Pengolahan Limbah Pertanian Berbasis Teknologi Composting

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH PERTANIAN BERBASIS

TEKNOLOGI COMPOSTING

PRESENTASI

DISAMPAIKAN DALAM RANGKA KULIAH TAMU

DI FAKULTAS TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA MALANG

PENYAJI

Maryono Budi Harjono

Lahir di Wonosobo pada 28 Maret 1963

Alumnus Fakultas Pertanian UGM 1989,

Program Studi Mikrobiologi Hasil Pertanian

Pengalaman:

PT Dieng Djaya 1989 - 1997( Manager Pembibitan dan

Composting)

PT Zeta Agro Corporation 1997 - 2000 ( Manager QA dan

R&D)

PT Eka Timur Raya 2000 - Sekarang

Deputi Direktur PT Eka Timur Raya

Overview

1.Pendahuluan

Pengertian Limbah Pertanian

Potensi Limbah Pertanian

Komposisi Limbah Pertanian

Pemanfaatan Limbah Pertanian

Kompos dan Pupuk Organik

2.Bahan Organik Sebagai Sumber Pupuk Untuk Pertanian

Limbah sebagai Sumber Pupuk

Mengapa harus Limbah dan Composting

Perlunya Teknology Composting Bagi Pertanian

Keunggulan Komparatif Composting Untuk Pertaniam

3. Process Composting:

Pengertian Composting

Key Parameter

Peran Mikroorganisme

C/N Ratio

Temperatur

Suplai Oksigen

Pemelihan Bahan Baku Kompos

Tahap-Tahap dalam Composting

Pre-Processing

Active Composting

Curing

Compost Indicators

Temperatur Time Criteria

Product Spesific Criteria

4. Composting Technology

Klasifikasi Technology Composting

Small Scale Composting

Large Scale Composting

Passive Pile

Windrow Composting

Aerated Static Pile

In-Vessel Composting

5. Penutup

PENDAHULUAN

Pengertian Limbah Pertanian

Biomassa dari tanaman dan/atau hewan setelah

diambil hasilnya atau biomassa dari sisa-sisa

kegiatan pengolahan hasil pertanian

Contoh : Jerami, sekam, tongkol jagung, kulit kopi,

kulit kacang, tongkol kelapa sawit, ampas tebu,

kotoran ayam, bungkil kacang, dll


Berapa besar potensi yanga ada?

Dari hasil pertanian:

Padi Jerami; sekam

Jagung Batang jagung; tongkol

Kacang-kacangan Kulit polong kacang

dll


Dari Industri Pertanian:

Gula/tebu ampas tebu; blotong

Palm oil/Kelapa Sawit tandan sawit

Industri kayu sawdust/moulding/grajen

dll

Dari Rumah Tangga:

Sampah rumah tangga

Limbah organik pasar

dll


Total potensi Biomasa Indonesia

146,7 juta Ton per tahun

Dari Padi setara dengan 150 GJ/tahun

Industri Kayu 120 GJ/tahun

Industri Gula 78 GJ/tahun

Industri Sawit 67 GJ/tahun

Sampah-sampah pertanian 20 GJ/tahun

Sumber:

Zentrum for rationalle Energianwendung und Umwelt, ZREU


Jerami padi merupakan limbah pertanian terbesar

diantara limbah pertanian lainnya’

Pemanfaatannya belum maksimal karena faktor

teknis dan ekonomis.


11

Biomassa yang tersedia untuk pembangkitan energi di negara-negara ASEAN

Komposisi Kimia Limbah Pertanian

Komponen utama limbah pertanian adalah bahan

organik

Bahan organik Limbah pertanian umumnya tersusun

atas senyawa lignoselulosa.

Lignoselulosa memiliki 3 macam polimer yaitu:

Selulosa (35 – 50 %)

Hemiselulosa (20 – 35 %)

Lignin (10 – 25%)

Selulose hampir tidak pernah ditemui dalam keadaan murni di

alam, melainkan selalu berikatan dengan bahan lain yaitu lignin

dan hemiselulose.

