Dark Skies Rangers Programdarksky.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/newSchoolOutdoorLighting... ·...
19
Dark Skies Rangers Program School Outdoor Lighting Audit INTRODUCTION TO LIGHTING Thank you for your interest in the Dark Skies Rangers and International Dark‐Sky Association (IDA) Education programs. Our mission is “to preserve and protect the nighttime environment and our heritage of dark skies through environmentally responsible lighting.” Our goals are to raise awareness of light pollution, its causes and its solutions to the general public. IDA does this by working with lighting designers and manufacturers to produce light fixtures that produce no light above the 90 degree angle (fully shielded), and then IDA’s volunteers work with governments to require this type of outdoor lighting for all applications. Dark Skies Rangers and IDA education programs are designed to continue and advance this mission by providing curriculum to children and adults about the causes and solutions to light pollution. This program is designed to provide a teaching tool for high school students and adults who would like to learn more about quality outdoor lighting. The challenge of this project is to take a complex subject and make it understandable to the general public. We hope that those who complete this program will observe outdoor lighting with more understanding and informed questions. Scope of the Project: The main teaching tool is a Power Point presentation that will be the reference material needed to complete the following 4 activities. The activities will be of increasing complexity as the student/audience progresses with them. Activities: Activity 1 – Vocabulary – There is a glossary, a fill in the blank quiz, and an answer key. Activity 2 – Energy Lighting Audit – For students the audit would involve auditing their school campus. For adults the audit could be an audit of the outdoor lights in their neighborhood (i.e. park, streets, school). This audit will include calculating energy consumption of the lights in the area. Activity 3‐Measurements/Observations from the Audit – Choose 2 different types of lamps/fixtures from the audit. For each of these lamps complete at least 2 measurements/observations. For instance you will observe if a light is fully shielded or not, and you measure the power density of a luminaire. Activity 4‐ Produce a revised master plan – This could include the entire campus, part of the campus, your neighborhood, or one aspect of the neighborhood. Students (individual or teams) will present their revised lighting plan to the class and give explanations for changes, or keeping the status quo for all fixtures in a given area. Part of this revised lighting plan will include re‐calculating the energy consumption of the lights as explained in Activity 2. Did you save money for your school? For adults in a community then can use this revised lighting scheme when they present to a planning & zoning meeting of their city government.
Transcript of Dark Skies Rangers Programdarksky.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/newSchoolOutdoorLighting... ·...
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
INTRODUCTIONTOLIGHTING
ThankyouforyourinterestintheDarkSkiesRangersandInternationalDark‐SkyAssociation(IDA)Educationprograms.Ourmissionis“topreserveandprotectthenighttimeenvironmentandourheritageofdarkskiesthroughenvironmentallyresponsiblelighting.”Ourgoalsaretoraiseawarenessoflightpollution,itscausesanditssolutionsto
thegeneralpublic.IDAdoesthisbyworkingwithlightingdesignersandmanufacturerstoproducelightfixturesthatproducenolightabovethe90degreeangle(fullyshielded),andthenIDA’svolunteersworkwithgovernmentstorequirethistypeofoutdoorlightingforallapplications.
DarkSkiesRangersandIDAeducationprogramsaredesignedtocontinueandadvancethismissionbyproviding
curriculumtochildrenandadultsaboutthecausesandsolutionstolightpollution.Thisprogramisdesignedtoprovideateachingtoolforhighschoolstudentsandadultswhowouldliketolearnmoreaboutqualityoutdoorlighting.
Thechallengeofthisprojectistotakeacomplexsubjectandmakeitunderstandabletothegeneralpublic.Wehopethatthosewhocompletethisprogramwillobserveoutdoorlightingwithmoreunderstandingandinformedquestions.
ScopeoftheProject:ThemainteachingtoolisaPowerPointpresentationthatwillbethereferencematerialneeded
tocompletethefollowing4activities.Theactivitieswillbeofincreasingcomplexityasthestudent/audienceprogresseswiththem.
Activities:
Activity1–Vocabulary–Thereisaglossary,afillintheblankquiz,andananswerkey.
Activity2–EnergyLightingAudit–Forstudentstheauditwouldinvolveauditingtheirschoolcampus.Foradultstheauditcouldbeanauditoftheoutdoorlightsintheirneighborhood(i.e.park,streets,school).Thisauditwillinclude
calculatingenergyconsumptionofthelightsinthearea.
Activity3‐Measurements/ObservationsfromtheAudit–Choose2differenttypesoflamps/fixturesfromtheaudit.Foreachoftheselampscompleteatleast2measurements/observations.Forinstanceyouwillobserveifalightisfullyshieldedornot,andyoumeasurethepowerdensityofaluminaire.
