Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

INTRODUCTIONTOLIGHTING

ThankyouforyourinterestintheDarkSkiesRangersandInternationalDark‐SkyAssociation(IDA)Educationprograms.Ourmissionis“topreserveandprotectthenighttimeenvironmentandourheritageofdarkskiesthroughenvironmentallyresponsiblelighting.”Ourgoalsaretoraiseawarenessoflightpollution,itscausesanditssolutionsto

thegeneralpublic.IDAdoesthisbyworkingwithlightingdesignersandmanufacturerstoproducelightfixturesthatproducenolightabovethe90degreeangle(fullyshielded),andthenIDA’svolunteersworkwithgovernmentstorequirethistypeofoutdoorlightingforallapplications.

DarkSkiesRangersandIDAeducationprogramsaredesignedtocontinueandadvancethismissionbyproviding

curriculumtochildrenandadultsaboutthecausesandsolutionstolightpollution.Thisprogramisdesignedtoprovideateachingtoolforhighschoolstudentsandadultswhowouldliketolearnmoreaboutqualityoutdoorlighting.

Thechallengeofthisprojectistotakeacomplexsubjectandmakeitunderstandabletothegeneralpublic.Wehopethatthosewhocompletethisprogramwillobserveoutdoorlightingwithmoreunderstandingandinformedquestions.

ScopeoftheProject:ThemainteachingtoolisaPowerPointpresentationthatwillbethereferencematerialneeded

tocompletethefollowing4activities.Theactivitieswillbeofincreasingcomplexityasthestudent/audienceprogresseswiththem.

Activities:

Activity1–Vocabulary–Thereisaglossary,afillintheblankquiz,andananswerkey.

Activity2–EnergyLightingAudit–Forstudentstheauditwouldinvolveauditingtheirschoolcampus.Foradultstheauditcouldbeanauditoftheoutdoorlightsintheirneighborhood(i.e.park,streets,school).Thisauditwillinclude

calculatingenergyconsumptionofthelightsinthearea.

Activity3‐Measurements/ObservationsfromtheAudit–Choose2differenttypesoflamps/fixturesfromtheaudit.Foreachoftheselampscompleteatleast2measurements/observations.Forinstanceyouwillobserveifalightisfullyshieldedornot,andyoumeasurethepowerdensityofaluminaire.

Activity4‐Producearevisedmasterplan–Thiscouldincludetheentirecampus,partofthecampus,your

neighborhood,oroneaspectoftheneighborhood.Students(individualorteams)willpresenttheirrevisedlightingplantotheclassandgiveexplanationsforchanges,orkeepingthestatusquoforallfixturesinagivenarea.Partofthisrevisedlightingplanwillincludere‐calculatingtheenergyconsumptionofthelightsasexplainedinActivity2.Didyou

savemoneyforyourschool?Foradultsinacommunitythencanusethisrevisedlightingschemewhentheypresenttoaplanning&zoningmeetingoftheircitygovernment.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

Goals:

Providestudents/generalpublicwithtoolsandinformationtheyneedtoeffectivelymonitorenergyusewithintheircampusorneighborhood.

Identifywaystosavemoneybyusingenergywisely

Understandthattheinformationthattheylearnmaybeusedtohelpimprovetheenvironment

Encouragemunicipalities,schools,andbusinessestoconsidermanagingorretrofittingtheirbuildingssothatenergyisusedasefficientlyandwiselyaspossible.

LearningObjectives:

Definetermsassociatedwithanenergyaudit

Identifythecomponentstoincludeinanoutdoorenergy/lightingaudit

Prepareandconductanoutdoorenergy/lightingaudit

Analyzedatafromtheschool/neighborhoodoutdoorenergy/lightingaudit

Writerecommendation/improvementoptionsformoreefficientlighting.

Calculatethesavingsrealizedbyusingmoreefficientlighting.

Writeoutobservationsandmeasurementsaboutcurrentoutdoorlighting

Developandpresentanactionplantoschool/cityofficialsabouttheresultsofthelightingaudit,measurements,andoptionsusingpowerpoint,photos,worksheets,anddesigns.

ArizonaScienceStandards:(ThisactivityutilizesthefollowingStandardsbutisnotlimitedtothem.)

