Wiley 2017 ch 1 ( pt 1)
-
Upload
ohio-university -
Category
Education
-
view
161 -
download
0
Transcript of Wiley 2017 ch 1 ( pt 1)
EDEC 1600
Introduction to Child Development
Chapter One
A Child’s Journey
When Systems Connect
Developmental Domains
PhysicalCognitivePsychosocial
Nature and Nurture
Nature: The biological factors, including genes, that contribute to development
Nurture: The environmental factors and experiences that contribute to development
Ethnicity
Characteristics based on race, cultural heritage, nationality, religion, language
Ethnic identity: sense of membership in an ethnic group
Socioeconomic status: people similar in occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
Sex and Gender
Poverty
Views of Childhood
1) Born Evil
•Original sin•Biblical backgrounds
2) Locke: Tabula Rasa
I think I may say that, of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education. 'Tis that which makes the great difference in mankind.
Locke on Punishment
For I am very apt to think, that great severity of punishment does but very little good; nay, great harm in education: and I believe it will be found, that, …, those children who have been most chastised, seldom make the best men.
3) Rousseau
- Man is born free, and everywhere he is in shackles.- Our greatest evils flow from ourselves.
Democratic Education
Teachers and classes are available at timetabled times, but the children can decide whether to attend or not. School rules are made by majority vote by pupils and staff alike having equal votes.
Developmental Theory
Psychoanalytically Based Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund FreudPersonality development is
attributed to unconscious sources in the mind
Id – based on pleasureEgo – rational and reality basedSuperego – moral conscienceIncludes the idea that children
pass through five stages of psychosexual development
Psychosocial TheoryErik Erikson
Development focuses on the effects of social influences
Individuals pass through eight stages of development in which they must resolve crises that lead to healthy psychological development
Crisis a challenge that pushes for resolution
Freud: Psychoanalytic Theory
Cognitive Theories
Constructivist approach focuses on the ways children construct knowledgeJean PiagetLev Vygotsky
Information processing approach focuses on how children pay attention to, remember, and develop strategies about information
Piaget
• Children actively construct their understanding of the world
• Assimilation: incorporation of new information into existing knowledge
• Accommodation: adjusting knowledge to fit new information and experience
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Lev Vygotsky’s Cognitive Theory
Also known as sociocultural theoryChildren’s cognitive growth depends on their
interactions with adults and more knowledgeable peers
Zone of proximal development—the distance between a person’s actual developmental level and the higher level of development that could be achieved with assistance
Scaffolding—support provided to children while attempting to learn
Zone of Proximal Development
Vygotsky
• Children construct knowledge.• Learning can lead development.• Development cannot be separated
from its social context.• Language plays a central role in
mental development.
Information Processing
• Comparing computer to human brain• Hardware analogous to brain• Software analogous to
cognition• Emphasizes how individuals
manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it