PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH PERTANIAN BERBASIS
TEKNOLOGI COMPOSTING
PRESENTASI
DISAMPAIKAN DALAM RANGKA KULIAH TAMU
DI FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA MALANG
PENYAJI
Maryono Budi Harjono
Lahir di Wonosobo pada 28 Maret 1963
Alumnus Fakultas Pertanian UGM 1989,
Program Studi Mikrobiologi Hasil Pertanian
Pengalaman:
PT Dieng Djaya 1989 - 1997( Manager Pembibitan dan
Composting)
PT Zeta Agro Corporation 1997 - 2000 ( Manager QA dan
R&D)
PT Eka Timur Raya 2000 - Sekarang
Deputi Direktur PT Eka Timur Raya
Overview
1.Pendahuluan
Pengertian Limbah Pertanian
Potensi Limbah Pertanian
Komposisi Limbah Pertanian
Pemanfaatan Limbah Pertanian
Kompos dan Pupuk Organik
2.Bahan Organik Sebagai Sumber Pupuk Untuk Pertanian
Limbah sebagai Sumber Pupuk
Mengapa harus Limbah dan Composting
Perlunya Teknology Composting Bagi Pertanian
Keunggulan Komparatif Composting Untuk Pertaniam
3. Process Composting:
Pengertian Composting
Key Parameter
Peran Mikroorganisme
C/N Ratio
Temperatur
Suplai Oksigen
Pemelihan Bahan Baku Kompos
Tahap-Tahap dalam Composting
Pre-Processing
Active Composting
Curing
Compost Indicators
Temperatur Time Criteria
Product Spesific Criteria
4. Composting Technology
Klasifikasi Technology Composting
Small Scale Composting
Large Scale Composting
Passive Pile
Windrow Composting
Aerated Static Pile
In-Vessel Composting
5. Penutup
PENDAHULUAN
Pengertian Limbah Pertanian
Biomassa dari tanaman dan/atau hewan setelah
diambil hasilnya atau biomassa dari sisa-sisa
kegiatan pengolahan hasil pertanian
Contoh : Jerami, sekam, tongkol jagung, kulit kopi,
kulit kacang, tongkol kelapa sawit, ampas tebu,
kotoran ayam, bungkil kacang, dll
Potensi Limbah Pertanian
Berapa besar potensi yanga ada?
Dari hasil pertanian:
Padi Jerami; sekam
Jagung Batang jagung; tongkol
Kacang-kacangan Kulit polong kacang
dll
Potensi Limbah Pertanian
Dari Industri Pertanian:
Gula/tebu ampas tebu; blotong
Palm oil/Kelapa Sawit tandan sawit
Industri kayu sawdust/moulding/grajen
dll
Dari Rumah Tangga:
Sampah rumah tangga
Limbah organik pasar
dll
Potensi Limbah Pertanian
Total potensi Biomasa Indonesia
146,7 juta Ton per tahun
Dari Padi setara dengan 150 GJ/tahun
Industri Kayu 120 GJ/tahun
Industri Gula 78 GJ/tahun
Industri Sawit 67 GJ/tahun
Sampah-sampah pertanian 20 GJ/tahun
Sumber:
Zentrum for rationalle Energianwendung und Umwelt, ZREU
Potensi Limbah Pertanian
Jerami padi merupakan limbah pertanian terbesar
diantara limbah pertanian lainnya’
Pemanfaatannya belum maksimal karena faktor
teknis dan ekonomis.
Potensi Limbah Pertanian
11
Biomassa yang tersedia untuk pembangkitan energi di negara-negara ASEAN
Komposisi Kimia Limbah Pertanian
Komponen utama limbah pertanian adalah bahan
organik
Bahan organik Limbah pertanian umumnya tersusun
atas senyawa lignoselulosa.
Lignoselulosa memiliki 3 macam polimer yaitu:
Selulosa (35 – 50 %)
Hemiselulosa (20 – 35 %)
Lignin (10 – 25%)
Selulose hampir tidak pernah ditemui dalam keadaan murni di
alam, melainkan selalu berikatan dengan bahan lain yaitu lignin
dan hemiselulose.
