wd¾Ól úoHdj - NIEnie.lk/pdffiles/tg/sGr13TG Econ.pdf · wd¾Ól úoHdj.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh 13...

wd¾Ól úoHdj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

13 fY%aKsh^2018 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ'&

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.uY%S ,xldj

web : www.nie.lkEmail : info@ nie.lk

wd¾Ól úoHdj.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

13 fY%aKsh

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.uY%S ,xldj

web : www.nie.lk

wd¾Ól úoHdj

13 fY%aKsh - .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqøKh - 2018

ISBN :

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j

úµd yd ;dlaIK mSGh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uqøKh (

ii

iii

mgqk

msgqj

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsjqvh iv

úIhud,d lñgqj v-viii

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia ix

bf.kqï m, yd wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï 01-228

uQ,dY% 229

iv

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;a lr

.ekSu iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsrSfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h

mokï jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfjys m<uq woshr" j¾I 2007 oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska

Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,os'

m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yjhka bosrsm;a l<

fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsrSfï l%shdj,shl

m%;sM,hla f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks woshr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd oSu 2015

jif¾ isg wdrïN lr we;¡

fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha oS ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia

uÜgu olajd l%udkql+, j f.dv ke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh

Ndú; lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays oS tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bosrsm;a ùu

yels;dla wju lsrSu" úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsrSu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=re

úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡

.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsrSu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr; ùu"

mka;s ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mrsos fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY

,nd oSfï wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd oS we;¡ mka;s ldurh ;=< oS jvd;a

M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i lghq;= lsrSug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldrS jkq we;¡ isiqkaf.a

ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsrSu i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag

wjYH ksoyi fuuÕska ,nd oS ;sfí¡ tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;a jk úIh

lreKq ms<sn| j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj, wka;¾.; fkdfõ¡ tu ksid

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iuÕ iu.dó j Ndú; lsrSu w;HjYH fõ¡

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñoS isiq flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd

jvd;a l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu uÕska jev f,dalhg wjYH

jkakd jQ ksmqK;d yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh

lsrSuhs¡

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsrSfï oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha oS odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ u

iïm;aodhlhska yd fjk;a md¾Yjhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla

lr .kq leue;af;ñ¡

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkqu;sh - Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh iïnkaëlrKh ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd"

lÓldpd¾h"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

úIhud,d WmfoaYl lñgqj

iïudks; uydpd¾h ã' w;m;a;= uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'

uydpd¾h B' ohdr;ak uhd jdKsc úoHd wOHhk wxYh"YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h'

uydpd¾h m%ikak fmf¾rd uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h'

wdpd¾h tï' .fKaYuQ¾;s uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"fld<U úYaj úoHd,h'

wdpd¾h î' ví' wd¾' ouhka;S ñh wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h'

mS' tÉ' l=iqudj;S ñh wOHlaI jev wdj¾K"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tï' luks fmf¾rd ñh wOHdmk wOHlaI" jdKsc YdLdj"wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

whs'mS' iS;d moañKs ñh .=re fiajh I"Ydka; fcdaima nd,sld úoHd,h" lE.,a,'

ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;nq;af;a.u'

v

î'tia' ;s,lr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"iaj¾Kud,S nd,sld úoHd,h" uykqjr'

yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"

Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a lkHdrduh" nïn,mssáh'

úIhud,d lñgqj

mS' tÉ' l=iqudj;S ñh wOHlaI jev wdj¾K"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tï' ta' whs' mS' fmf¾rd ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

fla' m%Ndyrka uhd fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh


wdkkao uoaÿuf.a uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tia' wd¾' r;akcSj uhd iyldr lÓldpd¾h"jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=jcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ã' ã' oSmjxY ñh ixLHd f,aLk{"

ckf,aLk yd ixLhd f,aLk

fomd¾;fïka;=j'

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Ok ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;Uq;af;a.u'

tï't*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"ol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j.d,a,

fla' mS' lreKdr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

f:armq;a; cd;sl mdi," wïn,kaf;dg'

mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"fmdf,af.dv uyd úoHd,h fydrK'

t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

vi

vii

ndysr iïm;a odhl;ajh

t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

whs' mS' iS;d moañKs ñh .=re fiajh I"Ydka; fcdaima nd,sld úoHd,h"lE.,a,'

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I".=re uOHia:dkh" ;Uq;af;a.u'

î' tia' ;s,lr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"iaj¾Kud,S nd,sld úoHd,h" uykqjr'

fla' mS' lreKdr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"f:armq;a; cd;sl mdi," wïn,kaf;dg'

t'tï' t*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"ol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j".d,a,'

yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a lkHdrduh" nïn,mssáh'

t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

fla' mS' pkao%,;d ñh .=re fiajh I"úoHdlr nd,sld úoHd,h" uyr.u'

mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"fmd,af.dv uy úoHd,h" fydrK'

mS' ã' Oïñld ñh .=re fiajh II"fmdf,af.dv uy úoHd,h" fydrK'

tï' cS' fþ' mú;%dkS .=re fiajh II"isrsudfjda nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

ixialdrl uKav,h

iïudks; uydpd¾h ã' w;m;a;= uy;d wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'


mß.Kl joka ieliqu

1' cdklS oikdhl" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

úúO iyh

1' à' tia' ueKsfla ñh" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

2 ví' t' t' úl%udrÉÑ uhd" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

viiii

ix

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm<& wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh" jir wglg jrlal%shd;au; jkakd jQ úIhud,d kùlrK m%;sm;a;shg wkqj kùlrKh lr 2017 j¾Ifha

isg l%shd;aul fõ' m<uqjrg 2009 j¾Ifha § ksmqK;d mdol j y÷kajd fok ,o wd¾Ól

úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh hdj;ald,Sk lr 12 yd 13 fY%aKs i|yd ksmqK;d 12la hgf;a fm<.iajd we;' 13 fY%aKsh i|yd wod< jk úIh ks¾foaYfha y;a jk ksmqK;dfõ isg 12 jkksmqK;dj olajd jk ksmqK;d uÜgï 42 i|yd mka;s ldurh ;=< l%shd;aul l< yelsm%dfhda.sl bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shla fuys fhdckd flf¾'

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm<& wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYfha 13 fY%aKsh i|yd

jk ish¨ u ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ilia lr we;'fuys § wod< ksmqK;dj" ksmqK;d uÜgu" tu ksmqK;d uÜgu i|yd fjka lr we;sld,Éfþo .Kk yd ksmqK;d uÜgu wjidkfha § <`.d lr .; hq;= bf.kqï M, m<uqj±lafjk w;r" wk;=re j mdvï ie,iï lsÍu i|yd fhdackd flfrk Wmfoia yd úIhlreKq o meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la o bÈßm;a lr we;'

fuys fhdð;" mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd jk Wmfoia wkqj" wd¾Ól úoHdj úIhhg wod<úIh lreKq ms<sn| ±kqu muKla fkdj ta ms<sn| isiqkaf.a wdl,am" l=i,;d yd mqreÿixj¾Okh flfrk mßÈ mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ie,iqï lr .kqwe;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' ta i|yd wjYH u`. fmkaùu fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhka ,efíhehs wfmalaId flf¾'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia yd úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la ysi|yka lrekq mßYS,kfhka mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï lghq;= i|yd wjYH mdvïie,iqï ilia lr m%dfhda.sl bf.kqug isiqka fhduq lsÍu iEu .=reNjf;l= úiska l<hq;= fõ'

wd¾Ól úoHdj m%dfhda.sl úIhhla jk neúka tÈfkod wd¾Ólfha fjkia ùï ms<sn|

wOHkfha isg úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< úIh lreKqj, we;sjk fjkia ùï ms<sn| jie,ls,su;a ù .=reNj;=ka úiska mdvï ie,iqï ilia lr .kq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udrjHdmD;s kdhl'

bf.kqï m, yd

wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï

1

ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( uqo,a yd ñ, uÜgïj, yeisÍu y÷kd .ksñka wd¾Ólfha

l%shdldß;ajhg nexl= moaO;sh odhl jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh

lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( uqo,a" uqo,a j¾. yd uqof,a ld¾hhka úuid n,hs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

uqo,a w¾:l:kh lrhs'

fyd| uqo,l ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'

uqof,a ld¾hhka ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

uqo,a j¾.j, úfYaaI ,laIK bÈßm;a lrñka tajdg ksoiqka imhhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

w;S;fha uqo,a jYfhka Ndú; l< ismams lgq" f,day len,s" merKs ldis yd

j¾;udkfha uqo,a jYfhka Ndú; lrk ldis" fkdaÜgq" fplam;a" NdKavd.dr

ì,am;a" Khm;a" yrm;a wdÈh isiqkg m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

ta ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.ka woyia úuikak'

ta weiqfrka my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

w;S;fha uqo,a jYfhka ismams lgq" f,day len,s jeks oE Ndú;hg f.k

we;'

j¾;udkfha uqo,a jYfhka ldis yd fkdaÜgq" fplam;a" NdKavd.dr

ì,am;a" Khm;a wdÈ úúO oE Ndú; lrhs'

w;S; uqo,a yqjudre l%shdj,sfha § mej;s we;eï ÿ¾j,;d j¾;udk uqo,a

Ndú;h;a iuÕ uÕ yeÍ we;'

isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §

l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (

my; i|yka uQ,H WmlrK w;=frka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk uQ,H

WmlrK ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

remsh,a oyila jákd uqo,a fkdaÜgqjla

remsh,a oi oyila jákd fplam;la

remsh,a oi oyila jákd NdKavd.dr ì,a m;la

remsh,a oi oyila jákdlu we;s Khm;a

Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s uQ,H WmlrKh fydoska mÍlaId lrkak

tys olakg ,efnk wx. ,laIK y÷kd .kak'

2

wod< uQ,H WmlrK Ndú; lr Tng l< yels ld¾hhka kï lrkak'

Tng ,eî we;s uQ,H WmlrKh wfkla uQ,H WmlrK iu. ii|ñka

tys we;s iqúfYaI ,laIK y÷kd .kak'

Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,s j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

jkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre lsÍfï § f.ùï udOHhla jYfhka fmdÿfõ

ms<s.kakd jQ ´kE u fohla uqo,a jYfhka i,lkq ,efí'

fyd| uqo,l my; i|yka ,laIK ±lsh yels h'

fmdÿ ms<s.ekSula ;sîu

l,ameje;au

iucd;Sh nj

l=vd fldgiaj,g fnÈh yels ùu

myiqfjka tyd fuyd f.khdug yels ùu

jákdlu ia:djr j mej;Su

kS;Hdkql+, j,x.= Ndjh

iq,n fyda ÿ¾,N fyda fkdùu

wkqlrKh l< fkdyels ùu

myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels ùu

uqof,a m%Odk ld¾h y;r my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

1' úksuh ^f.ùï& udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu

2' jákdlfï ikaksêh;a f,i lghq;= lsÍu

3' .sKqï tallhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu

4' ú,ïì; f.jqï udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu

^l,amiq jQ f.jqï udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu&

úksuh udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka .kqfokq

lsÍfï § ke;fyd;a NdKav yd fiajd iy ksIamdok idOl yqjudre lsÍfï

§ w;rueÈhl= jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu hs'

fuu ld¾hh ksid uqo,a fjk;a j;alïj,ska meyeÈ,s j fjka fldg

y÷kd .; yels h' NdKav yqjudre l%ufha ^ndg¾ l%ufha& mej;s oaúl

iumd;h" m%jdyKh" .nvd lsÍu" l=vd fldgiaj,g fn§u wd§ .eg¨

fndfyduhla uqo,a Ndú;h ksid ksrdlrKh úh'

3

yqjudrejg iïnkaO jk fomd¾Yajfha jqjukd wfkHdakH jYfhka .e,mSu

jqjukdjkaf.a oaúl iumd;h kï fõ'

NdKav yqjudre l%ufha § oaúl iumd;hla fkdue;s úg .kqfokqj isÿ lr

.ekSu w;sYh ÿIalr ld¾hhla úh'

tfy;a uqo,a Ndú;h ksid .kqfokqj isÿ lr .ekSfï § uqo,a w;rueÈhl=

fia lghq;= lrk fyhska oaúl iumd;hla wjYH fkdfõ'

uqo,a úksuh udOHhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu ksid Y%u úNckh yd úfYaISlrKh

mq¿,a jQ w;r uyd mßudK ksIamdokhg uÕ mEÈKs'

wjodkulska yd wmyiq;djlska f;dr j wkd.; wjYH;d i|yd jákdlu

/ia lr ;nd .ekSu i|yd uqo,a fhdod .ekSu jákdlï ikaksêhla f,i

lghq;= lsÍu hkafkka woyia flf¾' NdKavj,ska jákdlu /ia lsÍfï §

.nvd lsÍfï wmyiqj" blaukska kYH ùu wd§ .eg¨ mek keÕ=K o

uqo,aj,ska jákdlu /ia lsÍfï § tu ÿIalr;d we;s fkdfõ'

jákdlu /ia lsÍug jeä fofkl= uqo,a Ndú; lrkafka uqo,a mQ¾K

øjYS, j;alula jk ksid h' uqof,a l%h Yla;sh ia:djr uÜgul mej;Su

uqof,a fuu ld¾hh jvd;a ld¾hlaIu lrkq we;'

.sKqï tallhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka iEu NdKavhl

u" fiajdjl u" j;alïj, jákdlï w;r fjki y÷kd.; yels ùu yd

yqjudre l%shdj,sh ld¾hlaIu j isÿ lsÍug yelshdj ,eîu h'

uqo,a jákdlfï ñkqula f,i l%shd lsÍu ksid jHdmdr .sKqïlrKh"

cd;sl .sKqïlrKh" rdcH whjehlrKh" f.jqï fYaI f,aLkh ieliSu

wd§ uQ,H jd¾;dlrKh myiq ù we;'

ú,ïì; f.jqï udOHhla jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu hkafkka woyia lrkqfha

l,a miq ù lrkq ,nk f.ùï ld¾hlaIu j isÿ lsÍug uqo,a fhdod .ekSug

we;s yelshdjhs' jHdmdr wdh;k NdKav Khg wf,ú lsÍfï § yd uQ,H

wdh;k Kh ieliSfï § tu f.ùï iudma; lsÍug ld,hla .; fõ'

wúksYaÑ;;djlska fyda wjodkulska f;dr j tu f.ùï ksu lsÍug uqo,a

Ndú; lsÍu ksid yelshdj ,eî we;'

uqof,a w.h ia:djr j mej;Su ú,ïì; f.jqï udOHhla f,i uqof,a

ld¾hh jvd;a ld¾hlaIu ùug fya;= fõ'

j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk uqo,a j¾. my; ±lafõ'

jHjydr uqo,a

nexl= uqo,a

wdikak uqo,a

uqo,a wdfoaYl

4

úoHq;a uqo,a / äðg,a uqo,a

jHjydr uqo,a hkq hï ffki¾.sl jákdlula wka;¾.; fkdjk kuq;a

lsishï jákdlula ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd uQ,H wêldßh úiska ksl=;a

lrkq ,nk ldis yd fkdaÜgq jk w;r jHjydr uqo,a rg ;=< ´kE u

.kqfokqjla lsÍug kS;sfhka j,x.= jk w;r jHjydr uqo,a mQ¾K

øjYS,;djlska hqla; fõ'

fplam;a ,sùu u.ska m%fhdackhg .; yels b,a¨ï ;ekam;=j, we;s uqo,a

fYaIh nexl= uqo,a jYfhka ye¢kafõ' nexl= uqo,a ;=< by< øjYS,;djla

mj;S'

jákdlfï ikaksêhla f,i ls%hd lrk" tfy;a yqjudre udOHhla f,i

l%shd fkdlrk by< øjYS,;djlska hq;= j;alï wdikak uqo,a f,i y÷kajhs'

wdikak uqo,a myiqfjka yqjudre udOHhla njg ^uqo,a& fmr<d .; yels

h'

ia:djr ;ekam;=" b;=reï ;ekam;=" NdKavd.dr ì,am;a" úksuh ì,am;a"

fmdfrdkaÿ fkdaÜgq wdikak uqo,a i|yd ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'

uqo,a wdfoaYl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nkafka jákdlfï ikaksêhla jYfhka

ls%hd fkdlrk kuq;a ;djld,sl j yqjudre udOHhla jYfhka lghq;=

lrk WmlrK fõ' Khm;a yd yrm;a uqo,a wdfoaYl i|yd ksoiqka jYfhka

±laúh yels h' jHjydr uqo,a fyda fplam;a fyda Ndú;hla fkdue;s j

flá ld,Sk .kqfokq i|yd fuu uqo,a wdfoaYl fhdod .; yels h'

hï uQ,H wdh;khla úiska wkqu; jQ uqo,a iSudjka hgf;a NdKav yd

fiajd ,nd .ekSug;a wjYH úgl uqo,a ,nd .ekSug;a wjirh ,nd §

ksl=;a lrk úoHq;a ldâ m; Khm;ls'

my; i|yka fya;= ksid Khm;a uqo,a f,i fkdie,fla'

uqo,aj,ska bgq lrk ish¨ ld¾hhka Khm;a u.ska bgq fkdùu

Khm;a u.ska .kqfokqlrejd g ,nd fok Wmßu Kh iSudj blaujQ

miq ;jÿrg;a Khm;a m%fhdackhg .ksñka .kqfokq lsÍug kï wod<

uQ,H wdh;kh fj; Kh uqo, f.úh hq;= ùu uqo,a f,i ie,flkafka

uQ,H wdh;kh fj; f.jk uqo,a ñi Khm; fkdfõ&'

yrm;a hkq .kqfokqlrejka uQ,H wdh;khl hï uqo,la ;ekam;a l< úg

iajhxl%sh fg,¾ hka;%hla u.ska wdmiq uqo,a .ekSug fjk;a .sKqulg

udre lsÍug Ndú; lrk WmlrKhls'

yrm;a uqo,a f,i fkdie,flkafka uqo,ska bgq lrkq ,nk ish¨ ld¾hhka

fuu.ska bgq fkflfrk ksid h'

uqo,a" úoHq;a l%uh Ndú;fhka .nvd lr ;nd uDÿldx.hla u.ska .kqfokq

i|yd fhdod .kakd l%ufõoh úoHq;a uqo,a jYfhka ye¢kafõ' yrm;a"

Khm;a" E-banking, Easy Cash Bit coin úoHq;a uqo,a i|yd ksoiqka f,i

±laúh yels h'

5

ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( uqo,aj, yd ñ, uÜgïj, yeisÍu y÷kd .ksñka wd¾Ólfha


lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2( uqo,g b,aüla we;s ùug n,mdk fya;= iy uqo,a

b,aü ;SrKh lrkq ,nk idOl úuid n,hs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

uqo,a b,aü w¾:l:kh lrhs'

uqo,g b,aüla we;s ùug fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'

uqo,g b,aüla we;s ùug fya;= m%ia;dr igyka Ndú; lrñka ú.%y lrhs'

uqo,g we;s b,aü ;SrKh lrk idOl ú.%y lrhs'


isiqkag uqo,a wjYH wehs ±hs úuikak'

tfia uqo,a wjYH ùug fya;= isiqkaf.ka wid fm<.iajkak'

my; i|yka lreKq wkdjrKh jk whqfrka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

isiqka fuka u ish¨ u ck;dj úúO lghq;= i|yd uqo,a <`. ;nd .kS'

tfia uyckhd uqo,a <`. ;nd .ekSug we;s leue;a; uqo,a b,aü f,i

y÷kajhs'

uqo,a b,aü i|yd úúO idOl n,mdhs'




my; i|yka jkafka mqoa.,fhl=g uqo,a wjYH jk wjia:d lsysmhls' ta

w;ßka Tn lKavdhug ,efnk wjia:d flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

iy,a ñ, § .ekSu i|yd

ksjfia we;s jk yÈis wjYH;djla i|yd

fldgfia fjf<|fmdf<a wdfhdackh i|yd

Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s wjia:dj flfrys ie,ls,su;a jkak'

tjeks uqo,a wjYH jk fjk;a wjia:d i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrkak'

Tng hï ksYaÑ; udisl wdodhula mj;S hehs Wml,amkh lr tu uqo,ska

fldmuK m%udKhla wod< ld¾hh i|yd fjka lrkafka±hs ;SrKh

6

wdodhu (Y)

.k

qfok

q fÉ;k

dfjk

a

uqo,

g w

e;s b

,aü q

L3

L2

L1

Y1

Y2

Y3

YfM dt

0

lrkak'

Tnf.a udisl wdodhu fo.=K jqjfyd;a wod< ld¾hhg fjka lrk uqo,;SrKh lrkak'

by; f;dr;=re weiqfrka wdodhu fjkia ùula yd wod< ld¾hhg uqo,a fjkalsÍu w;r iïnkaOh ±lafjk m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak' ;sria wlaIfhawod< ld¾hhg fjka lrk uqo, o isria wlaIfha wdodhu o&

wod< m%ia;dr igyk weiqfrka wdodhu yd Tng wod< ld¾hhg uqo,a fjkalsÍu w;r iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'

Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,s j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkïjkak'


lsishï wjia:djl § uqo,a" uqo,a jYfhka <`. ;nd .ekSug uyck;dj ;=<we;s leue;a; uqo,a b,aü ^øjYS,;djrKh& hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

uqo,g b,aüla we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk fya;= ;=kls'

1' .kqfokq fÉ;kdj

2' wdrlaIK fõ;kdj

3' iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj

mqoa.,hdg ,efnk wdodhï iy mqoa.,hd lrk úhoï tlsfklg fkd.e<mSuksid tÈfkod .kqfokq lsÍfï wruqfKka uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .ekSu.kqfokq fÉ;kdj ksid we;s jk uqo,a b,aü f,i ye¢kafõ'

wdodhï Wmhk ld,h;a úhoï isÿ lrk ld,h;a w;r ld, mrdihlamj;sk w;r tu ld, mrdih ;=< iqug f,i we;s jk .kqfokq isÿ lsÍui|yd uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .; hq;= h'