Activity4‐Producearevisedmasterplan–Thiscouldincludetheentirecampus,partofthecampus,your
neighborhood,oroneaspectoftheneighborhood.Students(individualorteams)willpresenttheirrevisedlightingplantotheclassandgiveexplanationsforchanges,orkeepingthestatusquoforallfixturesinagivenarea.Partofthisrevisedlightingplanwillincludere‐calculatingtheenergyconsumptionofthelightsasexplainedinActivity2.Didyou
savemoneyforyourschool?Foradultsinacommunitythencanusethisrevisedlightingschemewhentheypresenttoaplanning&zoningmeetingoftheircitygovernment.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Goals:
Providestudents/generalpublicwithtoolsandinformationtheyneedtoeffectivelymonitorenergyusewithintheircampusorneighborhood.
Identifywaystosavemoneybyusingenergywisely
Understandthattheinformationthattheylearnmaybeusedtohelpimprovetheenvironment
Encouragemunicipalities,schools,andbusinessestoconsidermanagingorretrofittingtheirbuildingssothatenergyisusedasefficientlyandwiselyaspossible.
LearningObjectives:
Definetermsassociatedwithanenergyaudit
Identifythecomponentstoincludeinanoutdoorenergy/lightingaudit
Prepareandconductanoutdoorenergy/lightingaudit
Analyzedatafromtheschool/neighborhoodoutdoorenergy/lightingaudit
Writerecommendation/improvementoptionsformoreefficientlighting.
Calculatethesavingsrealizedbyusingmoreefficientlighting.
Writeoutobservationsandmeasurementsaboutcurrentoutdoorlighting
Developandpresentanactionplantoschool/cityofficialsabouttheresultsofthelightingaudit,measurements,andoptionsusingpowerpoint,photos,worksheets,anddesigns.
ArizonaScienceStandards:(ThisactivityutilizesthefollowingStandardsbutisnotlimitedtothem.)
Grades9–12• S1,C2,PO4.Conductascientificinvestigationthatisbasedonaresearchdesign.• S1,C2.PO5.Recordobservations,notes,sketches,questions,andideasusingtoolssuchasjournals,charts,
graphs,and• computers.• S1,C3,PO6.Usedescriptivestatisticstoanalyzedata,including:mean,frequency,range.(MHS‐S2C1‐10)• S1,C4,PO1‐Foraspecificinvestigation,chooseanappropriatemethodforcommunicatingtheresults.• S1,C4,PO3.Communicateresultsclearlyandlogically.• S2,C1,PO3.Analyzehowspecificchangesinsciencehaveaffectedsociety.• S2,C2,PO3.Distinguishbetweenpureandappliedscience.• S3,C1,PO5.Evaluatetheeffectivenessofconservationpracticesandpreservationtechniquesonenvironmental
qualityandbiodiversity.• S3,C2,PO3.Supportapositiononascienceortechnologyissue.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
EquipmentNeeded:
• GraphPaper• Pencils• Longtapemeasure• Lightingworkbook(below)• Camera• IlluminanceMeter‐optional(MinoltaT‐10,$300approximately)OPTIONAL• Lightingcatalogue(internetaccessrequired)OPTIONAL• Calculator
TeachingOptions:
• Instructorshavetheoptionofmakingthisateamproject,oranindividualprojectdependingonthesizeoftheclassorthecampus.
• Instructorshavetheoptionofassigningcertainmeasurementsbasedontheavailabilityofresources,i.e.
cameras,lightingmeters,accesstofacilitiesmanagement,internetaccess.• ThePowerPointcanbeshownbyitself,orwithanycombinationofactivities.• Instructorshavethediscretionofgivingthevocabularyquizbeforeoraftertheotheractivitiesarecompleted.
Oritcanbebeforetheactivitiesandthenagainaftertheactivitiestoseehowmuchhasbeenretained.• Instructorshavetheoptionofprintingoffthenotespagestothepowerpointandprovidingthemtothe
studentsduringtheactivities.
• Instructorscancontactlightingdesignersorlightingengineersintheirareatovolunteertheirtimeasconsultantsforthestudentsontheproject.Foradultsworkingtoimprovetheirneighborhood,thiswouldalsobeahelpfuloption.
• Instructorscanmaketheirownassumptionaboutthetotallightingareatobemeasuredi.e.theentireparkinglot,oronesection,theentiresportsareaoronefield.Beconsistent.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Activity1Vocabulary
Youwillfindavocabularysheet,aquiz,andananswerkey.
