ANATOMI DALAM PERGERAKAN MANUSIA
ANATOMI DALAM PERGERAKAN MANUSIA
• SISTEM RANGKATulangRawanLigamenTendon SISTEM SENDI
SISTEM OTOT
PENGENALAN TULANG 206 Tulang dalam tubuh orang
dewasa Jumlah berat sistem rangka
seorang dewasa merupakan 14 % daripada jumlah berat badannya
- Meliputi tulang tengkorak, tulang badan,
tulang anggota Bahan Asas : Protein &
Mineral ( Kalsium & Posforus ) Komponen : 50 % Air & 50 %
Bahan Pejal( Organan 2/3 , Bukan Organan 1/3 )
KANDUNGAN TULANG Bahan Organik : Sel-sel tulang, serat dan bahan dasar termasuk
glikoprotein, glikosaminoglikin Bahan Bukan Organik : garam mineral seperti kalsium karbonat dan
kalsium fostat. Kalsium dan fosfurus adalah bahan-bahan mineral yang
membentuk struktur badan manusia. Gabungan kedua-dua bahan ini menjadi tulang keras dan tegap. Setiap tulang merupakan organ kepada sistem rangka. Pembentukan tulang adalah dari tisu-tisu yang kuat dan aktif Terbentuk dan bertindakbalas mengikut fungsi. Saiz & bentuk yang membezakan antara tulang
TENDON• - Merupakan tisu
bergentian yang berwarna putih- Ia adalah jalur tisu yang kuat- Tendon melekatkan otot pada tulang- Tendon bersifat tidak kenyal tetapi tidak boleh melenturCth. : melekatkan bisep pada tulang radius melekatkan otot trisep pada tulang ulna
RAWAN
Pejal tetapi elastik.Cth. : cuping telinga, hujung hidung, hujung tulang
Peranan :- Rangka penyokong dalam peringkat embrio- menyerap hentakan
LIGAMEN Merupakan tisu bergentian
yang berwarna putih atau kuning pucat
Tisu ini adalah liat dan kuat Ligamen menghubungkan
tulang-tulang yang bersendi-merupakan tisu
yang menghubung satu tulang dengan
tulang yang lain
JENIS-JENIS TULANG
Tulang panjang (Long Bone)Tulang pendek (Short Bone)Tulang leper ( Flat Bone)Tulang tidak tentu bentuk ( Irregular
Bone)Tulang bulat (Round Bone)
Tulang Panjang (Long Bone)
- Berbentuk panjang dan lurus- Kedua-dua hujung membengkak (epiphysis) .
Contoh : humerus, femur, radius, ulna dan tibula.
Tulang Pendek (Short Bone)
• Berbentuk kiub dengan panjang dan lebar hampir sama.
Contoh : tarsals carpals, meta tarsal phalanges.
Tulang tidak tentu bentuk (Irregular Bone)
• - Mempunyai berbagai bentuk.- Bercantum dengan tulang-tulang yang lain.
Contoh Veterbrae
Tulang bulat (Round Bone- Sesamoid bone)• - Bersaiz kecil
Contoh : patella
Tulang Leper (Flat bone)
• Mempunyai permukaan yang lebar
Contoh : scull, scapula, sternum, pelvis.
FUNGSI TULANG
• Penyokong• Pergerakan• Perlindungan• Penghasilan Darah Merah • Tempat Menyimpan Sumber Mineral
Penyokong
• Membentuk sistem rangka tubuh
• Memberi perlekatan kepada otot dan ligamen
• Menyokong tisu-tisu lembut
Pergerakan
• Pelekatan otot untuk membantu proses pergerakan dan proses kontrasi bagi menghasilkan pergerakan
Contoh : memegang, melentur, menarik, dan menolak.
Perlindungan
• Melindungi organ-organ penting daripada mengalami kecederaan.
• Contoh : skull atau cranium – melindungi otak.ribs – melindungi jantung dan paru-paru.
Penghasilan Sel Darah Merah• Sel-sel darah merah serta
sebahagian sel darah putih dihasilkan melalui proses Hemopoiesis atau Hemotopaisis
• Tempat Menyimpan Sumber Mineral– Menyimpan fosforus,
sodium, kalsium, potessium dan mineral lain bagi menghasilkan ostoblas (sel pembina tulang)
JOINTS – Areas of the body where two or more bones meet.
BONE
CARTILAGE – Strong, flexible tissue found in joints.
LIGAMENTS – Tissue connecting bone to bone.
MUSCLE
TENDON – Tissue connecting muscle to bone.
TYPES OF JOINTS• Ball and Socket Joint: Joint with the widest
range of motion.
EXAMPLES: Hip and Shoulder
TYPES OF JOINTS• Gliding Joint: Joint with a large range of
motion (up/down and side/side).
