: :

1973 (Leo Esaki)

,I. (Ivar Giaever)

,B.D.(Brian David Josephson)

:

()

,B.D. 1940Cardiff 1964Josephson 1964Cambridge 1976(C.A.Olivier)

Josephson

BCS

1925 19471947 195619591959(M.araki)1986(kondo)

,I. 1929bergen 1952(I.Skramstad) 1952Norwegian 1954 1964Rensselaer

P.S.

1928

Ronald Gurney Edward CondonP.S.

&

:

Thanks for your attention !

*