Instructors:Youhavethefollowingoptionsforthequiz:
Giveitdirectlyafterthepowerpointpresentation
Giveitafterthelastactivityhasbeencompleted
Haveitbean“openbook”projectthatthestudentscompletewhiletheyarecompletingtheactivities.
Givethequizafterthepowerpointandthenagainafterthelastactivitytoseethedifferenceintheretention.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
GlossaryofLightingTerminology
FortheInstructor:Followingaregenerallightingtermsandtheirdefinition.
• HighSchoolStudents‐ThesetermscanbeusedinconjunctionwithEnglishclasses.Aquizhasbeendesignedtodetermineiftheyhaveretainedthedefinitions.
• Adults–Beingfamiliarwiththelanguageoflightingwillbeusefulwhenworkingonoutdoorlightingordinances.Thebestwayforanordinancetobeenforceableistouseindustrylanguagesothereisnomisunderstandingof
terms.
Adapt:theProcessbywhichthehumanvisualsystemadjuststolightlevels.Completeadaptationtakesconsiderabletime,especiallywhenchangingfromalighttoadarkenvironment.
Annualoperatingcost:thecostperyearofelectricityandmaintenanceofalightingsystem,includingreplacementpartsandassociatedlabor.
ANSI:AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute.ANSIcoordinatesandapprovestheprocessesfordevelopingvoluntary
nationalstandards,includingthoserelatedtothelightingindustry.
Arealighting:lightingprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly.
Beamspread:thewidth,expressedindegrees,ofalightbeamfromareflectorlamp.Theedgeofthebeamistypicallydefinedasthepointatwhichtheluminousintensityis50%asgreatasatthecenterofthebeam.
Bollard:alowpost‐shapedluminaire,typically3to4ftinheight,usedtolightpathways,walkways,andperimeters.
Candlepower:ameasureofluminousintensityofalightsourceinaspecificdirectionmeasuredincandelas.Seeluminousintensity
Contrast:theluminanceofanobjectrelatedtoitsimmediatebackground.
Control:adeviceorsystemthatturnslampsonandoff,ordimsthem.Controlsincludeswitches,dimmers;timing
devicesmotiondetectors,photosensors,andcentralcontrolsystems.
Current:arateofflowofelectricity,measuredinamperes.
Cutoffluminaire:anoutdoorluminairehavinglightdistributioncharacteristicsdesignedtoreduceluminousintensityatanglesabove65degreesfromvertical.Cutoffluminairesgenerallyprovidewell‐definedpatterns.
Efficacy(ofalightsource):Theratiooflightoutputfromalamptotheelectricpoweritconsumes(lampoutputdividedbyinputpower).Efficacyisexpressedinlumensperwatt(LPW).
Efficiency(ofaluminaire):theratioofluminousflux(lumens)ofaluminairetotheluminousfluxofthelamp(s)alone.
Luminousefficiencyisadimensionlessmeasure,expressingthepercentageofinitiallamplumensthatexittheluminaire.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Energy:theproductofpower(watts)andtime(hours).Energyusedforlightingcanbesavedbyreducingthepower
requiredorthetimelightingisused,orboth.
Fixture:seeluminaire.
Fluorescentlamp:alampcontainingmercuryunderlowpressure,relativetohighintensitydischargelamps.Themercuryisionizedbyanelectricarc,producingultravioletenergywhich,inturn,causesaphosphorcoatinginsidethe
lamptofluoresce.
Footcandle(fc):unitofilluminance,equaltoonelumenpersquarefoot.Onefootcandleequals10.76lux(lx).
Glare:excessivebrightnessfromasourceoflightinthelineofsight,usuallyhorizontal.Luminaireswithpooropticalcontrolcanbesourcesofdirectglare.
Highintensitydischargelamp(HID):anelectriclampthatproduceslightdirectlyfromanarcdischargeunderhigh
pressure.Metalhalide,highpressuresodium,andmercuryvaporaretypesofHIDlamps.
Illumination:thedistributionoflightonahorizontalsurface.Illuminationismeasuredinfootcandles.Forconversionpurposes,1footcandle(fc)isequalto10.76lux(lx).
Incandescentlamp:alampproducingvisibleradiantenergybyelectricalheatingofafilament.
Kilowatt‐hour(kWh):measureofelectricalenergyuse;theproductofpower,asmeasuredinkilowatts,andtime,asmeasuredinhours.Forexample,onekilowattusedforonehourequalsonkilowatt‐hour(kWh).
Lamp:alightingindustrytermforanelectriclightbulb,tube,orotherlightingdevice.