Hemiselulose terdiri atas 2-7 residu gula yang berbeda.

Hemiselulose berbeda dengan selulosa karena komposisinya

teridiri atas berbagai unit gula, disebabkan rantai molekul yang

pendek dan percabangan rantai molekul

Lignin adalah polimer aromatic kompleks yang terbentuk

melalui polimerisasi tiga dimensi dari sinamil alcohol (turunan

fenil propane) dengan bobot melekul mencapai 11.000.

Dengan kata lain, lignin adalah makromolekul dari polifenil.

Komposisi Kimia Limbah Pertanian

Bahan lignoselulosa Selulosa (%) Hemiselulosa ( %) Lignin ( %)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tangkai kayu keras 40-55 24-40 18-25

Tangkai kayu lunak 45-50 25-35 25-35

Kulit kacang-kanagan 25-30 25-30 30-40

Bonggol jagung 45 35 15

Kertas 85-99 0 0-15

Jerami gandum 30 50 15

Jerami padi 32.1 24 18

Buangan sampah 60 20 20

Bagas segar 33.4 30 18.9

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Komposisi Limbah Pertanian

Struktur Kimia Selulosa

Struktur Kimia Hemiselulosa Struktur Kimia Lignin

Dampak Limbah Pertanian

Dalam jumlah yang ekstrim berlebihan menimbulkan

bau dan mencemari lingkungan

Mengganggu keseimbangan ekosistem

Berpeluang menjadi sarang berbagai penyakit bagi

manusia, ternak, maupun menjadi sarang hama dan

penyakit tanaman pertanian

Membutuhkan biaya dan atau tenaga untuk

pengelolaan/pembuangan

Memanfaatkan Limbah Pertanian

KOMPOS/MEDIA TANAM

Kompos dan Bahan Organik

Kompos = bahan organik yang telah mengalami

dekomposisi sempurna

Pupuk Organik = Pupuk yang dibuat atau berasal

dari organisme hidup

Kompos merupakan pupuk organik, namun pupuk

organik belum tentu kompos

BAHAN ORGANIK SEBAGAI SUMBER

PUPUK UNTUK PERTANIAN

Limbah Sebagai Sumber Pupuk untuk pertanian

Limbah dari kegiatan petanian bisa mencapai 80 %

dari total limbah

Sektor peternakan menyumbangkan 5,27 kg/hari/ton

ternak

Because of the intensification of animal

production on a small area of land, there are

increasing concerns about:

• water quality resulting from higher nitrogen andphosphorous loadings;

• pathogens and antimicrobial compounds in the manure;

• foul odours and air quality from ammonia, methane and nitrous oxide emissions;

• soil quality because of potassium and phosphorous loading.

Bahan Organik Sebagai Sumber Pupuk

untuk Pertanian

Bahan organik sangat mudah dikonversi menjadi

pupuk melalui proses composting

Composting merupakan proses yang amat berguna

untuk memperbaiki dan menjaga daur unsur hara

dalam tanah

Composting menjadi menarik bagi pertanian

karena teknologinya sangat mudah dan murah

Bahan Organik Sebagai Sumber Pupuk

untuk Pertanian

Composting untuk pertanian:

Grass Cycling

Backyard Composting

Mixed Waste Composting

Agriculture Waste Composting

Perlunya Teknologi Composting Bagi

Pertanian

Mengatasi kendala pengelolaan lingkungan

Ada keuntungan agronomi atas penggunaan

kompos

Mengatasi biaya tinggi dalam pembuangan

limbah

Keunggulan Composting Untuk Pertanian

All materials necessary for composting, such as feedstock,

bulking agents, water, space, air and time are already on the

farm.

Disposal of raw manure such as poultry waste has a negative

impact on the environment. Composting reduces the weight,

moisture content, odor and vector attracting qualities of manure

and other farm generated wastes leading to a lower risk of

pollution.

Compost can be applied at convenient times of the year

because it provides the farmer with greater scheduling

flexibility. While an untreated waste must be applied and

incorporated promptly to prevent nitrogen loss and nuisance

conditions, compost is stable and can be stored safely.