.kqfokq fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g we;s b,aü ;SrKh lrk m%Odk idOlh

jkafka mqoa.,hkaf.a wdodhuhs'

.kqfokq fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g lrk b,aü;a wdodhu;a w;r wkqf,dau

iïnkaO;djla mj;S' th my; i|yka mßÈ m%ia;dr igykla u.ska ±laúh

yels h'

7

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj mqoa.,hdf.a wdodhu jeä jk úg tÈfkod

.kqfokq i|yd jeä uqo,a m%udKhla <`. ;nd .ekSug fm<fò' wdodhu wvq

jk úg tÈfkod .kqfokq i|yd wvq uqo,a m%udKhla ;nd .ekSug fm,fò'

wdodhug wu;r j .kqfokq fÉ;kdj i|yd uqo,g we;s jk b,a u flfrys

fmd<S wkqmd;slh" ñ, uÜgu" uQ,H fjf<|fmd< kjH;d yd wdh;ksl

idOl o n,mdhs'

ie,iqï l< fkdyels wkfmalaIs; j we;s jk úhoï ld¾hlaIu j mshjd

.eksfï wruqfKka mqoa.,hka uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .ekSu wdrlaIl fÉ;kdj

ksid uqo,g we;s b,aü f,i ye¢kafõ'

ksoiqka ( yÈis wk;=re" f,v frda. jeks wjia:dj, § m%fhdackhg .ekSu

i|yd uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .ekSuhs'

wdrlaIK fÉ;kdj ksid uqo,g we;s jk b,a u;a wdodhu;a w;r wkqf,dau

iïnkaO;djla mj;sk w;r th my; m%ia;drfhka ±lafõ'

dpM f Y wdrlaIK fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g we;s jk b,aü

(Y) = wdodhu

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj mqoa.,hkaf.a wdodhu jeä jk úg wdrlaIK

wruqK u; jeä uqo,a m%udKhla <`. ;nd .ekSug fm,fUk w;r wdodhu

wvq jk úg wdrlaIK wruqK u; wvq uqo,a m%udKhla <`. ;nd .ekSug

fm,fò'

ms<sKm;aj, uqo,a wdfhdackh lsßfuka wkd.; jdis m%;s,dN& ,nd .ekSfï

(Y)

L3

L2

L1

Y1

Y2

Y30

dpM

YfM dp

wdr

laIl

fÉ;k

dj k

sid

uqo,

g

we;

s jk

b,aü

wdodhu

8

wruqfKka uqo,a <`. ;nd .ekSu iufmalaIK fÉ;kdfjka uqo,g we;s

b,aü hs' ke;s kï j;alula f,i uqo,a fYaI <`. ;nd .ekSu iufmalaIK

uqo,a b,aü fõ'

ck;dj úúO j;alï <`. ;nd .ekSug fm,fUk w;r ish j;alï

f.dkqfõ uqo,a yd ms<sKm;a w;r f;aÍï lsßu fmd<S wkqmd;slh wkqj isÿ

fõ' fï wkqj fmd<S wkqmd;slh yd j;alula f,i uqo,a b,aü w;r

m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla we;s fõ' tu m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj my; rEm

igyk u.ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

by; rEmfha ±lafjk mßÈ fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hk úg iufmalaIK

fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g we;s b,aü wvq fõ' fmd<S wkqmd;slh my< hk

úg iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g we;s b,aü jeä fõ'

fmd<S wkqmd;slh yd ms<sKm;aj, ñ, w;r mj;skqfha m%;sf,dau

iïnkaO;djls' tkï fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hk úg ms<sKm;aj, ñ,

my< hk w;r fmd<S wkqmd;slh my< hk úg ms<sKm;aj, ñ, by< hhs'

i;H jYfhka j¾;udkfha fmd<S wkqmd;slh wvq kï ms<sKm;aj, ñ,

by< uÜgul mj;S' kuq;a wkd.;fha § fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< h;ehs iy

Bg m%;sf,dau j ms<sKm;aj, ñ, my< h;ehs ck;dj ;=< wfmalaIKhla

we;s fõ' fï ksid ck;dj ms<sKm;a ñ, oS .ekSug fm<ffUk fyhska

fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hk úg iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g

we;s b,aü wvq fõ' wkd.;fha § fmd<S wkqmd;slh my< h;ehs iy Bg

m%;sf,dau j ms<sKm;aj, fjf<|fmd< ñ, by< h;ehs ck;dj ;=<

wfmalaIKhla we;s jqjfyd;a ck;dj ms<sKm;a úlsKSug fm,fò' ^by;

rEm igyfkys b ,laIHfhys ±lafjk mßÈ& fï ksid fmd<S wkqmd;slh

my< h;a u iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g we; b,aü jeä fõ'

r1

r2

Q1

Q2

iufmalaIK fÉ;kdj hgf;a uqo,g we;s

b,aü

fmd<

S wk

qmd;

lh

0 d

SM

)(rfM ls

.ekqï keUqre

úl=Kqqï keUqre

9

uqo,g we;s b,aü ;SrKh ùu flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdhs'

uQ¾; wdodhu

fmd<S wkqmd;slh

ñ, uÜgu

wkd.; wfmalaIK

wdh;ksl idOl

uQ,H fjf<|fmd< kjH;d

uQ¾; wdodhu yd uqo,a b,aü w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S' tkï

uQ¾; wdodhu by< hk úg uqo,a b,aü by< hhs'

fmd<S wkqmd;slh yd uqo,a b,aü w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S'

tkï fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hk úg uqo,a b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq fõ'

ñ, uÜgu by< hk úg uqo,a b,aü o by< hhs'

wkd.;fha § WoaOuk wkqmd;slh by< h;ehs wfmalaId lrk úg

j¾;udkfha NdKav yd fiajd ñ, È .ekSug fm,fUk neúka <`. ;nd

.kakd uqo,a m%udKh jeä fõ'

ms<sKm;aj, ñ, wkd.;fha § jeä fj;ehs wfmalaId lrk úg j¾;udkfha

ms<sKm;a ñ, § .ekSu fm,fUk neúka <`. ;nd .kakd uqo,a fYaI wvq

fõ'

wdh;ksl idOl hkqfjka woyia lrkafka wdodhï ,efnk jdr folla

w;r ld, mr;rhs' wju ld, mr;rhla ;=< wdodhï ,efnk úg uqo,a

b,aü my< hhs' uqo,a ,efnk ld, mr;rhka §¾> jk úg <`. ;nd

.kakd uqo,a m%udKh by< hhs'

uQ,H fjf<|fmd< kjH;d jeä ÈhqKq jk úg uqo,a <`. ;nd .kakd

m%udKh my< hhs'

10



lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 ( uqo,a iemhqu úYaf,aIKd;aul j bÈßm;a lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 10

bf.kqï m, (

uqo,a iemhqu w¾: olajhs'

uqo,a iemhqfï ks¾jpk wkqms<sfj<ska w¾: olajhs'

uqo,a iemhqfï ks¾jpk ú.%y lrhs'

uqo,a iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl bÈßm;a lrhs'

mokï uqo,a ;SrKh lrk idOl ú.%y lrhs'

uqo,a .=Klh yd mokï uqo,a w;r iïnkaO;dj iólrK Ndú;fhka

ú.%y lrhs'


uqo,a iemhqu hkq lsishï ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § uyck;dj w;r ixirKh

jk uq¿ uqo,a f;d.h hs' uqo,a iemhqu uQ,H iuia;h jYfhka o y÷kajhs'

uqo,a iemhqu ks¾jpkh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd ks¾jpk ld,h;a iuÕ

fjkia fõ' ta i|yd n,mdk m%Odk idOl folls'

1' rgl uQ,H jHqyfha we;s jk fjkialï

2' uqo,a f,i ie<lsh hq;= mQ¾K øjYS,;dfjka hq;a j;alïj, isÿ jk

fjkialï

Y%S ,xldfõ uqo,a iemhqu ms<sn| j bosrsm;afldg we;s úúO ks¾jpk my;

±lafõ'

mgq uqo,a iemhqu 1M

mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu 2M

taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu bM 2

mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu 4M

mgq uqo,a iemhqu hkq uyck;dj i;= jHjydr uqo,a ^ldis yd fkdaÜgq& yd

uyckhd kñka jdKsc nexl=j, we;s b,a¨u ;ekam;=j, tl;=j hs'

11

1 P PM C DD

M2b

= M2 + TSD

NRFC + RD

FCBU

1M } mgq uqo,a iemhqu

Cp } uyckhd i;= jHjydr uqo,a

DDP } uyckhd i;= jdKsc nexl=j, we;s b,a¨ï ;ekam;=

mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu 2M hkq" mgq uqo,a iemhqu 1M yd uyckhd

i;= j jdKsc nexl=j, we;s ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;=j,

(TSDCPtl;=jhs'

M2 = M

1 + TSD

CP

M2 - mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu

1M } mgq uqo,a iemhqu

TSDCP} uyck;dj i;= j jdKsc nexl=j, we;s ld,Sk yd b;=reï

;ekam;=

mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqug 2M wfkajdisl úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a .sKqïj,

we;s ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;= m%udKfhka 50] la yd úfoaY jHjydr

uqo,a nexl= tallj, we;s fkajdislhka i;= ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;=

m%udKh tl;= ùfuka taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu )( 2bM iEfoa'

NRFCTSD } wfkajdisl úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a .sKqïj, we;s ld,Sk yd

b;=reï ;ekam;= m%udKfhka 50]

FCBURD } úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a nexl= tallj, we;s fkajdislhka i;=

ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;=

taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqug )( 2bM n,m;% ,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=j,

we;s uyck;dj i;= b;=reï yd ld,Sk ;ekam;= iy ,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H

iud.ïj, we;s uyck;dj i;= b;=reï yd ld,Sk ;ekam;= tl;=

ùfuka mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu 4M iEfoa'

12

RECLSBMMb

24

M4 = mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu

M2b

= taldnoaO mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu

LSB = uyck;dj i;= b;=reï yd ia:djr ;ekam;=

RFC = ,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ïj, we;s uyck;dj i;= b;=reï yd

ia:djr ;ekam;=

uqo,a iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl my; ±lafõ'

^1& nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO foaYSh j;alï

^2& nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO úfoaYSh j;alï

^3& wfkl=;a Y=oaO j;alï

nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO foaYSh j;alï" nexl= l%uh u.ska rchg ,nd

fok Y=oaO Kh yd jdKsc nexl= úiska fm!oa.,sl wxYhg fok ,o

Khj,ska iukaú; fõ'

rch whjeh ys`.h mshùu i|yd uy nexl=fjka yd jdKsc nexl=j,ska

ms<sKm;a yryd Kh ,nd .kS' tajd jHjydr uqo,a f,i uyck;dj

w;g m;aùfuka uqo,a iemhqfï fldgila njg m;a ù uqo,a iemhqu

by< kÕS'

jdKsc nexl= úiska fm!oa.,sl wxYhg Kh §fï § b,a¨ï ;ekam;=

ks¾udKh fõ' b,a¨ï ;ekam;= uqo,a iemhqfï fldgila ksid uqo,a

iemhqu by< hhs'

nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï kñka ye¢kafjkafka uy nexl=j

iy jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY j;alï yd j.lSï w;r fjkihs'

uy nexl=j i;= Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï iy jdKsc nexl= i;= Y=oaO úfoaY

j;alï ,efí'

uy nexl=j i;= Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

uy nexl=j i;= úfoaY uqo,a

úfoaY rgj, iq/l=ïm;aj, uy nexl=j lr we;s wdfhdack

uy nexl=j kñka mj;ajd f.k hk úfYaI .ekqï ysñlï (SDR)

uy nexl=j i;= úfoaY j.lSï my; mßÈ fõ'

uy nexl=j úfoaY rgj,ska ,nd f.k we;s Kh

13

wka;¾cd;sl wdh;k yd úfoaY nexl= uy nexl=fõ ;ekam;a lr

we;s uqo,a

jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY j;alï my; ±lafõ'

úfoaY nexl=j,g imhd we;s Kh iy wdOdr

jÜgï l< ì,am;a

jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY uqo,a

jdKsc nexl=j,g wh;a úfoaY YdLdj, we;s uqo,a

jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY j.lSï my; i|yka ixrplj,ska iukaú;

fõ'

jdKsc nexl= úiska úfoaY nexl=j,ska ,nd f.k we;s Kh

úfoaYSh nexl= foaYSh nexl=j, mj;ajd f.k hk ;ekam;=

nexl= l%uh i;= Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï by< hk úg nexl= i;= ixÑ;

by< f.dia Kh §ï jeä fõ' túg b,a¨ï ;ekam;= m%idrKh ù uqo,a

iemhqu jeä fõ'

nexl= l%uh i;= wfkl=;a Y=oaO j;alï f,i ie,flkqfha by; i|yka

lrk ,o foaYSh yd úfoaYSh Y=oaO úfoaYSh j;alïj,g yiq fkdjQ nexl=

l%ufha j;alï yd j.lSï w;r fjkihs'

nexl= l%uh i;= wfkl=;a Y=oaO j;alï by< hk úg uqo,a iemhqu o

by< hhs'

lsishï rgl iuia; uqo,a iemhqug moku imhk uy nexl=j i;=

>Dcq uQ,H j.lSï mokï uqo,a jYfhka ye¢kafõ' fïjd wên,e;s

uqo,a" ixÑ; uqo,a hk kïj,ska o ye¢kafõ'

rfÜ iuia; uqo,a iemhqu mokï uqo,a fuka lSm .=Khls'

mokï uqo,a my; i|yka ixrplj,ska iukaú; fõ'

uyckhd i;= jHjydr uqo,a (Cp)

jdKsc nexl= i;= jHjydr uqo,a (CCB

)

jdKsc nexl= úiska uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd f.k hk ;ekam;= (RR)

rdcH ksfhdað; wdh;k uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd .k hkq ,nk

;ekam;= (DOI

)

14

jdKsc nexl=j,g ÿka

Kh AKB

rchg ÿka Kh CGCB

úfoaY ixÑ; FACB

fjk;a j;alï OACB

uy nexl= fYaI m;%h

j.lSï j;alï

uyckhd i;= jHjydr uqo,a CP

jdKsc nexl= i;= jHjydr uqo,a CCB

jdKsc nexl= i;= uy nexl=fõ

we;s ;ekam;= RR

fjk;a wdh;kj, ;ekam;= DOI

rcfha ;ekam;= DG CB

úfoaY Kh FBCB

fjk;a j.lSï OL CB

uq¿ j.lSï TLCB

uq¿ j;alï TACB

by; fYaI m;%hg wkqj mokï uqo,a iemhqug wh;a jk uy nexl=fõ

m%Odk j.lSï whs;u my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

1' uyckhd i;= jHjydr uqo,a

2' jdKsc nexl= i;= jHjydr uqo,a

3' uy nexl=fõ we;s jdKsc nexl= i;= ;ekam;=

4' fjk;a wdh;k i;= j uy nexl=fõ we;s ;ekam;=

uy nexl= fYaI m;%hg wkqj mokï uqo,a flfrys n,mdk idOl ;SrKh

lrk idOl& my; i|yka mßÈ y÷kd.; yels h'

1' uy nexl=j i;= Y=oaO foaYSh j;alï (CGCB - DGCB)

uy nexl=j úiska jdKsc nexl=j,g fokq ,nk w;a;sldrï

uy nexl=j úiska rchg imhkq ,nk Y=oaO Kh

2' uy nexl=fõ Y=oaO úfoaY j;alï (DACB - FBCB)

3' uy nexl=fõ fjk;a j;alï

by; i|yka whs;uj, Y=oaO j;alï jeä jk úg mokï uqo,a iemhqu jeä

jk w;r tajdfha Y=oaO j;alï wvq jk úg mokï uqo,a iemhqu wvq fõ'

^mokï uqo,aj,g wh;a fkdjk wksl=;a j.lSï iy uy nexl=fõ j;alï

ixrplhka weiqfrka mokï uqo,aj,g n,mdk idOl y÷kd.; yels nj

15

uqo,a .=KlhM1}

uqo,a .=KlhM2}

isiqka iuÕ wOHkh lrkak&'

wd¾Ólfha uq¿ uqo,a iemhqu yd mokï uqo,a w;r iïnkaOh uqo,a .=Klfhka

±lafõ' th my; i|yka mßÈ iólrKhla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

M = kH

M = uqo,a iemhqu

k = uqo,a .=Klh

H = mokï uqo,a

uqo,a .=Klh yd uqo,a moku w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj

ta wkqj uqo,a .=Klh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

Y%S ,xldfõ uqo,a iemhqu l%u lsysmhlg .Kkh lrk ksid uqo,a .=Klh

o M1, M

2B M

2B, M

4, M

5 wd§ jYfhka wdldr lsysmhlg .Kkh l< yels

h'

ksoiqka (

mgq uqo,a iemhqu (M1)

mokï uqo,a

mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu (M2)

mokï uqo,a

Mk

H

16



lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'4 ( ñ, uÜgu wdY%s; ixl,am" kHdh iy ñkqï úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk (

bf.kqï m, (

ñ, uÜgu w¾:l:kh lrhs'

tu uÜgu wdY%s; ixl,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'

WoaOukhg n,mdk fya;= úúO m%fõY Tiafia ú.%y lrhs'

WoaOukfha m%;súmdl ú.%y lrhs'

WoaOukh md,kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels ls%hdud¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH ñ, uÜgfï fjkia ùï uekSug fhdod .kakd ñ,

o¾Yl y÷kajhs'

ñ, o¾Yl weiqfrka Y%S ,xldfõ ñ, uÜgu wdY%s; m%jK;d mÍlaId lr

n,hs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .eksug w;aje,la (

NdKavj,;a fiajdj,;a jákdlu ñ, hkafkka woyia fõ'

ñ, fjkia jk úg hï fok ,o uqo,a m%udKhlska ñ, § .; yels NdKav

yd fiajd m%udKh ^uqof,a jákdlu& fjkia fõ'

ksrfmalaI ñ," idfmalaI ñ, yd fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu ^idudkH ñ, uÜgu&

f,iska NdKavhl fyda fiajdjl fyda ñ, yd iïnkaO jeo.;a iajrEmhka

;=kla mj;S'

lsishï NdKavhl fyda fiajdjl fyda fjf<|fmd< ñ, ksrfmalaI ñ,hs'

ksoiqka ( mEkl ñ, remsh,a 25 hs'

iy,a lsf,dajl ñ, remsh,a 100 hs'

NdKavj, ñ, .Kka w;r wkqmd;h idfmalaI ñ,hs'

ksoiqka ( iy,a lsf,dajl ñ, mEkl ñ, fuka y;r .=Khls ^1 ( 4&

17

ish¨ u NdKav yd fiajdj, ksrfmalaI ñ, .Kkaj, idudkH w.h fmdÿ

ñ, uÜgu kñka ye|skafõ'

fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu wdY%s; j ixl,am lsysmhls'

WoaOukh

wjOukh

ksreoaOukh

fmdÿ ñ, uÜgfuys yg .kakd wLKav by< hdula WoaOukh kñka

ye|skafõ'

wjOukh hkq fmdÿ ñ, uÜgfuys wLKav j isÿ jk my< hduls'

WoaOuk wkqmd;fhys w.h l%ufhka wvq ùula ksreoaOukh hs'

WoaOukhg fya;= meyeÈ,s flrkqfha kHdhd;aul m%fõYhlsks'

ta wkqj WoaOukhg fya;= meyeÈ,s lsÍfï m%Odk kHdh folls'

1' b,a¨fuka we÷Kq WoaOuk kHdhh

2' msßjefhka ;,a¨ jqKq WoaOuk kHdhh

iemhqug idfmalaI j b,a¨u jeä ùu ksid NdKavj, yd fiajdj, fmdÿ

ñ, uÜgu by< hk nj b,a¨fuka we÷Kq WoaOuk kHdhh hkafkka

woyia fõ'

tkï iuia; b,a¨fï w;sßla;hla ksid fmdÿ ñ, uÜgï by< hdu hs'

iSñ; NdKav m%udKhla miqmi yUd hk w;súYd, uqo,a m%udKhla hkqfjka

ye|skafjkafka o b,a¨fuka we÷Kq WoaOukh hs'

b,a¨fuka we÷Kq WoaOuk kHdhfhys úl,am m%fõY folls'

1' uqo,a m%udKjdoh

2' flakaishdkq kHdh

uqo,a m%udKjdoh hkq úksuh iólrKh mokï lr .ksñka ñ, uÜgfï

yeisÍu ms<sn| j bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk kHdhhls'

uqo,a f;d.h fjkia ùu;a ñ, uÜgu fjkia ùu;a w;r >Dcq yd iudkqmd;sl

iïnkaOhla we;s nj uqo,a m%udKjd§ kHdhfhka fmkajd foa'

18

ksoiqka ( uqo,a f;d.h oi .=Khlska by< ±uqjfyd;a ñ, uÜgu o oi

.=Khlska by< hkq we;'

uqo,a m%udKh iy ñ, uÜgu w;r mj;sk fuu iïnkaO;dj fmkajd §ug

i|yd uqo,a m%uKjdoh MV = PT hk úksuh iólrKh fhdod .kS'

úksuh iólrKh aaaaaaa ks¾jpkh lrk wdldrfhka u mQ¾K i;H m%ldYkhls'

th iólrKhla f,i olajk kuqÿ th ieneúka u wkkH;djls ^i¾j

iduHhls&' tu ksid th MV PT hk f,i ±laúh yels h'

PT hkq wd¾Ólfha uq`: .kqfokqj, jákdluhs' ^ P = ñ, uÜgu" T =

.kqfokq m%udKh&

MV hkq uqo,a fhdod .ksñka isÿ l< .Kqfokq m%udKfha jákdluhs'

fï ksid ieneúka u MV = PT úh hq;=u h'