Lightdistribution:thespreadoflightthatisproducedbyalamporaluminaire;alsotheoverallpatternoflightona
surface.
Lightoutput:luminousflux,measuredinlumens.Thelumenratingofalampismeasureofitstotaloveralllightoutput.Seealsolumen.
Lightpollution:adverseeffects,includingglare,lighttrespass,andskyglow,ofunwantedlightintheatmosphere,typicallyproducedbytheupwardcomponentsofoutdoorlightingsystemsatnight.Wastedlight.
Lighttrespass:extraneouslightonadjacentproperty,typicallyproducedbystraylightfromoutdoorlightingsystems.
Lighttrespassincludesglarefromdirectviewing,aswellasunwanted“spilllight.”
Lumen:theunitofluminousflux.Thelumenistherateofflowoflight,andisusedtoexpresstheoveralllightoutputofalam
Luminaire:acompletelightingunitconsistingofalamporlamps,togetherwiththepartsdesignedtodistributethelight,topositionandprotectthelamps,andtoconnectthelampstoapowersupply.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit Luminance:thephotometricquantitymostcloselyassociatedwiththeperceptionofbrightness.Itistheluminous
intensityemittedorreflectedinaparticulardirectionperunitareaofreflectivesurface,measuredincandelaspersquarefeetorsquaremeters.
Luminousflux:therateoftheflowoflight,measuredinlumens.Theoveralllightoutputofalamp.
Lux:theSystemeInternationaled”Unite(SI)unitofilluminanceequalto1lumenpersquaremeter.Oneluxequals0.0929footcandles.
Mercuryvaporlamp:anHIDlightsourceinwhichradiationfrommercuryvaporproducesvisiblelight,whichis
characterizedbyabluish‐whitecolor.
Metalhalidelamp:anHIDlightsourceinwhichradiationfromamixtureofmetallicvaporsproducesvisiblelight,characterizedbyawhitecolor.
Photosensor:adevicethatconvertslighttoelectricalcurrent.Photo‐sensorsswitchlightsonoroff,basedontheamountofincidentlight.
Powerdensity:ameasureofelectricalpowerperunitarea,measuredinwattspersquarefootorsquaremeter.Many
buildingcodesprescribemaximumpowerdensityvaluesforvariousareasofuseinanefforttopromotetheuseofenergy‐efficientproduct.
Reflectorlamps:aclassoflampsthathavereflectingmaterialintegratedintothelamp.Typesincludecommonreflector(R),parabolicaluminizedreflector(PAR),andmulti‐facetedreflector(MR)lamps.
Skyglow:aresultofscatteredlightintheatmosphereaboveurbanareas.Skyglowisexasperatedbythepresenceof
watervapor,particulate(air)pollution,clouds,orrain.
Uniformity:inoutdoorlighting,ameasureindicatinghowevenlylightisdistributedacrossasurface.Typicallythemeasureisexpressedasaratioofonevaluetoanother,suchasaveragetominimum,ormaximumtominimum.Usingratios,perfectuniformitywouldbe1:1.
Voltage:thedifferenceinelectricalpotentialthatcausescurrentflowinacircuit.
Watt:unitofrealelectricpower;therateatwhichelectricenergyisused.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
VocabularyTest
Overalllightoutputismeasuredin__________.
Theratioofluminousflux(lumens)ofaluminairetotheluminousfluxofthelamp(s)aloneiscalled_____________.
Citiesandschoolmustbudgetforthe_____________________,whicharethesumtotalexpensesforusingandrepairingthelightingsystem.
Anylightingdeviceintheindustryisreferredtoasa_______.
The_______________________________________________istheorganizationthatcoordinatesandapprovestheprocessesfordevelopingvoluntarynationalstandards,includingthoserelatedtothelightingindustry.
______________________isthelightingprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly.
Thislowpost‐shapedluminaire,calleda________usuallylightspathways,walkways,&perimeters.
Luminousintensityisalsoreferredtoas_______________.
Businessesandmunicipalitiescanreduceenergycostsbyinstalling__________devicesthatturnlampsonandoff,or
dimsthem.
Itcantakeupto20minutesforyoureyesto_______tothedarkaftertheyhavebeeninabrightlylitareaatnight.
Inordertoreducelightpollutionandoverallskyglow,allluminariesshouldbespecifiedasafull________________________.
Theoverallpatternorspreadoflightonasurfaceisreferredtoas____________________.
Wattstimeshoursofoperationequalsthe________usedbyaluminaire.
Compact__________________________useasmallamountofmercurytoproduceultravioletenergy.