Compost is an excellent soil conditioner. When applied to cropland compost adds organic matter improving moisture retention and soil structure, and reduces fertilizer requirements and the potential for soil erosion.

Both compost and raw manure are good conditioners with some fertiliser value. Composting, however, converts the nitrogen contained in the manure into a more stable form. The nitrogen in compost is less susceptible to leaching and further ammonia losses.

Highly bedded manure can have a high carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. When applying this manure directly to land the high carbon causes the nitrogen in the soil to become unavailable to the crop. Composting reduces the C/N ratio to levels that are beneficial to plants.

Composting, if done properly, is an effective method of destroying

pathogens. Properly prepared compost has been found to reduce soil borne

plant diseases. The heat generated by the composting process reduces the

number of weed seeds contained in the manure, resulting in a significant

reduction of weeds over several years of application

• The high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of compost leads to increased

efficiency of chemical fertilizers by reducing nutrient leaching.

• Composting reduces the amount of on-farm organic waste that would have

gone for disposal, thus decreasing waste collection, transport and disposal

costs.

• Compost is a safe and effective bedding material for livestock. Zehnder et al.,

(1998) reported benefits of using compost as bedding material in cattle

feedlots.

Organic waste can generate an income by selling the compost.

Good markets can be found for high quality compost and there

are a many uses for lower grade compost.

Composting is one of the few methods available for quickly

creating a soil-like material on eroded land. Soil erosion has a

direct financial impact on food production and the economy.

Furthermore, eroded lands can lead to the pollution of surface

water because of agricultural runoff from croplands

PROSES COMPOSTING

Pengertian proses composting:

“the controlled exothermic bioxidative decomposition

of organic materials by indigenous micro-organisms in

a moist warm aerobic environment, leading to the

production of carbon dioxide, water and a stabilized

organic matter, defined as compost”

Pengertian Composting

Key Parameter

Mikroorganisme

C/N rasio

Supali Oksigen

Kadar air

Temperatur

Ukuran partikel bahan

pH

Proses Composting

Parameter Fisik

Temperatur

Ukkuran partikel

Porositas

Struktur

Texture

Peran Mikroorganisme

Ada suksesi Mikroorganisme

Ada berbagai macam

Bakteri

Fungi

Actinomycetes

C/N Ratio

Proses Efektif Jika C/N ratio 25 -40

Optimum pada C/N ratio 30

C/N terlalu tinggi proses lambat

C/N terlalu rendah banyak N

terbuang sebagai amonia atau nitrat

Temperatur

Suplai Oksigen

Composting adalah proses aerob

Composting heap harus memungkinkan pergerakan

O2 dari atmosfir ke dalam tumpukan kompos

Kadar O2 10 -15 %

Kelebihan oksigen menunjukan over-circulating,

biasanya menyebabkan penurunan suhu

Kekurangan oksigen menjadi kompos anaerob dan

menimbulkan bau

Recommended conditions for rapid composting Parameter

Range of values Preferred range

Temperature (0

C) 45 - 65 55 - 60

Oxygen concentration (%) > 5 > 12

Moisture content (% ww) 40 - 65 50 - 60

C/N ratio 20:1 –35:1 25:1

Particle size (mm) 3-13 -

PH 5.5-9.0 6.5-8.0

Pemilihan Bahan Baku Kompos

Manure (Kotoran ternak):

Catle Manure, Poultry Manure, Swine Manure

Limbah rumah tangga

Sisa Makanan, Campuran, Sampah Kebun,

Bahan-bahan lain dari sisa-sisa tanaman

Limbah industri kayu, kertas dan kardus, Limbah

dari sayuran dan buah-buahan

Karakteristik Bahan Baku Kompos

Characteristics of common

composting substrates Material

Moisture content (% dry weight)

C/N ratio Structure

Manure

Swine manure 65-90 9-19 Poor

Cattle manure 67-87 11-30 Poor

Poultry manure 22-46 12-15 Poor

Horse manure 52-60 29-56 Average

Crop residues

Fruit wastes 62-88 20-45 Average

Vegetable waste 80-95 11-13 Poor

Municipal solid waste (MSW)

