WHAP Exam Review 8000 B.C.E. to around 600 C.E. Chapters 1-12.
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Transcript of WHAP Exam Review 8000 B.C.E. to around 600 C.E. Chapters 1-12.
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WHAP Exam Review8000 B.C.E. to around 600 C.E.
Chapters 1-12
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The Big Picture
• Think Themes! See AP syllabus• Think GRAPES!• Civilization---What is it? What makes a
civilization?• Change---What causes change?• Human Interaction with Environment---Where do
they live? Why they move? Defense? How do civilizations interact with others? Technology?
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Nomads• Foraging societies (hunting –gathering)• Concerns were shelter and food• Language• Fire• Tools (stone)• Pastoral societies (animal herding)• Neolithic Revolution: stay put and farm, villages to
cities to civilizations, specialized workers led to class systems, used animals for farming, technology (tools for farming, pottery, weaving, wheels, carts, sails, METALLURGY, etc.)
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River Valley Civilizations
• Water source• Fertile soil• Transportation
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RVCs---Mesopotamia• Land between rivers---Tigris and Euphrates• Irrigation• Sumer---cuneiform, 12-month calendar, base 60 math,
polytheistic, ziggurats• Sargon of Akkad---first empire• Babylon---Hammurabi’s Code• Hittites---iron weapons• Assyrians---capital at Nineveh• Chaldeans---King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon• Persian Empire---big! Great Royal Road• Others nearby: Lydians=coined money; Phoenicians=sailors,
purple dye, alphabet; Hebrews=Judaism (monotheistic)
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RVCs---Egypt
• The Nile=predictable floods• Old, Middle and New Kingdoms• Pharaohs, pyramids, hieroglyphics, trade• Polytheistic---afterlife, mummification• Women---Queen Hatshepsut, more rights than other
lands• Social Structure---Pharaoh, priests, nobles,
merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves• Conquered by Assyrians and Persians• What brings empires/civilizations down?
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RVCs---Indus
• Indus River• More isolated due to mountains, still invaded• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro---major cities• Planned cities, plumbing, potter’s wheel• Abandoned???• Aryans: nomadic tribe, horses, reincarnation,
polytheistic, Vedas and Upanishads, caste system, later becomes Hinduism
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RVCs---China
• Yellow (Huang He, Hwang Ho) and Yangtze• Shang Dynasty: defensive walls, chariots,
isolated, believed they were center of the world, ethnocentric, bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system– Patriarchal, veneration of ancestors
• Zhou Dynasty: long dynasty, Mandate of Heaven, dynastic cycle, feudalism, led to period of warring states
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RVCs---Bantu???
• Africa on Niger River• “Stateless society”• MIGRATED!!! South and east away from
Sahara, due to climate changes• Spread language group (Bantu)• Why do people migrate?
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Early MesoAmerica/Andean S. America
• Olmec: 1200 to 1400 B.C.E., urban society, corn, beans, squash, irrigation, large-scale buildings, polytheistic, writing and calendar
• Chavin: 900-300 B.C.E., polytheistic, near coast so had seafood too, metals in tools and weapons, llamas
• They are in an entirely different part of the world with no contact of the other civilizations. So???
• Not in River Valleys! So???
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Classical: Mesoamerica
• Maya, 300 B.C.E. to 800 B.C.E.• Southern Mexico and other parts of Central America• Collection of city-states ruled by the same king• Pyramids, hieroglyphics, complex calendar, city planning,
Tikal, Chichen Itza, ball game• Religion: 3 world, gods made people out of maize,
sacrifices, blood-letting• Wars to acquire slaves, no beasts of burden• Social classes: most people were peasants/slaves• Cotton and maize, good agricultural practices
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Classical=India
• Mauryan Empire: founded by Chandragupta Maurya, grandson Ashoka Maurya was its greatest leader (Rock and Pillar Edicts, spread Buddhism), trade!,
• Gupta Dynasty: Chandra Gupta, decentralized and smaller than Mauryan, peace and advances in arts and sciences (pi and ‘arabic’ numerals), women losing rights
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Classical: China
• Qin Dynasty: short, strong economy based on agriculture, powerful army, iron weapons, grew, Great Wall of China united, legalism– Qin Shihuangdhi---emperor, standardized laws,
currencies, weights, measures, writing--- burned books, killed scholars (legalism
• Han Dynasty: WuTi—warrior emperor, enlarged China, Trade thrived on Silk Road, civil service exam based on Confucianism, invented paper, sundials, calendars, used metals
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Classical= Greece
• Land=mountainous, peninsula, no major rivers, no large scale agriculture, harbors, sea, mild weather
• Athens and Sparta=city-states/polises, very different• Democracy, Aristocracy, Oligarchy• Mythology=Many gods/polytheists• Persian Wars leads to Golden Age of Pericles in Athens
and Delian League which leads to Peloponnesian War• Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle• Alexander the Great: Father conquered/united Greeks,
he conquered Persian Empire, Hellenism, land split into Antigonid, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid empires
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Classical= Rome• Mythology: like the Greeks, polytheists• Patricians/Plebeians (like the Greeks too)• Twelve Tables of Rome• Social Structure: pater familias, patriarchal, slavery important• Roman Empire spread by military domination, Punic Wars• First Triumvirate= Pompey, Crassus, Ceasar• Caesar became “emperor for life”, assassinated• Second Triumvirate= Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus----
Octavius became dictator (Caesar Augustus)• Pax Romana---Can you compare this to other golden ages in
other empires?• Christianity!
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Late Classical 200-600 c.e.
• Collapse of empires such as Han, Gupta, Roman, Maya
• Maya: ??? Disease, drought, internal unrest/warfare, expanding population too much for environment?
• Han China: Wang Mang, land redistribution unsuccessful, famines, floods, war on edge of civilization, China is divided for a time into regional kingdoms
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Late Classical 200-600 c.e.
• Gupta India: invaded by the White Huns• Rome: western half, remember “Who killed
Mama Roma?”, Diocletian divided it in 284, Constantine moved capital to Byzantium, invasions brought final end.
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Silk Road
• World becoming “smaller” by trade and connection
• What travels on trade routes besides goods to be traded?
• Silk Roads---over land and sea
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Major Belief Systems
• Polytheism• Confucianism• Daoism• Legalism• Hinduism• Buddhism• Judaism• Christianity
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Technology• Farming tools-ploughs, hoes, rakes, wheel• Irrigation-dikes, canals, plumbing, sewage systems• Metallurgy-copper, bronze, iron• Pottery• Wheeled chariots• Stirrup• Architecture-pyramids, ziggurats, temples,
aqueducts, theaters, stadiums• Crafts, jewelry• Record keeping-writing, calendars, math
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Role of Women
• Women lose power when people settle, no equal share of work
• All patriarchal • Upper-class/elite women more restricted• Veiling• In Buddhism and Christianity, women were
equal in faith but not in Hinduism and Confucianism
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Big Picture
• Civilizations---Key Traits• Civilizations---Fall• Change---trade, conquest, spread of belief
systems, technology (innovation vs. adaption)• Human Interaction with Geography---how did
they change their surroundings to meet their needs, human need to control/explain nature, in religion too (protection to internal peace)