGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO2168:1974TablegrapesGuidetocoldstorage
ISO2169:1981FruitsandvegetablesPhysicalconditionsincoldstoresDefinitionsandmeasurement
ISO2295:1974AvocadosGuideforstorageandtransport
ISO2826:1974ApricotsGuidetocoldstorage
ISO3631:1978CitrusfruitsGuidetostorage
ISO3659:1977FruitsandvegetablesRipeningaftercoldstorage
ISO3959:1977GreenbananasRipeningconditions
ISO4125:1991DryfruitsanddriedfruitsDefinitionsandnomenclature
ISO4186:1980AsparagusGuidetostorage
ISO4187:1980HorseradishGuidetostorage
38
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Standardand/orproject
ISO5524:1991TomatoesGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO5525:1986PotatoesStorageintheopen(inclamps)
ISO6000:1981RoundheadedcabbageStorageintheopen
ISO6477:1988CashewkernelsSpecification
ISO6478:1990PeanutsSpecification
ISO6479:1984ShelledsweetkernelsofapricotsSpecification
ISO6479:1984/Cor 1:1999
ISO6659:1981SweetpepperGuidetorefrigeratedstorageandtransport
ISO6660:1993MangoesColdstorage
ISO6661:1983FreshfruitsandvegetablesArrangementofparallelepipedicpackagesinlandtransportvehicles
ISO6662:1983PlumsGuidetocoldstorage
ISO6663:1995GarlicColdstorage
ISO6664:1983BilberriesandblueberriesGuidetocoldstorage
ISO6665:1983StrawberriesGuidetocoldstorage
ISO6755:2001DriedsourcherriesSpecification
ISO6756:1984DecorticatedstonepinenutsSpecification
ISO6757:1984DecorticatedkernelsofmahalebcherriesSpecification
39
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Standardand/orproject
ISO6822:1984
Potatoes,rootvegetablesandroundheadedcabbagesGuidetostorageinsilosusingforcedventilation
ISO6882:1981
AsparagusGuidetorefrigeratedtransport
ISO6949:1988
FruitsandvegetablesPrinciplesandtechniquesofthecontrolledatmospheremethodofstorage
ISO7558:1988
Guidetotheprepackingoffruitsandvegetables
ISO7560:1995
CucumbersStorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO7561:1984
CultivatedmushroomsGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO7562:1990
PotatoesGuidelinesforstorageinartificiallyventilatedstores
ISO7563:1998
FreshfruitsandvegetablesVocabulary
ISO7701:1994
DriedapplesSpecificationandtestmethods
ISO7702:1995
DriedpearsSpecificationandtestmethods
ISO7702:1995/Cor 1:2001
ISO7703:1995
DriedpeachesSpecificationandtestmethods
ISO7703:1995/Cor 1:2001
ISO7907:1987
CarobSpecification
ISO7908:1991
DriedsweetcherriesSpecification
ISO7910:1991
DriedmulberriesSpecification
ISO7911:1991
UnshelledpinenutsSpecification
40
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Standardand/orproject
ISO7920:1984
SweetcherriesandsourcherriesGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO7922:1985
LeeksGuidetocoldstorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO8682:1987
ApplesStorageincontrolledatmospheres
ISO8683:1988
LettuceGuidetoprecoolingandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO9376:1988
EarlypotatoesGuidetocoolingandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO9719:1995
RootvegetablesColdstorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO9833:1993
MelonsColdstorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO9930:1993
GreenbeansStorageandrefrigeratedtransport
ISO 23391:2006
DriedrosehipsSpecificationandtestmethods
ISO 23392:2006
FreshandquickfrozenmaizeandpeasDeterminationofalcoholinsolublesolidscontent
ISO 23393:2006
PomegranatefruitSpecificationandtestmethods
ISO 23394:2006
DriedoleasterSpecificationandtestmethods
OtherStandardsandReferences
Thereissufficientdataavailableondesignofenergyefficientcoldstoresandcommercialstoragepracticesoffreshfruitsandvegetablesandotherperishablecommoditiesfromvariouspublicationsbyorganizationssuchas:
1. InternationalAssociationofRefrigeratedWarehouses (IARW)andWorldFoodLogisticsOrganizations,
a) CommodityStorageManual
41
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
b) CrisisManagementManual
c) GuidetoEffectiveWareHouseOperations
d) MaintenanceandModernizationManual
2. AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigerationandAirConditionEngineers, Inc ASHRAEHandbooks
a) REFRIGERATIONSystems&Applications
b) FUNDAMENTALS
c) HVACSystemsandEquipment
d) HVACApplications
3. The International InstituteofRefrigeration (IIR),
4. International InstituteofAmmoniaRefrigeration(IIAR),
5. UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture (USDA),
6.PostharvestTechnologyResearch&InformationCenterUCDAVIC
42
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
AppendixIII
Extracts From International (EU) Health and Safty Rules for Ripening Room
INTRODUCTION
1 There are largenumberof fruitRipeningPlants in theEUenforcementarea.Bananasare themostcommonfruitbutotherexoticfruitsareripenedbythesameprocess.