Food waste 70 14-16 Average

Mixed msw 40-60 34-80 Good

Yard wastes 38 40-82 Good

Grass clippings 82 17 Average

Other materials

Straw - 100-150 Good

Sawdust 12 80

Paper 19-65 200-750 Poor

Cardboard 8 563 Good

Seaweed 53 17 Poor

Bahan Yang Tidak Disarankan

Menyebabkan penyakit

Menimbulkan bau

Menarik serangga atau hewan pengganggu

Contoh: ikan busuk dan daging, produk susu,

biji-bijian dari golongan gulma

Kombinasi Bahan Baku

Dimaksudkan untuk membuat bahan menjadi ideal

untuk proses composting

Komponen untuk campuran kompos:

Bahan pokok

Suplemen/ Amandment Agent

Bulking Agent

Aditive

Inokulan

Activator

Pengatur pH

Kombinasi Bahan Baku

Memilih campuran bahan

Method Materials Range Typical Curing

(weeks) (weeks) (weeks)

Windrow frequently

turned

Garden organic+

manure 26 - 52 36 18

Passively aerated

windrow Manure+ bedding 10-12 - 4 - 8

ASP Bio-solids + woodchips 3-5 4 4 - 8

Tahap-tahap dalam composting

Ada 3 tahap proses composting:

Pre-process Composting

Active Composting

Curing Phase

Pre-processing

Pre-processing or preparation of feedstock usually is

necessary to create suitable conditions for bacterial

action. It consists of three separate types of operation:

separation or removal of oversize and dangerous

materials and materials that cannot be composted;

size reduction through chipping, grinding or shredding

to create small particles;

blending to adjust the carbon/nitrogen ratio, moisture

content or structure of the materials to be composted.

Active Composting

Dimulai setelah dilakukan “heap”

Tempertur naik dan mikroorganisme berkembang

Perlu pengontrolan oksigen dengan cara pembalikan

dapat juga dengan aerated system

Temperatur merupakan indikator pertumbuhan

mikrobia

Curing

Kematangan kompos sangat penting untuk meng

optimalkan fungsi kesuburan dan perbaikan kualitas

tanah

Kematangan kommpos juga mengacu pada kesehatan

tanaman

Kompos yang dibuat dari bahan yang baik sekalipun

akan berakibat buruk bagi tanaman jika digunakan

sebelum matang

Curing

− Compost must be cured for a minimum of 21 days

and must not reheat upon standing to greater than

20oC

− Compost must be cured a minimum of 21 days and

organic matter must be reduced by at least 60

percent by weight

− Compost must be cured for a six month period

− In the absence of other tests, the six months curing

period under proper conditions can be considered

sufficient to achieve maturity

COMPOST INDICAITORS

Compost is deemed mature if it meets two of the

following requirements:

1. C/N ratio <=25

2. Oxygen uptake less than 150 mg O2/kg organic

matter per hour

3. Germination of cress or radish seeds in compost is

equal to more than 90 percent of that of a control

sample, and plant growth rate in soil/compost mix is

not less than 50 percent of that of a control sample

Temperature time criteria

TEMPERATURE

The compost product should be brought to a minimum

temperature of 55oC for three consecutive days for aerated

static piles or fifteen days with five turns for turned windrows

in order to fulfil the requirements to further reduce pathogens.

TIME

The compost product should be exposed to a minimum

composting period of 42 days and a minimum curing period

of 30 days prior to distribution.

Product specific criteria refer to Pathogens

Organisms shall not exceed:

Faecal coliforms: <1000 Most Probable

Number (MPN)/g of total solids calculated on a

dry weight basis, and

Salmonella species: <3 MPN /4 g total solids

calculated on a dry weight basis.