Grades9–12• S1,C2,PO4.Conductascientificinvestigationthatisbasedonaresearchdesign.• S1,C2.PO5.Recordobservations,notes,sketches,questions,andideasusingtoolssuchasjournals,charts,

graphs,and• computers.• S1,C3,PO6.Usedescriptivestatisticstoanalyzedata,including:mean,frequency,range.(MHS‐S2C1‐10)• S1,C4,PO1‐Foraspecificinvestigation,chooseanappropriatemethodforcommunicatingtheresults.• S1,C4,PO3.Communicateresultsclearlyandlogically.• S2,C1,PO3.Analyzehowspecificchangesinsciencehaveaffectedsociety.• S2,C2,PO3.Distinguishbetweenpureandappliedscience.• S3,C1,PO5.Evaluatetheeffectivenessofconservationpracticesandpreservationtechniquesonenvironmental

qualityandbiodiversity.• S3,C2,PO3.Supportapositiononascienceortechnologyissue.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

EquipmentNeeded:

• GraphPaper• Pencils• Longtapemeasure• Lightingworkbook(below)• Camera• IlluminanceMeter‐optional(MinoltaT‐10,$300approximately)OPTIONAL• Lightingcatalogue(internetaccessrequired)OPTIONAL• Calculator

TeachingOptions:

• Instructorshavetheoptionofmakingthisateamproject,oranindividualprojectdependingonthesizeoftheclassorthecampus.

• Instructorshavetheoptionofassigningcertainmeasurementsbasedontheavailabilityofresources,i.e.

cameras,lightingmeters,accesstofacilitiesmanagement,internetaccess.• ThePowerPointcanbeshownbyitself,orwithanycombinationofactivities.• Instructorshavethediscretionofgivingthevocabularyquizbeforeoraftertheotheractivitiesarecompleted.

Oritcanbebeforetheactivitiesandthenagainaftertheactivitiestoseehowmuchhasbeenretained.• Instructorshavetheoptionofprintingoffthenotespagestothepowerpointandprovidingthemtothe

studentsduringtheactivities.

• Instructorscancontactlightingdesignersorlightingengineersintheirareatovolunteertheirtimeasconsultantsforthestudentsontheproject.Foradultsworkingtoimprovetheirneighborhood,thiswouldalsobeahelpfuloption.

• Instructorscanmaketheirownassumptionaboutthetotallightingareatobemeasuredi.e.theentireparkinglot,oronesection,theentiresportsareaoronefield.Beconsistent.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

Activity1Vocabulary

Youwillfindavocabularysheet,aquiz,andananswerkey.

Instructors:Youhavethefollowingoptionsforthequiz:

Giveitdirectlyafterthepowerpointpresentation

Giveitafterthelastactivityhasbeencompleted

Haveitbean“openbook”projectthatthestudentscompletewhiletheyarecompletingtheactivities.

Givethequizafterthepowerpointandthenagainafterthelastactivitytoseethedifferenceintheretention.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

GlossaryofLightingTerminology

FortheInstructor:Followingaregenerallightingtermsandtheirdefinition.

• HighSchoolStudents‐ThesetermscanbeusedinconjunctionwithEnglishclasses.Aquizhasbeendesignedtodetermineiftheyhaveretainedthedefinitions.

• Adults–Beingfamiliarwiththelanguageoflightingwillbeusefulwhenworkingonoutdoorlightingordinances.Thebestwayforanordinancetobeenforceableistouseindustrylanguagesothereisnomisunderstandingof

terms.

Adapt:theProcessbywhichthehumanvisualsystemadjuststolightlevels.Completeadaptationtakesconsiderabletime,especiallywhenchangingfromalighttoadarkenvironment.

Annualoperatingcost:thecostperyearofelectricityandmaintenanceofalightingsystem,includingreplacementpartsandassociatedlabor.

ANSI:AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute.ANSIcoordinatesandapprovestheprocessesfordevelopingvoluntary

nationalstandards,includingthoserelatedtothelightingindustry.

Arealighting:lightingprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly.

Beamspread:thewidth,expressedindegrees,ofalightbeamfromareflectorlamp.Theedgeofthebeamistypicallydefinedasthepointatwhichtheluminousintensityis50%asgreatasatthecenterofthebeam.

Bollard:alowpost‐shapedluminaire,typically3to4ftinheight,usedtolightpathways,walkways,andperimeters.