úksuh iólrKh ;=< wvx.= úp,Hhkaf.a yeisÍu iïnkaOfhka lrkq

,nk Wml,amkhka mokï lr .ksñka úksuh iólrKh kHdhhla

^uqo,a m%udKjdoh& njg fmr<d .; yels h'

ta i|yd fhdod .kakd Wml,amk folls'

1' uqof,a ixirK m%fõ.h (v) ia:djr j mj;S' th ia:djr j mj;skafka

wdh;ksl idOl mqreÿ u; ;SrKh jk úp,Hhla neúks'

2' wd¾Ólfha .kqfokq mßudj (T) fkdfjkia j mj;S' T ia:djr j mj;skafka

wd¾Ólh mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgul mj;akd neúks'

^ T fjkqjg Y o Ndú; flf¾&'

fuf,iska úksuh iñlrKfha V iy T hk mo ia:djr j mj;skafka

hhs Wml,amkh fldg uqo,a f;d.hg (M) iudkqmd;sl j ñ, uÜgu (P)

fjkia jk nj uqo,a m%udKjd§ kHdhh fmkajd foa'

flakaishdkq kHdhfha § WoaOukhg fya;= meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd ie,ls,a,g

.kq ,nkafka iudydr wdodhï yd iudydr úhoï úYaf,aIKh hs'

wd¾Ólh mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s iu;=,s;h lrd <`.d ùfuka miq j ;jÿrg;a

iudydr b,a u jeä jQjfyd;a" NdKav yd fiajd m%udKh jeä l< fkdyels

neúka idudkH ñ, uÜgu by< hdug mgka .kS'

WoaOukh ms<sn| flakaiaf.a fuu ú.%yh my; rEm igykska fmkakqï

flf¾'

19

rEm igfykka Y1 u.ska ±lafjkafka mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksujqï uÜgu

hs'

tu wjia:dj wod< iudydr b,a¨u AD1jl%fhka ±lafõ'

mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksujqï uÜgu blaujd wd¾Ólfha iudydr b,a¨u

by< .sh fyd;a fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu P1 , P

2, P

3 wd§ f,iska wLKav j by< hdu

;=<ska WoaOukh yg .kS'

msßjefhka ;,a¨ jqKq WoaOuk kHdhfhka ±lafjkafka fhojqï ñ, fyj;a

ksIamdok msßjeh by< hdu ksid iudydr iemhqu wvq ùfuka NdKav yd

fiajdj, ñ, by< hdu u.ska fmdÿ ñ, uÜgfï by< hdula yg .; yels

nj hs'

fuys § cd;sl wdodhfï mx.= w,a,d .ekSug úúO mSvk lKavdhï úiska

lrkq ,nk wr.,j, m%;sM, jYfhka ksIamdok msrsjeh jeä ù NdKavj,

yd fiajdj, fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu by< hk nj fuu kHdhjd§yq fmkajd

fo;s'

tu mSvk lKavdhï jkafka"

ixúOdkd;aul Y%uh

l;smhdêldÍ wdh;kj, l%shdldrlï h'

ixúOdkd;aul Y%uh jeä jegqma b,a,d lrkq ,nk Woaf>daIKj, m%;sM,

20

jYfhka jegqma jeä lsÍug isÿ ùfuka fhojqï ñ, by< f.dia ksIamdok

msßjeh jeä ù" iemhqu wvq ù ñ, uggu by< hhs' fujekakla jegqfmka

;,a¨ jQ WoaOukhla fia ie<fla'

wfkla w;g l;smhdêldÍ wdh;kj, ls%hdl,dmh ksid ,dN jeä lsÍug

isÿ ùfuka ksIamdok msßjeh jeä ù" iemhqu wvq ù ñ, uÜgu by< hhs'

fuh ,dNfhka ;,a¨ jQ WoaOukhls'

fhojqï ñ, jeä ùfuka ksIamdok msßjeh jeä ù" iemhqu wvq ùfuka

WoaOukhla yg .kS' msßjefhka ;,a¨ jqKq WoaOukh my; m%ia;dr

igyfkys ±lafõ'

rEm igykg wkqj Y2 ksujqï uÜgfï § ñ, uÜgu P

1 fõ' msßjeh jeä

ùu ksid iuia; iemhqï jl%hAS1 isg AS

2 f,iska jug ú;eka ù we;'

tfy;a wd¾Ólfha iuia; b,a¨ï uÜgfuys fjkila isÿ ù fkdue;s

neúka iudydr iemhqu wvq ùfï m%;sM,h jYfhka ñ, uÜgu P1isg P

2

olajd by< f.dia we;' ta WoaOukSh ;;a;ajhls'

WoaOukh wd¾Ólhg ys;lr yd wys;lr jYfhka úúO m%;súmdl f.k

fohs' tn÷ m%;súmdl lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

1' wdodhï yd Ok jHdma;sh whym;a ùu

2' wd¾Ól ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sh úlD;s ùu

3' Khysñhkag wjdisodhl jk w;r Kh.e;shkag jdis ùu

4' b;sß lrkakkag whym;a ùu

fuh my; mßÈ meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

uQ¾; ksIamdÈ;h

21

-

WoaOukhla ksid b;sß lrkakkaf.a b;sß lsÍug we;s yelshdj wvq ùu

ksid b;sß lsÍï wvq ùu isÿ úh yels h'

wfkla w;g uQ¾; fmd<S wkqmd;slfha my< neiSula ksid o b;sß lsÍï

wvqùu isÿ úh yels h'

uQ¾; fmd<S wkqmd;slh } kdñl fmd<S wkqmd;slh - WoaOuk

wkqmd;slh

ksoiqk ( kdñl fmd<S wkqmd;slh } 16]

WoaOuk wkqmd;slh } 20]

uQ¾; fmd<S wkqmd;slh } 16] - 20]

} -4]

uQ¾; fmd<S wkqmd;slh RK w.hla .ekSu b;sß lrkakkag wys;lr

;;a;ajhls'

tfiau uQ¾; fmd,S wkqmd;slh RK w.hla .ekSu ia:djr wdodhï

,dNSkag wys;lr jk w;r úp,H wdodhï ,dNSkag ys;lr fõ'

úY%dñlhka" ld¾hd, fiajlhka" rdcH fiajlhka iy rcfhka ,efnk

Y=NidOk §ukd u; hefmkakka ia:djr wdodhï,dNSka i|yd ksoiqka

h'

WoaOukhl § ia:djr wdodhï,dNSkag wys;lr jkafka uqo,a wdodhfï

^kdñl wdodhfï& l%h Yla;sh fyj;a uQ¾; wdodhu wvq jk fyhsks'

uqo,a wdodhu

ñ, o¾Ylh

by; meyeos,s l< m%;súmdlj,g wu;r j my; i|yka m%;súmdl o

WoaOukh ksid isÿ fõ'

1' wkd.; ñ, wúksYaÑ; ùu ksid È.= ld,Sk wdfhdackh wffO¾hj;a

jk w;r flá ld,Sk wdfhdackh flfrys muKla keUqre ùu

2' im;a;= iï msßjeh iy fukqm;a msßjeh we;s ùu

3' mqoa.,hkaf.a Ôjk úhou by< hdu iy Ôjk ;;a;ajh my< hdu

4' wmkhkj, ;r.ldrs;ajhg ndOd t,a, ùu

5' úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùu

10' ksrfmalaI oßø;dj by< hdu

WoaOukh md,kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels m%;sm;a;suh l%shdud¾.

lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

uQ¾; wdodhu =

22

iudydr b,a¨fï j¾Okh iSud ùu

iudydr iemhqfï j¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu

iDcq rdcH ueÈy;a ùu

ld¾hlaIu iïm;a fnod yeÍfuys ,d mj;sk ndOl bj;a lsßu

iudydr b,a¨fï j¾Okh iSud lsÍu hkafkka woyia jkafka WoaOukh

md,kh lsÍug kï iudydr b,a¨u j¾Okh ùu my< uÜgul mj;ajd

.; hq;= nj hs'

WoaOukhg fya;= ±laùfï b,a¨fuka we÷Kq kHdhhg wkqj uQ,H

m%idrKhla ksid iuia; b,a¨fï by< hdula ;=<ska WoaOukhla yg

.kafka kï th md,kh lsÍug iuia; b,a¨fï j¾Okh iSud l< hq;= h'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;s yd rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh fhdod .ekSfuka iuia; b,aa¨fï

j¾Okh iSud l< yels h'

WoaOukhla mj;sk úfgl iudydr iemhqfï j¾Okh fõ.j;a lr .ekSug

yels kï WoaOuk fõ.h my< uÜgul mj;ajd .; yels nj iemhqï

md¾Yaùh wd¾Ól úoHd{hkaf.a woyi h'

iemhqï md¾Yaúh wd¾Ól úoHd{hska fmkajd fokafka iemhqfï wvq ùula

ksid WoaOukhla we;s jk nj hs'

tu ksid Tjqyq b,a¨ï l<ukdlrK m%;sm;a;s flfrys t;rï Wkkaÿjla

fkd±lajQ w;r" ksIamdokfha j¾Okh fõ.j;a lr .ekSu flfrys jeä

wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;' fï i|yd nÿ lmd yeÍfï jeo.;alu o Tjqyq

wjOdrKh lr we;'

nÿ lmd yeÍu ksIamdolhkag yd wdfhdaclhkag úYd, idkqn,hla jk

fyhska th ksIamdokfha j¾Okhg fya;= fõ'

fuys § ksIamdokfha j¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu i|yd fm!oa.,sl wdfhdaclhka

Èß .ekaúh hq;= nj o Tjqkaf.a woyi hs'

WoaOukh md,kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod.; yels ir, m%;sm;a;suh l%shdud¾.hla

f,i Rcq rdcH ueÈy;aùï ie,fla'

ñ, md,kh yd wdodhï md,k m%;sm;a;s Rcq md,k m%;sm;a;s i|yd ksoiqkah'

jegqma wkqmd;slh iy ñ, by< hdfï m%udKh iïnkaOfhka hï hï

iSudjka mekùu fuys § isÿ fõ'

23

fuu Rcq md,k m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍu m%dfhda.sl jYfhka t;rï myiq

ld¾hh fkdfõ'

ie,iqï .; wd¾Ólhl jegqma yd ñ, md,k m%;sm;a;s idudkH ,laIKhla

jQj;a fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl § jegqma wkqmd;sl yd ñ, .Kka wdY%s; j

Rcq ueÈy;a ùï olakg ,efnkafka hqoaO wr., jeks hï hï wrnQoldÍ

;;a;ajhka mj;sk úfgl § h'

ld¾hlaIu iïm;a fnod yeÍfuys ,d ndOl mej;Su ixj¾Okh fjñka

mj;sk rgj, fuka u ixj¾ê; rgj, o ±lsh yels ,laIKhls'

nÿ mekùu" iykdOdr lmd yeÍu" kshduk wdh;k úiska ñ, kshu lsÍu"

wdkhk i,dlkh wdÈh tn÷ ndOl i|yd ksoiqka h'

fuu ndOl bj;a lsÍfuka ksIamdokh jeä lr WoaOukh md,kh lr .;

yels h'

lsishï ld, mrdihla ;=< idudkH ñ, uÜgfuys isÿ jk fjkia ùï

uek n,k ixLHd;aul ñkqu ñ, o¾Ylhla kñka ye¢kafõ'

ñ, o¾Ylhla ms<sfh< lsÍfï § iei£u i|yd fhdod .kakd j¾Ih mdo

j¾Ih fia ie,fla'

tu mdo j¾Ifha ñ, o¾Yl w.h 100 fia i,ld fiiq j¾Ij, § tu ñ,

o¾Ylh fjkia ù we;af;a flfia o hkak uek ne,Su isÿ flf¾'

úúO l%ufõo Ndú; lrñka ñ, o¾Yl ms<sfh< lrkq ,nk w;r" ñ,

o¾Ylhla ms<sfh< lsÍfï § NdKav mei ;SrKh lsÍu" nr ;eîu" kshÈh

;SrKh lsÍu" mokï j¾Ihla f;dard .ekSu jeks lreKq ie,ls,a,g .kS'

Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH ñ, uÜgfï fjkialï uekSu i|yd j¾;udkfha

jeo.;a ñ, o¾Yl lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

fld<U mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh

cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh

ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh

fld<U mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh yd iïnkaO úfYaIs; ,laIK my; mßÈ

fõ'

2007 fkdjeïn¾ udifha § m%ldYhg m;a fldg 2008 uehs ui isg

l%shd;aul jk Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH ñ, uÜgfï fjkialï uekSug

Ndú; jk ñ, o¾Ylhls'

ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska m%ldYhg m;a flf¾'

24

2002 j¾Ifha ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska mkjk

,o wdodhï-úhoï iólaIKhg wkqj ms<sfh< lrk ,oaols'

mdo j¾Ih 2006$2007 fõ'

N+f.da,Sh wdjrKh fld<U Èia;%slalhg iSud fõ'

úu¾Ys; ck.ykh fld<U Èia;%slalfha ish¨ u kd.ßl l,dmj,

.Dy tall wdjrKh lrkakla ùu

fld<U kd.ßl m%foaYfha l=gqïnj, uq¿ úhoug idfmalaI jYfhka

nr ;eîu isÿ fldg ;sîu

o¾Ylhg mokï lr .;a NdKav ldKav 10la iy NdKav .K 95la ùu'

o¾Ylh ms<sfh< lsÍfï § u;ameka" ÿïfld< yd u;aøjH i|yd lrkq

,nk úhoï w;a yeÍu

fld<U kd.ßl m%foaYh wdjrKh jk mßÈ ñ, .Kka /ia lsÍfï

uOHia:dk 14la ùu

2013 mdo j¾Ih f,i ie,ls,a,g .ksñka 2013}100& iuia; Èjhsk u

wdjrKh flfrk mßÈ idudkH ñ, uÜgfï fjkialï uek ne,Su

i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ ms<sfh< lr we;s kj; u ks, mdßfNda.sl ñ,

o¾Ylh cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh hs'

cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylfhys úfYaIs; ,laIK my; ±lafõ'

cd;sl md¾fNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh b;d mq¿,a N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhla wdjrKh

lsÍu ^Y%S ,xldfõ m<d;a kjh u wdjrKh lrñka o¾Ylh ieliSu

i|yd wjYH ñ, .Kka ms<sfh< flf¾&'

ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ms<sfh< fldg m%ldYhg

m;a flf¾'

cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Yl ilikq ,nkafka 2012$2013 j¾Ih ;=<

uq¿ Èjhsk u mokï lrñka f;dard .kq ,enq kshÈhla mokï lr f.k

jk w;r" th mdßfNda.sl yeisÍï ms<sn| mq¿,a ksfhdackhls'

b;d uE; ld,Sk mokï j¾Ihla Ndú; lsÍu ^2013 } 100&

o¾Ylh ieliSfï § Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨ u l=gqïnj, uq¿ úhoug idfmalaI

jYfhka nr ;eîu isÿ lr ;sîu

Èjhsk mqrd tla Èia;%slalhl m%Odk k.rfhys ñ, .Kka /ia lsÍfï

uOHia:dk ;=k ne.ska mj;ajd f.k hdu

ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úiska 2015 j¾Ifha fojk ld¾;=fõ isg y÷kajd § we;s kj ñ,

o¾Ylhls'

25

foaYSh ksIamdolhkag ;uka úiska ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk NdKav yd

fiajd i|yd ,efnk idudkH ñ, .Kkaj, ld,h;a iuÕ isÿ jk

fjkialï fuu ñ, o¾Ylh u.ska ukskq ,efí'

ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh y÷kajd §u ;=<ska fjf<|fmdf<ys ñ,

.Kkaj, isÿjk úp,khka jvd ksjerÈ j fmkakqï lrk w;r tu

m%jK;d Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka jvd;a ksjerÈ j ;SrK .ekSug yelshdj

,efí'

ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh jeo.;a id¾j wd¾Ól o¾Ylhla o fõ'

tfia u flá ld,Sk j we;s úh yels WoaOukh ;;a;ajka mqfrdal:kh

l< yels ix{djla f,iska o" ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylh ie,fla'

id¾j wd¾Ól úYaf,aIK l%shdj,sfha § ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ, o¾Yl

ld¾hh fï olajd imqrkq ,enqfõ Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j úiska .Kkh

lrk ,o f;d. ñ, o¾Ylfhks'

tfy;a j¾;udkfha f;d. ñ, o¾Ylh fjkqjg Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka

ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, o¾Ylhhs'

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys wjOuklh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ; f;dr;=rej,ska

fy<s jk o¾Ylhls'

.uH ñ, o¾Ylh" wdfrdams; ñ, o¾Ylh hkd§ kïj,ska ye¢kafjkafka

o o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys wjOukhls'

lsishï j¾Ihl foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h mj;akd ñf,ka iy ia:djr ñf,ka

.Kkh lsÍfï §" mj;akd ñ,g wkqj ,efnk jákdlu by< hdu

;=<ska ms<sìUq jkafka wd¾Ólfha ñ, uÜgïj, by< hduls'

tf,i mj;akd ñ, iy ia:djr ñf,ka .Kkh lsÍfï § mj;sk ñ,

uÜgfï by< hdu ms<sìUq lrk o¾Ylh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh

kï fõ'

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka my; wdldrhg

h'

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha mj;akd ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

ia:djr ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

^fuys § 100 f,iska olajd we;af;a mdo j¾Iha ñ, o¾Ylh hs' o< foaYSh

ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh ms<sfh< lsÍfï mdo j¾Ih 2010 } 100 fõ&'

X 100=wjOuklh

26

(i) ksoiqk ( 2010 j¾Ifha"

mj;akd ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h } re' ñ' 8 000

ia:djr ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h } re' ñ' 8 000

kï"

foaYsh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh } 100

(ii) ksoiqk ( 2011 j¾Ifha"

mj;akd ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdokh } re' ñ' 10000

ia:djr ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h } re' ñ' 8000

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh } 125

2010g idfmalaI j 2011 j¾Ifha ñ, o¾Ylh 25lska by< f.dia we;'

lsishï ñ, o¾Ylhl w.h by< hdu ;=<ska ms<sìUq jkafka idudkH ñ,

uÜgfï by< hdu hs'

ta wkqj ñ, o¾Ylh by< hdfï m%;sY;h hkq WoaOuk wkqmd;slh hs'

uE; ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ Ndú; jk ta ta ñ, o¾Ylhka weiqfrka ñ,

uÜgfï yeisÍï ms<sn| m%jK;d my; ±lafõ'

o¾Ylh j¾Ih ñ, o¾Ylhfjkia ùfï

2015 2016 m%;sY;h - 2016

fld<U mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh 109'8 114'7 4'5

^2013 } 100& - - -

cd;sl mdßfNda.sl ñ, o¾Ylh 113'2 118'0 4'2

^2013 } 100&

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh 126'8 131'4 3'6

^2010 } 100&

27



lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'5 ( Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sfha ld¾hNdrh úuihs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

uQ,H moaO;sh w¾: olajhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sfha ixrpl ú.%y lrhs'


uQ,H moaO;shla hkq foaYSh yd úfoaYSh l=gqïn" jHdmdßl wdh;k" rch

hk m%Odk wd¾Ól tallhkaf.a uQ,H ;SrKhka l%shd;aul lrk

fjf<|fmd<j,a" uQ,H wdh;k" uQ,H WmlrK iy uQ,H há;, myiqlï

hkdÈfhys tl;=jls'

uQ,H moaO;sh my; i|yka ixrplj,ska iukaú; fõ'

uq,H wdh;k

uQ,H fjf<|fmd<

uQ,H WmlrK

uQ,H há;, myiqlï

uQ,H wdh;k wëlaIKh lrk kshduk wdh;k

uQ,H wdh;k hkq úúO uQ,H WmlrK wdY%s; .kqfokqj, fh§ isák úúO

uQ,H fiajdjka imhkq ,nk wdh;khka h'

Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H wdh;k jHQyh m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 4 lska iukaú; fõ'

1' Y%S ,xldfõ uy nexl=j

2' w;rueÈ uQ,H wdh;k

3' uQ,H fiajd imhk wdh;k

4' uQ,H wëlaIKh yd kshduk wdh;k

28

w;rueÈ uQ,H wdh;k hkq w;ssßla; wruqo,a we;s tallj,ska b;=reï talrdYS

lr .ekSu;a" wruqo,a ys. tallj,g tu b;=reï ,nd §u ;=<ska ,dN Wmhd

.ekSu;a isÿ lrk uQ,H wdh;k fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ we;s tjeks w;rueÈ uQ,H wdh;k my; ±lafõ'

1' ;ekam;= ndr .ekSu iy tu.ska nexl= lghq;= lsÍug wjir ,nd we;s

wdh;k

2' w¾: idOl yd úY%du wruqo,a

3' rlaIK iud.u

4' wdfhdack iud.ï

5' tallNdr

6' l,anÿ iud.ï

;ekam;= Ndr .ekSug yd tu.ska nexl= lghq;= lsÍug wjir ,nd we;s

uQ,H wdh;kj, m%Odk ld¾hhka my; ±lafõ'

úúO ;ekam;= j¾. uyck;djg y÷kajd§u u.ska Tjqkaf.a w;sßla;

uqo,a /ia lr .ekSu

tfia /ia lr .;a uqo,a" Kh yd wdfhdack jYfhka uy ck;djg ,nd

§u

;ekam;= Ndr .ekSug yd tu.ska nexl= lghq;= lsÍug wjir ,nd we;s

uQ,H wdh;k lSmhla my; ±lafõ'

n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=

n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=

,shdmÈxÑ uQ,H iud.ï

iuQmldr .%dóh nexl=

iliqrejï yd Kh .kqfokq iuqmldr iñ;s ^i'K'i&

fjk;a Kh fok iuQmldr iñ;s

uyck;djg iy jHdmdr wdh;kj,g uQ,H fjf<|fmdf<a isÿ jk

.kqfokq ld¾hlaIu j mj;ajd f.k hdug wjYH fiajd iemhSug

úfYaIfhka ixúOdkh jQ uQ,H wdh;k uQ,H fiajd imhk wdh;k jYfhka

y÷kajhs'

