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Indoor Air Quality In India: Needand Concerns
Mukesh Khare, Ph.D.
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Presented in Workshop on Indoor Air quality addressing the issue through
partnership between government, business and communities
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Indoor Air Pollution- Statistics• Approximately half the world’s population and up to 90% of rural households in
developing countries still rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such as wood, dung
and crop residues.
• Nation-wide about 78% of the Indian population relied upon the biomass fuels andabout 3% on coal.
• Indoor air pollution is responsible for 2.7% of the global burden of disease and hasbeen ranked among top 10 risk factors.
• Approximately 2.0 million deaths and 39 million disability-adjusted life years(DALYS) (mainly of women and children) a year are due to unvented burning of
biomass for cooking and heating; and about half million of total deaths in Indiaitself (WHO, 2002).
• India has largest burden of disease due to the use of dirty household fuels and 28%of all deaths are due to indoor air pollution in developing countries occur in India.
• Pollutant released indoors is one thousand times more likely to reach people’slung than a pollutant released outdoors.
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What is IAQ??
IAQ refers to the quality of the air inside buildings as
represented by concentrations of pollutants and thermal
conditions that affect the health and performance of
occupan s.
It refers to the nature/ quality of the conditioned (heat/cool)
air that circulates throughout closed space/ area, where we
work and live and breath the air.
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The Causes
Inadequate ventilation and air
tightness
Variations in temperature and
humidity levels
10%
5% 4%
Inadequate ventilation
Inside contamination
Indoor sources includingcombustion
Infiltration of outdoor air
contaminants Use of cleaning chemicals
and building products
53%
15%
13%
n nown causes
Outside contamination
Bioaerosols
Building products
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Urban Built Environments
Residential buildings Commercial buildings
Institutional complexes
Malls
Health care centres/hospitals
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Indoor Pollutants
Building Materials – Heavy Metals, VOCs, Radon,
Mineral Fibers etc.
Paints – Heavy Metals
ectron c qu pments- Resp ra e Organ c Part cu ates,Ozone and VOCs.
Carpets - VOC’S
Cleaning compounds/Cosmetics/Deodorants: Organics andVOCs
Combustion Sources- RSPM, NOx, SO2 , CO
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Health Effects
Pollutant Type Effects
NO2 Immediate irritation to the skin, eyes and throat, cough etc.
CO Immediate headache, shortness of breath, higher conc. May causesudden deaths.
RSPM Cumulative Respiratory Illness (upper and lower), Acute (Asthma)and chronic (COPD), Lung cancer,
Radon Cumulative Lung cancer
Formaldehyde Immediate irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, fatigue,headache, skin allergies, vomiting etc.
Asbestos Cumulative Lung cancer
Pesticides Immediate Skin diseases
VOCs Immediate Liver, kidney disorders, irritation to the eyes, nose andthroat, skin rashes and respiratory problems.
O3 Immediate eyes itch, burn, respiratory disorders, lowers our
resistance to colds and pneumonia.
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WHO Guidelines
1. Concentration based - PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, SO2, O3,
Asbestos, Formaldehyde (Reference: WHO, 2006)
2. New WHO guidelines are formed on the basis of exposurelevels, which gives an objective measure of health risk
and is used as reference point for design and maintenance
of safe indoor environments - Benzene, CO,
Formaldehyde, Naphthalene, NO2, PAH, Radon, Ethylene,
Dampness and Moulds (Reference: WHO, 2010)
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IAQ Standards
1. Canada
2. Singapore
3. UK
.
5. USA
6. China
7. ASHRAE (Ventilation)8. S. Korea
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Naturally
Ventilated
Buildings
Indoor Air
Quality
Urban
Localities
Rural
Localities
HVAC
buildings
Natural +
Mechanically
Ventilated BuildingsVentilation
Characterization + measurement of
ventilation
The IAQ protocol
Laying down the standards/limits for
various contaminants and ventilation
parameters for different building types by
Govt. Bodies
Identification of
contaminants/ their
sources
Monitoring of contaminant levels at
various locations (at least 3 locationsin each building type)
Record of occupant’s
health complains
(questionnaire study)
Identification of
Control measures
Data
interpretation/analysis
(exploratory/statistical)
Prediction of IAQ
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The IAQ Protocol
Selection of type of building.