Candlepower:ameasureofluminousintensityofalightsourceinaspecificdirectionmeasuredincandelas.Seeluminousintensity

Contrast:theluminanceofanobjectrelatedtoitsimmediatebackground.

Control:adeviceorsystemthatturnslampsonandoff,ordimsthem.Controlsincludeswitches,dimmers;timing

devicesmotiondetectors,photosensors,andcentralcontrolsystems.

Current:arateofflowofelectricity,measuredinamperes.

Cutoffluminaire:anoutdoorluminairehavinglightdistributioncharacteristicsdesignedtoreduceluminousintensityatanglesabove65degreesfromvertical.Cutoffluminairesgenerallyprovidewell‐definedpatterns.

Efficacy(ofalightsource):Theratiooflightoutputfromalamptotheelectricpoweritconsumes(lampoutputdividedbyinputpower).Efficacyisexpressedinlumensperwatt(LPW).

Efficiency(ofaluminaire):theratioofluminousflux(lumens)ofaluminairetotheluminousfluxofthelamp(s)alone.

Luminousefficiencyisadimensionlessmeasure,expressingthepercentageofinitiallamplumensthatexittheluminaire.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

Energy:theproductofpower(watts)andtime(hours).Energyusedforlightingcanbesavedbyreducingthepower

requiredorthetimelightingisused,orboth.

Fixture:seeluminaire.

Fluorescentlamp:alampcontainingmercuryunderlowpressure,relativetohighintensitydischargelamps.Themercuryisionizedbyanelectricarc,producingultravioletenergywhich,inturn,causesaphosphorcoatinginsidethe

lamptofluoresce.

Footcandle(fc):unitofilluminance,equaltoonelumenpersquarefoot.Onefootcandleequals10.76lux(lx).

Glare:excessivebrightnessfromasourceoflightinthelineofsight,usuallyhorizontal.Luminaireswithpooropticalcontrolcanbesourcesofdirectglare.

Highintensitydischargelamp(HID):anelectriclampthatproduceslightdirectlyfromanarcdischargeunderhigh

pressure.Metalhalide,highpressuresodium,andmercuryvaporaretypesofHIDlamps.

Illumination:thedistributionoflightonahorizontalsurface.Illuminationismeasuredinfootcandles.Forconversionpurposes,1footcandle(fc)isequalto10.76lux(lx).

Incandescentlamp:alampproducingvisibleradiantenergybyelectricalheatingofafilament.

Kilowatt‐hour(kWh):measureofelectricalenergyuse;theproductofpower,asmeasuredinkilowatts,andtime,asmeasuredinhours.Forexample,onekilowattusedforonehourequalsonkilowatt‐hour(kWh).

Lamp:alightingindustrytermforanelectriclightbulb,tube,orotherlightingdevice.

Lightdistribution:thespreadoflightthatisproducedbyalamporaluminaire;alsotheoverallpatternoflightona

surface.

Lightoutput:luminousflux,measuredinlumens.Thelumenratingofalampismeasureofitstotaloveralllightoutput.Seealsolumen.

Lightpollution:adverseeffects,includingglare,lighttrespass,andskyglow,ofunwantedlightintheatmosphere,typicallyproducedbytheupwardcomponentsofoutdoorlightingsystemsatnight.Wastedlight.

Lighttrespass:extraneouslightonadjacentproperty,typicallyproducedbystraylightfromoutdoorlightingsystems.

Lighttrespassincludesglarefromdirectviewing,aswellasunwanted“spilllight.”

Lumen:theunitofluminousflux.Thelumenistherateofflowoflight,andisusedtoexpresstheoveralllightoutputofalam

Luminaire:acompletelightingunitconsistingofalamporlamps,togetherwiththepartsdesignedtodistributethelight,topositionandprotectthelamps,andtoconnectthelampstoapowersupply.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit Luminance:thephotometricquantitymostcloselyassociatedwiththeperceptionofbrightness.Itistheluminous

intensityemittedorreflectedinaparticulardirectionperunitareaofreflectivesurface,measuredincandelaspersquarefeetorsquaremeters.

Luminousflux:therateoftheflowoflight,measuredinlumens.Theoveralllightoutputofalamp.