Hemiselulose terdiri atas 2-7 residu gula yang berbeda.
Hemiselulose berbeda dengan selulosa karena komposisinya
teridiri atas berbagai unit gula, disebabkan rantai molekul yang
pendek dan percabangan rantai molekul
Lignin adalah polimer aromatic kompleks yang terbentuk
melalui polimerisasi tiga dimensi dari sinamil alcohol (turunan
fenil propane) dengan bobot melekul mencapai 11.000.
Dengan kata lain, lignin adalah makromolekul dari polifenil.
Komposisi Kimia Limbah Pertanian
Bahan lignoselulosa Selulosa (%) Hemiselulosa ( %) Lignin ( %)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tangkai kayu keras 40-55 24-40 18-25
Tangkai kayu lunak 45-50 25-35 25-35
Kulit kacang-kanagan 25-30 25-30 30-40
Bonggol jagung 45 35 15
Kertas 85-99 0 0-15
Jerami gandum 30 50 15
Jerami padi 32.1 24 18
Buangan sampah 60 20 20
Bagas segar 33.4 30 18.9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Komposisi Limbah Pertanian
Struktur Kimia Selulosa
Struktur Kimia Hemiselulosa Struktur Kimia Lignin
Dampak Limbah Pertanian
Dalam jumlah yang ekstrim berlebihan menimbulkan
bau dan mencemari lingkungan
Mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem
Berpeluang menjadi sarang berbagai penyakit bagi
manusia, ternak, maupun menjadi sarang hama dan
penyakit tanaman pertanian
Membutuhkan biaya dan atau tenaga untuk
pengelolaan/pembuangan
Memanfaatkan Limbah Pertanian
KOMPOS/MEDIA TANAM
Kompos dan Bahan Organik
Kompos = bahan organik yang telah mengalami
dekomposisi sempurna
Pupuk Organik = Pupuk yang dibuat atau berasal
dari organisme hidup
Kompos merupakan pupuk organik, namun pupuk
organik belum tentu kompos
BAHAN ORGANIK SEBAGAI SUMBER
PUPUK UNTUK PERTANIAN
Limbah Sebagai Sumber Pupuk untuk pertanian
Limbah dari kegiatan petanian bisa mencapai 80 %
dari total limbah
Sektor peternakan menyumbangkan 5,27 kg/hari/ton
ternak
Because of the intensification of animal
production on a small area of land, there are
increasing concerns about:
• water quality resulting from higher nitrogen andphosphorous loadings;
• pathogens and antimicrobial compounds in the manure;
• foul odours and air quality from ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide emissions;
• soil quality because of potassium and phosphorous loading.
Bahan Organik Sebagai Sumber Pupuk
untuk Pertanian
Bahan organik sangat mudah dikonversi menjadi
pupuk melalui proses composting
Composting merupakan proses yang amat berguna
untuk memperbaiki dan menjaga daur unsur hara
dalam tanah
Composting menjadi menarik bagi pertanian
karena teknologinya sangat mudah dan murah
Bahan Organik Sebagai Sumber Pupuk
untuk Pertanian
Composting untuk pertanian:
Grass Cycling
Backyard Composting
Mixed Waste Composting
Agriculture Waste Composting
Perlunya Teknologi Composting Bagi
Pertanian
Mengatasi kendala pengelolaan lingkungan
Ada keuntungan agronomi atas penggunaan
kompos
Mengatasi biaya tinggi dalam pembuangan
limbah
Keunggulan Composting Untuk Pertanian
All materials necessary for composting, such as feedstock,
bulking agents, water, space, air and time are already on the
farm.
Disposal of raw manure such as poultry waste has a negative
impact on the environment. Composting reduces the weight,
moisture content, odor and vector attracting qualities of manure
and other farm generated wastes leading to a lower risk of
pollution.
Compost can be applied at convenient times of the year
because it provides the farmer with greater scheduling
flexibility. While an untreated waste must be applied and
incorporated promptly to prevent nitrogen loss and nuisance
conditions, compost is stable and can be stored safely.