One___________equals10.76lux.
Metalhalide,highpressuresodium,andmercuryvaporaretypesof______________________________lamps.
____________isbestdescribedasthelightthatreflectsoffofahorizontalsurface.
ThomasEdisoninventedthefirstsuccessful__________________________________thatheatedafilamentwithelectricity.
Blindinglightthatshinesusuallyhorizontallyisknownas_________.
___________isatermusedtoexpresslumensperwattofalightsource.
Theluminousfluxofafixture,alsocalledoverall____________________,ismeasuredinlumens.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Toomuchwasted,artificiallightatnightthatproducesglare,trespassesbeyonditsintendeddestination,orit
contributestoskyglowiscalled______________________.
Aneighbor’slightspillingintoyourbedroomwindowisagoodexampleof_____________________.
Theperfectratioindicating____________,whichshowshowevenlylightisdistributed,is1:1.
Alightingfixtureiscalleda___________bythelightingindustryandreferstothecompletelightingunit.
___________________________________areanexampleofanHIDlightsourcethatusesmercury.
Atypeofcontroldevice,a___________,switcheslightsonoroff,basedontheamountofsurroundinglight.
Thisorangehazeknownas__________________isaresultofscatteredlightintheatmosphereaboveurbanareas.
Therateatwhichelectricityisusedismeasuredinunitscalled__________.
Whensomeoneistalkingabouttheperceptionofbrightnessofasourceoflighttheyaretalkingaboutits___________.
AHIDlightsourceinwhichRadiationfromamixtureofmetallicvaporsproducesawhitecolorlightisa__________________________________.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
VocabularyTestAnswerKey
Overalllightoutputismeasuredin_lumens_________.
Theratioofluminousflux(lumens)ofaluminairetotheluminousfluxofthelamp(s)aloneiscalledefficiency_____.
Citiesandschoolmustbudgetforthe_annual______operating_______costs_______,whicharethesumtotalexpensesforusingandrepairingthelightingsystem.
Anylightingdeviceintheindustryisreferredtoasalamp_______.
The__AmericanNationalStandardsInstitute__istheorganizationthatcoordinatesandapprovestheprocessesfordevelopingvoluntarynationalstandards,includingthoserelatedtothelightingindustry.
AreaLighting_isthelightingprovidedtoilluminateopenareasuniformly.
Thislowpost‐shapedluminaire,calledabollardusuallylightspathways,walkways,&perimeters.
Luminousintensityisalsoreferredtoas_candlepower___.
Businessesandmunicipalitiescanreduceenergycostsbyinstalling_control__devicesthatturnlampsonandoff,or
dimsthem.
Itcantakeupto20minutesforyoureyesto_adapt___tothedarkaftertheyhavebeeninabrightlylitareaatnight.
Inordertoreducelightpollutionandoverallskyglow,allluminariesshouldbespecifiedasafullcutoffluminaire_.
Theoverallpatternorspreadoflightonasurfaceisreferredtoas_lightdistribution___.
Wattstimeshoursofoperationequalsthe_energy__usedbyaluminaire.
Compactfluorescentlampuseasmallamountofmercurytoproduceultravioletenergy.
One_footcandle___equals10.76lux.
Metalhalide,highpressuresodium,andmercuryvaporaretypesof_high__intensitydischarge_lamps._
Illumination__isbestdescribedasthedistributionoflightonahorizontalsurface.
ThomasEdisoninventedthefirstsuccessful_incandescentlamp__thatheatedafilamentwithelectricity.
Blindinglightthatshines,usuallyhorizontally,isknownas_glare_.
_Efficacy____isatermusedtoexpresslumensperwattofalightsource.
Theluminousfluxofafixture,alsocalledoverall_lightoutput_,ismeasuredinlumens.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Toomuchwasted,artificiallightatnightthatproducesglare,trespassesbeyonditsintendeddestination,orit
contributestoskyglowiscalled__lightpollution__.
Aneighbor’slightspillingintoyourbedroomwindowisagoodexampleof_lighttrespass_.
Theperfectratioindicating_uniformity___,whichshowshowevenlylightisdistributed,is1:1.
Alightingfixtureiscalleda_luminaire_bythelightingindustryandreferstothecompletelightingunit.
_MercuryVaporLamp___isanexampleofanHIDlightsourcethatusesmercury.
Atypeofcontroldevice,a_photo‐sensor_____,switcheslightsonoroff,basedontheamountofsurroundinglight.
Manybuildingcodesprescribemaximum_powerdensityvaluesforvariousareasofuseinanefforttopromotetheuseofenergy‐efficientproduct.