29

tjeks uQ,H fiajd imhk wdh;k i|yd ksoiqka my; ±lafõ'

jKsla nexl=

wruqo,a l<ukdlrK wdh;k

uQ,H ;e/õldr wdh;k

wdKavqfõ iq/l=ïm;a ms<sn| m%d:ñl fjf<÷ka

uQ,H wëlaIK yd kshduk wdh;k hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka uQ,H moaO;shl

ia:dhs;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd wKmk;a yd fr.=,dis lghq;= bgq

lsÍug rch úiska ia:dms; lr we;s wdh;khka h'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j" iq/l=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñIka iNdj" Y%S ,xld

rlaIK uKav,h Y%S ,xldfõ we;s uQ,H wëlaIK yd kshduk wdh;k fõ'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ uQ,H wdh;k my; i|yka mßÈ j¾. lr

we;'

uy nexl=j

n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=

n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=

;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wfkl=;a uQ,H wdh;k

n,m;%,dNS uqo,a iud.ï

iuQmldr yd Kh .kqfokq iuQmldr iñ;s

úfYaIs; uQ,H wdh;k

úfYaIs; l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï

m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka

fldgia ;e/õlrejka

tall Ndr $ tall Ndr l<ukdlrK iud.ï

fjf<|fmd< w;rueÈhka

jHjidhl m%d.aOk iud.ï

30

.súiqï.; b;sß lsÍfï wdh;k

rlaIK iud.ï

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,

fiajl Ndrldr wruqo,

wkqu; úY%du yd w¾: idOl wruqo,

rdcH fiajd w¾:idOl wruqo,

flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk wruqo,a wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd uQ,H

WmlrK ñ,g .ekSu yd úlsKSu isÿ jk iuia; fjf<|fmd< uQ,H

fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

uQ,H fjf<|fmd< m%Odk wxY follska iukaú; fõ'

1' uqo,a fjf<|fmd<

2' m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd<

jirlg wvq ld,hlska mßK; jk NdKavd.dr ì,am;a" jdKsc m;%sld yd

;ekam;= iy;sl m;a jeks fmd<S Wmhk fláld,Sk j;alï fjf<|du isÿ

jk fjf<|fmd< uqo,a fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka y÷kajhs'

uqo,a fjf<|fmd< my; i|yka Wm-fjf<|fmd<j,ska iukaú; fõ'

1' wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh uqo,a fjf<|fmd<

2' NdKavd.dr ì,am;a fjf<|fmd<

3' jdKsc m;%sld fjf<|fmd<

4' wka;¾ nexl= úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<

wka;¾ nexl= talaIK fjf<|fmd< hkq jdKsc nexl= ;u ffoksl

øjYS,;djfha mj;sk wiu;=,s;;d iukh lr .kakd fjf<|fmd<ls'

øjYS,;d ys`.hg uqyqKmd issák jdKsc nexl= øjYS,;d w;sßla;hla we;s

nexl=j,ska b;d flá ld,hlg wruqo,a Khg .ekSu fuys § isÿ fõ'

NdKavd.dr ì,am;a hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka rch j¾Ihlg fyda Bg wvq

ld,hlg fyda Kh ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk uQ,H WmlrKhls'

fuu NdKav.dr ì,am;a fjf<|fmd< m%d:ñl fjf<|fmd< yd oaú;Shl

fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka fldgia follg fnfoa'

jHdmdßl wdh;k flá ld,Sk wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSu i|yd Ndú;

lrk uQ,H WmlrKh jdKsc m;%sld hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' úYajdih u;

mokï jk ksid" fïjd Ndú; lsÍfï § iq/l=ïm;a wjYH fkdfõ'

31

úfoaY úksuh ñ, § .ekSu yd úlsKSu wdY%s; fjf<|fmd< wka;¾ nexl=

úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' mj;akd ñ,g fuka u

wkd.;fha tl`. jQ ñ,lg úfoaY úksuh ñ, § .ekSu yd úlsKSu fuys

§ isÿ fõ'

j¾Ihlg jvd jeä ld,hla mßK; jk uQ,H WmlrK yd iud.ïj,

fldgia hkdÈh yqjudre jk fjf<|fmd< m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka

ye¢kafõ'

m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< my; i|yka Wm-fjf<|fmd<j,ska iukaú; fõ'

1' NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr fjf<|fmd<

2' iud.ñl ne÷ïlr fjf<|fmd<

3' fldgia fjf<|fmd<

uOHu yd È.= ld,Sk mokñka rch Kh ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk

m%Odk uQ,H WmlrKh NdKvd.dr ne÷ïlr hkqfjka y÷kajhs' fïjd

yqjudre jk fjf<|fmd< m%d:ñl fjf<|fmd< yd oaú;Shl fjf<|fmd<

hkqfjka fldgia follg fnfoa'

fm!oa.,sl iud.ï úiska uOHu yd È.= ld,Sk wruqo,a imhd .ekSu i|yd

iud.ñl ne÷ïlr yqjudre jk fjf<|fmd< iud.ñl ne÷ïlr

fjf<|fmd< hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

fldgia fjf<|fmd< hkq uyckhdg fldgia wf,ú lsÍu u.ska jHdmdßl

iud.ï tajdfha jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd wjYH m%d.aOkh iïmdokh lr

.kakd fjf<|fmd<hs' fuu .kqfokq fld<U fldgia yqjudrej (CSE)

u.ska isÿ fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ;=< .kqfokq isÿ jk uQ,H WmlrK my;

±lafõ'

rch ksl=;a lrk Kh WmlrK

NdKavd.dr ì,am;a

NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr

rcfha Kh iq/l=ïm;a

iud.ï ksl=;a lrk Kh WmlrK

jdKsc m;%sld

Khlr

32

jdKsc nexl= Ndú; lrk WmlrK

;ekam;= iy;sl

j;alï mokï lr.;a iq/l=ïm;a

l,anÿ fyj;a l=,S msg .ekqï

talaIK Kh

jHdmdßl fldgia

uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ixj¾Okh ùu;a iu. yqjudre jk uQ,H WmlrK

ixLHdj o jeä ùu ksid tajdfha wdfhdackh lrk wdfhdaclhkag tu

WmlrKj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh y÷kd f.k wdfhdack f;aÍï lsÍu i|yd

úêu;a uÕ fmkaùula f,i Kh fY%aKs.; lsÍu y÷kajd § we;'

Kh fY%aKs.; lsÍu hkq Kh fyda uQ,H WmlrK fyda ksl=;a lrkakdf.a

uQ,H Yla;sh ms<sn| we.hSula bÈßm;a lsÍu hs' fuu.ska ksl=;a lrkakdg

tu ksl=;=j mj;ajd f.k hdug we;s yelshdj yd mßK; jk ld,hg th

iïmQ¾Kfhka u mshjd oeóug we;s yelshdj fidhd nef,a'

Kh fY%aKs.; lsÍu wdh;k i|yd ksoiqka my; ±lafõ'

uQãia iud.u

iagEkav¾â yd mqj¾ia iud.u

*sÜ f¾áka.aia

33



lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'6 ( Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ wruqKq yd ld¾hh úuihs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j w¾: olajhs'

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾h f.k yer olajhs'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;s w¾: olajhs'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK kï lrñka ú.%y lrhs'


Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j 1949 wxl 58 ork uqo,a kS;s mk; u.ska 1950 wf.daia;=

28 jeks Èk mssysgjkq ,eî h' fcdaka tlaiag¾ uy;d úiska bÈßm;a lrk

,o jd¾;dj wkqj uy nexl=j msysgqjkq ,eî h'

Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;s fufyhùu uQ,H lghq;= i|yd WmfoaYkh"

wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj iy uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu

i|yd msysgjQ iajdëk wdh;kh jkafka uy nexl=j hs'

2002 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ udifha § uqo,a kS;s mkf;a lrk ,o ixfYdaOkhg

wkqj uy nexl=fõ j;auka wruqKq folla ±lafjhs'

1' wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu

2' uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu

wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj hkafkka woyia lrkafka wvq WoaOuk fõ.hla

lrd <`.d ùug uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ilia lsÍu hs' wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj

jeo.;a ùug fya;= lsysmhla mj;S'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh m%j¾Okh lsÍu

ld¾hlaIu f,i iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu

ksIamdolhka" mdßfNda.slhka yd wdfhdaclhkaf.a wjodku wvq lsÍu

wd¾Ól ie,iqï ilia lsÍu

wd¾Ól" uQ,H" foaYmd,k yd fjk;a ljr u fyda fCIa;%hl mek kÕsk

wNHka;r fyda ndysr fyda lïmkhka yuqfõ fkdie,S isàfï yelshdj

uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhs;dj hs'

34

uy nexl=fõ tÈfkod ld¾h rch" uyckhd" nexl= iy uQ,H wdh;k

i|yd fjka fjka jYfhka fyda fmdÿfõ fyda rfÜ wd¾Ólhg lrk

fiajdjla jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h' tu ld¾h lsysmhls'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;s fufyhùu

úksuh wkqmd;sl m%;sm;a;s fufyhùu

jHjydr uqo,a ksl=;a lsÍu

ks, úfoaY ixÑ; l<ukdlrKh

nexl= uQ,H iud.ï iy rcfha iq/l=ïm;a ms<sn| lghq;=j, kshe¿Kq

m%d:ñl fjf<÷kag n,m;% ,nd §u" kshdukh yd wëlaIK lghq;=

lsÍu

rcfha WmfoaYl nexl=lre yd uQ,H ksfhdað; jYfhka lghq;= lsÍu

ksfhdacHdh;k lghq;=

rdcH Kh l<ukdlrKh

úfoaY úksuh md,kh

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo, l<ukdlrKh yd mßmd,kh

l=vd mßudK uQ,HlrK jev igyka iy .%dóh Kh fhdackd l%u

wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj iy uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha ia:dhs;dj hk wruqKq

fj; <`.d ùug fmd<S wkqmd;slh iy uqo,a iemhqu flfrys n,mEï

lsÍug uQ,H WmlrK yeisrùfï l%shdj,sh uQ,H m%;sm;a;s f,i ye¢kafõ'

uqo,a m%;sm;a;s rduqj jeä ÈhqKq lrñka th kuHYS,S WoaOuk b,lallrK

rduqjla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j lghq;= lrñka isà'

j¾;udk uq,H m%;sm;a;s rduqfõ m%Odk wruqKq lsysmhls'

uqo,a b,lallrKh

kuHYS,S WoaOuk b,lallrKh

uy nexl=j jeä ÈhqKq l< uQ,H m%;sm;a;s rduqjla u; by; i|yka wruqKq

fol bgq lsÍug uQ,h m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrhs'

uqo,a b,lallrKh woyia lrkafka uqo,a .=Klh yryd ixÑ; uqo,a iuÕ

ne£ we;s w;rueÈ b,lalh jk mq¿,a uqo,a iuia; md,kh lsÍu ;=<ska

wjidk b,lalh jk ñ, ia:dhs;dj <`. lr .ekSu hs' fuu uqo,a

m%;sm;a;sfhys fufyhqï b,lalh jyfhka ixÑ; uqo,a l%shd;aul úh'

tfy;a ixÑ; uqo,a ;jÿrg;a fufyhqï b,lalh fkdjqk o uQ,H m%;sm;a;shg

uÕ fmkaùu i|yd we;s m%Odk w;rueÈ o¾Ylhla f,i mq¿,a uqo,a iemhqu

fhdod .kS'

35

j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j ish fufyhqï b,lalh f,i ixÑ;

uqo,a fjkqjg Nß; idudkH talaIK uqo,a wkqmd;slh Ndú; lrkq ,nk

w;r m%;sm;a;s fmd<S wkqmd;slh iy újg fjf<|fmd< lghq;= jeks

m%;sm;a;s WmlrK flfrys jeä úYajdihla ;nd f.k we;'

kuHYS,S WoaOuk b,lallrKh hkqfjka woyia jkafka WoaOuk

b,lalhka wdikakfha WoaOukh fuka u uQ¾; wd¾Ólh o ia:dhs lsÍu

jk w;r ±ä WoaOuk b,lalrKfha § isÿ jkafka uQ¾; wd¾Ólh ms<sn| j

t;rï ie,ls,su;a fkdù yqfola WoaOukh muKla ia:dhs lsÍug W;aidy

lsÍuhs'

fuu jeä ÈhqKq l< uQ,H m%;sm;a;s rduqj hgf;a kuHYS,S WoaOuk

b,lallrKh úksuh wkqmd;slh l<ukdlrKfha kuHYS,s;ajhg iydh

fok w;r u ueÈ ld,Sk j WoaOukh ueÈ ;ks w.hl mj;ajd .ekSug;a

fya;= fõ'

wd¾Ólfha ñ, ia:dhs;dj" wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj yd uQ,H ia:dhs;dj hk

wruqKq bgq lsÍug uqo,a iemhqu" fmd<S wkqmd;slh n,mEï lsÍug uy

nexl=j úiska Ndú; lrk WmlrK uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK f,i y÷kajhs'

fuu uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK m%Odk fldgia folls'

1' m%udKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK

2' .=Kd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK

Kh iemhqu wvq lsÍu i|yd ^md,kh lsÍu i|yd& fmdÿfõ .kq ,nk

l%shdud¾. m%udKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

Kh mßudj iy Kh .,d hk ÈYdj md,kh lsÍu i|yd uy nexl=j

.kakd l%shdud¾. .=Kd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK f,i ye¢kafõ'

m%udKd;aul uQ,H m%;sm;a;s WmlrK ;=kls'

1' uy nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;slh

2' jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;slh

3' újg fjf<|fmd< lghq;=

øjYS,;d ÿIalr;dj,g uqyqK fok jdKsc nexl=j,g wjidk Kh fokakd

jYfhka uy nexl=j úiska jdKsc nexl=j,ska wh lrk fmd<sh uy nexl=

fmd<S wkqmd;slh hs' fuu fmd<S wkqmd;slh jeä l< úg jdKsc nexl=

Kh .ekSï wvq ù" ixÑ; wvq ù Kh §ï wvq ù" Kh ueùfï yelshdj o wvq

ù uqo,a iemhqu ixfldapkh fõ' uy nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;slh wvq l< úg

uqo,a iemhqu m%idrKh fõ'

36

jdKsc nexl= úiska uy nexl= kshuhkag wkqj ;u ;ekam;= m%udKfhka

lsishï m%;sY;hla w;e;s uqo,a yd nexl= uqo,a f,i ;nd .ekSu jHjia:dms;

ixÑ; wkqmd;slh f,i y÷kajhs' uy nexl=j jdKsc nexl=j, uyckhdf.a

;ekam;=j,ska 10] la" 7] la 5] hkd § jYfhka uy nexl=fõ ;ekam;a l<

hq;= nj ;SrKh lrhs'

uq,H m%idrKhla we;s lsÍug wjYH wjia:dj, § uy nexl=j jHjia:dms;

ixÑ; wkqmd;slh my; fy<k w;r tys § jdKsc nexl=j, ixÑ; by<

hdfuka Kh §fï yelshdj jeä fõ' tfuka u uQ,H ixfldapkhla we;s

lsÍug wjYH wjia:dj, § uy nexl=fõ jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;slh

by< ouhs' tys § jdKsc nexl=j, ixÑ; wvq jk w;r Kh §fï yelshdj

wvq fõ'

ksoiqk (

jdKsc nexl=j, uyckhd i;= ;ekam;= } re' ñ,shk 10 000

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h } 10]

hehs Wml,amkh lruq'

;nd .; hq;= ixÑ;h 100

1010000

} re' ñ' 1 000

5] la f,i jHjia:dms; ixÑ;h my< 100

510000

±uQ úg ;nd .; hq;= ixÑ;h } re' ñ' 500

jHjia:dms; ixÑ; my< ±óu ksid Kh m%idrKh jeä ùfuka uqo,a

iemhqu jeä fõ'

úúg fjf<|fmd< lghq;= f,i y÷kajkafka újD; fjf<|fmdf<a uy

nexl= iq/l=ïm;a úlsKSu iy ñ,g .ekSu hs' uy nexl=j újD; fjf<|fmdf<a

iq/l=ïm;a ñ, § .;a úg uy nexl=fõ isg uqo,a fjf<|fmd< lrd uqo,a

.,d hdu isÿ fõ' uy nexl=j újD; fjf<|fmdf<a iq/l=ïm;a úlsKSfuka

uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<ka uy nxl=j fj; uqo,a .,d hdu isÿ fõ'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh fufyhùfï § uy nexl=j úiska wkq.ukh lrk fmd<S

wkqmd;sl m%;sm;a;s fmd<S wkqmd;sl hkafkka woyia fõ'

by; ±la jQ uy nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;slhg wu;r j ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï

wkqmd;slhka iy ks;H Kh myiqlï wkqmd;sl m%;sm;a;s fmd<S

wkqmd;slhkag wh;a h'

37

uy nexl=j m%;s ñ, § .ekSfï yd m%;s úl=Kqï fmd<S wkqmd;slhka isÿ lsÍu

m%;sm;a;s fmd<S wkqmd;slh hkafkka woyia lrhs'

wka;¾ talaIK uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a fmd<S wkqmd;slh i|yd fmd<S wkqmd;sl

fldßfvdajla ilia lr we;' tys my< iSudj ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï

wkqmd;slh jk w;r by< iSudj ks;H Kh myiqlï wkqmd; fõ' fuu

fmd<S wkqmd;sl fldßfvdaj uy nexl=j we;s lrl ,oafoa fjf<|fmdf<a

flá ld,Sk fmd<S wkqmd;slh úYd, jYfhka WÉpdjpkh j<lajd,Su

hs' fmd<S wkqmd;sl fldßfvdaj ;=< fmd<S wkqmd;slh WÉpdjpkh ùug

bv i,id we;s w;r th uy nexl=j úiska isÿ lrk ,o kj m%jK;djls'

wdmiq ñ, § .ekSfï tl`.;dj u; uy nexl=j i;= iq/l=ïm;a uqo,a

fjf<|fmdf<a wf,ú lsÍu m%;s ñ, § .ekSï f,i y÷kajhs' th j¾;udkfha

ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï wkqmd;h f,i y÷kajhs' uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a

w;sßla; øjYS,;djla mj;S kï m%;s ñ, § .ekSï u.ska th wjfYdaIKh

lr .; yels h' fuu.ska wka;¾ talaIK Kh fjf<|fmdf<a fmd<S

wkqmd;slfha my< iSudj iSud fõ'

wdmiq úlsKSfï tl`.;dj u; uy nexl=j uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<ka

iq/l=ïm;a ñ,g .ekSu m%;s úl=Kqï f,i ye¢kafõ' th j¾;udkfha

ks;H Kh myiqlï wkqmd;h f,i y÷kajhs' uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a øjYS,;d

ys`.hla mj;S kï uy nexl=j m%;s úl=Kqïj, fhfoa' fuu.ska uqo,a

fjf<|fmdf<a øjYS,;d iemhqu jeä fõ' wka;¾ talaIK fjf<|fmdf<a

fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hdu fuu.ska iSud l< yels h' fï ksid m%;s

úl=Kqï fmd<S wkqmd;slh wka;¾ talaIK uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a by< iSudj

fmkajhs'

Kh mßudj yd Kh .,d hk ÈYdj md,kh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd

l%shdud¾. .=Kd;aul Kh md,k WmlrK kï fõ'

.=Kd;aul uQ,H WmlrK lSmhls'

Kh YS¾I ms<sn| Wmßu iSud kshu lsÍu

hy fm,Uqu

jrKd;aul fmd<S wkqmd;hla kshu lsÍu

wem iq/l=ï fjkia lsÍu

nexl= Kh md,kh

38

ksmqK;dj 7'0 ( uqo,aj, yd ñ, uÜgïj, yeisÍu y÷kd .ksñka wd¾Ólfha


lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'7 ( jdKsc nexl=jl ld¾hNdrh úuihs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

jdKsc nexl=jla hkak w¾: olajhs'

jdKsc nexl=j, m%Odk wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'

jdKsc nexl=j, wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug hdfï § uqyqK fok .eg¨ meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

jdKsc nexl=j, ld¾hh úia;r lrhs'

jdKsc nexl=j, fYaI m;%h ^uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& olajhs

jdKsc nexl=jl j;alï jHQyh y÷kajhs'

jdKsc nexl=jla uqo,a ueùu isÿ lrk wdldrh fYaI m;%hla weiqfrka

bÈßm;a lrhs'


fplam;lska" úOdkhlska yda wkH wdldrhlska b,aÆ úfgl wdmiq f.ùfï

fmdfrdkaÿjg hg;a j uyckhdf.ka uqo,a ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu ish m%Odk

ld¾hh lr .;a ,dN bmhSfï wruqK iys; j uQ,H w;rueÈlrKfha ksr;

jk b;d m%n, yd m%uqL uQ,H wdh;k úfYaIh jdKsc nexl= f,i ye¢kafõ'

jdKsc nexl=jl m%Odk wruqKq folls'

uyck úYajdikShNdjh mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd øjYS,;dj wdrlaId lr

.ekSu

,dNodhl;ajh by< kxjd .ekSu

øjYS,;dj hkq mdvq fkdù j;alï blaukska uqo,a njg yerùfï yelshdj

hs' ;u ;ekam;= uqo,a ;ukag wjYH kE u úfgl nexl=fjka wdmiq ,nd

.; yels hk uyck úYajdih wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ieu wjia:djl u

jdKsc nexl=j,g ish øjYS,;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSug isÿ fõ'