Compost is an excellent soil conditioner. When applied to cropland compost adds organic matter improving moisture retention and soil structure, and reduces fertilizer requirements and the potential for soil erosion.
Both compost and raw manure are good conditioners with some fertiliser value. Composting, however, converts the nitrogen contained in the manure into a more stable form. The nitrogen in compost is less susceptible to leaching and further ammonia losses.
Highly bedded manure can have a high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. When applying this manure directly to land the high carbon causes the nitrogen in the soil to become unavailable to the crop. Composting reduces the C/N ratio to levels that are beneficial to plants.
Composting, if done properly, is an effective method of destroying
pathogens. Properly prepared compost has been found to reduce soil borne
plant diseases. The heat generated by the composting process reduces the
number of weed seeds contained in the manure, resulting in a significant
reduction of weeds over several years of application
• The high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of compost leads to increased
efficiency of chemical fertilizers by reducing nutrient leaching.
• Composting reduces the amount of on-farm organic waste that would have
gone for disposal, thus decreasing waste collection, transport and disposal
costs.
• Compost is a safe and effective bedding material for livestock. Zehnder et al.,
(1998) reported benefits of using compost as bedding material in cattle
feedlots.
Organic waste can generate an income by selling the compost.
Good markets can be found for high quality compost and there
are a many uses for lower grade compost.
Composting is one of the few methods available for quickly
creating a soil-like material on eroded land. Soil erosion has a
direct financial impact on food production and the economy.
Furthermore, eroded lands can lead to the pollution of surface
water because of agricultural runoff from croplands
PROSES COMPOSTING
Pengertian proses composting:
“the controlled exothermic bioxidative decomposition
of organic materials by indigenous micro-organisms in
a moist warm aerobic environment, leading to the
production of carbon dioxide, water and a stabilized
organic matter, defined as compost”
Pengertian Composting
Key Parameter
Mikroorganisme
C/N rasio
Supali Oksigen
Kadar air
Temperatur
Ukuran partikel bahan
pH
Proses Composting
Parameter Fisik
Temperatur
Ukkuran partikel
Porositas
Struktur
Texture
Peran Mikroorganisme
Ada suksesi Mikroorganisme
Ada berbagai macam
Bakteri
Fungi
Actinomycetes
C/N Ratio
Proses Efektif Jika C/N ratio 25 -40
Optimum pada C/N ratio 30
C/N terlalu tinggi proses lambat
C/N terlalu rendah banyak N
terbuang sebagai amonia atau nitrat
Temperatur
Suplai Oksigen
Composting adalah proses aerob
Composting heap harus memungkinkan pergerakan
O2 dari atmosfir ke dalam tumpukan kompos
Kadar O2 10 -15 %
Kelebihan oksigen menunjukan over-circulating,
biasanya menyebabkan penurunan suhu
Kekurangan oksigen menjadi kompos anaerob dan
menimbulkan bau
Recommended conditions for rapid composting Parameter
Range of values Preferred range
Temperature (0
C) 45 - 65 55 - 60
Oxygen concentration (%) > 5 > 12
Moisture content (% ww) 40 - 65 50 - 60
C/N ratio 20:1 –35:1 25:1
Particle size (mm) 3-13 -
PH 5.5-9.0 6.5-8.0
Pemilihan Bahan Baku Kompos
Manure (Kotoran ternak):
Catle Manure, Poultry Manure, Swine Manure
Limbah rumah tangga
Sisa Makanan, Campuran, Sampah Kebun,
Bahan-bahan lain dari sisa-sisa tanaman
Limbah industri kayu, kertas dan kardus, Limbah
dari sayuran dan buah-buahan
Karakteristik Bahan Baku Kompos
Characteristics of common
composting substrates Material
