Prof.mukesh Khare

8/18/2019 Prof.mukesh Khare

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Indoor Air Quality In India: Needand Concerns

Mukesh Khare, Ph.D.

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering

Presented in Workshop on Indoor Air quality addressing the issue through

partnership between government, business and communities


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Indoor Air Pollution- Statistics• Approximately half the world’s population and up to 90% of rural households in

developing countries still rely on unprocessed biomass fuels such as wood, dung

and crop residues.

• Nation-wide about 78% of the Indian population relied upon the biomass fuels andabout 3% on coal.

• Indoor air pollution is responsible for 2.7% of the global burden of disease and hasbeen ranked among top 10 risk factors.

• Approximately 2.0 million deaths and 39 million disability-adjusted life years(DALYS) (mainly of women and children) a year are due to unvented burning of

biomass for cooking and heating; and about half million of total deaths in Indiaitself (WHO, 2002).

• India has largest burden of disease due to the use of dirty household fuels and 28%of all deaths are due to indoor air pollution in developing countries occur in India.

• Pollutant released indoors is one thousand times more likely to reach people’slung than a pollutant released outdoors.


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What is IAQ??

IAQ refers to the quality of the air inside buildings as

represented by concentrations of pollutants and thermal

conditions that affect the health and performance of

occupan s.

It refers to the nature/ quality of the conditioned (heat/cool)

air that circulates throughout closed space/ area, where we

work and live and breath the air.


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The Causes

Inadequate ventilation and air

tightness

Variations in temperature and

humidity levels

10%

5% 4%

Inadequate ventilation

Inside contamination

Indoor sources includingcombustion

Infiltration of outdoor air

contaminants Use of cleaning chemicals

and building products

53%

15%

13%

n nown causes

Outside contamination

Bioaerosols

Building products


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Urban Built Environments

Residential buildings Commercial buildings

Institutional complexes

Malls

Health care centres/hospitals


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Indoor Pollutants

Building Materials – Heavy Metals, VOCs, Radon,

Mineral Fibers etc.

Paints – Heavy Metals

ectron c qu pments- Resp ra e Organ c Part cu ates,Ozone and VOCs.

Carpets - VOC’S

Cleaning compounds/Cosmetics/Deodorants: Organics andVOCs

Combustion Sources- RSPM, NOx, SO2 , CO


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Health Effects

Pollutant Type Effects

NO2 Immediate irritation to the skin, eyes and throat, cough etc.

CO Immediate headache, shortness of breath, higher conc. May causesudden deaths.

RSPM Cumulative Respiratory Illness (upper and lower), Acute (Asthma)and chronic (COPD), Lung cancer,

Radon Cumulative Lung cancer

Formaldehyde Immediate irritation to the eyes, nose and throat, fatigue,headache, skin allergies, vomiting etc.

Asbestos Cumulative Lung cancer

Pesticides Immediate Skin diseases

VOCs Immediate Liver, kidney disorders, irritation to the eyes, nose andthroat, skin rashes and respiratory problems.

O3 Immediate eyes itch, burn, respiratory disorders, lowers our

resistance to colds and pneumonia.


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WHO Guidelines

1. Concentration based - PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, SO2, O3,

Asbestos, Formaldehyde (Reference: WHO, 2006)

2. New WHO guidelines are formed on the basis of exposurelevels, which gives an objective measure of health risk

and is used as reference point for design and maintenance

of safe indoor environments - Benzene, CO,

Formaldehyde, Naphthalene, NO2, PAH, Radon, Ethylene,

Dampness and Moulds (Reference: WHO, 2010)


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IAQ Standards

1. Canada

2. Singapore

3. UK

.

5. USA

6. China

7. ASHRAE (Ventilation)8. S. Korea


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Naturally

Ventilated

Buildings

Indoor Air

Quality

Urban

Localities

Rural

Localities

HVAC

buildings

Natural +

Mechanically

Ventilated BuildingsVentilation

Characterization + measurement of

ventilation

The IAQ protocol

Laying down the standards/limits for

various contaminants and ventilation

parameters for different building types by

Govt. Bodies

Identification of

contaminants/ their

sources

Monitoring of contaminant levels at

various locations (at least 3 locationsin each building type)

Record of occupant’s

health complains

(questionnaire study)

Identification of

Control measures

Data

interpretation/analysis

(exploratory/statistical)

Prediction of IAQ


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The IAQ Protocol

Selection of type of building.