BACKGROUND
2 BananasimportedgreenintotheEUareripenedinspeciallyconstructedroomsbyexposuretocontrolledatmospherecontainingethylenegasataconcentrationoftypically0.1%byvolumeinair.Someroomsareheatedby gasor electricity,whenambient temperature is low. Theethylene is introduced frompressured cylinders,cartridgesoracatalyticgenerator. If the introductionofethylene isuncontrolledthereisariskthattheethylenemayreachorexceedtheLowerExplosivelimit(LEL)andbeignitedbyunprotectedelectricalapparatusorgasheatingsystems. TheLEL forethylene is3.1%.Therefore it ishighly recommended thatuseofEthylenecylindersbevigorously discouraged.
THEPROCESS
3 a. Greenbananasincartonsandatanambientfruitpulptemperatureareloadedintotheripeningrooms.Ifthepulptemperatureishigher,theripeningroomswillprecoolto1517oCinabout16hours. TheGreenbananasmustbewashedtoremovelatexandskinshouldbecleaned.
b. Theroomisclosed,cooledfor12to16hoursuntilthepulptemperaturereaches15to17oC.Theheating is thenswitchedoff.
c. Ethyleneisdischargedintotheroomataconcentrationof0.1%.Theroomisthenkeptclosedfor24hours.Theethyleneactsasacatalystinitiatingthehormonalprocessofripening.
d. Attheendofthistimetheroomisventilatedtocleartheethylene.
e. Theroomisthenclosedagainandtheatmospherecontrolledatatemperatureof15to17oCforthreetofourdays.Thefruitpulpmayreachatemperatureof32oCduringthisprocessandgases,includingcarbondioxide,areevolved insubstantial quantities.
f. Theroomisfinallyventilatedandtheripefruitremoved.Acommonwayofventilatinginvolvesopeningthedoorsforatleast5,usually15minutesbeforeentryismadeExtractorfansmayalsobeused.
NB:Theamountofethylenegasrequiredforaripeningroomisnormallycalculatedonthefreeairspaceafter
43
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
thebananashavebeen loaded ( i.e. ifbananas takeupto35%of the room size.Calculate theamountofethylenerequiredfor remaining65%freeairspace
METHODSOFINTRODUCINGETHYLENEGAS
ETHYGENCatalyticGenerators
4. Amethodbywhicha liquidconcentrateEthyGen isdecomposed inanelectricallypoweredcatalyticgenerator,toproduceethylenegas.TheEthyGenconcentrateissuppliedincontainerswhichproduceabout12ft3 (0.33m3)ofethylenegas, theamountof liquidput in thegeneratordependsonsizeofripeningroom.
EthyleneCartridges
5. Eachethylenecartridgescontainsapproximately51gofpureethyleneandtheethyleneConcentrationintheroommaybecontrolledsimplyandaccurately byusingtheappropriatenumberof cartridges.Ethyleneis releasedbypiercingthecartridgeswithatoolwhichissupplied.
EthyleneandEthylene/NitrogenCylinders
6. Theexplosion risk fromethylene canbeeliminatedbytheuseofamixtureofgas consistingof 5%ethylene innitrogen.Pureethyleneandthemixture canbeobtained fromBritishOxygenCompanyLimitedandAirProductsLimited.
