computer organization principle
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4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4
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4.1 4.1.1
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4.1.2 1 ns 2
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MOS ROMPROMEPROMPROMEEPROMFlash MemoryTTL- 3 1 RAM RAM RAMRAMSRAMRAM(DRAM)
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RAM SRAM SRAM1 0TTLSRAM SRAM6 MOS T1T2 T3T4 ADB/D10
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X A BT5T6T7T8 Y T7T8D0/D0I/O I/O/I/O1I/O1/ I/O0I/OT7DT5A/ I/OT8/ DT6B T2T1A1B0
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SRAM SRAM RAMDRAM DRAMMOS ()10 C 10
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T1, 1C DD1 0 C D0 C C X1T1D C
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2DRAM DRAM DRAMMOSDRAM DRAM2msDRAM 1~2msDRAM DRAM DRAMDRAMDRAM
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ROM ROM 2 ROM ROM ROM
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PROM ROM PROM ROM EPROMROM EPROMUVEPROM EPROM EPROM
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E2PROMROM E2PROM E2PROM Flash Memory
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3. Flash MemoryEPROM E2PROM Flash Memory70ns50~200 0.1 10 PC EPROME2PROMBIOS Flash Memory(U)
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4.1.3 CPU CPU CPU, CPU
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4.2 4.2.1
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MB M2M NCPU CPU MNCPU CPU MAR CPU READMAR MDR CPU
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4.2.2 8 816 8 163224 32 8 Intel 80X86 3212345678H
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12345678H24300H ~ 24303H78H24300H
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824300H1632 8Motorola680X0 3212345678H
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4.2.3 1. MAR MAR168 2168=64K8=64KB MN 2MN Pentium 4CPUPC36 236=64GB 128MB 256MB1GB
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(Byte), KBMB() GB() TB () PB() 1 kilobyte (kB) = 210B1000 (103) byte 1 megabyte ( MB ) =220 B 1 000 000 (106) byte 1 gigabyte ( GB ) = 230 B 1 000 000 000 (109) byte 1 terabyte ( TB ) = 240B 1 000 000 000 000 (1012) byte 1 petabyte ( PB ) = 250B 1 000 000 000 000 000 (1015) byte
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2. TA TMC TMCTA 3. MTBFMTBF MTBF
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4. /
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4.2.4 DRAM CPU DRAM CPU DRAM FPM DRAM EDO DRAM SDRAM DDR SDRAM
1. FPM DRAMDRAM CPU 80-100ns
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2. EDO DRAMDRAM FPM DRAM 50-70ns 3. SDRAMDRAM CPUDRAMCPU SDRAMCPU 4. DDR SDRAMSDRAM SDRAMDDR SDRAM SDRAM
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5. DDR2 SDRAM 4bankDDR4DDR2 6. DDR3 SDRAM
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4.2.5 1. RAM HM611620488CMOS
HM6116 HM61162K8b 16384214128128 2K8 HM6116 1174 11 8 8 HM6116
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3 3 HM6116
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2DRAMIntel 2164
Intel 216464K1bDRAM Intel 2164A Intel 2164A64K6553664K Intel 2164A
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RACA 8 8 8 1664K 64K4128128128 12877 7128 7128 4 RA7CA7A7A151:4 I/O 1
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74 4128=512 Intel 2164A811 RASCAS
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3. RAM 1 () , , ,
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,CPU: CSAoAi/ ,CPU I/O0I/O1 I/Om CPU D0 Dm 64K1b64K8b64KB = 8 16A0 A15 8A15A0CPUA15 A088CPU D7D0
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CPU168 CPU /8
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2 , ,CPU , CPU , CS , CPU 64K8b512K8b512KB
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= 8 16A0 - A15 20 A0-A19 8A15A0CPU20 A15 A0 4 A16 A19 16888 88CPUD7D0
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3 , MNLK M/L N/K N/K LK LNM/LLN M N ,CPU , CPU N/K CS CS
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N/K CPUD0-Dn-1 256K1b2M32b8MB 32 256 K1256 K32 8 256 K32 2M32 256256 K1 18A2 - A19 CPUA2 A1921A2-A22 4 A20 A228 832 CPUD0-D31
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4.2.6 nM0M1,Mn1 n MAR nMDRn
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MAR CPU CPU
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n 1/n1/n n n 2 24816 n
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4.3 90% 10%10% 90%
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/ /
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CPU / /
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Cache Cache-Cache -
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Cache- CPU CPUCacheCache / CacheCache CPUCache Cache - CPU /
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4.4 4.4.1 Cache 1Cache CPU RAMCPU RAMSRAMCPU SRAM Cache 2 Cache Pentium 4 20KBL1 CacheCache256KBL2 CacheCache64Itanium 3MBL3 CacheCache
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3CPU-Cache- CPU CacheCPUCacheCacheCPU CPU-Cache-
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CacheCPU /Cache CacheCPUCPUCache
4 Cache CPUCache Cache Cache CPU CPU Cache Cache CPUCache Cache
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CacheCacheCache Cache CacheCacheCache CacheCacheCache CacheCPU CPU Cache
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4.4.2 Cache 1 Cache CacheCache Cache CPUCache Cache Cache Cache
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2 Cache Cache CacheCacheCacheCache CacheCache
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3 CPU Cache Cache Cache Cache CacheCache Cache
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4 Cache