Lux:theSystemeInternationaled”Unite(SI)unitofilluminanceequalto1lumenpersquaremeter.Oneluxequals0.0929footcandles.

Mercuryvaporlamp:anHIDlightsourceinwhichradiationfrommercuryvaporproducesvisiblelight,whichis

characterizedbyabluish‐whitecolor.

Metalhalidelamp:anHIDlightsourceinwhichradiationfromamixtureofmetallicvaporsproducesvisiblelight,characterizedbyawhitecolor.

Photosensor:adevicethatconvertslighttoelectricalcurrent.Photo‐sensorsswitchlightsonoroff,basedontheamountofincidentlight.

Powerdensity:ameasureofelectricalpowerperunitarea,measuredinwattspersquarefootorsquaremeter.Many

buildingcodesprescribemaximumpowerdensityvaluesforvariousareasofuseinanefforttopromotetheuseofenergy‐efficientproduct.

Reflectorlamps:aclassoflampsthathavereflectingmaterialintegratedintothelamp.Typesincludecommonreflector(R),parabolicaluminizedreflector(PAR),andmulti‐facetedreflector(MR)lamps.

Skyglow:aresultofscatteredlightintheatmosphereaboveurbanareas.Skyglowisexasperatedbythepresenceof

watervapor,particulate(air)pollution,clouds,orrain.

Uniformity:inoutdoorlighting,ameasureindicatinghowevenlylightisdistributedacrossasurface.Typicallythemeasureisexpressedasaratioofonevaluetoanother,suchasaveragetominimum,ormaximumtominimum.Usingratios,perfectuniformitywouldbe1:1.

Voltage:thedifferenceinelectricalpotentialthatcausescurrentflowinacircuit.

Watt:unitofrealelectricpower;therateatwhichelectricenergyisused.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

VocabularyTest

Overalllightoutputismeasuredin__________.

Theratioofluminousflux(lumens)ofaluminairetotheluminousfluxofthelamp(s)aloneiscalled_____________.

Citiesandschoolmustbudgetforthe_____________________,whicharethesumtotalexpensesforusingandrepairingthelightingsystem.

Anylightingdeviceintheindustryisreferredtoasa_______.

The_______________________________________________istheorganizationthatcoordinatesandapprovestheprocessesfordevelopingvoluntarynationalstandards,includingthoserelatedtothelightingindustry.

______________________isthelightingprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly.

Thislowpost‐shapedluminaire,calleda________usuallylightspathways,walkways,&perimeters.

Luminousintensityisalsoreferredtoas_______________.

Businessesandmunicipalitiescanreduceenergycostsbyinstalling__________devicesthatturnlampsonandoff,or

dimsthem.

Itcantakeupto20minutesforyoureyesto_______tothedarkaftertheyhavebeeninabrightlylitareaatnight.

Inordertoreducelightpollutionandoverallskyglow,allluminariesshouldbespecifiedasafull________________________.

Theoverallpatternorspreadoflightonasurfaceisreferredtoas____________________.

Wattstimeshoursofoperationequalsthe________usedbyaluminaire.

Compact__________________________useasmallamountofmercurytoproduceultravioletenergy.

One___________equals10.76lux.

Metalhalide,highpressuresodium,andmercuryvaporaretypesof______________________________lamps.

____________isbestdescribedasthelightthatreflectsoffofahorizontalsurface.

ThomasEdisoninventedthefirstsuccessful__________________________________thatheatedafilamentwithelectricity.

Blindinglightthatshinesusuallyhorizontallyisknownas_________.

___________isatermusedtoexpresslumensperwattofalightsource.

Theluminousfluxofafixture,alsocalledoverall____________________,ismeasuredinlumens.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

Toomuchwasted,artificiallightatnightthatproducesglare,trespassesbeyonditsintendeddestination,orit

contributestoskyglowiscalled______________________.

Aneighbor’slightspillingintoyourbedroomwindowisagoodexampleof_____________________.

Theperfectratioindicating____________,whichshowshowevenlylightisdistributed,is1:1.

Alightingfixtureiscalleda___________bythelightingindustryandreferstothecompletelightingunit.

___________________________________areanexampleofanHIDlightsourcethatusesmercury.

Atypeofcontroldevice,a___________,switcheslightsonoroff,basedontheamountofsurroundinglight.