PureEthyleneCylinders
7. Pureethylenecanbeobtainedincylinders,butfireandexplosionhazardsbeinghigh,mustbeavoided.
HAZARDS
8. Thehazardsarisingfromthisprocessfall intotwomaincategories.
Fire/Explosion
a. Introductionofpureethylenefromcartridgesmayresultinlocalizedandshortlivedflammablegas/airmixtures.
b. Extensive flammablegas/airmixturemay result from theuncontrolledadditionof Ethylene fromalargecylinderorfromamultipledischargeofsmallcartridgesoftheuseofthecatalyticgeneratorintoosmallaroom.
c. Wheregasfiredheatingequipment/electricalpointsareused,flamefailuremayresultinquantitiesofunburntgasenteringtheroomandcreatingaflammableatmosphere.
BANANA(ANDOTHERFRUIT)RIPENINGROOMSETHYLENEGAS
a. excessadditionofethylene/nitrogenmixture fromcylinders.
44
TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
b. theevolutionofcarbondioxideduringtheripeningprocess.
c. The combustionof fuelgas toxic combustionproducts (chiefly CO)will beproduced if there is notsufficientoxygenpresentat theburner for completecombustion.
9. Incidentstodateshowthatthemainhazardtoarisefromthisprocessisthecombustionandexplosionofexcessquantitiesofpureethyleneresultingfromuncontrolleddischargefromlargecapacitycylinders.Theremaybeafurtherhazardfromasphyxiatinggases intheripeningroom,e.g.carbondioxideandnitrogen ifentry ismadebeforeventilation iscomplete.
Ethanol
10. EthyGenconcentratesEthanol.Itisamildirritantavoidcontactwithskinoreyes.Itcanbefataliftakeninternally. It isalsoahighly flammable liquid.
PRECAUTIONS
11. a. Flammableorasphyxiatingatmospherescanbecreatedbyadmittingexcessethylenegas.Theuse thereforeof cylindersofpureethylene shouldbe vigorouslydiscouragedEnforcementofficers shouldpress for achange toethylene cartridgesor Ethylenecartridgesor EthyGengenerators.
b. Anoticeshowing thequantityof ethylene cartridgesor EthyGen concentrate required forripening ineachroomgivendifferentvolumesof fruitetc,beconspicuouslydisplayed inthatroom.Thisisparticularlyimportantwherethereareroomsofdifferentsizesinthesamepremises.
c. It is impossible to forma flammableconcentrationwithairusing ethylene/nitrogencylindersbut,adviceshouldbegivenontheasphyxiationhazardtoensureawareness.
d. The ripeningroomshouldbe thoroughlyventilatedbetween loads. Preferablybymechanicalmeans.
e. Theintroductionofethyleneintoaroomshouldbeundertakenonlybyacompetentpersonwhounderstandsthehazards involved.
f. Thecatalyticgeneratormustneverbeusedinaroomless1,150ft3(32.56m3),itmustneverbemovedwhileitstillcontainsconcentrateisused. Itisvirtuallyimpossibletocreateanexplosiveorasphyxiatingatmosphereusingthissystem.
g. It isalsoadvisedthatanygasfiredequipmentinstalledinripeningroomsshouldbefittedwithsuitablesafeguards, in theeventof flamefailure,whichareproperlymaintained.
PREVENTIONOFIGNITIONSOURCES
12. a.Nonakedlightsshouldbeallowedintheafterintroductionofethyleneuntilthroughventilationhastakeplace.
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
b.Gasfiredheatingsystemsshouldbeturnedoffbeforeethyleneis introduced.
a. Wheresmallethylenecartridgesandethylenegeneratorsareusedthedilutionofgasisveryrapid.Itissuggested thatno flammable atmospheresneed tobeprovided for electricalequipment.However,ethyleneshouldnotbedischargedwithin2moffixedelectricalinstallations.Inordertopreventlayeringitshouldnotbedischargedlessthan1mfromthefloor.