Moisture content (% dry weight)
C/N ratio Structure
Manure
Swine manure 65-90 9-19 Poor
Cattle manure 67-87 11-30 Poor
Poultry manure 22-46 12-15 Poor
Horse manure 52-60 29-56 Average
Crop residues
Fruit wastes 62-88 20-45 Average
Vegetable waste 80-95 11-13 Poor
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
Food waste 70 14-16 Average
Mixed msw 40-60 34-80 Good
Yard wastes 38 40-82 Good
Grass clippings 82 17 Average
Other materials
Straw - 100-150 Good
Sawdust 12 80
Paper 19-65 200-750 Poor
Cardboard 8 563 Good
Seaweed 53 17 Poor
Bahan Yang Tidak Disarankan
Menyebabkan penyakit
Menimbulkan bau
Menarik serangga atau hewan pengganggu
Contoh: ikan busuk dan daging, produk susu,
biji-bijian dari golongan gulma
Kombinasi Bahan Baku
Dimaksudkan untuk membuat bahan menjadi ideal
untuk proses composting
Komponen untuk campuran kompos:
Bahan pokok
Suplemen/ Amandment Agent
Bulking Agent
Aditive
Inokulan
Activator
Pengatur pH
Kombinasi Bahan Baku
Memilih campuran bahan
Method Materials Range Typical Curing
(weeks) (weeks) (weeks)
Windrow frequently
turned
Garden organic+
manure 26 - 52 36 18
Passively aerated
windrow Manure+ bedding 10-12 - 4 - 8
ASP Bio-solids + woodchips 3-5 4 4 - 8
Tahap-tahap dalam composting
Ada 3 tahap proses composting:
Pre-process Composting
Active Composting
Curing Phase
Pre-processing
Pre-processing or preparation of feedstock usually is
necessary to create suitable conditions for bacterial
action. It consists of three separate types of operation:
separation or removal of oversize and dangerous
materials and materials that cannot be composted;
size reduction through chipping, grinding or shredding
to create small particles;
blending to adjust the carbon/nitrogen ratio, moisture
content or structure of the materials to be composted.
Active Composting
Dimulai setelah dilakukan “heap”
Tempertur naik dan mikroorganisme berkembang
Perlu pengontrolan oksigen dengan cara pembalikan
dapat juga dengan aerated system
Temperatur merupakan indikator pertumbuhan
mikrobia
Curing
Kematangan kompos sangat penting untuk meng
optimalkan fungsi kesuburan dan perbaikan kualitas
tanah
Kematangan kommpos juga mengacu pada kesehatan
tanaman
Kompos yang dibuat dari bahan yang baik sekalipun
akan berakibat buruk bagi tanaman jika digunakan
sebelum matang
Curing
− Compost must be cured for a minimum of 21 days
and must not reheat upon standing to greater than
20oC
− Compost must be cured a minimum of 21 days and
organic matter must be reduced by at least 60
percent by weight
− Compost must be cured for a six month period
− In the absence of other tests, the six months curing
period under proper conditions can be considered
sufficient to achieve maturity
COMPOST INDICAITORS
Compost is deemed mature if it meets two of the
following requirements:
1. C/N ratio <=25
2. Oxygen uptake less than 150 mg O2/kg organic
matter per hour
3. Germination of cress or radish seeds in compost is
equal to more than 90 percent of that of a control
sample, and plant growth rate in soil/compost mix is
not less than 50 percent of that of a control sample
Temperature time criteria
TEMPERATURE
The compost product should be brought to a minimum
temperature of 55oC for three consecutive days for aerated
static piles or fifteen days with five turns for turned windrows
in order to fulfil the requirements to further reduce pathogens.
TIME
The compost product should be exposed to a minimum
composting period of 42 days and a minimum curing period
of 30 days prior to distribution.
Product specific criteria refer to Pathogens
Organisms shall not exceed:
Faecal coliforms: <1000 Most Probable
Number (MPN)/g of total solids calculated on a
dry weight basis, and
Salmonella species: <3 MPN /4 g total solids
calculated on a dry weight basis.