Thisorangehazeknownas_skyglow_isaresultofscatteredlightintheatmosphereaboveurbanareas.
Therateatwhichelectricityisusedismeasuredinunitscalled_watts___.
Whensomeoneistalkingabouttheperceptionofbrightnessofasourceoflighttheyaretalkingaboutits
_luminance_____.
AHIDlightsourceinwhichradiationfromamixtureofmetallicvaporsproducesawhitecolorlightisa_MetalHalideLamp___.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Activity2:EnergyLightingAudit
Yourinstructorwillplaceyouintogroupsofthreeorfour.Eachgrouppicksadifferentbuildingatyourschooltouseinthelightingaudit.Makesurethebuildinghasmorethanahalfdozenlightsontheexterior.
Measurethedimensionsofthebuildingandsketchittoscaleonapieceofgraphpaper.Besuretowritethelengthandwidthonthesketch.
Onyourschematicofthebuilding,drawthelocationofthelightsandwhereyouthinkthelightwillfall(e.g.,ontheground).Youcanfigureoutwherethelightwillfallbylookingattheshielding(ifany)andwherethelightispointed.
Takeapictureofthefixture,closeenoughtoidentifyitlater. Identifythekindofshielding.Matchittooneofthepicturesinthepackage.Identifytheshapeofthelamp. Comebackatnightasagroupandconfirmwherethelightfallsforeachfixture.Describewhetherthearea
beingilluminatedistoomuchortoolittleforthetask.Describeifthelightfallswhereneededorbeyondwhereitisneeded,orifitisblockedbyvegetationoranotherstructure.Also,describeifthereareoverlybrightordarkpatchesthathinderyourabilitytoseewhatisaroundyou.
Recordthecolorofthelamp(i.e.yelloworange‐ish,greenish‐white,bluishwhite,etc.) Foreverylightthatyousee,recordthewattsandlamptypebyinterviewingthefacilitiesstaff.Askabout
whetherthelightsareontimersoronlightsensors(dusttodawn)ormotionsensors.Ifthelightsareontimers,thenaskthestaffwhattheapproximatehoursofoperationare.
Determinetheannualoperatingcostsofthelightsinyouraudit.(Thisisforallofthebuildinglightsonaverage.)
Example:Forthepurposesofillustratinghowsuchaschedulemightworktakeahypotheticalschoolweekwherethelightsareonfrom7p.m.to7a.m.,MondaythroughFriday.Duringschoolsessions,thelightsareon12hoursadayforfivedaysaweektotaling60hoursaweek.
Ifyourschoolhas10weeksoffduringthesummer,a2weekwinterbreak,aweekoffforspringbreak,andaweekoff
forholidays,thiswouldamountto15weeksayear.Thecalculated“ontimes”formostofthelightsinthiscasewouldbeasfollows:
(OxI)+(FxN)=Y
• O=thenumberofhoursthattheoutdoorlightsareonwhenschoolisinsession• I=thenumberofweekstheschoolisinsession• F=thenumberofhourstheoutdoorlightsareonwhenschoolisnotinsession• N=thenumberofweeksthattheschoolisnotinsession
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
AuditWorksheet
Foreveryfixturewithaparticularlampthathasaparticularwattage,calculate:
____________X_______x__________ = ____________#oflamps wattageestimatedhoursofuse energy(Wh)usedinayear InayearAddtogethertheenergyusedinayearforallthedifferentlapsofdifferentwattagesDividethisyearlyenergyusageinwatt‐hoursby1000tochangetheunitstokilowatt‐hours.Youhavedeterminedhowmanykilowatt‐hoursorhowmuchenergyhasbeenconsumedbytheoutdoorlightonyourcampus.Findoutfromthedistrictmainofficewhatthedollarsperkilowatt‐hourisfortheschool.Thisnumberorratiocanbefoundonthemonthlybill.Dothemathtodetermineroughlythecurrentannualcostofoperatingtheoutdoorlightaroundyourbuilding: ______________________X_________________________=dollarsspentonoutdoorlights #ofkilowatt‐hours dollarsperkilowatt‐hour CalculatedTheamountofcarbondioxidegreenhousegasgeneratedduringelectricityproductionrangesfrom1.4lbs.to2.8lbs.perkilowatt‐hour,dependingonwhetherornottheelectricityisproducedfromcoal,nuclearpowerorhydropower.Estimatetheamountofgreenhousegascreatedwhentheelectricityismadetopowertheoutdoorlightsaroundyourbuilding; _____________________X2= ______________________________ #ofkilowatt‐hours amountgreenhousegas Calculated topowertheoutdoorlightsCongratulations!Youhavedatathatwillhelpdeterminewhetherthelightingaroundyourschoolbuildingcanbemademoreenergyandcosteffective.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Activity3:MeasurementofAuditedLightsThepurposeofthissectionistohaveyoubecomemoreawareofthefixturesintheauditandmakeobservationsandmeasurementsabouthoweffectivetheyareinperformingthefunctionforwhichtheywereinstalled.Itishopedthatthestudentwillbecomemoreawareofthescienceanddesignelementsofqualityoutdoorlighting.Itwillalsoprovidemorein‐depthanalysisoftheenergyaudit.Andprovidethestudentwithmoreinformationtomakerecommendations.Choosetwodifferenttypesoflamps/fixturesfromtheaudit.Foreachlampprepareatleast2ofthefollowingmeasurements.