Thisorangehazeknownas__________________isaresultofscatteredlightintheatmosphereaboveurbanareas.

Therateatwhichelectricityisusedismeasuredinunitscalled__________.

Whensomeoneistalkingabouttheperceptionofbrightnessofasourceoflighttheyaretalkingaboutits___________.

AHIDlightsourceinwhichRadiationfromamixtureofmetallicvaporsproducesawhitecolorlightisa__________________________________.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

VocabularyTestAnswerKey

Overalllightoutputismeasuredin_lumens_________.

Theratioofluminousflux(lumens)ofaluminairetotheluminousfluxofthelamp(s)aloneiscalledefficiency_____.

Citiesandschoolmustbudgetforthe_annual______operating_______costs_______,whicharethesumtotalexpensesforusingandrepairingthelightingsystem.

Anylightingdeviceintheindustryisreferredtoasalamp_______.

The__AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute__istheorganizationthatcoordinatesandapprovestheprocessesfordevelopingvoluntarynationalstandards,includingthoserelatedtothelightingindustry.

AreaLighting_isthelightingprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly.

Thislowpost‐shapedluminaire,calledabollardusuallylightspathways,walkways,&perimeters.

Luminousintensityisalsoreferredtoas_candlepower___.

Businessesandmunicipalitiescanreduceenergycostsbyinstalling_control__devicesthatturnlampsonandoff,or

dimsthem.

Itcantakeupto20minutesforyoureyesto_adapt___tothedarkaftertheyhavebeeninabrightlylitareaatnight.

Inordertoreducelightpollutionandoverallskyglow,allluminariesshouldbespecifiedasafullcutoffluminaire_.

Theoverallpatternorspreadoflightonasurfaceisreferredtoas_lightdistribution___.

Wattstimeshoursofoperationequalsthe_energy__usedbyaluminaire.

Compactfluorescentlampuseasmallamountofmercurytoproduceultravioletenergy.

One_footcandle___equals10.76lux.

Metalhalide,highpressuresodium,andmercuryvaporaretypesof_high__intensitydischarge_lamps._

Illumination__isbestdescribedasthedistributionoflightonahorizontalsurface.

ThomasEdisoninventedthefirstsuccessful_incandescentlamp__thatheatedafilamentwithelectricity.

Blindinglightthatshines,usuallyhorizontally,isknownas_glare_.

_Efficacy____isatermusedtoexpresslumensperwattofalightsource.

Theluminousfluxofafixture,alsocalledoverall_lightoutput_,ismeasuredinlumens.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

Toomuchwasted,artificiallightatnightthatproducesglare,trespassesbeyonditsintendeddestination,orit

contributestoskyglowiscalled__lightpollution__.

Aneighbor’slightspillingintoyourbedroomwindowisagoodexampleof_lighttrespass_.

Theperfectratioindicating_uniformity___,whichshowshowevenlylightisdistributed,is1:1.

Alightingfixtureiscalleda_luminaire_bythelightingindustryandreferstothecompletelightingunit.

_MercuryVaporLamp___isanexampleofanHIDlightsourcethatusesmercury.

Atypeofcontroldevice,a_photo‐sensor_____,switcheslightsonoroff,basedontheamountofsurroundinglight.

Manybuildingcodesprescribemaximum_powerdensityvaluesforvariousareasofuseinanefforttopromotetheuseofenergy‐efficientproduct.

Thisorangehazeknownas_skyglow_isaresultofscatteredlightintheatmosphereaboveurbanareas.

Therateatwhichelectricityisusedismeasuredinunitscalled_watts___.

Whensomeoneistalkingabouttheperceptionofbrightnessofasourceoflighttheyaretalkingaboutits

_luminance_____.

AHIDlightsourceinwhichradiationfromamixtureofmetallicvaporsproducesawhitecolorlightisa_MetalHalideLamp___.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

Activity2:EnergyLightingAudit

Yourinstructorwillplaceyouintogroupsofthreeorfour.Eachgrouppicksadifferentbuildingatyourschooltouseinthelightingaudit.Makesurethebuildinghasmorethanahalfdozenlightsontheexterior.

Measurethedimensionsofthebuildingandsketchittoscaleonapieceofgraphpaper.Besuretowritethelengthandwidthonthesketch.