STORAGEOFETHYLANECARTRIDGESANDETHGENCONCENTRATE
13 a. Quantitiesstoredonsiteshouldbeassmallas isreasonablypracticable.
b. CartridgesandEthyGenconcentratemustbeunderthecontrolofacompetentperson.
c. Quantitiesof cartridgesmaybestored indoorswithinasuitablyventilatedareaasdetailed inGuidanceNoteCS4ThekeepingofLPGinCylindersandsimilarcontainers.
d. EthyGen concentrate (ahighly flammable liquid)maybestored inasuitablebinorcupboardindoors inquantitiesofupto50 litres.Greaterquantities requirespecial storage facilities asdetailedinGuidanceNoteCS2TheStorageofHighlyFlammableLiquidsNonakedorsmokingshouldbepermitted inthesestorageareas.
FACTSABOUTPERISHABLESWHILEINTRANSIT
Perishableproduceare those,which areeasily destroyed ,rot,decay, ifnothandledproperlypostharvestorduring transit fromoneplacetoanotherandthese include fruits,vegetables, horticulturalproduce suchasfloweringbulbs,andflowersetc.tobeofvaluetoconsumersandretailers,thesemustreachthemsuitableforconsumptionortheintendeduse.Thefactorsandcharacteristicsofperishablesaffectingtheirshelflifeshouldbepaidcareful attention.
Perishableshaveuniquecharacteristicswhenitcomestotransportationfromoneplacetoanother.Thefactorsaffecting theperishablesduring transport includetemperature,airexchange,humidity, ethylene sensitivity,waterloss, respirationrate,packagingandmaturationofproduce.
Respiration isamajor factor indetermining requirementof refrigeration,because fruitsand vegetablesarelivingorganisms,evenafter theyareseparatedfromtheirplants, tree.Theygenerateheatandreleasegasesandmoisture.Thisprocessisrespirationandduringthisprocessoxygenintheaircombineswithcarbonintheplant tissuetoformvariousdecompositions,products,carbondioxideandwater.
Someproductshaverespirationrateandrequiremorerefrigerationthanothers. Greenpeasforexamplerequire10timesfastercoolingthantomatoes. Heatevolutionratesforvariouscommoditiesaredifferentandchartsforrelativerespirations areavailablewithwesternhandlersoftransport.
Respiration rate is a functionof temperature.Forevery18oF rise in temperature, respiration isdoubledortripled.HeadLettuceforexamplerespirestwotothreetimesfasterat68oFthanat50oFandapplesthreetimesfasterat50oFthanat32oF.Thefasteraproductrespires,thegreaterthequantityofheatitgenerates.
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TechnicalStandardsandProtocol fortheFruitRipeningChamberin India
Water loss afterharvest varieswithcommodities.Leafyvegetables likeLettuce losemoisturemore rapidlythan likeMelons.
Ethylenespellsdoomforsomeproducts.Ethylene isselfgeneratinggas in fruits andvegetablesand is fruitripening regulator. It isproducedbyall plants, fruits, vegetables andevenby somefungi.Whenused inmoderatequantityandatrighttemperature,ethyleneisbeneficialtospeedupripening. Byripeninginsomeproducts ethylenecanhastentheir senescence,decay, rottening.Thereforeproducts likemangoes,bananas,allofwhicharesensitive toethylene shouldneverbeheld insameareas asproduce likeapples,avocados,whichemitethylene.Theyshouldnotbetransported insamerefrigerated lorry.
Productconditionatshipmentor transportdetermines itsconditionatdestination.
For everyperishable there is a timefor transportation. Theproducts tobetransported shouldneitherbeimmaturenoroverlymature.
Precoolingandmaintaining temperatureareessentialbeforeandduring transit.
MaintainingEthylenelevelatthresholdduringtransitisaveryimportantfactorreachproductstodesignationsafe.
Portable temperature,humidity, ethylenemonitor aremust in containersor refrigerated lorries. Relativehumidity alsodeterminesproductquality ofperishablesatdestination.
Modifyingatmosphereofa refrigerated lorrycanextendproduct lifeofperishables
Differenceamong fruits and vegetables call for special attentionduring transit in refrigerated lorriesorcontainers.
Temperaturecompatibility is important factorwhenmixingcommodities in transport.
Refrigerated Lorries shouldnotonlybedesigned formaintaining temperatureandhumiditybutall thesefactorsshouldbegivendueweight.
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