Conducting an IAQ building audit

Diagnosing IAQ related health problems

Selection of pollutants of concern corresponding to the type of building

Designing the monitoring programme of selected pollutants of concern

Setting up of IAQ guideline values for selected pollutants

Establishing an IAQ management and maintenance program to reduce IAQrisks

Protecting occupants from exposures to construction/renovation

contaminants; and

Calculating the cost, revenue, and productivity impacts of planned IAQactivities


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Environmental

Measurements

Methodology

Building and VentilationCharacterization

Occupant Questionnaire


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Team Members

Environmental Scientist

Epidemiologist (public health expert)

Buildin Desi n En ineer Architect

HVAC Engineer

Building Manager (management person)

Analyst


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IAQ Research at IIT Delhi

IAQ Research group

Prof. Mukesh Khare

Dr. Vinita Katiyar (Presently in IGNOU)

r. a a oya (Presently in NEERI, Zonal Lab. Delhi)Dr. Priyanka Kulshreshtha (Presently in DU)


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“Study of Indoor Air Environment ”, M. TechDissertation, Civil Engineering Department, IIT

, .

Scope of work: IAQ investigation of IIT Delhi

library (Air conditioned), IC Engine, Inorganic andPhysical Chemistry Laboratories (all naturally

ventilated).


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Findings

A direct relation between

average SBS score and

found to exist i.e. theaverage SBS score

increased with CO2

concentration and viceversa.


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Findings

The study showed that

the critical factor for IAQ

ventilated buildings is notthe total window area but

the window area per

occupant and per unitfloor area.


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“ Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality in a Centrally Air

Conditioned Airport Authority Building”, M. SDissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, IIT

Delhi, Best Master Dissertation Award by Indian

Society for Technical Education (ISTE), India, 2001.

Findings:

Concentrations of pollutants were complying

with IAQ standards as given by ASHRAE and

WHO. The SBS was higher on the third floor as

compared to other floors and the control tower.

The main symptoms prevailing were headache

(51%), lethargy (50%), and dryness in body mucous

(33%). The third floor and the control tower were

affected by infiltration, mainly from entrance doors.


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Title: “Environmental Evaluation of Public Building With

Respect to IAQ”.

Sponsored by: MHRD

Duration: 2000-2001

Scope: IAQ Investigation of IGI Airport Departure

Terminal.


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Title: “IAQ Monitoring at Offices/Commercial Complexes”.

,

Duration: 2001- 2003

Scope: IAQ investigation at DLF Air Conditioned Commercial

Complex at Muniraka, New Delhi.


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Title: “Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation in aNaturally Ventilated School Building”, Ph.D.

Thesis, De artment of Civil En ineerin , IIT

Delhi.

Scope: Investigating the IAQ in Naturally

Ventilated School Building and formulation of

Mass Balance Based IAQ Model.


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Findings: The results of the study indicates that RSPM concentrations in classroom exceeds

the permissible limits during all monitoring hours of weekdays and weekends in all

seasons that may cause potential health hazards to occupants, when exposed. I/O for all

sizes of particulates are greater than 1, which implies that building envelop does not

provide protection from outdoor pollutants.

Further, a significant influence of meteorological parameters, ventilation rate and of

traffic has been observed on I/O. Higher I/O for PM10 is indicating the presence of its

indoor sources in classroom and their indoor concentrations are strongly influenced by

activities of occupants during weekdays.


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Environ Monit Assess. DOI 10.1007/s10661-010-1600-7

Indoor air quality modeling for PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0 in naturally ventilated

classrooms of an urban Indian school building

Radha Goyal · Mukesh Khare

Received: 14 December 2009 / Accepted: 27 June 2010

© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010

Findings

NVIAQMpm10 shows the tendency to under-predict indoor PM10 concentrations during weekdays as it does not

take into account the occupant’s activities and its effects on the indoor concentrations during the class hours.

The models have been validated at three different classroom locations of the school site and the sensitivity

analysis of the models has been performed by varying the values of mixing factor (k) and newly introduced parameter

Rc. The results indicate that the change in values of k (0.33 to 1.00) does not significantly affect the model

performance.


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Scope: Investigating theIAQ in Naturally

Ventilated School

Building and formulationof Mass Balance based

IAQ Model.


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Title: Air Pollution: Health and

Environmental Impacts

Chapter (4): Indoor Air Pollution

and Health Effects

Authors: Radha Goyal and MukeshKhare

Scope: Investigating the IAQ and

its health effects on school

children.


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Title: Sick Building Syndrome:

Indoor Air Quality: Monitoring

and Modelling Protocol for Urban

School Buildings (Chapter-10)

Authors: Radha Goyal and Mukesh

Khare

Scope: Development of IAQprotocol for school building.


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Title: “ Indoor Air Quality Assessment and Impact on the Respiratory Health of Inmates of the Selected Households

in Delhi City”, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil

, , .

Scope: Investigating the IAQ in Urban Poor Households

of Delhi and Health Impact Analysis Model


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Scope: Monitoring IAQ in

populations of socio-

econom c strata anevaluating the respiratory

health problems


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IAQ Research at IIT Delhi- Ongoing

Title: “Indoor Air Quality Study in Underground Metro

Stations in Delhi”.

Scope: To develop an indoor air quality model and to seethe ventilation effectiveness in the selected

underground metro stations.

Collaboration: Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)


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Prof.mukesh Khare

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