EVALUASI PRODUK KOMPOS
Kualitas kompos ditentukan oleh:
Komposisi bahan yang dipakai
Proses separasi bahan
Kecukupan proses composting
Karakteristik Fisik Kompos
Particle size
Uniform particle size < 12.5
mm for potting media and <
7 mm for higher grade
compost
Texture Soil like
Colour Dark brown to black
Absence of inert material
(plastics, glass and rocks)
Less than one percent (dry
weight) of particles < 4 mm
Karakteristik Kimiawi
The chemical characteristics of compost are
measured in terms of its:
• value as fertilizer or soil amendment;
• potential toxicity to plants;
• organic matter content;
• moisture content;
• pH and soluble salts;
• water holding capacity.
Nilai hara Kompos
Typical Nutrient Value of CompostNutrient Dry weight
Nitrogen <1% up to 4.5%
Potassium 0.5% to 1%
Phosphorous 0.8% to 1%
Calcium 2% to 3%
Magnesium 2% to 3%
Sifat Kimia lainnya
Kadar air 30 – 50 %
pH 6 - 8
Soluble Salt 2 – 4 mmhos/cm
Kadungan Bahan Organik 50 – 60 %
WHC > 100 %
Karakteristik Biologis
Stabilitas kompos
Mikrobia pathogen
Test Germinasi
Stabilitas
Ditententukan aktivitas biologisnya atas sampel
kompos yang cukup air dan oksigennya dalam
keadaan dimana suhu tidak terlalu tinggi (> 50 C)
dan tdk terlalu rendah (< 20 C)
Ukuran yang dipakai adalah:
Panas yang dihasilkan
Pemakaian Oksigen dan
Produksi CO2
Stabilitas kompos berdasrakan laju respirasi
Respiration rate
(mgO2/gVS/hr) Rating Characteristics
0 - 0.5 Very stable
Well cured
No odours
No continued decomposition
0.5 – 1.0 Stable
Cured compost
Limited odour potential
Minimal impact on soil carbon and nitrogen
dynamics
1.0 – 1.5 Moderately stable
Uncured compost
Minimal odour production
High phytotoxicity potential
1.5 – 2.0 Unstable compost
Very immature compost
High odour and phytotoxicity potential
Not recommended for growing plants from seed
> 2.0 Un-stabilized material
Extremely unstable
Very high odour and phytotoxicity
Not recommended for use
Germination Test
The germination test is used to determine
stability and maturity. The cress seed
germination test entails the germination of
water cress seeds in a 5 percent compost -
water extract (on a weight basis) A germination
index is produced by taking the product of
percent germination and root elongation and
dividing by 100. An index below 60 indicates
the compost is stable.
Standar Kualitas Kompos
Tidak ada standar Kualitas Kompos yang
bersifat Internasional
Setiap negara mempunyai standar sendiri
The CAN/BNQ 0413-200 provides a voluntary
standard to the composting industry
Standar Kualitas Kompos
Compost Maturity
Very Immature
C/N ratio greater than 25, and/or stability test is greater than 12, and/or NH4 is greater than 500 and no nitrate present.
Immature Unstable compost Odors likely High toxicity potential Immobilization (tie-up) of available nitrogen
Moderately Mature
Stability test greater than 6 and less than 8 and/or when nitrate is detected and is greater than 25 ppm N.
Mature
Cured compost Odor production not likely Limited toxicity potential Positive impact on available soil nitrogen
Very Mature Well-cured compost No continued decomposition No odors
Standar Kualitas Kompos di beberapa negara
Test parameter Germany Australia USASalt <2.5 g/l <2 g/l <2 mmhos/cm
Average nitrogen
(mg/L)
<300 800 100-300
Phosphate (mg/L) <1200 <800 80-2500
Potassium (mg/L) <2000 <1500 500-2000
Maturity * * Solvita 7-8
Organic matter % >15 >20 >30
pH Declared 5-2.7 06-Jul
Foreign matter Maximum 0.5% Maximum 0.5% (1%) 2mm
>2mm >2mm
Keunggulan Pemakaian Kompos
• reduced soil erosion, particularly in areas of
exposed soils;
• increased water retention in the upper soil profile,
thus reducing the frequency of watering;
• release of nutrients for plant growth, reducing the
need for fertilizers;
• suppression of soil borne plant pathogens, reducing
the need for fungicides and bactericides.
COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY
Teknologi composting dapat diklasifikasi
menjadi:
Close/Open Composting
Batch/Continues Composting
Small/Large Scale Composting
Pemhasan akan didasarkan pada klasifikasi
atas dasar Small/Large Scale Composting
Small Scale Composting
Diadopsi untuk kepentingan rumah tangga/skala
kecil
Dilakukan dengan cara heap
didalam/dipermukaan tanah, dalam tong, dalam
kranjang, atau dalam drum
Teknologi yang dipakai didasarkan pada
ketersediaan ruang, jenis bahan baku, lingkungan,
dan saran yang dimiliki
Summary of small-scale systems
System Turning Heat
generation Vectors Duration
Heap Easy Rapid Present 6 months - 1 year
Cage type + circular bins Easy Moderate Present 6 months - 1 year
Block/brick bin Easy Moderate Present 6 months – 1 year
Drums Very easy Very rapid Present 2 - 4 months
Composting Technology
Large Scale Technology
Large-Scale Composting dapat dilakukan dengan
beberapa metode/System:
Passive Pile
Windrow
Aerated Static Pile
In-Vessel
Passive Pile Dilakukan dengan membuat tumpakan bahan
berukuran lebar 2 m x tinggi 2 m
Aerasi dilakukan secara pasive mengandalkan
pergerakan udara bebas
Tidak ada pengaturan kadar air dan pembalikan
Sangat mungkin terjadi proses anaerob
Durasi proses sangat panjang bisa sampai 2 tahun
Paling murah dalam hal labour dan equipment
Windrow Composting
Dibuat heap spt pada Passive Pile system dengan
ukuran yang lebih panjang sampai 30 -40 m
Ada proses pembalikan secara teratur minimal 1 x
seminggu
Bisa dilakukan di open area atau beratap bergantung
pada iklim
Durasi proses 5 – 10 minngu tergantung pada bahan
baku dan frekuensi pembalikan
Windrow Composting
Materials mixed and formed into windrows
Windrows 7’ –8’ wide, 5’ – 6’ tall, varying lengths
Compost turned and mixed periodically
Aeration by natural/passive air movement
Composting time : 3 – 6 months
Aerated Static Pile (ASP)
Sama seperti Windrow system namun aerasi
dilakukan dengan memasang pipa perforasi
disepanjang jalur kompos
Ada fan untuk meniupkan udara ke dalam pile
Laju aerasinya bergantung pada jenis bahan yang
dipakai antara 200 – 500 m3 udara/jam
Durasi proses 3 – 5 minggu
Biaya energi untuk aerasi tinggi sehingga jarang
dipakai pada skala farm
Aerated Static Pile
Perbandingan composting skala besar
Parameter Passive pile Windrow Passive windrow Aerated Static Pile
Process time
(month)
12 - 24 6 - 12 6 - 12 3 - 6
Process
control/manageme
nt
Minimal Moderate (turning) Minimal High
Potential for odour
generation
High
because of
anaerobic
pockets
Moderate only when
turning
Minimal (odour
absorbed in top
layers)
Minimal (with suck
air)
Capital investment Low Low Moderate High
Operation cost Low High (labour) Low High
Compost quality Poor Moderate Low to moderate Good
Important
parameters
Porosity/stru
cture
Porosity/structure Porosity/structure Porosity/moisture
(Pile can settle)
Materials targeted Leaves/yard
trimmings
Mixed wastes,
manure most widely
used by farmers
Manure, seafood
wastes
Sludge, mixed
wastes, manure
In-Vessel Composting
More mechanically complex
More expensive
Smaller footprint (area)
Relatively high operations & maintenance costs
In-Vessel Composting
Perbandingan Aneka Technolog Pembuatan
Kompos
Technology Product
quality Process Speed
Capital &
operational
costs
Process
control
Turned
windrow
average simple short high medium
Aerated pile
In-vessel good complex shortest highest excellent