,dN odhl;ajh hkq Khla ,nd §fuka iy wdfhdack j;alï u.ska Wmhd

.kakd wdodhfuka ;ekam;= i|yd f.jk fmd<S úhoï wvq lsÍfuka ,efnk

Y=oaO fmd<S wdodhu hs'

39

jdKsc nexl=j,g by; i|yka wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug hdfï § wruqKq

w;r .eàula we;s fõ'

jdKsc nexl= ish øjYS,;dj wdrlaId lr .ekSug hdfï § ,dNodhl;ajh

wvq fõ' ,dNodhl;ajh wdrlaId lr .ekSug hdfï § øjYS,;dj wvq fõ'

fuu wruqKq fol w;r we;s jk m%;súreoaO l%shdj,sh ksid ksr;=re j u

øjYS,;dj yd ,dNodhl;ajh w;r iu;=,s;;djla mj;ajd f.k hdug

jdKsc nexl=j,g isÿ fõ'

jdKsc nexl=j, m%Odk ld¾hhka my; i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu

b,a¨ï ;ekam;= fyj;a cx.u .sKqï mj;ajd f.k hdu' fuu .sKqïj,

uqo,a ;ekam;= fplam;a ud¾.fhka .kqfokq l< yels h'

b;=reï ;ekam;= mj;ajd f.k hdu' fuu ;ekam;=j,g fmd<S f.ùï

isÿ flf¾' .sKqï yssñhdg wjYH jQ úfgl uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .; yels

h'

ld,Sk $ ia:djr ;ekam;=' kshñ; Èkhl l,a msfrk Èkh wjika jQ

miq j hs' wjYH jq úfgl th wemhg ;nd Khla ,nd .; yels h'

Kh iy w;a;sldrï ,nd §u

flá ld,Sk Kh

whsrd myiqlï u; Kh ,nd §u

ld,Sk Kh

l,a nÿ Kh

ì,am;a jÜgï lsÍu

weiqreï Kh

ksfhdað; fiajd iemhSu ^ms<sKm;a úlsKSu yd ñ, È .ekSu&

fmdÿ Wmfhda.s;d fiajd iemhSu

Wiia fiajd iemhSu

úfoaY úksuh .kqfokqj,g wjYH myiqlï iemhSu

úfoaY nexl= lghq;=j, § iydh iemhSu

nexl= wKlr" Khm;a ksl=;a lsÍu

jdKsc nexl= fYaI m;%h fyj;a uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYhlska fmkakqï

lrkqfha j¾Ih wjidk Èkfha § nexl=fõ uQ,H ;;a;ajh hs' fuh

j;alï yd j.lSï hk fldgia folskaa iukaú; fõ'

40

jdKsc nexl= fYaI m;%hl ^uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYhl& wdlD;shla my;

±lafõ'

YS¾Ih m%udKh re' ñ,shk&

j;alï

(i) øjYS, j;alï xxx

w;e;s uqo,a xxx

uy nexl=fjka wh úh hq;= uqo,a fYaI xxx

foaYSh nexl=j,ska wh úh hq;= uqo,a fYaI xxx

tl;= fjñka mj;akd uqo,a fYaI xxx

w;e;s yd msgrg nexl=j,ska wh úh hq;= uqo,a xxx

NdKavd.dr ì,am;a xxx

NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr xxx

rcfha fjk;a iq/l=ïm;a xxx

fjk;a wdfhdack xxx

ñ,g .;a yd jÜgï l< ì,am;a xxx

wmkhk ì,am;a xxx

wdkhk ì,am;a xxx

foaYSh ì,am;a xxx

(ii) Kh yd w;a;sldrï

Kh xxx

w;a;sldrï xxx

(iii) ia:djr yd wfkl=;a j;alï xxx

j.lSï

(i) m%d.aOk .sKqu xxx

(ii) uq¿ ;ekam;=

b,a¨ï ;ekam;= xxx

ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;= xxx

(iii) Kh .ekSï

foaYSh Kh .ekSï xxx

úfoaYSh Kh .ekSï xxx

(iv) wfkl=;a j.lSï xxx

uq¿ j;alï $ j.lSï xxxxx

41

jdKsc nexl=jl jHqyh by; i|yka fYaI m;%h ^uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&

wkqj fufia úYaf,aIKh l< yels h'

jdKsc nexl= fYaI m;%fha ^uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYfha& i|yka my; ±lafjk

uqo,a whs;uhka m%d:ñl ixÑ; jYfhka ye¢kafõ'

w;e;s uqo,a

uy nexl=fjka wh úh hq;= fYaI

foaYSh nexl=j,ska wh úh hq;= fYaI

tl;= fjñka mj;akd uqo,a fYaI

w;e;s yd msgrg nexl=j,ska wh úh hq;= foaYSh uqo,a fYaI

jdKsc nexl= fYaI m;%fha uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYfha& olajd we;s my; i|yka

whs;u bmehSï j;alï f,i ±lafõ'

NdKavd.dr ì,am;a

NdKavd.dr ne÷ïlr

rcfha fjk;a iq/l=ïm;a

ñ,g .;a yd jÜgï l< ì,am;a

Kh

w;a;sldrï

by; i|yka bmehSï ysñlïj,ska fldgila jk my; i|yka oE oaú;Sh

ixÑ; f,i o fhdod .efka'

rcfha iq/l=ïm;a

jdKsc m;%sld

wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh

jdKsc nexl=j úiska ;u wêixÑ; Khg §u ;=<ska mej;s m%udKh fuka

lsysm .=Khl ;ekam;= ìys lsÍu uqo,a ueùu f,i ye¢kafõ'

jdKsc nexl= moaO;shla f,i lghq;= lsÍfï § uqo,a ueùu fyj;a b,a¨ï

;ekam;= ueùu isÿ l< yels h' jdKsc nexl= moaO;shla uqo,a ueùfï

l%shdj,sh isÿ lrk úg my; i|yka Wml,amk mokï lr f.k th isÿ

fõ'

lsis ÿ nexl=jla wêixÑ; mj;ajd fkd.ekSu

uQ,sl ;ekam;= l< miq nexl= l%uh ;=<g w¨f;ka uqo,a .,d taula

fyda nexl= l%ufhka msg;g uqo,a .,d hdula fyda isÿ fkdùu

ish¨ u Kh .ekqïlrejka ;uka ,o Kh uqo,a iïmQ¾Kfhka fjk;a

nexl=jl kekam;a lsßu

42

;ks jdKc nexl=jl iy jdKsc nexl= moaO;shl wêixÑ; Khg §u isÿ jk

wdldrh my; ±lafõ'

;ks nexl=jla f,i l%shd;aul fjñka wêixÑ; Khg §u

jdKsc nexl=jla úiska uy nexl= kshuhka g wkqj ;u ;ekam;= m%udKfhka

lssishï m%;sY;hla w;e;s uqo,a iy nexl= uqo,a f,i ;nd .ekSu jHjia:dms;

ixÑ;h f,i y÷kajhs'

ksoiqk ( jdKsc nexl=jl b,a ï ;ekam;= re' 10"000 la kï ;nd .; hq;= wjYH

ixÑ;h my; i|yka f,i .Kkh l< yels h'

wjYH ixÑ;h } ;ekam;= X wjYH ixÑ;h

100

201000

} re' ñ,shk 2000

fuu nexl=fõ wêixÑ;h jkafka remsh,a ñ,shk 8000$-ls'

} re 10 000 - 2 000

} re' ñ,shk 8 000$-

fuu jdKsc nexl=jlg ,nd Èh yels Wmßu Kh m%udKh re'ñ,shk 8000-ls' ;ks nexl=jla f,i lghq;= lrk ksid wê ixÑ;h muKla Kh §u isÿfõ'

jdKsc nexl=jl mj;sk fYaI m;%hla ^uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& u.ska owêixÑ;h Kh f,i ,nd fok wdldrh meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

j.lSï jákdlu re' ñ,shk j;alï jákdlu re' ñ,shk

;ekam;= 10 000 ixÑ; 6 000

Kh 4 000

uq¿ j.lSï 10 000 uq¿ j;alï 10 000

fuu jdKsc nexl=fõ jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h 20] la kï ;ekam;=

i|yd wjYH lrk ixÑ;h re' ñ,shk 2 000 ls'

mj;akd ixÑ;h } re' ñ,shk 6 000

wjYH ixÑ;h } re' 100

2010000 } re' ñ,shk 2 000

wêixÑ; m%udKh } 6 000 - 2 000 } re' ñ,shk 4 000

43

fuu nexl=jg ,nd Èh yels w¨;a Kh m%udKh re' ñ,shk 4 000$} ls'

jdKsc nexl= moaO;shla f,i l%shd;aul fjñka wêixÑ; Khg §u isÿ

lrhs'

jdKsc nexl= moaO;shl Kh ueùu ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh u.ska

;SrKh fõ' ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh hkq wdrïNl b,a ï ;ekam;=jla

fuka fldmuK .=Khlska b,a¨ï ;ekam;= jeä fõ o hkakhs' ;ekam;=

m%idrK .=Klh jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;fha mriamrhg iudk fõ'

m%idrK ix.=Klh my; f,i .Kkh l< yels h'

nexl= ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh (k) = 1$jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h

r

1

ksoiqk ( jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h 20]

k = nexl= ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh

r = jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h

1 = ksh;hls'

nexl= ;ekam;= m%idrK ix.=Klh (k) = r

1

%20

1

20

1001

5

nexl= moaO;shla ;=< uqo,a ueùu isÿ jk wdldrh jdKsc nexl= moaO;shl

fYaI m;% ^uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldY& lsysmhla weiqfrka .Kkh l< yels h'

A kue;s jdKsc nexl=j i;=j re' ñ,shk 10 000$} l wdrïNl ;ekam;=jlaiy 20] jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;hla mj;S hhs Wml,amkh lruq' tu

nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ^uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& my; ±lafõ'

44

A nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&


;ekam;= 10 000 ixÑ; 2 000

Kh 8 000

10 000 tl;=j 10 000

A nexl=fjka lsishï mqoa.,hl=g re' ñ,shk 8 000$} la Khg ÿka miq tu

.kqfokqlrejd tu uqo, B nexl=fõ ;ekam;a lf<a hhs is;uq' túg B

nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h uQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& my; i|yka f,i fjkia fõ'

B nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&


;ekam;= 8 000 ixÑ; 1 600

Kh 6 400

8 000 tl;=j 8 000

B nexl=fjka tu ;ekam;=j,ska 20] la jk jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h

wkqj re' ñ,shk 1 600$- la ;nd f.k re' ñ,shk 6 400$- la Kh f,i

,nd ÿka miq tu uqo, u .kqfokqlrejd C jdKsc nexl=fõ ;ekam;a lf<a

hhs is;uq' C jdKsc nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh& my;

i|yka f,i fjkia fõ'

C nexl=fõ fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&


;ekam;= 6 400 ixÑ; 1 280Kh 5 120

6 400 tl;=j 6 400

fï wdldrhg jdKsc nexl= ;uka fj; ,efnk ;ekam;=j,ska 20] ne.skaixÑ; jYfhka ;nd f.k wêixÑ; Khg §u u.ska b,a¨ï ;ekam;=ueùula isÿ l< yels h'

^ tla tla nexl=j, my; i|yka fYaI m;% ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldY& wjia:dms<sn| isiqka iu`. idlÉPd lrkak'

wdrïNl fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&

Kh ksl=;a l< miq fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&

wjidk fYaI m;%h ûQ,H ;;a;aj m%ldYh&

45

by; olajk ,o A, B, C wd§ f,i olajk ,o jdKsc nexl= moaO;sfha ub,a¨ï ;ekam;= ueùu nyqúO m%idrKh f,i y÷kajhs'

jdKsc nexl= moaO;sh ;=< isÿ jk b,a ï ;ekam;=j, nyqúO m%idrKh isÿjk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'

nexl=j ;ekam;= kj ixÑ; wêixÑ; Khg fok uqo,

re' ñ,shk re'ñ,shk re' ñ,shk re' ñ,shk

A 10 000 2 000 8 000 8 000

B 8 000 1 600 6 400 6 400

C 6 400 1 280 5 120 5 120

D 5 120 1 040 4 096 4 096

E 4 096 819'20 3276'80 3276'80

''''' ''''''' ''''''''' ''''''''' ''''''

''''' ''''''' ''''''''' ''''''''' ''''''

''''' ''''''' ''''''''' ''''''''' ''''''

50 000 10 000 40 000 40 000

fuf,i ieu jdKsc nexl=jla u b,a¨ï ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu iy Khg Èu

isÿ lrk úg nexl= moaO;sfha iu;=,s;h .Kkh l< yels h' nexl=

moaO;sh wêixÑ; Y=kH jk ;=re uqo,a ueùu isÿ l< úg uq¿ ;ekam;=

ueùu re' ñ,shk 50 000 la ù we;s w;r thg wjYH ixÑ;h jkafka

re' ñ,shk 10 000$} ls' wdrïNl ;ekam;=j re' ñ,shk 10 000$}la jk

w;r thg iudk nexl= moaO;sh iu;=,s; ùu f,i y÷kajhs' tu iu;=,kh

by; ixLHd f,aLk j.=fõ wjidkfha kj ixÑ;j, fmkakqï lrhs'

} 8 000 X 5

} 40 000$}

nexl= moaO;shl fYaI m;%hla ,nd ÿka úg ueúh yels b,a¨ï ;ekam;=

m%udKh my; i|yka wdldrhg .Kkh l< yels h'

nexl= moaO;sfha uq¿ tl;=j

ueúh yels Wmßu Kh m%udKh =wdrïNl wê ixÑ; m%udKh x

m%idrK ix.=Kh

46

nexl= moaO;shl fYaI m;%h

j.lSï jákdlu ^re' ñ,shk& j;alï jákdlu ^re' ñ,shk&

;ekam;= 50 000 ixÑ; 10 000

Kh 40 000

uq¿ j.lSï 50 000 uq¿ j;alï 50 000

ksoiqk (

uy nexl= 10]la f,i jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;h my< ±uQ úg ueúh

yels Wmßu ;ekam;= m%udKh my; i|yka wdldrhg .Kkh l< yels h'

ueúh yels Wmßu = mj;sk ixÑ; m%udKh x m%idrK ix.=Klh

;ekam;a m%udKh

= re' ñ,shk 10 000 x 10

= re' ñ,shk 100 000$}

wd¾Ólfha uqo,a iemhqfï yg .kakd ienE m%idrKh nexl= ;ekam;= m%idrK

ix.=Kfhka oelafjk m%udKhg jvd fjkia úh yels h' uqo,a ueùu iSud

ùug my; i|yka fya;= n,mdhs'

nexl= moaO;sh fj;ska nexl= fkdjk uQ,H wdh;k lrd jHjydr uqo,a

.,d hdu

jHjydr uqo,a <`. ;nd .ekSu i|yd uyck;dj olajk wNsreÑh

wêixÑ; ;nd .ekSug jdKsc nexl= olajk leue;a;

nexl= Kh i|yd m%udKj;a b,a¨ula we;s fkdùu

47

ksmqK;dj 08 ( id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq <`.d lr .ekSfuys ,d rch ueÈy;a jk

wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 ( fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùug fya;= úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bff.kqï m, (

fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;a ùu hkak w¾:l:kh lrhs'

fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;a ùug n,mdk fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'

iïm;a fn§ hdfï wld¾hlaIu;d meyeÈ,s lrhs'

id¾j wd¾Ól wia:dhs;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wdodhï fn§ hdfï úIu;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'


iudcfha hym; Wfoid ys`. iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍfuys ,d fjf<|fmd<

hdka;%Kh wfmdfydi;a ùu fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu hkafkka woyia

flf¾'

fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu flfrys my; i|yka fya;= n,mdhs'

1' iïm;a fn§ hdu wld¾hlaIu ùu

2' wdodhï fn§ hdfï úIu;dj

3' id¾j w¾Ól wia:dhs;dj

iïm;a fn§ hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj i|yd wjYH jk fldkafoaish jk ñ,

" wdka;sl msßjehg iudk ùu (P = MC) fldkafoaisfhka neyer j lghq;=

lsÍu iïm;a fn§ hdfï wld¾hlaIu;dj hkafkka woyia fõ'

wd¾Ólh i;= ys`. iïm;a iudchg ys;lr whqfrka fn§ fkdhdu ksid

iïm;a fn§ hdu wld¾hlaIu jk w;r" ta i|yd my; i|yka fya;=

n,mdhs'

fmdÿ NdKav fkdiemhSu

w¾O fmdÿ NdKav m%Yia; j mßfNdackh fkdùu

Y=NidOk NdKav m%Yia; j fkdiemhSu

48

iudchg wys;lr NdKav iemhSu

fmdÿ iïm;a wêNdú;h

ndysr;d ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu

wmQ¾K ;r.h yd taldêldß;ajh

wmQ¾K f;dr;=re

fmdÿ NdKav hkq iduQysl j mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk NdKav fõ'

fmdÿ NdKavj, m%Odk ,laIK folls'

1' f.ùula fkdlrk mqoa.,hka wod< NdKav mßfNdackfhka bj;a l<

fkdyels ùu

2' mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla fkdue;s ùu

fmdÿ NdKavhla iemhQ úg f.ùula l< o fkdl< o ish¨ fokdg u

mßfNdackh lsÍug yelshdj ,efnk ksid iajd¾:h Wfoid lghq;= lrk

mdßfNda.slfhda tu NdKavh i|yd f.ùula lsÍug fkdfm,fU;s'

tfuka u ,dNh wruqKq lr f.k lghq;= lrk fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl

lsisfjla tjeks fmdÿ NdKavhla ksmoùu i|yd iïm;a fjka fkdlr;s'

tla mqoa.,hl= úiska lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda mßfNdackh

lsÍu ksid fjk;a mqoa.,hl=g tu NdKavh ta wdldrfhka u mßfNdackh

lsÍfï yelshdj wysñ fkdùu mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajh fkdue;s ùu

hkqfjka woyia flf¾' fï ksid w;sf¾l mdßfNda.slhl=f.a mßfNdackfha

wdka;sl msßjeh Y+kH w.hla .kS'

Trf,daiq lKq" cd;sl wdrlaIdj" ùÓ wdf,dalh" m%§md.dr jeks oE fmdÿ

NdKav i|yd ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'

fï wkqj fmdÿ NdKav iemhSu iïnkaOfhka fjf<|fmd< l%uh wiu;a

jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

idïm%odhsl j rgla ;=< mj;sk fmdÿ NdKav,j,g wu;r j cd;sl foaY

iSud blaujd .sh we;eï fmdÿ NdKav o mj;S' fïjd f.da,Sh fmdÿ NdKav

f,i ye¢kafõ'

f.da,Sh fmdÿ NdKavhl my; i|yka ,laIK ±lsh yels h'

mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla fkdue;s ùu

f.ùula fkdlrk whg mßfNdackh iSud l< fkdyels ùu

tu NdKavj,ska ,efnk m%;s,dN f,dj mqrd isák ish¨ u fokdg

N=la;s ú¢h yels ùu

49

±kqu" uQ,H ia:dhs;dj" f,dal iduh" jdhqf.da,h jeks oE f.da,Sh fmdoq

NdKavj,g ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h' fujeks fmdÿ NdKav fkdiemhSu

fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùug fya;= fõ'

Odß;d uÜgu lrd <`.d jk f;la mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla ±lsh

fkdyels" mßfNdackh iSud l< yels NdKav w¾O fmdÿ NdKav fõ'

w¾O fmdÿ NdKavhl ,laIK my; ±lafõ'

1' Odß;d uÜgu Wmßuh lrd <`.d jk;=re mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajh

olakg fkd;sîu

2' mßfNdackh iSud l< yels ùu

uyd ud¾." uqyqÿ fjr< iy fl!;=ld.dr jeks oE w¾O fmdÿ NdKavj,g

ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'

Wmßu Odß;d uÜgug <`.d jk ;=re w;sf¾l mqoa.,hl=f.a mßfNdackh

wdka;sl msßjeh flfrys ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs' tfy;a

ñ,la wh lsÍu fya;=fjka wod< NdKavh fyda fiajdj fyda wld¾hlaIu

f,i Wmfhdackh úh yels h' túg tu NdKavh fyda fiajdj fyda

iudÔh jYfhka m%Yia; uÜgug jvd wvqfjka mßfNdackh lsÍug isÿ

fõ'

tfuka u w¾O fmdÿ NdKav iemhSfï § ksIamdolhka wdka;sl msßjehg

jvd jeä ñ,la wh l< yels h' tjeks wjia:dj, § tu ñ,g jvd wvq

ñ,la f.ùug iQodkï mdßfNda.slhkag tu NdKavh mßfNdackh lsÍfï

yelshdj wysñ jk neúka iudÔh m%Yia; uÜgug jvd wvqfjka mßfNdackh

isÿ fõ' fujeks ;;a;ajhka u; w¾O fmdÿ NdKav m%Yia; j mßfNdackh

fkdùu iïnkaOfhka fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ fõ'

mßfNdackfha § fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN blaujd úYd, jYfhka iudc m%;s,dN

,efnk NdKav Y=NidOk NdKav fõ'

wOHdmkh" fi!LH yd ikSmdrlaIl fiajd wdÈh Y=NidOk NdKav i|yd

ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'

fjf<|fmd< l%uh ;=< Y=NidOk NdKav iemhSu i|yd fhduq ùula isÿ

fkdfõ' Bg fya;=j tu NdKav iemhSfï § wod< mßfNdack ;SrK .kq

,nkafka tajdfha ndysr m%;s,dN uq¿ukska u fkdi,ld yer tu.ska ,efnk

fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN yd msßjeh muKla ie,ls,a,g .ekSuhs' fï ksid