Conducting an IAQ building audit
Diagnosing IAQ related health problems
Selection of pollutants of concern corresponding to the type of building
Designing the monitoring programme of selected pollutants of concern
Setting up of IAQ guideline values for selected pollutants
Establishing an IAQ management and maintenance program to reduce IAQrisks
Protecting occupants from exposures to construction/renovation
contaminants; and
Calculating the cost, revenue, and productivity impacts of planned IAQactivities
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Environmental
Measurements
Methodology
Building and VentilationCharacterization
Occupant Questionnaire
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Team Members
Environmental Scientist
Epidemiologist (public health expert)
Buildin Desi n En ineer Architect
HVAC Engineer
Building Manager (management person)
Analyst
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IAQ Research at IIT Delhi
IAQ Research group
Prof. Mukesh Khare
Dr. Vinita Katiyar (Presently in IGNOU)
r. a a oya (Presently in NEERI, Zonal Lab. Delhi)Dr. Priyanka Kulshreshtha (Presently in DU)
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“Study of Indoor Air Environment ”, M. TechDissertation, Civil Engineering Department, IIT
, .
Scope of work: IAQ investigation of IIT Delhi
library (Air conditioned), IC Engine, Inorganic andPhysical Chemistry Laboratories (all naturally
ventilated).
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Findings
A direct relation between
average SBS score and
found to exist i.e. theaverage SBS score
increased with CO2
concentration and viceversa.
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Findings
The study showed that
the critical factor for IAQ
ventilated buildings is notthe total window area but
the window area per
occupant and per unitfloor area.
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“ Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality in a Centrally Air
Conditioned Airport Authority Building”, M. SDissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT
Delhi, Best Master Dissertation Award by Indian
Society for Technical Education (ISTE), India, 2001.
Findings:
Concentrations of pollutants were complying
with IAQ standards as given by ASHRAE and
WHO. The SBS was higher on the third floor as
compared to other floors and the control tower.
The main symptoms prevailing were headache
(51%), lethargy (50%), and dryness in body mucous
(33%). The third floor and the control tower were
affected by infiltration, mainly from entrance doors.
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Title: “Environmental Evaluation of Public Building With
Respect to IAQ”.
Sponsored by: MHRD
Duration: 2000-2001
Scope: IAQ Investigation of IGI Airport Departure
Terminal.
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Title: “IAQ Monitoring at Offices/Commercial Complexes”.
,
Duration: 2001- 2003
Scope: IAQ investigation at DLF Air Conditioned Commercial
Complex at Muniraka, New Delhi.
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Title: “Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation in aNaturally Ventilated School Building”, Ph.D.
Thesis, De artment of Civil En ineerin , IIT
Delhi.
Scope: Investigating the IAQ in Naturally
Ventilated School Building and formulation of
Mass Balance Based IAQ Model.
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Findings: The results of the study indicates that RSPM concentrations in classroom exceeds
the permissible limits during all monitoring hours of weekdays and weekends in all
seasons that may cause potential health hazards to occupants, when exposed. I/O for all
sizes of particulates are greater than 1, which implies that building envelop does not
provide protection from outdoor pollutants.
Further, a significant influence of meteorological parameters, ventilation rate and of
traffic has been observed on I/O. Higher I/O for PM10 is indicating the presence of its
indoor sources in classroom and their indoor concentrations are strongly influenced by
activities of occupants during weekdays.
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Environ Monit Assess. DOI 10.1007/s10661-010-1600-7
Indoor air quality modeling for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 in naturally ventilated
classrooms of an urban Indian school building
Radha Goyal · Mukesh Khare
Received: 14 December 2009 / Accepted: 27 June 2010
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Findings
NVIAQMpm10 shows the tendency to under-predict indoor PM10 concentrations during weekdays as it does not
take into account the occupant’s activities and its effects on the indoor concentrations during the class hours.
The models have been validated at three different classroom locations of the school site and the sensitivity
analysis of the models has been performed by varying the values of mixing factor (k) and newly introduced parameter
Rc. The results indicate that the change in values of k (0.33 to 1.00) does not significantly affect the model
performance.
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Scope: Investigating theIAQ in Naturally
Ventilated School
Building and formulationof Mass Balance based
IAQ Model.
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Title: Air Pollution: Health and
Environmental Impacts
Chapter (4): Indoor Air Pollution
and Health Effects
Authors: Radha Goyal and MukeshKhare
Scope: Investigating the IAQ and
its health effects on school
children.
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Title: Sick Building Syndrome:
Indoor Air Quality: Monitoring
and Modelling Protocol for Urban
School Buildings (Chapter-10)
Authors: Radha Goyal and Mukesh
Khare
Scope: Development of IAQprotocol for school building.
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Title: “ Indoor Air Quality Assessment and Impact on the Respiratory Health of Inmates of the Selected Households
in Delhi City”, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil
, , .
Scope: Investigating the IAQ in Urban Poor Households
of Delhi and Health Impact Analysis Model
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Scope: Monitoring IAQ in
populations of socio-
econom c strata anevaluating the respiratory
health problems
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IAQ Research at IIT Delhi- Ongoing
Title: “Indoor Air Quality Study in Underground Metro
Stations in Delhi”.
Scope: To develop an indoor air quality model and to seethe ventilation effectiveness in the selected
underground metro stations.
Collaboration: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)
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