Onyourschematicofthebuilding,drawthelocationofthelightsandwhereyouthinkthelightwillfall(e.g.,ontheground).Youcanfigureoutwherethelightwillfallbylookingattheshielding(ifany)andwherethelightispointed.

Takeapictureofthefixture,closeenoughtoidentifyitlater. Identifythekindofshielding.Matchittooneofthepicturesinthepackage.Identifytheshapeofthelamp. Comebackatnightasagroupandconfirmwherethelightfallsforeachfixture.Describewhetherthearea

beingilluminatedistoomuchortoolittleforthetask.Describeifthelightfallswhereneededorbeyondwhereitisneeded,orifitisblockedbyvegetationoranotherstructure.Also,describeifthereareoverlybrightordarkpatchesthathinderyourabilitytoseewhatisaroundyou.

Recordthecolorofthelamp(i.e.yelloworange‐ish,greenish‐white,bluishwhite,etc.) Foreverylightthatyousee,recordthewattsandlamptypebyinterviewingthefacilitiesstaff.Askabout

whetherthelightsareontimersoronlightsensors(dusttodawn)ormotionsensors.Ifthelightsareontimers,thenaskthestaffwhattheapproximatehoursofoperationare.

Determinetheannualoperatingcostsofthelightsinyouraudit.(Thisisforallofthebuildinglightsonaverage.)

Example:Forthepurposesofillustratinghowsuchaschedulemightworktakeahypotheticalschoolweekwherethelightsareonfrom7p.m.to7a.m.,MondaythroughFriday.Duringschoolsessions,thelightsareon12hoursadayforfivedaysaweektotaling60hoursaweek.

Ifyourschoolhas10weeksoffduringthesummer,a2weekwinterbreak,aweekoffforspringbreak,andaweekoff

forholidays,thiswouldamountto15weeksayear.Thecalculated“ontimes”formostofthelightsinthiscasewouldbeasfollows:

(OxI)+(FxN)=Y

• O=thenumberofhoursthattheoutdoorlightsareonwhenschoolisinsession• I=thenumberofweekstheschoolisinsession• F=thenumberofhourstheoutdoorlightsareonwhenschoolisnotinsession• N=thenumberofweeksthattheschoolisnotinsession

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

AuditWorksheet

Foreveryfixturewithaparticularlampthathasaparticularwattage,calculate:

____________X_______x__________ = ____________#oflamps wattageestimatedhoursofuse energy(Wh)usedinayear InayearAddtogethertheenergyusedinayearforallthedifferentlapsofdifferentwattagesDividethisyearlyenergyusageinwatt‐hoursby1000tochangetheunitstokilowatt‐hours.Youhavedeterminedhowmanykilowatt‐hoursorhowmuchenergyhasbeenconsumedbytheoutdoorlightonyourcampus.Findoutfromthedistrictmainofficewhatthedollarsperkilowatt‐hourisfortheschool.Thisnumberorratiocanbefoundonthemonthlybill.Dothemathtodetermineroughlythecurrentannualcostofoperatingtheoutdoorlightaroundyourbuilding: ______________________X_________________________=dollarsspentonoutdoorlights #ofkilowatt‐hours dollarsperkilowatt‐hour CalculatedTheamountofcarbondioxidegreenhousegasgeneratedduringelectricityproductionrangesfrom1.4lbs.to2.8lbs.perkilowatt‐hour,dependingonwhetherornottheelectricityisproducedfromcoal,nuclearpowerorhydropower.Estimatetheamountofgreenhousegascreatedwhentheelectricityismadetopowertheoutdoorlightsaroundyourbuilding; _____________________X2= ______________________________ #ofkilowatt‐hours amountgreenhousegas Calculated topowertheoutdoorlightsCongratulations!Youhavedatathatwillhelpdeterminewhetherthelightingaroundyourschoolbuildingcanbemademoreenergyandcosteffective.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

Activity3:MeasurementofAuditedLightsThepurposeofthissectionistohaveyoubecomemoreawareofthefixturesintheauditandmakeobservationsandmeasurementsabouthoweffectivetheyareinperformingthefunctionforwhichtheywereinstalled.Itishopedthatthestudentwillbecomemoreawareofthescienceanddesignelementsofqualityoutdoorlighting.Itwillalsoprovidemorein‐depthanalysisoftheenergyaudit.Andprovidethestudentwithmoreinformationtomakerecommendations.Choosetwodifferenttypesoflamps/fixturesfromtheaudit.Foreachlampprepareatleast2ofthefollowingmeasurements.