Y=NidOk NdKavhl mßfNdackh iudÔh jYfhka m%Yia; uÜgug jvd

wvqfjka isÿ fõ' th fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùug fya;= fõ'

50

mßfNdackh ksid wjfYaI iudch flfrys RK ndysr;djla fyj;a

wys;lr RK msßjehla we;s lrk NdKav iudchg wys;lr NdKav

^wj.=K NdKav& jYfhka ye¢kafõ'

u;ameka" ÿïjeá" u;aøjH jeks oE iudchg wys;lr NdKav i|yd ksoiqka

fõ'

fjf<|fmd< Tiafia iudchg wys;lr NdKav iemhSfï § tu NdKav

mßfNdackh lsÍfuka we;s jk ndysr msßjeh flfrys ie,ls,a,la fkd±laùu

ksid iudÔh m%Yia; uÜgug jvd jeä ksIamdokhla isÿ jk w;r iudÔh

m%Yia; uÜgug jvd mßfNdackh lsÍug mdßfNda.slhkaf.a fm,öula o

isÿ fõ' fï ksid iudchg wys;lr NdKav iemhSu yuqfõ fjf<|fmd<

l%uh wiu;a fõ'

mßfNdackh iSud l< fkdyels mßfNdackfha ;r.ldÍ;ajhla ±lsh yels

iïm;a fmdÿ iïm;a fõ'

ksoiqka ( u;aiH iïm;a" ;DK N+ñ" jdhqf.da,h

fmdÿ iïm;aj, my; i|yka ,laIK ±lsh yels h'

1' m%;s,dN ,nkakka yd mßfNdackh iSud l< fkdyels ùu

2' mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla olakg ,eîu

mßfNdackh iSud l< fkdyels ùu;a mßfNdackfha ;r.ldß;ajhla

mej;Su;a ksid kE u mqoa.,fhl=g fmdÿ iïm;a lrd m%fõY úh yels h'

fï ksid fmdÿ iïm;a wêWmfhdackhg ^wê Ndú;hg& md;% ù ydhkhg

,la fõ' fjf<|fmd< ;=< fmdÿ iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j Wmfhdackh l<

yels hdka;%Khla ìys fkdùu ksid tu iïm;a wld¾hlaIu f,i

l<ukdlrKh ùfuka fjf<|fmd< wiu;a fõ'

lsishï ksIamdok fyda mßfNdack fyda l%shdj,shla ksid fjk;a md¾Yajhka

u; we;s lrk" tu ksIamdok fyda mßfNdack fyda l%shdj,shg Rcq j u

iïnkaO jk mqoa.,hd úiska ie,ls,a,g .kq fkd ,nk" m%;s,dN yd

msßjeh ndysr;d hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

ys;lr ndysr;d yd wys;lr ndysr;d hkqfjka ndysr;d fldgia follg

fnfok w;r" ys;lr ndysr;d jk Ok ndysr;d f,i;a wys;lr ndysr;d

RK ndysr;d f,i;a ye¢kafõ' fuu ndysr;d ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a fkdùu

ksid fjf<|fmd< wiu;a fõ'

51

wmQ¾K ;r.h yd taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhka hgf;a NdKavh

i|yd wh lrk ñ, NdKavfha wdka;sl msßjeh blaujhs' fï ksid iïm;a

fn§ hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj i|yd wjYH lrk ñ, yd wdka;sl msßjeh

iudk ùfï (P - MC) fldkafoaish bgq fkdfõ' fï ksid mdßfNda.slhd

iQrd lEulg ,la jk neúka fjf<|fmd< wiu;a fõ'

mdßfNda.slhdg yd ksIamdolhdg ;SrK .ekSug wjYH lrk f;dr;=re

fjf<|fmd< u.ska iïmQ¾Kfhka ksjerÈ j ,nd .; fkdyels ùu wmQ¾K

f;dr;=re hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

fjf<|fmd<la mQ¾K f;dr;=re fkd,eîu flfrys my; i|yka idOl

n,mdhs'

m%pdrKh ksid ienE f;dr;=re úlD; fldg ±laùu

ixlS¾K ;dlaIKsl lreKq ms<sn| we;eï f;dr;=re ,nd §ug wmyiq

ùu

we;eï m%;s,dN ms<sn| wúksYaÑ;;d mej;Su

fjf<|fmdf<ka mQ¾K f;dr;=re fkd,efnk úg ksIamdolhd yd

mdßfNda.slhd .kq ,nk ;SrK ksid iïm;a fn§ hdu wld¾hlaIu fõ'

fï wkqj mQ¾K f;dr;=re fkd,eîu fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùug fya;= fõ'

id¾j wd¾Ól wia:dhs;dj hkq wd¾Ólhl jßka jr we;s jk WÉpdjpkhka

h'

id¾j wd¾Ól wia:dhs;d ms<sìUq flfrk m%Odk o¾Ylhka f,i ú/

lshdj" WoaOukh" wd¾Ól miqneiSï yd wd¾Ól m%idrKhka oelaúh yels h'

fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack w;sßla; jeks idOlj, we;s jk fjkialï ksid

fndfyda wjia:dj, iuia; b,a¨fï yg .kakd WÉpdjpk fya;=fjka

wd¾Ólfha flá ld,Sk wia:dhs;djla we;s fõ'

wdodhï fn§ hdfï úIu;dj hkq rfÜ iuia; wdodhu fyda iïm;a iEu

mqoa.,fhl=g u ðj;a ùug wjYH wodhï uÜgulaj;a ,efnk whqfrka

iuia; ck.ykh w;r fn§ fkdhduhs'

wdodhï fn§ hdfï úIu;d we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= lsysmhla my;

±la fõ'

lem lrkq ,nk Y%u m%udKh

wOHdmk uÜgu

Wreufhka ,o foafmd< m%udKh

idOl ñ,

52

fuu idOlj, m%;sM, u; ìys jk l=gqïn wdodhï jHdma;sfha úIu;djka

we;s jk w;r wd¾Ólfha iïm;a fn§ hdu o tu wdodhï jHdma;s rgdjg

wkqj isÿ fõ' ta wkqj wvq wdodhï ,dNSkaf.a b,a¨u imqrd,Sug wvq iïm;a

m%udKhl=;a" jeä wdodhï ,dNSkaf.a b,a u imqrd,Su jeä iïm;a m%udKhl=;a

fjka flf¾'

53



ksmqK;dj 8'2 ( fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l ùu flfrys ndysr;dj, n,mEu mÍlaId

lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 07

bf.kqï m, (

ndysr;d ks¾jpkh lrhs'

ndysr;d Wmojk uQ,dY% kï lrhs'

ndysr;d Wmojk Okd;aul yd RKd;aul uQ,dY% fjkaa fjka j olajd

ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'

ndysr;d ksid fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l jk whqre m%ia;dr igyka fhdod

.ksñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ndysr;d fya;=fjka fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l ùu j<lajd ,Su i|yd .; yels

l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'


Ok yd >DK ndysr;d ±lafjk úYd, lrk ,o mska;+r folla mka;shg

m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

mska;+rj, wvx.= oEj,ska iudchg isÿ jk hym;a yd whym;a m%;sM,

ms<sn| isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

mska;+rj, wvx.= oEj,ska iudchg hym;a yd whym;a m%;sM, w;a fõ' ta

fjkqfjka iudchg jkaÈhla fyda úhoula fyda ±Íug isÿ fkdfõ'

fï wdldrhg lsishï wd¾Ól lghq;a;la ksid Bg iïnkaO fkdjk

ndysr md¾Yajhlg w;a jk jkaÈ úp,kh fkdlrk ,o jdis fyda wjdis

ndysr;d f,i ye¢kafõ'

ndysr;d ksIamdokfha § fuka u mßfNdackfha § o yg .kS'



54

bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia

my; i|yka ud;Dld w;ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

ksIamdokfha ndysr;d

mßfNdackfha ndysr;d

Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj wjfndaO lr .ekSug lKavdhï idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'

ud;Dldjg wod< j Tng ,eî we;s w;a±lSï idlÉPd lr f;dr;=re

/ia lrkak'

Tn /ia lr .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka ys;lr ndysr;d iy wys;lr

ndysr;d fjka fldg olajkak'

ndysr;d we;s ùug fya;= yd tajdfhys m%;sM, y÷kd .kak'

ndysr;d je,elaùfï jeo.;alu yd tajd j,lajd .kakd wdldrh ms<sn|

Tfí woyia bÈßm;a lrkak'

Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

jkak'


ndysr;d hkq lsishï ksIamdok fyda mßfNdack fyda l%shdjla ksid fjk;a

md¾Yajhla u; we;s lrk" ksIamdok fyda mßfNdack fyda l%shdjg iDcqj

u iïnkaO wh úiska ie,ls,a,g fkd.kakd m%;s,dN fyda mssßjehhs'

fjk;a md¾Yajhla fj; we;s lrk wys;lr m%;súmdl ndysr msßjehla

f,i i,lkq ,efí'

fjk;a md¾Yajhla fj; we;s lrk ys;lr m%;súmdl ndysr m%;s,dN f,i

i,lkq ,efí'

ndysr;d ys;lr m%;súmdl fyda wys;lr m%;súmdl fyda f,i iajrEm folla

mj;S' ys;lr m%;súmdl Ok ndysr;d f,i;a wys;lr m%;súmdl RK ndysr;d

f,i;a j¾. flf¾'

ndysr;d wi,ajeis m%;súmdl fyda f;jeks md¾Yaj m%;súmdl f,i o y÷kajhs'

ndysr;d Wmojk uQ,dY%h folls'

1' ksIamdokh

2' mßfNdackh

fuu uQ,dY%h u; yg .kakd ndysr;d m%fNao 4ls' tajd kï"

ksIamdokfha RK ndysr;d

ksIamdokfha Ok ndysr;d

mdßfNdackfha RK ndysr;d

55

mdßfNdackfha Ok ndysr;d

ksIamdokfha RK ndysr;d hkq lsishï ksIamdok lghq;a;la ksid Bg Rcq

iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s ndysr md¾Yajhkag we;s jk wjdis fyj;a whym;a

n,mEï h'

ksoiqka (

w¾;dm,a fnda. ksIamdokfha § mdxY= Ldokh ksid c,dYj, frdka uv

;ekam;a ùu ksid isÿ jk ydkslr ;;a;ajh

lDIs fNda. i|yd lDñkdYl Ndú;h fya;=fjka mßirh ¥IKh ùu

yd f,v frda. we;s ùu

ksIamdokfha Ok ndysr;d hkq lsishï lDIs ksIamdok lghq;a;la ksid Bg

Rcq iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s ndysr md¾Yajhkag we;s jk jdis fyj;a

hym;a n,mEï h'

ksoiqka (

u,a WoHdkhla we;s lsÍfuka ó ueis md,kfha M,odhs;dj jeä ùu

jk j.d jHdmD;sh ksid c, uQ,dY% we;s ùu

mßfNdackfha RK ndysr;d hkq lsishï mßfNdack lghq;a;la ksid thg

Rcq iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s ndysr md¾Yajhkag we;s jk wjdis fyj;a

wys;lr n,mEï h'

ksoiqka (

ÿïmdkh ksid wjg isák mqoa.,hka we;s fjk wys;lr n,mEu

fudag¾ r: Ndú;fhka msgjk ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj ksid iudchg

wys;lr n,mEï we;s ùu

mßfNdackhfha Ok ndysr;d hkq lsishï mßfNdack lghq;a;la ksid

thg Rcq iïnkaO;djla fkdue;s ndysr md¾Yajhkag we;s jk jdis fyj;a

ys;lr n,mEï h'

ksoiqka (

fnda jk frda. i|yd ,nd fok tkak;a u.ska ish¨ u fokdg ys;lr

n,mEï we;s ùu

fouqyqka jdyk yhsî%â& Ndú;fhka iudchg iy mßirhg jk ys;lr

n,mEu

lsishï ksIamdok ls%shdj,shla ksid tys ish¨ u msßjeh ksIamdolhd úsiska

orkafka kï fyda lsishï mßfNdack lghq;a;la ksid tys ish¨ u m%;s,dN

tu mdßfNda.slhdg ysñ jkafka kï fjf<|fmd< ld¾hlaIu fõ' kuq;a

ndysr;d ksid th tfia isÿ fkdfõ'

56

ndysr;d ksid fm!oa.,sl msßjeh yd iudc msßjeh w;r;a fm!oa.,sl

m%;s,dN yd iudc m%;s,dN w;r;a fjkila we;s fjhs'

fm!oa.,sl msßjeh ksIamdolhd Rcqj u iïnkaO ùfuka ork w;r

fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN Rcqj u iïnkaO jk md¾Yaj fj; ysñ fõ'

ndysr msßjeh hkq lsishï ksIamdok ls%shdj,shla fyda mßfNdack

ls%hdj,shla fyda ksid ndysr md¾Yajhkag ±Íug isÿ jk msßjeh jk

w;r tu msßjeh wod< ksIamdok lghq;a;g iïnkaO ke;s ndysr

lKavdhï úiska fuu msßjeh orkq ,efí'

ndysr m%;s,dN hkq lsishï ksIamdok l%shdj,shla fyda mßfNdack

l%shdj,shla ksid ndysr md¾Yajhkag ,efnk m%;s,dNhla jk w;r ta

fjkqfjka f.ùula isÿ fkdlrhs'

lsishï ksIamdok lghq;a;la fyda mßfNdack lghq;a;la fyda ksid

iuia; iudch úiska ork msßjeh iudc msßjeh f,i y÷kajhs'

fm!oa.,sl msßjehg ndysr msßjeh .e<mSfuka iudc msßjeh ;SrKh

fõ'

iudc msßjeh = fm!oa.,sl msßjeh + ndysr msßjeh

fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dNj,g ndysr m%;s,dN .e<mSfuka iudc m%;s,dN ;SrKh

fõ'

iudc m%;s,dN = fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN + ndysr m%;s,dN

wd¾Ólfha iudc msßjeh yd fm!oa.,sl msßjeh w;r fjkila mj;S

kï fyda iudc m%;s,dN yd fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN w;r fjkila mj;S

kï fyda ñ, hdka;%Kh u.ska iudcfha m%Yia; f,i iïm;a fnodyeÍula

isÿ fkdfõ'

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l iïm;a fn§ hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj bgq

jkafka ñ," wdka;sl mssßjehg iudk jk (MC = P) wjia:dj, § h'

(MC=P). tfia fkdjk wjia:dj, iudcfha m%Yia; uÜgfuka iïm;a

fn§hdula isÿ fkdfõ'

ndysr;d Okd;aul fyda RKd;aul fyda ljr iajrEmhla .kq ,enQj o

tajdfha m%;sM,h jkafka iudc msßjeh yd fm!oa.,sl msßjeh w;r

fkd.e<mSula we;s lsÍu fyda iudc m%;s,dN fyda fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN

w;r fkd.e<mSula we;s lsÍu hs'

57

ksIamdokfha RK ndysr;djl § fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ jk

wdldrh my; rEm igyk weiqfrka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

m%ia;dr igyfka MPC jl%h wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh jl%h jk w;r

MSC jl%h wdka;sl iudc msßjeh jl%h fõ' NdKav i|yd we;s b,a¨u

MPB jl%fhka fmkakqï flf¾' fjf<|fmd< l%uhl wdka;sl iudc

m%;s,dN jl%h (MSB) yd wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN jl%h tl iudk

fõ'

iudch i;= iïm;a m%Yia; f,i fnod fjka lrkqfha wdka;sl iudc

msßjeh wdka;sl iudc m%;s,dNj,g iudk (E1) jk f,i ksIamdokh isÿ

fõ kï h'

fm!oa.,sl ksIaamdokfha RK ndysr;d we;s jk úg wdka;sl iudc msßjeh

wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh blaujd hkq we;' m%ia;dr igyfka wdka;sl

iudc msßjeh (MCS) jl%h wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh jl%hg MPC) by<ska

fmkakqï flf¾' m%ia;dr igyfka fm!oa.,sl ksuejqï uÜgu fjf<|fmd<

iu;=,s; ksuejqï uÜgu& (Qp) iudÔh m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu (Qs) blaujd

mj;S ^wêksIamdokhla we;s fõ&'

ksIamdokfha Ok ndysr;djl § fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ jk wdldrh

my; ±lafjk rEm igyk weiqfrka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

PS

Pp

Qp

Qs

MPC-wdka;sl fm!oa.,slmsßjeh

wdka;sl ndysr msßjeh

MSC- wdka;sl iudc msßjeh

}}

wêksIamdokh

m%udKh ^tall&

ñ, iy msßjeh

iudc m%Yia;ñ,

fjf<|fmd<

m%Yia; ñ,

E1

E

MPB = MSB ^wdka; slfm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN } wdka;sliudc m%;s,dN&

^re'&

0

58

QP- fj<|fmd< ksuejqï uÜgu

QS- iudÔh m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu

Pp

Ps

Qp

Qs

MSC-wdk a; sl iudcmsßjeh

wdka;sl ndysr msrsjeh

MPC- wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh

}

}

W!k ksIamdokh

m%udKh ^tall&

ñ, iy msßjeh

MPB = MSB

fjf<|fmd<m%Yia; ñ,

iudc m%Yia;ñ,

E1

E

ksIamdok Ok ndysr;djl § fm!oa.,sl ksuejqï uÜgu iudÔh m%Yia;

ksuejqï uÜgug jvd wvq fõ ^W!k ksIamdokhla mj;S&'

b,a ï jl%h u.ska (MPB) fmkakqï lrkafka mdßfNda.slhka ;u fm!oa.,sl

m%;s,dN u; b,a¨u ;SrKh .kakd wdldrh hs'

wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl msßjeh jl%h wdka;sl iudc msßjeh jl%h blaujd

mj;S' m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu ;SrKh jkafka wdka;sl iudc msßjeh jl%h

wdka;sl iudc m%;s,dN jl%h fþokh jk ,laIH fmkakqï lrk QS

,laIHfha § h'

mßfNdackfha RK ndysr;djl § fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ jk wdldrh


MPB- wdka;slfm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN

PS

PP

Qp

Qs

MSB-wdka;sl iudc m%;s,dN

wdka;sl ndysr m%;s,dN

NdKav m%udKh^tall&

ñ, iy msßjeh

wê mßfNdackh

S = MPC = MSC

}

}

E

E1

fjf<|fmd<

m%Yia; ñ,

iudc m%Yia;ñ,

0

59

by; ±lafjk m%ia;dr igykska wdka;sl fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN MPB jl%h

u.ska fmkakqï lrk w;r wdka;sl iudc m%;s,dNh MSB jl%h u.ska

fmkakqï lrhs' iemhqï jl%h u.ska fmkakqï lrkqfha fm!oa.,sl wdka;sl

msßjeh jl%h hs'

by; NdKavh mßfNdackh lrk mdßfNda.slhd tu.ska fm!oa.,sl m%;s,dN

yd fm!oa.,sl msßjeh muKla ie,ls,a,g .kakd w;r Tjqkaf.a mßfNdack

uÜgu QP u.ska fmkakqï flf¾' tfy;a iudc m%Yia; uÜgu jkafka Q

S

m%udKh fõ' ñ, hdka;%Kh u.ska iudc m%Yia; mßfNdack uÜgu fmkakqï

fkdlrk ksid wê mßfNdackhla we;s fõ' tu.ska iïm;a fn§ hdfï

wld¾hlaIu;djla fmkakqï flf¾'

mßfNdackfha Ok ndysr;djl § fjf<|fmd< wiu;a ùu isÿ jk wdldrh


mßfNdackfha Ok ndysr;d mj;sk úg iudc wdka;sl m%;s,dN fm!oa.,slwdka;sl m%;s,dN blaujd hkq we;' tys § fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ksuejqïuÜgu iudÔh jYfhka m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgug jvd wvq m%udKhla fõ'

ndysr;d ksid we;s jk fjf<|fmd< ì|jeàï uÕyrjd .ekSug .; yelsl%shdud¾. lsysmhla my; oela fõ'

mdßirsl nÿ mekùu n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍu Ok ndysr;d i|yd iykdOdr ,nd §u fm!oa.,sl flaj,a lsÍu

rch u.ska ov kshu lsÍu

fjf<|fmd<

PP

PS

Qp

Qs

MPB

wdka;sl ndysr m%;s,dN

MSB

m%udKh tall&

ñ,

W!k mßfNdackh

S = MSC = MPC

E1

E

^re'&

iudcm%Yia; ñ,

X

60



ksmqK;dj 8'3 ( fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha ld¾h Ndrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh rcfha ld¾hNdrh y÷kajhs'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha ld¾hNdrh ksoiqka imhñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha ld¾hNdrh bgq lsÍug hdfï § wdKavqj

wid¾:l jk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

wdKavqj wid¾:l ùug fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'


fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha ld¾hNdrh my; mßÈ ±laúh yels fõ'

iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j fnod yeÍu

wdodhï yd Okh idOdrK j fnod yeßu

id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj we;s lsÍu

;srir ixj¾Okh

fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl olakg ,efnk iïm;a fn§ hdfï

wld¾hlaIu;djka bj;a lsÍu i|yd rch my; i|yka l%shdud¾. l%shd;aul

lrhs'

fmdÿ NdKavj,ska ñ,la wh lr .; fkdyels ksid;a ,dNhla ,eìh

fkdyels ksid;a fjf<|fmd< l%ufhka fmdÿ NdKav fkdimhhs' tfy;a

rch ueÈy;a ù fmdÿ NdKav imhhs'

fjf<|fmd< l%ufha § w¾O fmdÿ NdKav m%Yia; j fkdiemhSu ksid

rch úiska w¾O fmdÿ NdKav iemhSu

Y=NidOk NdKav m%Yia; j iemhSu isÿ fkdjk ksid W!k mßfNdackhla

isÿ fõ' fï ksid Y=NidOk NdKav mßfNdackhg fm,Uùug rch

ueÈy;a fõ'

fjf<|fmd< l%uhla iudchg wys;lr NdKav wj.=K NdKav iudchg

m%Yia; uÜgug jvd jeäfhka ksmojhs' tajd iSud lsÍug rchg isÿ

fõ'

ksoiqka ( u;aøjH

61

idOdrKh ia:dmss; lsÍu i|yd rchla u.ska my; ±lafjk l%shdud¾. .kq

,nhs'

wdodhï yd Ok m%;sjHdma;sh we;s lsÍu

Ok iuqÉpkh ms<sn| iSud mekùu

bvï m%;sixialrKh

id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd .ekSug WoaOukh yd fiajd úhqla;sh

bj;a lsÍug rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh fhdod .kq ,nhs'

wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd mdßißl hk wxYj, ;=,kd;aul j jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu"

tkï ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ fjf<|fmd< l%uhla lghq;= fkdlrk

w;r rch ta i|yd ueÈy;a fõ'

kS;s moaO;sh" Widú" kshduk wdh;k wdÈh" <ud /ljrKh" jeäysá

/ljrKh jeks lghq;= i|yd fjf<|fmd< l%uhl wjOdkh fhduq fkdjk

fyhska rchg ta i|yd ueÈy;a ùug isÿ fõ'

fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l ùï ue~ mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd rch ueÈy;a ù úYd,

ld¾hNdrhla bgq l< o wdKavqfõ wiu;a ùu isÿ úh yels h'

wdKavqfõ wiu;a ùï hkq fjf<|fmd< wid¾:l ùï ue~ mj;ajd .ekSu

i|yd rch úiska wd¾Ólh i|yd lrkq ,nk ueÈy;aùï rdcH wxYhg

wdfõKsl jQ we;eï ÿ¾j,;d lrK fldg f.k wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,nd

fkd§ wd¾Ólfha ;j ;j;a wld¾hlaIu;d ìys lsÍu hs'

wdKavqfõ wiu;a ùï flfrys n,md we;s fya;= lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