Determinepoleheight Determinepowerdensity Determinelightoutputinlumens Determineilluminancelevelsinfootcandles Variousobservationsabouttheluminairesi.e.howaretheycontrolled,aretheyfullcut‐off,etc.
ChooseyourtwotypesofluminairesWriteadescriptionoftheluminaires: Typeofmount–wall,pole,ceiling,other Coloroflamp–white,orange,green, Whatisitslocation/purpose‐parkinglot,walkway,intersection,park/greenarea,overadoor? Whattaskisitlightingfor–driving,walking,reading,facialrecognition,securitycameraLuminaire#1‐____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Luminaire#2‐______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Observation/MeasurementWorksheetObservations:Canyouseeanylight/glareshowingabovethe90degreeangle?Featurethesewithphotosifpossible?#1#2Canyoudetermineifthelightisfullcut‐offornot?#1#2Isthereasaglensoradiffuserbeneaththelamp?#1#2Isthelamponacircuit(meaningazone/areagoesonandofftogether),oritiscontrolledindividually?Whatarethecontrols;i.e.dusktodawn,clock,photocell,ormotionactivated?(Youmayneedfacilitiesmanagementtoaccessthisinformation)#1#2Canyoumakeanyinferencesaboutthecontrols?Lightsareontoomuch,toolittle,justright?#1#2Fromtheauditarethereanyglaring/badlightingexamples?Featurethesewithphotosifpossible.______________________________________________________________________________________Canyoumakeanyinferencesaboutthegenerallightingschemefromtheenergyaudit?Good,bad,glaring,notenoughcoverage,toomuchcoverage,oldtechnology,newtechnology?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
MeasurementsDeterminethelightoutput(inlumens)ofaparticularluminaire.Internetaccessrequired.Noinstrumentationrequired.Luminaire#1–Descriptionasshownabove. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________Determinethemanufacturer’stypeandthelightsourceusedintheluminaire.Ifyouknowtheownerofthelightsource(school,business,andprofessionaloffices)youmayhavetoaskthebuildingmaintenancestaffforassistance.Downloadthemanufacturer’sspecificationsheetfromthemanufacturer’sWebsiteandchecktheratedlumenoutputofthelampfromthelampmanufacturer’sWebsiteorcatalog.Thiswillbereferredtoasthephotometricfileofthefixtures.Thelumenoutputoftheluminairewillbetheratedlamplumensmultipliedbytheluminaireefficiency(measuredin%);sothereisonlyonecalculationtodo: Luminairelumens=ratedlamplumensxluminaireefficiency.ForExtraCredit–Estimatehowmuchlightfromtheluminairegoesintothesky?
Luminaire#2‐Descriptionasshownabove. ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________Determinethemanufacturer’stypeandthelightsourceusedintheluminaire.Ifyouknowtheownerofthelightsource(school,business,andprofessionaloffices)youmayhavetoaskthebuildingmaintenancestaffforassistance.Downloadthemanufacturer’sspecificationsheetfromthemanufacturer’sWebsiteandchecktheratedlumenoutputofthelampfromthelampmanufacturer’sWebsiteorcatalog.Thiswillbereferredtoasthephotometricfileofthefixtures.Thelumenoutputoftheluminairewillbetheratedlamplumensmultipliedbytheluminaireefficiency(measuredin%);sothereisonlyonecalculationtodo: Luminairelumens=ratedlamplumensxluminaireefficiency.