Determinepoleheight Determinepowerdensity Determinelightoutputinlumens Determineilluminancelevelsinfootcandles Variousobservationsabouttheluminairesi.e.howaretheycontrolled,aretheyfullcut‐off,etc.

ChooseyourtwotypesofluminairesWriteadescriptionoftheluminaires: Typeofmount–wall,pole,ceiling,other Coloroflamp–white,orange,green, Whatisitslocation/purpose‐parkinglot,walkway,intersection,park/greenarea,overadoor? Whattaskisitlightingfor–driving,walking,reading,facialrecognition,securitycameraLuminaire#1‐____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Luminaire#2‐______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

Observation/MeasurementWorksheetObservations:Canyouseeanylight/glareshowingabovethe90degreeangle?Featurethesewithphotosifpossible?#1#2Canyoudetermineifthelightisfullcut‐offornot?#1#2Isthereasaglensoradiffuserbeneaththelamp?#1#2Isthelamponacircuit(meaningazone/areagoesonandofftogether),oritiscontrolledindividually?Whatarethecontrols;i.e.dusktodawn,clock,photocell,ormotionactivated?(Youmayneedfacilitiesmanagementtoaccessthisinformation)#1#2Canyoumakeanyinferencesaboutthecontrols?Lightsareontoomuch,toolittle,justright?#1#2Fromtheauditarethereanyglaring/badlightingexamples?Featurethesewithphotosifpossible.______________________________________________________________________________________Canyoumakeanyinferencesaboutthegenerallightingschemefromtheenergyaudit?Good,bad,glaring,notenoughcoverage,toomuchcoverage,oldtechnology,newtechnology?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

MeasurementsDeterminethelightoutput(inlumens)ofaparticularluminaire.Internetaccessrequired.Noinstrumentationrequired.Luminaire#1–Descriptionasshownabove. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________Determinethemanufacturer’stypeandthelightsourceusedintheluminaire.Ifyouknowtheownerofthelightsource(school,business,andprofessionaloffices)youmayhavetoaskthebuildingmaintenancestaffforassistance.Downloadthemanufacturer’sspecificationsheetfromthemanufacturer’sWebsiteandchecktheratedlumenoutputofthelampfromthelampmanufacturer’sWebsiteorcatalog.Thiswillbereferredtoasthephotometricfileofthefixtures.Thelumenoutputoftheluminairewillbetheratedlamplumensmultipliedbytheluminaireefficiency(measuredin%);sothereisonlyonecalculationtodo: Luminairelumens=ratedlamplumensxluminaireefficiency.ForExtraCredit–Estimatehowmuchlightfromtheluminairegoesintothesky?

Luminaire#2‐Descriptionasshownabove. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________Determinethemanufacturer’stypeandthelightsourceusedintheluminaire.Ifyouknowtheownerofthelightsource(school,business,andprofessionaloffices)youmayhavetoaskthebuildingmaintenancestaffforassistance.Downloadthemanufacturer’sspecificationsheetfromthemanufacturer’sWebsiteandchecktheratedlumenoutputofthelampfromthelampmanufacturer’sWebsiteorcatalog.Thiswillbereferredtoasthephotometricfileofthefixtures.Thelumenoutputoftheluminairewillbetheratedlamplumensmultipliedbytheluminaireefficiency(measuredin%);sothereisonlyonecalculationtodo: Luminairelumens=ratedlamplumensxluminaireefficiency.

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

PowerDensity

Unit Power Density (W/sq.ft.) = Total System Input Wattage (W) ÷ Total Area (Square Feet)

Luminaire#1–CampusLocation ________________________ Typeoflamp ________________________ Function/Task _________________________ Equation _________________________ Observations _________________________________________________Luminaire#2‐ CampusLocation __________________________ Typeoflamp __________________________ Function/Task __________________________ Equation __________________________ Observations ___________________________________________________NOTE:Youmaymakeyourownassumptionsaboutthetotalareayouareworkingwith.Forexampleyoucanmeasuretheentireparkinglot,oracourtyard,oranoutsidewalkway.Whateverassumptionsyouuse,notethemandbeconsistentwiththemeasurements.PoleMountingHeight

Luminairesonpolescanprovideilluminationineverydirectionatdistancesoftwototwoandhalftimesthemountingheightfromthepole.Thus,luminairesonasinglepolecanserveanareaofaboutfourtimesthemountingheight‐squared.Forexample,a50‐ftpolecancoverabout40,000sqftanda150‐ftpoleabout369,000sqft.