(i) wdKavqfõ l%shdldÍ;ajfha olakg ,efnk oDV;djka

wdKavqfõ ueÈy;aùïj, olakg ,efnk tla wys;lr me;slvla

jkafka ksrka;r fjkia jk mßirhg wkql+, jk f,i wod<

fjkialï we;s lr .ekSfï ,d wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s w;sYhska ukao.dó

ùu h'

(ii) foaYmd,k iajd¾:h

foaYmd,lhka iy rdcH ks,Odßka iajd¾:h wruqKq fldg l%shd

lsÍfuka iïm;a kdia;shla isÿ ùu

ksoiqka (uyd ud¾." frday,a" mdi,a bÈ lsÍfï È foaYmd,k

wjYH;d mokï lr .ekSu

62

(iii) wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;sj, wúÿr oDIaál;ajh

fndfyda m%Yakj,g úi÷ï fiùfï § flá ld,Sk oDIaá fldaKhlska

n,d ;SrK lrd t<öu' tu ksid È.= ld,Sk iudc m%.ukhkag

wjYH m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iqï l%shd;aul fkdfõ'

(iv) wmQ¾K f;dr;=re u; m%;sm;a;s lrd t<öu

wmQ¾K f;dr;=re ksid wdKavqfõ m%;sm;a;s wld¾hlaIu ùu

(v) idkqn, flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mEu

wdodhï yd Ok jHdma;sfha idOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu i|yd wdKavqj

wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk l%shdud¾. idkqn, yd M,odhs;dj flfrys

wys;lr m%;sM, we;s lrhs'

(vi) wdKavqfõ ueÈy;aùïj,ska je<lS isàug lghq;= lsÍu

wdKavqfõ úúO kS;sß;s yd kshdukhkaf.ka je<lS isàug mqoa.,hka

yd wdh;k lghq;= lsÍu ksid ie`.ejqKq wd¾Ólhla ìys ùug

bvlv mej;Su

(vii) mßmd,k úhoï by< hdu

wd¾Ólh ;=< wdKavqfõ ueÈy;a ùï w;sYhska msßjeh wêl l%shdjla

úh yels h' wod< kS;sÍ;sj,ska kshdukhla l%shdjg keÕSfï §

tajdhska wfmalaIs; iudc m%;s,dN t;rï úYd, fkdùu ksid

wld¾hlaIu;d mek ke.sh yels h'

63



ksmqK;dj 8'4 ( nÿ uQ,O¾u yd nÿ j¾.SlrKh ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lrñka Y%S

,xldfõ rdcH whNdrh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 10

bf.kqï m, (

rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajhs'

rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'

rdcH uQ,H WmlrK kï lrhs'

rdcH whNdrfha m%Odk uQ,dY% kï lrhs'

nÿ wh lsÍfï wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'

nÿ uQ,O¾u úia;r lrhs'

úúO ks¾Kdhl u; nÿ j¾.SlKh lrhs'

nÿ tl;= lsßu yd nÿ wmd;h hk ixl,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'

nÿ wh lsÍfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl fidhd n,hs'

nÿ fkdjk whNdrhg wh;a ixrpl fmkajd fohs'

Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH whNdrfha uE; ld,Sk Wmk;s mÍlaId lrhs'


id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd wdKavqfõ úhoï" nÿ wh lsßï

iy Kh .ekSï i|yd jk wod< fjkialï isÿ lsÍu rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh

kï fõ'

rdcH nÿ" rdcH úhoï iy rdcH Kh m%odk rdcH uQ,H WmlrK h'

rdcH whNdrh ,nd .kakd m%Odk uQ,dY% folla mj;sk nj' tkï"

nÿ wdodhu

nÿ fkdjk wdodhu

nÿ wh lsÍfï wruqKq my; ±lafjk wdldrhg meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wdodhu yd Okh fnÈhdfï úIu;d wju lsÍu

ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu i|yd iïm;a l<ukdlrKh lsÍu

by< iudc msßjehla ork wj.=K NdKav mßfNdackh wffO¾hj;a

lsÍu

iudydr b,a¨u flfrys n,mEu

iudydr iemhqu flfrys n,mEu

64

nÿ wh lsÍfï uQ,O¾u my; mßÈ bosrsm;a l< yels h'

idOdrK;ajh

msßueiqï iys; ùu

myiqj

ksYaÑ; ùu

ld¾hlaIu;dj

kuHYS,S ùu

wkql+, nj

nÿ wh lsÍfï idOdrK;ajh iy uQ,O¾uh i|yd fldkafoais folla bgq

úh hq;= fõ' tkï"

;sria idOdrK;ajh

isria idOdrK;ajh

;sria idOdrK;ajh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha iudk wd¾Ól yelshdjka

we;s mqoa.,hkag iudk f,i ie,elSfï wjYH;dj hs' tkï tl iudk

wdodhï we;s mqoa.,hka tl iudk nÿ nrla ±ßh hq;= fõ hkakhs'

isria idOdrK;ajh hkq wiudk wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhkays isák mqoa.,hka

flfrys wiudk f,i ie,lSfï wjYH;dj hs' tkï wdodhu jeä jk úg

jeä nÿ nrla ±ßh hq;= fõ hkakhs'

idOdrK nÿ l%uhla i|yd wd¾Ól kHdh ;=< m%ldY ù we;s m%Odk uQ,O¾u

folls' tkï"

m%;s,dN uQ,O¾uh

f.ùug we;s yelshdj ms<sn| uQ,O¾uh

m%;s,dN uQ,O¾ufhka woyia lrkq ,nkafka wdKavqj u.ska imhkq ,nk

fiajdjkaf.ka m%;s,dN ,nd .kakd m%udKh u; wdKavqjg nÿ f.úh

hq;=h hkak hs'

f.ùfï yelshdj hk uQ,O¾ufhka lshfjkafka úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a nÿ

f.ùfï Yla;sh wkqj nÿ wh lsÍu l< hq;= nj hs'

msßueiqï iys; nj hk uQ,O¾ufhka woyia jkafka wh nÿ f.ùfï § nÿ

f.jk whg;a tl;= lsÍfï § wdKavqjg;a ±Íug isÿ jk úhou yels ;dla

ÿrg wvq úh hq;= nj hs' th úhoï mßmd,kh yd wkql+,;d hkqfjka

fldgia follska iukaú; fõ'

mßmd,k úhoï hkq wdKavqjg nÿ wh lsÍfï § ±Íug isÿ jk úhoï fõ'

65

wkql+,;d úhoï hkq nÿ f.jkakkag ±Íug isÿ jk msßjeh hs'

fuys § rch n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka nÿ tl;= lr .ekSug jeh lrkq ,nk

úhoug jvd rchg ,efnk nÿ wdodhu jeä úh hq;= nj hs' tfia fkdjk

úg rchg wdodhula bmhsh fkdyels fõ'

myiq nj hk uq,O¾ufhka woyia jkafka nÿ l%uh yels ;dla ÿrg ir,

úh hq;= nj hs' noaola kshñ; mßÈ f.jkq ,nkafka o tfia ke;fyd;a

fndfyda wh thska je<lS isàug W;aidy lrkafka o@ hkak noaol ir,

nj úoydmdk ,laIKhla fõ'

nÿ j¾. kshu lrkq ,enQ úg tajd yÈisfha fjkia fkdl< hq;= nj ksYaÑ;

Ndjh hk uQ,O¾ufhka ye¢kafõ' tkï nÿ f.jkakkag wkd.;h i|yd

±Íug isÿ jk nÿ nr l,a ;shd wfmalaId l< yels úh hq;= h' wdfhdack

ld¾hfha § wkd.;fha § f.ùug isÿ jk nÿ ksh; jYfhka u ±k

.ekSug yels úh hq;= h'

nÿ wh l< hq;af;a wd¾Ólfha iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j fn§ hdfï ls%hdj,shg

n,mEula we;s fkdjk whqßka h' w;sßla; nÿ nrla we;s jk f,i nÿ wh

fkdl< hq;= nj;a isÿ jk úlD;s ùï wju úh hq;= nj ld¾hlaIu nfõ

uQ,O¾ufhka lshfõ'

wd¾Ól l%shdj,sfha isÿ jk ld,Sk fjkia ùï wkqj nÿ .e,mqï lsÍug

yels úu kuHYS,S nj ms<sn| nÿ uQ,O¾ufhka meyeÈ,s flf¾'

nÿ kS;s iïnkaO jQ f.dkq lsÍfï wkql+,;dj f.ùfï wkql=,;dj yd

jd¾;d lsÍfï wkql+,;dj hk lghq;= i|yd nÿ f.jkakd iafjÉPdfjka

bÈßm;a ùu wkql+, nj hk nÿ uQ,O¾ufhka woyia fõ'

ú;eka lsÍfï yelshdj u; nÿ m%Odk j¾. folls'

(i) Rcq nÿ

(ii) jl% nÿ

Rcq noaog yiqjk mqoa.,hd fyda wdh;k úiska u fyda wod< noaO f.ùug

isÿ jk w;r th fjk;a md¾Yajhlg ú;eka l< fkdyels fõ' fuys §

noaog hg;a jQ md¾Yajhka úiska u nÿ nr ±ßh hq;= fõ'

ksoiqka ( wodhï nÿ" foafmd< nÿ

hï noaola f.ùug ffk;sl j kshu jQ mqoa.,hd úiska tlS nÿ nr fjk;a

whl= u; ú;eka lrkq ,efí kï th jl% noaola f,i ye¢kafõ'

fuys § ffk;sl jYfhka noao f.jkq ,nk mqoa.,hd;a ienE jYfhka nÿ

nr ork mqoa.,hd;a w;r meyeÈ,s fjkila we;'

ksoiqka ( úl=Kqï nÿ" foaYSh NdKav nÿ" f¾.= .dia;=" jeÜ nÿ

66

noaog úIh jk uQ,dY%h nÿ moku f,i ye+¢kafõ' nÿ moku u; nÿ j¾.

flf¾'

wdodhï nÿ

mßfNdack nÿ

Ok nÿ ^foafmd< nÿ&

jHdmdr ysñ nÿ

úfoaYSh fjf<|dï nÿ ^wdkhk iy wmkhk ;Sre nÿ&

hï noaola f.ùug ffk;sl j kshu lrk mqoa.,hl=g tu noao fjk;a

wfhl= u; mjrkq ,nhs kï th nÿ nr ú;eka lsÍu hkqfjka woyia fõ'

mqoa.,hl= úiska tosfkod lrkq ,nk úhoï ;=< jl% nÿ we;=<;a fõ'

ffk;sl jYfhka noao f.jkq ,nk mqoa.,hd fyda wdh;kh fyda úiska

;u ksIamdok yd fiajd ñ, § .kakd wh u;g nÿ m%udKh ú;eka lrkq

,efí'

NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk mqoa.,fhda wjidk jYfhka

wdKavqjg nÿ f.jkq ,n;s'

nÿ wdmd;h hkq noaola mekjQ úg wjidk jYfhka nÿ nr orkafka ljqreka

úiska o hkak ksYaÑ; j y÷kd .ekSuhs' ke;fyd;a noaola mek jQ úg tys

nÿ nr wd¾Ólfha ljr tll u; flfia n,mdkafka ±hs fidhd ne,Su hs'

fï wkqj nÿ wdmd;fha iajrEm folla we;'

(i) jHjia:dms; fyj;a ffk;sl nÿ wdmd;h

(ii) wd¾Ól nÿ wdmd;h fyj;a ienE nÿ wdmd;h

jHjia:dms; nÿ wdmd;h hkq ffk;sl jYfhka noao ljqreka fj; fhduq

lrkjd o hkakhs' wd¾Ól nÿ wdmd;h hkq ienE jYfhka orkq ,nk nÿ

nrhs'

nÿ wh lsÍfï wkqmd;sl jHqyh wkqj wdldr ;=klg nÿ j¾. l< yels h'

1' wkql%ñl nÿ

2' iudkqmd;sl nÿ

3' m%;sl%ñl nÿ

nÿ mokfï m%udKh úYd, ùu;a iuÕ l%ufhka jeä ù hk

wkqmd;slhkaf.ka noao wh lsÍu wkql%ñl nÿ l%uhla f,i y÷kajkq

,efí'

67

ksoiqka ( wdodhï nÿ

fuys § wdodhï uÜgu by< h;a u l%ufhka jeä jk m%;sY;hla nÿ

jYfhka wh flf¾'

ksoiqk (

wdodhï uÜgï nÿ wkqmd;slh

remsh,a 300 000 olajd nÿ wh fkdflf¾

300 000 - 600 000 5]

600 000 - 800 000 10]

800 000 - 1 000 000 15]

1 000 000 - 1 200 000 20]

nÿ moku by< h;a u wdka;sl nÿ wkqmd;slh;aa" idudkH nÿ wkqmd;slh;aa

fol u by< k.S'

noaog hg;a jk wdodhu fldmuK jqj o ieu uÜgfï§ u tl yd iudk

noaola wh lsÍu iudkqmd;sl nÿ kñka ye¢kafõ' ta wkqj wdka;sl nÿ

wkqmd;slh idudkH nÿ wkqmd;slhg iudk fõ'

ksoiqka ( jeÜ nÿ

ieu wdodhï uÜgul§ u 20] nÿ wkqmd;slhka kshu lrhs'

nÿ mokfï m%udKh úYd, ùu;a iu. wvq ù hk wkqmd;slh nÿ wh

lsÍfï m%;sl%u nÿ kï fõ'

fuys § nÿ mokfï w.h jeä ùu;a idudkH nÿ wkqmd;slh yd wdka;sl

wdkqmd;slh hk fol u my< jefÜ'

ksoiqka ( úl=Kqï nÿ

nÿ moku fjkia jk úg nÿ wkqmd;slh fjkia jk wdldrh my; mßÈ

ixLHd ksoiqkla weiqfrka fmkaúh yels h'

50 000 12 500 25] 15 000 30] 10 000 20]

100 000 25 000 25] 25 000 25] 30 000 30]

200 000 50 000 25] 40 000 20] 80 000 40]

wdodhï

uÜgu

iudkqmd;sl noao

nÿ uqo,

re'

wdodhfuka

m%;sY;h

m%;sl%u noao

nÿ uqo,

re'

wkql%u noao

nÿ uqo,

re'

wdodhfuka

m%;sY;h

wdodhfuka

m%;sY;h

68

wdKavqj úiska id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug wjYH wdodhï

Wmhk udOHhla jYfhka nÿ wh l< o tys fndfyda wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

olakg we;' tajd úúO md¾Yajj,g n,mdkafka fufia h'

wdfhdackh flfrys n,mEu

rch wdfhdaclhkaf.ka nÿ wh lrk úg wdfhdaclhkaf.a msßjeh jeä ù

,dNh wvq ùfuka wdfhdackh wffO¾hhg m;a úh yels h' kuq;a

wdfhdaclhka i|yd nÿ iyk" nÿ úrdu" ,nd fok úg wdfhdackh

Èß.ekaùu isÿ fõ' tfuka u wdkhk NdKav i|yd wh lrk ;Sre nÿ mek

ùfuka" jeä lsÍfuka foaYSh wdfhdaclhka Èßu;a fõ'

nÿ moku yd nÿ uqo,a w;r iïnkaO;dj my; mßÈ rEm igyka weiqfrka

fmkaúh yels h'

uq¿ nÿ uqo, ^re'Z000&

20

15

10

5

050 000 100 000 200 000

wdodhu>

>

wdodhu

uq¿ nÿ uqo, ^re'Z000&

20

15

10

5

015 10 30

>

>

(i) iudkqmd;sl nÿ (ii) wkql%u nÿ

15

10

5

0

(iii) m%;sl%u nÿ

uq¿ nÿ uqo,

15 10 30>

>

wdodhu

^re'Z000&^re'Z000&

^re'Z000&

^re'Z000&

69

ksIamdokh flfrys n,mEu

wdKavqj ksIamdolhkaf.ka nÿ wh l< úg ksIamdolhkaf.a ksIamdok

msßjeh jeä ù ,dNh wvq fõ'

mßfNdackh flfrys n,mEu

rgl nÿ l%uh trfÜ mßfNdack uÜgu flfrys úúOdldrfhka n,mEï

lrhs' rch úiska jl% nÿ tkï NdKav u; mkjk nÿ wh lrk úg NdKav

ñ, by< f.dia mßfNdack uÜgu wvq úh yels h' wdodhï u; iDcq nÿ wh

l< úg jeh l< yels wdodhug n,mEula we;s jk ksid mßfNdackh wvq

úh yels h'

ñ, uÜgu flfrys n,mEu

wdKavqj NdKav u; nÿ wh l< úg trfÜ NdKavj, ñ, by< hdu ksid

ñ, uÜgu jeä ùula isÿ fõ' fuf,i ñ, uÜgu jeä ùu ksid rfÜ

Ôjk úhou by< f.dia WoaOukh we;s fõ'

úfoaY fjf<|du flfrys n,mEu

;Sre nÿ mekùu ;=<ska úfoaY fjf<|dug Rcq n,mEula we;s lrhs' ;Sre

nÿ m%;sY; wvq lrk úg wdkhk yd wmkhk Èßu;a jk w;r ;Sre nÿ jeä

lrk úg wdkhk yd wmkhk wffO¾hj;a fõ'

wdodhï jHdma;sh flfrys n,mEu

rgl Okj;a whf.ka nÿ wh lr wvq wdodhï ,nk whg iykdOdr

m%odkh lsÍfuka trfÜ wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;d wvq fõ' fuys § w;HjYH

NdKav i|yd wvq noaol=;a iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav i|yd jeä noaol=;a wh

lsÍï ;=<ska wdodhfï jHdma;s úIu;dj wvq l< yels h'

b;sß lsÍï flfrys n,mEu

NdKav u; nÿ wh lrk úg ðjk úhou by< hk w;r jeh l< yels

wdodhu wvq jk ksid b;sß lsÍï wffO¾hhg m;a fõ'

rch i;= foafmd<j,ska Wmhd .kq ,nk wdodhï yd .dia;= wh lsßï nÿ

fkdjk wdodhï fõ' fïjdg wh;a ixrpl my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

nÿ l=,S wdodhu ( rcfha ksjdi wdKavqfõ fiajlhkayg l=,shg §u yd

rcfha ixpdrl nx.,d l=,shg §fuka ,efnk l=,S wdodhu fuhg

we;=<;a lrhs'

fmd<s wdodhï ( wdKavqfõ fiajlhkag úúO jHdjia:dms; uKav,

fj; imhkq ,nk Kh i|yd whlrk fmd,S óg wod< fõ'

70

,dN" ,dNdxY wdodhï ( Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fõ ,dNdxY" ÿïßh" ;eme,a

fiajdj Wmhk wdodhï iy jrdh" rdcH jdKsc nexl=" úÿ,s n, uKav,h"

Lksc f;,a kS;s.; ixia:dj wdÈfhka ,efnk wdodhu fuhg we;=<;a

fõ'

l=,S wdodhï ( rcfha jkdka;r l=,shg §u

iudc rlaIK odhl uqo,a

ov wh lsßï i|yd ksoiqka f,i Widú ov .eiSï" rdc ika;l lsÍï

wdÈh we;=<;a fõ'

.dia;= yd wf,ú wdodhï hg;g my; i|yka ± we;=<;a fõ'

.=jka .uka fiajd yd .=jka f;dgqfmd< ixj¾Ok iud.ï yryd

lrkq ,nk .=jka .; jkakka i|yd wh lrk .dia;=

wd.uk ú.uk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ùid .dia;=

.uka n,m;% .dia;=

fudag¾ r: ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï .dia;=

rch mdúÉÑ l< NdKav wf,úfhka ,efnk wdodhu

f,d;/hs wdodhï

^ Y%%S ,xldfõ rdcH wdodhfï ld,Sk Wmk;S uy nexl= jd¾;dj

weiqfrka meye±s,s lrkak&'