EXAMPLES: Ankle and Wrist
TYPES OF JOINTS• Hinge Joint: Joint with limited motion
(up/down).
EXAMPLES: Knee and Elbow
TYPES OF JOINTS• Fuse or Immoveable Joint: Joint with no
range of motion.
EXAMPLE: Cranium
Fused Joints
Muscles
13.8 Muscles are effectors which enable movement to be carried out
Muscle
• Is responsible for almost all the movements in animals
• 3 types
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Involuntarycontrolled byautonomicnervous system
Skeletal muscle(aka striped orstriated muscle)
voluntarycontrolled bysomatic nervoussystem
Muscles & the Skeleton
• Skeletal muscles cause the skeleton to move at joints
• They are attached to skeleton by tendons.• Tendons transmit muscle force to the bone.• Tendons are made of collagen fibres & are
very strong & stiff
Antagonistic Muscle Action
• Muscles are either contracted or relaxed• When contracted the muscle exerts a
pulling force, causing it to shorten• Since muscles can only pull (not push), they
work in pairs called antagonistic muscles• The muscle that bends the joint is called
the flexor muscle• The muscle that straightens the joint is
called the extensor muscle
Elbow Joint• The best known example of antagonistic
muscles are the bicep & triceps musclesElbow joint flexed
Flexor m uscles contractedExtensor muscles re laxed
Elbow joint extendedExtensor muscles contracted
Flexor m uscles relaxed
biceps
triceps
Section through arm
Flexorm uscles
Extensor m uscles
Hum erusBone
Muscle Structure
• A single muscle e.g. biceps contains approx 1000 muscle fibres.
• These fibres run the whole length of the muscle
• Muscle fibres are joined together at the tendons
Bicep Muscle
Muscle Structure• Each muscle fibre is actually a
single muscle cell• This cell is approx 100 m in
diameter & a few cm long• These giant cells have many
nuclei• Their cytoplasm is packed full of
myofibrils• These are bundles of protein
filaments that cause contraction• Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm)
also contains mitochondria to provide energy for contraction
nucle i stripes myofibrils
•Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit
Muscle Structure• The E.M shows that each myofibril is made up of repeating
dark & light bands• In the middle of the dark band is the M-line• In the middle of the light band is the Z-line• The repeating unit from one Z-line to the next is called the
sarcomere
darkbands
lightbands
Mline
Zline
1 sarcomere
1 m
yofibril
Muscle Structure • A very high resolution E.M reveals that each myofibril is
made up of parallel filaments.• There are 2 kinds of filament called thick & thin filaments.• These 2 filaments are linked at intervals called cross
bridges, which actually stick out from the thick filaments
Thick filament
Thin filament
Cross bridges
The Thick Filament (Myosin)
• Consists of the protein called myosin.
• A myosin molecule is shaped a bit like a golf club, but with 2 heads.
• The heads stick out to form the cross bridge
• Many of these myosin molecules stick together to form a thick filament
one myosin molecule
myosin heads(cross bridges)
myosin tails
Thin Filament (Actin)• The thin filament consists of a protein called actin.• The thin filament also contains tropomyosin.• This protein is involved in the control of muscle
contraction
actin monom ers tropomyosin
•Sarcomere = the basic contractile unit
The SarcomereThick filaments
(myosin)Thin filaments(actin)
Mline
Zline
Zline
proteins in the Z line
justthin
filament
overlap zone- both
thick & thinfilaments
justthick
filament
myosinbare zone
- nocross bridges
proteins in the M line
I Band = actin filaments
Anatomy of a Sarcomere
• The thick filaments produce the dark A band. • The thin filaments extend in each direction from
the Z line. • Where they do not overlap the thick filaments, they
create the light I band. • The H zone is that portion of the A band where the
thick and thin filaments do not overlap.• The entire array of thick and thin filaments between
the Z lines is called a sarcomere
Sarcomere shortens when muscle contracts
• Shortening of the sarcomeres in a myofibril produces the shortening of the myofibril
• And, in turn, of the muscle fibre of which it is a part
Mechanism of muscle contraction
• The above micrographs show that the sarcomere gets shorter when the muscle contracts
• The light (I) bands become shorter• The dark bands (A) bands stay the same length
Relaxedm uscle
Contractedm uscle
relaxed sarcom ere
contracted sarcom ere
The Sliding Filament Theory
• So, when the muscle contracts, sarcomeres become smaller
• However the filaments do not change in length.
• Instead they slide past each other (overlap)• So actin filaments slide between myosin
filaments• and the zone of overlap is larger
Repetition of the cycle
• One ATP molecule is split by each cross bridge in each cycle.
• This takes only a few milliseconds• During a contraction 1000’s of cross bridges in
each sarcomere go through this cycle.• However the cross bridges are all out of synch, so
there are always many cross bridges attached at any one time to maintain force. http://199.17.138.73/berg/ANIMTNS/SlidFila.htm