Lookatotherlightsthatmightbeintheareabutarenotnecessarilyoncampus(streetlights,cityparkinglotlights,businessesandtheirparkinglots).

Luminaire#1 PoleHeight ______________________________ (poleheight)x4=lightedareafrompole Observations: Whatisthetaskofthislight? ___________________________________________ Canyoucompletethetaskusingthecurrentlightsource?______________________ Ifnot,describethesituation.______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

Isthereoverlapfromotherlightsourcesinthelightedarea,suchasnearbystreetlights,ashoppingcenter,businesses,orparkinglots?____________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit Luminaire#2 PoleHeight ______________________________ (poleheight)x4=lightedareafrompole Observations: Whatisthetaskofthislight? ___________________________________________ Canyoucompletethetaskusingthecurrentlightsource?______________________ Ifnot,describethesituation.______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________

Isthereoverlapfromotherlightsourcesinthelightedarea,suchasnearbystreetlightings,ashoppingcenter,businessesorparkinglots? ___________________________________________

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InstrumentationRequiredDeterminetheilluminationlevel(footcandles)thattheluminaireprovidesonthepavement/walkwayatvariousdistancesfromtheluminaire(2,5,10,20,30feeforexample).Thepurposeofthisexerciseistofigureouthowthelightoutputofthelampandluminaire(measuredinlumens)distributesthelightanddirectsitontothepavementsoitprovidesillumination(lumen/sq.footorlumens/sq.meter).Youwillneedanilluminancemeterforthisexerciseandthemeasurementswillclearlyneedtobecompletedatnight.Thetypicalmeasurementsforastreetlightorpost‐topluminairewouldrangefrom5footcandlesdownto0.1footcandles.Illuminancemetersarecalibratedtoreadfootcandles,luxorboth.Forcalculationpurposes: Onefootcandleofillumination=1lumen/squarefootInmetricterms: Oneluxofillumination=1lumen/squaremeterThemeterreadingsaretakenbyplacingehmeteronthegroundatvariousdistancesfromtheluminaireandrecordingthereading.Themeterismeasuring“horizontalilluminance”whenyoudothiswhichmeanstheilluminanceonthe(horizontal)pavementsurface.Observationaftermeasurement–Howmuchlightisthisluminaireprovidingcomparedtomoonlight?Luminaire#1Luminaire#2

Dark Skies Rangers Program

School Outdoor Lighting Audit

Activity4:DesignNewLightingPlan&AuditProducearevisedlightingschemeforyourschoolcampusorneighborhood.

Designavisualmasterplanforyourcampus: Whatareyourgoalsfortheplan Pleaseshowadiagramongraphpaperofyournewlightingplan. Takeintoaccounttheseareas(youarewelcometomakeyourownassumptions,justbeconsistent)and

addresseachareainyourfinalpresentation. o Howwillitbeused?Alot,alittle?BallPark?Walk/Cyclingpath?Restrooms?Nearbyparking

lot?Sculpture?Fountain?o Whatarethehoursofuse?o Whatsafetyprecautionsareinplace?o Hasglarebeenreducedoreliminated?o Whattypesofluminairesareyourecommendingandwhy?o Whatisaroundyourpark/campus?Residential,openspace,businesses,mixeduse?

Usingthematerialyouhavelearneddetermine:

Ifallthelightsintheauditarenownecessary.Ifnot,whynot? Whattask/purposeisalampusedfor.Isthecurrentlightadequatetoperformthistask.List

reasonseitherway. Isthereamoneysavingalternative?Givereasonswhyandwhynot.

Re‐calculatetheenergyconsumptionofthelightsfortherevisedplanusingtheequationsfromtheauditinthesecondactivity.Haveyousavedmoney?Whatisthepayofftimeofanynewequipmentthatwasrecommendedtobepurchased(purchasecost–energysavingscostsovertime=energysavedovertime).