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
PowerDensity
Unit Power Density (W/sq.ft.) = Total System Input Wattage (W) ÷ Total Area (Square Feet)
Luminaire#1–CampusLocation ________________________ Typeoflamp ________________________ Function/Task _________________________ Equation _________________________ Observations _________________________________________________Luminaire#2‐ CampusLocation __________________________ Typeoflamp __________________________ Function/Task __________________________ Equation __________________________ Observations ___________________________________________________NOTE:Youmaymakeyourownassumptionsaboutthetotalareayouareworkingwith.Forexampleyoucanmeasuretheentireparkinglot,oracourtyard,oranoutsidewalkway.Whateverassumptionsyouuse,notethemandbeconsistentwiththemeasurements.PoleMountingHeight
Luminairesonpolescanprovideilluminationineverydirectionatdistancesoftwototwoandhalftimesthemountingheightfromthepole.Thus,luminairesonasinglepolecanserveanareaofaboutfourtimesthemountingheight‐squared.Forexample,a50‐ftpolecancoverabout40,000sqftanda150‐ftpoleabout369,000sqft.
Lookatotherlightsthatmightbeintheareabutarenotnecessarilyoncampus(streetlights,cityparkinglotlights,businessesandtheirparkinglots).
Luminaire#1 PoleHeight ______________________________ (poleheight)x4=lightedareafrompole Observations: Whatisthetaskofthislight? ___________________________________________ Canyoucompletethetaskusingthecurrentlightsource?______________________ Ifnot,describethesituation.______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
Isthereoverlapfromotherlightsourcesinthelightedarea,suchasnearbystreetlights,ashoppingcenter,businesses,orparkinglots?____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit Luminaire#2 PoleHeight ______________________________ (poleheight)x4=lightedareafrompole Observations: Whatisthetaskofthislight? ___________________________________________ Canyoucompletethetaskusingthecurrentlightsource?______________________ Ifnot,describethesituation.______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________
Isthereoverlapfromotherlightsourcesinthelightedarea,suchasnearbystreetlightings,ashoppingcenter,businessesorparkinglots? ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
InstrumentationRequiredDeterminetheilluminationlevel(footcandles)thattheluminaireprovidesonthepavement/walkwayatvariousdistancesfromtheluminaire(2,5,10,20,30feeforexample).Thepurposeofthisexerciseistofigureouthowthelightoutputofthelampandluminaire(measuredinlumens)distributesthelightanddirectsitontothepavementsoitprovidesillumination(lumen/sq.footorlumens/sq.meter).Youwillneedanilluminancemeterforthisexerciseandthemeasurementswillclearlyneedtobecompletedatnight.Thetypicalmeasurementsforastreetlightorpost‐topluminairewouldrangefrom5footcandlesdownto0.1footcandles.Illuminancemetersarecalibratedtoreadfootcandles,luxorboth.Forcalculationpurposes: Onefootcandleofillumination=1lumen/squarefootInmetricterms: Oneluxofillumination=1lumen/squaremeterThemeterreadingsaretakenbyplacingehmeteronthegroundatvariousdistancesfromtheluminaireandrecordingthereading.Themeterismeasuring“horizontalilluminance”whenyoudothiswhichmeanstheilluminanceonthe(horizontal)pavementsurface.Observationaftermeasurement–Howmuchlightisthisluminaireprovidingcomparedtomoonlight?Luminaire#1Luminaire#2
Dark Skies Rangers Program
School Outdoor Lighting Audit
Activity4:DesignNewLightingPlan&AuditProducearevisedlightingschemeforyourschoolcampusorneighborhood.
Designavisualmasterplanforyourcampus: Whatareyourgoalsfortheplan Pleaseshowadiagramongraphpaperofyournewlightingplan. Takeintoaccounttheseareas(youarewelcometomakeyourownassumptions,justbeconsistent)and
addresseachareainyourfinalpresentation. o Howwillitbeused?Alot,alittle?BallPark?Walk/Cyclingpath?Restrooms?Nearbyparking
lot?Sculpture?Fountain?o Whatarethehoursofuse?o Whatsafetyprecautionsareinplace?o Hasglarebeenreducedoreliminated?o Whattypesofluminairesareyourecommendingandwhy?o Whatisaroundyourpark/campus?Residential,openspace,businesses,mixeduse?
Usingthematerialyouhavelearneddetermine:
Ifallthelightsintheauditarenownecessary.Ifnot,whynot? Whattask/purposeisalampusedfor.Isthecurrentlightadequatetoperformthistask.List
reasonseitherway. Isthereamoneysavingalternative?Givereasonswhyandwhynot.
Re‐calculatetheenergyconsumptionofthelightsfortherevisedplanusingtheequationsfromtheauditinthesecondactivity.Haveyousavedmoney?Whatisthepayofftimeofanynewequipmentthatwasrecommendedtobepurchased(purchasecost–energysavingscostsovertime=energysavedovertime).