EVALUASI PRODUK KOMPOS

Kualitas kompos ditentukan oleh:

Komposisi bahan yang dipakai

Proses separasi bahan

Kecukupan proses composting

Karakteristik Fisik Kompos

Particle size

Uniform particle size < 12.5

mm for potting media and <

7 mm for higher grade

compost

Texture Soil like

Colour Dark brown to black

Absence of inert material

(plastics, glass and rocks)

Less than one percent (dry

weight) of particles < 4 mm

Karakteristik Kimiawi

The chemical characteristics of compost are

measured in terms of its:

• value as fertilizer or soil amendment;

• potential toxicity to plants;

• organic matter content;

• moisture content;

• pH and soluble salts;

• water holding capacity.

Nilai hara Kompos

Typical Nutrient Value of CompostNutrient Dry weight

Nitrogen <1% up to 4.5%

Potassium 0.5% to 1%

Phosphorous 0.8% to 1%

Calcium 2% to 3%

Magnesium 2% to 3%

Sifat Kimia lainnya

Kadar air 30 – 50 %

pH 6 - 8

Soluble Salt 2 – 4 mmhos/cm

Kadungan Bahan Organik 50 – 60 %

WHC > 100 %

Karakteristik Biologis

Stabilitas kompos

Mikrobia pathogen

Test Germinasi

Stabilitas

Ditententukan aktivitas biologisnya atas sampel

kompos yang cukup air dan oksigennya dalam

keadaan dimana suhu tidak terlalu tinggi (> 50 C)

dan tdk terlalu rendah (< 20 C)

Ukuran yang dipakai adalah:

Panas yang dihasilkan

Pemakaian Oksigen dan

Produksi CO2

Stabilitas kompos berdasrakan laju respirasi

Respiration rate

(mgO2/gVS/hr) Rating Characteristics

0 - 0.5 Very stable

Well cured

No odours

No continued decomposition

0.5 – 1.0 Stable

Cured compost

Limited odour potential

Minimal impact on soil carbon and nitrogen

dynamics

1.0 – 1.5 Moderately stable

Uncured compost

Minimal odour production

High phytotoxicity potential

1.5 – 2.0 Unstable compost

Very immature compost

High odour and phytotoxicity potential

Not recommended for growing plants from seed

> 2.0 Un-stabilized material

Extremely unstable

Very high odour and phytotoxicity

Not recommended for use

Germination Test

The germination test is used to determine

stability and maturity. The cress seed

germination test entails the germination of

water cress seeds in a 5 percent compost -

water extract (on a weight basis) A germination

index is produced by taking the product of

percent germination and root elongation and

dividing by 100. An index below 60 indicates

the compost is stable.

Standar Kualitas Kompos

Tidak ada standar Kualitas Kompos yang

bersifat Internasional

Setiap negara mempunyai standar sendiri

The CAN/BNQ 0413-200 provides a voluntary

standard to the composting industry

Standar Kualitas Kompos

Compost Maturity

Very Immature

C/N ratio greater than 25, and/or stability test is greater than 12, and/or NH4 is greater than 500 and no nitrate present.

Immature Unstable compost Odors likely High toxicity potential Immobilization (tie-up) of available nitrogen

Moderately Mature

Stability test greater than 6 and less than 8 and/or when nitrate is detected and is greater than 25 ppm N.

Mature

Cured compost Odor production not likely Limited toxicity potential Positive impact on available soil nitrogen

Very Mature Well-cured compost No continued decomposition No odors

Standar Kualitas Kompos di beberapa negara

Test parameter Germany Australia USASalt <2.5 g/l <2 g/l <2 mmhos/cm

Average nitrogen

(mg/L)

<300 800 100-300

Phosphate (mg/L) <1200 <800 80-2500

Potassium (mg/L) <2000 <1500 500-2000

Maturity * * Solvita 7-8

Organic matter % >15 >20 >30

pH Declared 5-2.7 06-Jul

Foreign matter Maximum 0.5% Maximum 0.5% (1%) 2mm

>2mm >2mm

Keunggulan Pemakaian Kompos

• reduced soil erosion, particularly in areas of

exposed soils;

• increased water retention in the upper soil profile,

thus reducing the frequency of watering;

• release of nutrients for plant growth, reducing the

need for fertilizers;

• suppression of soil borne plant pathogens, reducing

the need for fungicides and bactericides.

COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGY

Teknologi composting dapat diklasifikasi

menjadi:

Close/Open Composting

Batch/Continues Composting

Small/Large Scale Composting

Pemhasan akan didasarkan pada klasifikasi

atas dasar Small/Large Scale Composting

Small Scale Composting

Diadopsi untuk kepentingan rumah tangga/skala

kecil

Dilakukan dengan cara heap

didalam/dipermukaan tanah, dalam tong, dalam

kranjang, atau dalam drum

Teknologi yang dipakai didasarkan pada

ketersediaan ruang, jenis bahan baku, lingkungan,

dan saran yang dimiliki

Summary of small-scale systems

System Turning Heat

generation Vectors Duration

Heap Easy Rapid Present 6 months - 1 year

Cage type + circular bins Easy Moderate Present 6 months - 1 year

Block/brick bin Easy Moderate Present 6 months – 1 year

Drums Very easy Very rapid Present 2 - 4 months

Composting Technology

Large Scale Technology

Large-Scale Composting dapat dilakukan dengan

beberapa metode/System:

Passive Pile

Windrow

Aerated Static Pile

In-Vessel

Passive Pile Dilakukan dengan membuat tumpakan bahan

berukuran lebar 2 m x tinggi 2 m

Aerasi dilakukan secara pasive mengandalkan

pergerakan udara bebas

Tidak ada pengaturan kadar air dan pembalikan

Sangat mungkin terjadi proses anaerob

Durasi proses sangat panjang bisa sampai 2 tahun

Paling murah dalam hal labour dan equipment

Windrow Composting

Dibuat heap spt pada Passive Pile system dengan

ukuran yang lebih panjang sampai 30 -40 m

Ada proses pembalikan secara teratur minimal 1 x

seminggu

Bisa dilakukan di open area atau beratap bergantung

pada iklim

Durasi proses 5 – 10 minngu tergantung pada bahan

baku dan frekuensi pembalikan

Windrow Composting

Materials mixed and formed into windrows

Windrows 7’ –8’ wide, 5’ – 6’ tall, varying lengths

Compost turned and mixed periodically

Aeration by natural/passive air movement

Composting time : 3 – 6 months

Aerated Static Pile (ASP)

Sama seperti Windrow system namun aerasi

dilakukan dengan memasang pipa perforasi

disepanjang jalur kompos

Ada fan untuk meniupkan udara ke dalam pile

Laju aerasinya bergantung pada jenis bahan yang

dipakai antara 200 – 500 m3 udara/jam

Durasi proses 3 – 5 minggu

Biaya energi untuk aerasi tinggi sehingga jarang

dipakai pada skala farm

Aerated Static Pile

Perbandingan composting skala besar

Parameter Passive pile Windrow Passive windrow Aerated Static Pile

Process time

(month)

12 - 24 6 - 12 6 - 12 3 - 6

Process

control/manageme

nt

Minimal Moderate (turning) Minimal High

Potential for odour

generation

High

because of

anaerobic

pockets

Moderate only when

turning

Minimal (odour

absorbed in top

layers)

Minimal (with suck

air)

Capital investment Low Low Moderate High

Operation cost Low High (labour) Low High

Compost quality Poor Moderate Low to moderate Good

Important

parameters

Porosity/stru

cture

Porosity/structure Porosity/structure Porosity/moisture

(Pile can settle)

Materials targeted Leaves/yard

trimmings

Mixed wastes,

manure most widely

used by farmers

Manure, seafood

wastes

Sludge, mixed

wastes, manure


More mechanically complex

More expensive

Smaller footprint (area)

Relatively high operations & maintenance costs

Perbandingan Aneka Technolog Pembuatan

Kompos

Technology Product

quality Process Speed

Capital &

operational

costs

Process

control

Turned

windrow

average simple short high medium

Aerated pile

In-vessel good complex shortest highest excellent

Pengolahan Limbah Pertanian Berbasis Teknologi Composting

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