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Cache(, CacheCache CPU Cache Cache Cache CacheCache CacheCPU Cache CacheCache
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CacheCache Cache 5 CPUCacheCache Cache CacheCache Cache Cache
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4.4.3 25632Cache8 1Cache1 9Cache1
Cache mnCachenmn 012 m-1012 mn-1 Cache 012n-1 jj=0~mn-1Cache ii=0~n-1 jii = j mod nnCache 1
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2 i = j mod nCache Cache Tag Cache Cache BS 102416101024 1110245 31018
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3
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Cache Cache Cache Cache
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4-1Cache53CPU8 000101100001101000010110000110100001000000000 0110001000000010010 Cache 1 Cache
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2 00010110Y0001000010110 Cache110N00010110Cache 110Cache110Y00010Cache00010110
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300011010Y00011 00011010 Cache010 N00011010Cache 010Cache010Y 00011Cache00011010
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4 00010110CacheCache
5 00011010CacheCache
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6 00010000 Cache000 N00010000Cache 000Cache000Y 00010Cache0001000 Y0001000010000
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7 00000011 Cache011 N00000011Cache 011Cache011Y 00000Cache00000011 Y 00000
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800010000CacheCache
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900010010 Cache0100001100010 0001001000011010 00010Cache0001000010010
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4 Cache Cache
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4.4.4 1 Cache mCachen012 m-1 Cache 012n-1jj=0~m-1 Cache ii=0~n-1 256Cache8 2Cache Cache
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3
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Cache CPU Cache Cache CacheCache CacheCache Cache Cache Cache
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4 Cache Cache Cache
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4-2Cache8Cache3 CPU8 000101100001101000010110000110100001000000000011 00010000000100104-1 Cache 8 222622261631618,Cache4-1 Cache4-198 Cache8418 mod 8 = 26 mod 8
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18
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Cache4-208Cache22222622262226222616222616 3 222616 3222616 318
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4.4.5 1 CacheCache Cache Cachem p nnmnpCache npp n i0im-1Cachei j 0jp-1)k 0kn-1Cache jj0~ n-1
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25632Cache84 Cache-4-21
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2Cache Cache Cache
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3 Cache Cache
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CacheCacheCache Cache Cache CacheCache Cache
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4-3 Cache8Cache 34-21CPU 8 0001011022000110102600010110220001101026 000100001600000011300010000160001001018 Cache100010 11 02285000102110 Cache8 22Cache30Cache6 Cache6110 00010 0
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22
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0 0 0 1 0 0
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(2)00011 01 026, 2610 Cache2 26
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000110
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3 Cache6 000100 Cache, Cache 110
(4) 00011 01 026 100011Cache (3) 00010 11 0 22
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50000100016 Cache00Cache0 6000000113 11011 Cache3162622163
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700010 00 016 02Cache 800010 01 018 Cache10326103 10FIFO 18
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4 1 Cache(1)
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Cache Cache
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4.4.6 CacheCPUCache CacheCache CacheCacheCache 1.
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(1) Cache Cache 2 FIFOCache
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3 LRUCache Cache Cache1 Cache Cache 2CacheLRU A0
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0B1A PentiumCache2 CacheLRU
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2. Cache Cache Cache CPUCacheCache CacheCache CPUCacheCache Cache CacheCPU
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Cache Cache 01 CacheCache Cache Cache CPUCache Cache Cache CPUCache
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Cache Cache PentiumCache
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CacheCPU Cache Cache
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4.5 4.5.1 1. - CPU CPU CPU n 2n
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2. / 3. Segment -
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Page 4. OS
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MMU - OS MMU
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4.5.2 4Kbyte ~ 64Kbyte
OS
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CPU =1 =0 I/O
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4.5.3 ,
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// CPU
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=1
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/
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4.5.4
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4.5.5 1 / /
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2 CPU Cache
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CPU 3
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CPU ,
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