71



ksmqK;dj 8'5 ( rdcH úhofï ixhq;sh yd ld,Sk Wmk;s ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

rdcH úhoï yg .ekSfï fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'

rdcH úhou wd¾Ól moku u; j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKfhys ta ta ixrpl meyeÈ,s lrhs'

rdcH úhofï ixhq;sh yd tys Wmk;s mÍlaId lrhs'

rdcH úhoïj, m%;súmdl úia;r lrhs'


wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd rch úiska lrkq ,nk úhoï rdcH

úhoï fõ'

rdcH úhoï yg .ekSug fya;= my; ±lafõ'

ys`. iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu ld¾hlaIu lsÍu

wdodhï úIu;dj wju lsÍu ^idOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu&

kS;sh yd iduh wdrlaId lsÍu

iudcfha hym;g fya;= jk fm!oa.,sl wxYh úiska iemhSug bÈßm;a

fkdjk fmdÿ fiajd yd wdh;k mj;ajd f.k hdu

wd¾Ól jDoaêh yd ixj¾Okh

rdcH úhou m%Odk fldgia ;=klg fnÈh yels h' tkï"

1' j¾;k úhoï ^mqkrdj¾;k úhoï&

2' m%d.aOk úhoï ^wdfhdack úhoï&

3' Y=oaO Kh §ï

j¾;k úhoï hkq kej; kej; ±ßh hq;= úhoï fõ' wod< j¾Ih ;=<

tÈfkod lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd oeßh hq;= úhoï yd ixl%du §ukd

óg wh;a fõ' úhoï lrk ld,h ;=< u wd¾Ólhg m%;sM, ,nd fok

úhouls'

ksoiqka ( fiajl jegqma f.ùï

72

wdydr iykdOdr

úY%du jegqma f.ùï

m%jdyK úhoï

m%d.aOk úhoï hkq idudkHfhka j¾Ihlg jeä ld,hla mj;sk NdKav

ñ, § .ekSug;a m%d.aOk iïm;a ìys lr .ekSug;a tajd m%;sixialrKh

lsÍug;a orkakd jQ úhoï fõ'

ksoiqka (

hka;% iQ;% ñ, § .ekSu

f.dvkeÕs,s bÈlsÍu

r:jdyk ñ, § .ekSu

uyd ud¾. bÈlsÍu

Y=oaO Kh §ï hkq j¾;k yd m%d.aOk úhoïj,g we;=<;a fkdjk rch

úiska orkq ,nk úhoï fõ' w;a;sldrï .sKqï u.ska ,nd fok Y=oaO Kh

§ï" Kh wdmiq ,eîï" rdcH jHjidhhka i|yd Kh ,nd §ï wdÈh fuhg

we;=<;a fõ'

rcfha úhoï by; i|yka whqfrka mq¿,a j j¾.SlrKh l< o tla tla

úhoï .Kh ;=< we;=<;a úúO úhoï ixrpl y÷kd .ekSfï wruqfKka

j¾;k yd m%d.aOk úhoï m%Odk j¾.SlrK folla hgf;a fjka lr ±laúh

yels h' tkï"

1' wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKh

2' ld¾hd;aul j¾.SlrKh

rdcH úhoï ms<sn| wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKh my; ±lafõ'

wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKh wkqj rdcH úhoï

j¾;k úhoï m%d.aOk úhoï

NdKav yd fiajd fmd<S j¾;k mejreï uQ¾; j;alï m%d.aOk W!k úhoï

i|yd úhoï f.ùï ^ixl%du& yd w;am;a lr mejreï i|yd fjka

iykdOdr .ekSu lsÍï

73

j¾;k úhoï hgf;a" NdKav yd fiajd i|yd ork úhoï hkq uyck;djg

,nd fok úúO rdcH fiajdjka iïmdokh lsÍu yd mj;ajd f.k hdu

i|yd orK úhoï fõ' fuu úhoïj, m%;s,dN jirlg iSud fõ'

ksoiqka ( cd;sl wdrlaIdj" mdi,a wOHdmkh" frday,a fi!LH fiajd"

u.S m%jdyK fiajd

fmd<S f.ùï hkq rch foaYSh yd úfoaYSh jYfhka ,nd .;a Kh fjkqfjka

f.jkq ,nk fmd<S úhoï fõ' ;ks whs;uhka f,i .;a úg rdcH úhofï

we;=<;a úYd,;u jákdlula ^w.hka& .kafka fmd<S f.ùï h' fmd<S

f.ùï jeä jk úg rdcH b;=reï my; jefgk w;r wdfhdackh iSud ù

wd¾Ól j¾Okh o iSud fõ' fmd<S f.ùï ixl%du úhoula f,i i,ld

cd;sl .sKqïj,g we;=<;a fkdflf¾'

j¾;k mejreï yd iykdOdr hkq rch úiska úúO rdcH wdh;khkag iy

l=gqïn wxYh fj; ,nd fok iykdOdrhka h'

rdcH wdh;khkag ,nd fok iykdOdr f,i y÷kajkafka w,dN ,nk

rdcH jHjidhlhka mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd rcfhka ,nd fok wruqo,a

h'

ksoiqka ( Y%S ,xld jrdh wêldßh" cd;sl c, iïmdok yd c,dmjdyk

uKav,h" ,xld úÿ,s n, uKav,h" Y%S ,xld Lksc f;,a

ixia:dj jeks rdcH jHjidhkag ,nd fok iykdOdr

l=gqïn wxYhg ,nd fok iykdOdr i|yd ksoiqka my; ±lafõ'

iuDoaê iykdOdr

úY%du jegqma ^rcfha úYd,;u iykdOdr jákdlu fõ&

wdydr uqoaor

wdydr iykdOdr

mdi,a fmd;a" ks, we÷ï" jdr m%fõY m;%" Èjd wdydr

wdrlaIl wxYj, rKúre fid,aodÿjka i|yd ,nd fok iykdOdr

fmdfydr iykdOdr

j¾;k iykdOdr by< hdu ksid wd¾Ólfha fjk;a m%uqL;d wxYj,g

iïm;a fhoùug we;s yelshdj iSud lrhs' tu`.ska rdcH b;=reï my;

jefgk w;r wdfhdack iSud lsÍï yd wh jeh ys`.h mq¿,a ùu isÿ fõ'

wdfhdack ^m%d.aOk& úhofï we;=<;a uQ¾; j;alï w;am;a lr .ekSfï

úhou hkq uOHu rch úiska iDcq j u m%d.aOk iïmdokhg wdfhdackh

lrk uqo,a m%udKh hs'

ksoiqka ( wêfõ.S ud¾. bÈ lsÍu i|yd uOHu rch úiska uqo,a fjka lsÍu

74

úúO rdcH wdh;khkag" ixia:djkag m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g m%d.aOk

iïmdokh i|yd ,nd fok kej; wdmiq ,nd fkd.kakd uqo,a m%d.aOk

mejreï f,i ye¢kafõ'

ksoiqka ( mdi,a f.dvkeÕs,s bÈ lsÍu i|yd uOHu rch úiska m<d;a

iNdj,g uqo,a ,nd Èu

wod< j¾Ih i|yd weia;fïka;= lrk ,o m%d.aOk úhoï uq¿ukska u jeh

lsÍug yelshdjla fkdue;s hehs wfmalaId flfrk úg m%d.aOk úhoï

fYaIhka úhoï weia;fïka;=j,g we;=<;a lrk w;r th W!k úhoï

jYfhka ye¢kafõ'

W!k úhoï u.ska m%d.aOk úhoï wvq fldg olajk w;r" rdcH whNdrfhka

wfmalaIs; úhoï mshjd .ekSug w;sYhska u ÿIalr jk wjia:dj, § o

whjeh ys`.h wvqfjka fmkakqï lsÍfï Wmdh ud¾.hla jYfhka W!k

úhoï fYaI úhoï weia;fïka;=j,g we;=<;a flf¾'

wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKhg wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH úhoï ixhq;sh my; ±lafõ'

wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKhg wkqj rdcH úhou iy Y=oaO Kh §ï

YS¾Ih 2014 2015 2016

^re'ñ,shk& ^re' ñ,shk& ;djld,sl

^re' ñ,shk&

mqkrdj¾;k úhoï 1"322"898 1"701"658 1"757"782

NdKav yd fiajd úhoï 568"829 72"563 746"250

fmd<S f.ùï 436"395 509"674 610"895

j¾;k mejreï yd iykdOdr 317"674 419"420 400"637

m%d.aOk úhoï 459"855 588"175 577"036

uQ¾; j;alï w;am;a lr .ekSï 252"303 313"260 328"202

m%d.aOk mejreï 207"551 274"916 248"834

wdmiq f.ùï wvq l< miq Kh §ï 13"112 561 -934

uq¿ úhoï iy Y=oaO Kh §ï 1"795"865 2"290"394 2"333"883

75

rdcH úhoï Wmk;s my; i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

flá ld,Sk jYfhka rdcH úhofï ±ä wkuHYS,S njla oelsh yels

ùu

rdch úhofuka 60] l muK m%udKhla fmd<S f.ùï" jegqma yd

ixl%du úhoïj,ska iukaú; ùu

ixl%du úhoïj,ska 2$3la muK úY%du jegqmaj,ska iukaú; ùu

Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u yuqodfjka 13]la muK rdcH fiajlhka ùu ksid

jegqma i|yd ork úhou by< hdu

^uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

rdcH úhoïj, m%;súmdl my; i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

j¾;k úhoï by< hdu ksid rdcH b;=reï my; jeàu

rdcH wdfhdack iSud ùu

whjeh ys`.h úYd, ùu ksid rcfha Kh .ekSï by< hdu

rdcH úhoï mshùu i|yd Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid fm!oa.,sl wxYhg

,nd fok Kh uqo,a m%udKh iSud ùu yd fjf<|fmd< Kh fmd<S

wkqmd;slh by< hdu ksid fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdfhdack my; jeàu

f.jqï fYaI .eg¨ we;s ùu

76



ksmqK;dj 8'6 ( rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhl iajrEmh yd wh jeh m%;sm;a;s

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

rdcH wh jeh f,aLkh w¾: olajhs'

ys`." w;sßla; yd ;=,s; wh jeh bÈßm;a lrhs'

rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhl wdlD;sh bÈßm;a lrhs'

j¾;k .sKqfï w;sßla;hl jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'

m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

Y%S ,xld rcfha Y=oaO uq,H ys`.h yd iuia; fYaIh w;r fjki meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

m%idrKd;aul rdcH wh jeh m%;sm;a;s úia;r lrhs'

ixfldapkd;aul rdcH wh jeh m%;sm;a;s úia;r lrhs'


bÈß j¾Ih ;=< rcfha lghq;= i|yd ±Íug wfmalaIs; úhou;a tlS úhoï

mshjd .ekSu i|yd uqo,a imhd .kakd ud¾.;a md¾,sfïka;=j fj; bÈßm;a

lr iïu; lr .kakd jd¾;dj rdcH wh jeh f,aLkh fõ'

th wdKavqfõ bÈß uqo,a ie,eiau jk w;r wdKavqjl bÈß ±lau yd l%shdud¾.

ms<sìUq lrk jeo.;a ,shú,a,la f,i o i|yka l< yels h'

rdcH wh jeh f,aLkh yd iïnkaO j úi¾ck flgqïm; kñka mK;la

mj;S'

úi¾ck flgqïm; hkq bÈß j¾Ih i|yd ±Íug wfmalaIs; úhoï

fomd¾;fïka;= yd wud;HdxY jYfhka fjka fldg" ,nd .ekSu wfmalaId

lrk wh ud¾. i|yka fldg wdodhï úhoï w;r mr;rhla mj;S kï th

uQ,Hkh lrk wdldrh;a ±lafjk flgqïm;ls'

úi¾ck mK; iïu; jQjdg miqj;a lsishï wud;HdxYhg w¨;ska uqo,a

wjYH;djla mek keÕ=Kq úg ta i|yd md¾,sfïka;= wkqu;sh ,nd .ekSug

wod< weu;sjrhd úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk weia;fïka;=j mßmQrl

weia;fïka;=j kñka ye¢kafõ'

77

lsishï wkfmalaIs; isÿùula ksid hqoaOuh ;;a;aj" ue;sjrK jeks& kshñ;

ld,hg md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a fldg iïu; lr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a

jk wjia:djl th iïu; lr .kakd f;la bÈß uqo,a j¾Ih i|yd ta ta

wud;HdxY úiska ±ßh hq;= úhoï rcfha taldnoaO wruqo,ska fjka lr

.ekSu i|yd ;djld,sl jYfhka bÈßm;a l< hq;= jeh f,aLkh w;=re

iïu; .sKqu kñka ye¢kafõ'

w;=re iïu; .sKqfuys ±lafjkafka jeh fhdackd muKla fyhska tys

w;sßla;hla fyda ys`.hla fyda fkdue;'

tfia u w;=re iïu; .sKqu udi 03la fyda 04la jeks flá ld,hla i|yd

bÈßm;a jkakla jk w;r w¨;a m%;sm;a;s jHdmD;s lsisjla tys we;=<;a

fkdfõ'

w;=re wh jehla hkak w;=re iïu; .sKqfuka fjkia jQjls'

w;=re wh jehla hkq jeh fhdackd muKla fkdj wh fhdackd o we;+<;a

iïmQ¾K wh jeh f,aLkhls'

w;=re wh jehla f,i y÷kajkafka" tla wdKavqjla n,hg m;a j isáh §

bÈßm;a lrk ,o wh jeh f,aLkh iïu; j ;sìh oS Bg miq j n,hg

m;a jk wdKavqjla ;ukag wjYH ixfYdaOk we;=<;a fldg kej; bÈßm;a

lrk wh jeh f,aLkhls'

rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhla yd fm!oa.,sl wh jeh f,aLkhla w;r fjkila

mj;S'

fm!oa.,sl wh jeh f,aLkhl § m<uq j wh ud¾. i|yka fldg ta wkqj

úhoï ie,iqï lr;s'

tfy;a rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhl § m<uq j ±Íug wfmalaIs; úhoï

weia;fïka;= fldg miq j tu úhoï mshjd .ekSu i|yd wjYH wh ud¾.

;SrKh lrhs'

rdcH wh jeh f,aLkhloS o rdcH wdodhï yd rdcH úhoï .e<mSfuka wh

jeh fYaIh ,nd .kakd w;r tu wh jeh fYaIfhys iajNdjh wkqj m%Odk

whjeh ixl,am ;=kla y÷kd .; yels h'

1' ys`. wh jeh

2' w;sßla; wh jeh

3' ;=,s; wh jeh

rdcH wdodhug jvd rdcH úhou jeä kï th ys`. wh jehls'

rdcH wdodhug jvd rdcH úhou wvq kï th w;sßla; wh jehls'

rdcH wdodhï yd rdcH úhoï iudk uÜgul mj;S kï th ;=,s; wh jeh

;;a;ajhls'

78

l,ams; o;a; we;=<;a rdcH whjeh f,aLkhl wdlD;shla my; ±lafõ'

rdcH whjeh f,aLkh

YS¾Ih remsh,a ñ,shk

uq¿ wdodhu yd m%odk 1"70"000

uq¿ wdodhu 1"65"000

nÿ wdodhu 1"50"000

nÿ fkdjk wdodhu 15"000

m%odk 5"000

úhoï yd wdmiq f.ùï wvq l< miq Kh §ï 2"00"000

mqkrdj¾;k (fmd<S f.ùï 21 000& 1"75"000

m%d.aOk yd Y=oaO Kh §ï 25"000

(rdcH wdfhdack 20"000&

j¾;k .sKqfï w;sß;alh (+/ ys`.h ^-& -10"000

m%d:ñl .sKqfï w;sßla;h (+/ ys`.h ^-& - 9"000

iuia; whjeh w;sßla;h (+/ ys`.h ^-& - 30"000

rdcH whjehl iajNdjh mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels ñkqï lsysmhls'

tajd kï

j¾;k .sKqfï fYaIh

iuia; .sKqfï fYaIh

m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh

Y=oaO uQ,H ys`.h

j¾;k .sKqfï fYaIh hkafkka woyia jkafka wdKavqfõ uq¿ whNdrfhka

^m%odk ,eîï yer& mqkrdj¾;k ^j¾;k& úhoï wvq l< miq b;sß jk

fYaIh hs'

by; wh jeh wdlD;shg wkqj

uqq¿ wdodhu } 1"65"000

mqkrdj¾;k úhoï } 1"75"000

j¾;k .sKqfï fYaIh } 1"65"000 - 1"75"000

} -10"000

iuia; fYaIh hkafkka woyia jkafka wdKavqfõ uq¿ whNdrfhka m%odk

,eîï we;=¿ j& mqkrdj¾;k iy m%d.aOk úhoïj,ska iukaú; wdKavqfõ

uq¿ úhoï wvq l< miq b;sß jk fYaIh hs'

79

uq¿ whNdrh } 1"70"000

úhoï yd wdmiq f.ùï wvq l<

miq Kh §ï ^uq¿ úhoï& } 2"0"000

iuia; fYaIh } 1"70"000 - 20"000

} - 30"000

m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh hkafkka woyia jkafka wdKavqfõ uqq¿ whNdrfhka

^m%odk ,eîï we;=¿ j & rdcH Kh i|yd f.jQ fmd<S úhoï we;=<;a fkdjQ

mqkrdj¾;k úhou;a" m%d.aOk úhou;a hk ixrpl folska iukaú; jQ

wdKavqfõ úhoï wvq l< miq b;sß jk fYaIh hs&

iuia; fYaIfhka fmd<S f.ùï wvq lsÍu ;=<ska o m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh

,nd .; yels h'

m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh } iuia; .sKqfï fYaIh - fmd<S f.ùï

m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh } -30"000 -^-21"000& } -9"000

fï ksid iuia; .sKqfï fYaIh iy m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh w;r fjki

rdcH Kh i|yd f.jQ fmd<S úhoïj,g iudk fõ'

by; wdlD;shg wkqj

iuia; .sKqfï fYaIh } -30"000

m%d:ñl .sKqfï fYaIh } -9"000

} -30" 000 - ^-9"000&

fmd<S f.ùï } - 21 000

Y=oaO uQ,H ys`.h hkafkka woyia jkafka wdKavqfõ uq¿ whNdrfhka

^m%odk ,eîï we;=¿ j& Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï wvq l< miq rcfha uq¿

úhou;a w;r fjki hs tkï" Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï we;=<;a fkdfldg

.Kkh lrkq ,nk wh jeh ys`.h hs&'

ksoiqka ( uq¿ whNdrh re' ñ' 5 000

^§ukd ,eîï o we;=¿ j &

rcfha uq¿ úhoï re' ñ' 6 100

iuia; whjeh fYaIh ^re'ñ' 5 000 - 6 100& re' ñ' - 1 100

Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï } re' ñ' 500

Y=oaO jQ uQ,H ys`.h } -1 100 - ^-500&

80

} re'ñ' 600

fï wkqj rcfha Y=oaO uQ,H ys`.h iy iuia; whjeh fYaIh w;r fjki

jkafka Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï h'

^wdKavqfõ úhoï ms<sn| wd¾Ól j¾.SlrKhg wkqj rdcH Kh jdßl

wdmiq f.ùï wdKavqfõ m%d.aOk úhou we;=<;a fkdflf¾' thg fya;=j

tu úhou wod< j¾Ifha lrk ,o úhoula fya;= fldg f.k yg.;a

f.ùula fkdùu h' tfy;a wdKavqfõ úhou .sKqïlrK m%fõYh Tiafia

igyka lsÍfï § foaYSh yd úfoaYSh Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùfï m%d.aOk

úhoï hgf;a we;=<;a flf¾' fï ksid Y=oaO uQ,H ys`.h .Kkh lsÍu

i|yd iuia; wh jeh fYaIfhka Kh jdßl wdmiq f.ùï wvq lrkq

,efí&'

rdcH wh jeh m%;sm;a;s iajrEm folls'

1' m%idrKd;aul whjeh m%;sm;a;s

2' ixfldapkd;aul wh jeh m%;sm;a;s

whjeh ys`.h mshùug ,nd .kakd rdcH Kh u.ska rfÜ uqo,a iemhqu jeä

ù ñ, uÜgï by< hdu ;=<ska WoaOukd;aul ;;a;ajhla we;s fõ kï th

m%idrKd;aul wh jeh m%;sm;a;shla f,i ie,fla'

ksoiqk (

rch uy nexl=fjka Kh ,nd .ekSu

rch jdKsc nexl=j,ska Kh ,nd .ekSu

rchlauy nexl=fjka yd jdKsc nexl=j,ska Kh ,nd f.k wh jeh ys`.h

mshùfï § rfÜ uqo,a iemhqu m%idrKh fõ'

fï ksid iuia; wdodhug jvd iuia; úhou by< f.dia WoaOukd;aul

;;a;ajhla yg .kS'

wh jeh f,aLkfha ys`.h mshjd .ekSu i|yd ,nd .kakd rdcH Kh u.ska

uqo,a iemhqfuys jeä ùula isÿ fkdfõ kï th ixfldapkd;aul wh jeh

m%;sm;a;shla f,i ie,fla'

cd;sl b;sß lsÍfï nexl=fjka Kh ,nd .ekSu

fiajl w¾: idOl wruqof,ka Kh ,nd .ekSu

uyck;djf.ka Kh ,nd .ekSu

fujeks Kh ,nd .ekSu ;=<ska rfÜ uqo,a iemhqfuys jeä ùula isÿ

fkdfõ' tys § tu wdh;k fyda mqoa.,hska fyda i;= j mj;sk uqo,a

m%udKhla rdcH Kh jYfhka ,nd §u isÿ fõ'

fï ksid WoaOukldÍ ;;a;ajhla yg fkd.kS'

81



ksmqK;dj 8'7 ( rch wh jeh ys`.h mshùu yd rdcH Kfhys ixhq;sh úuihs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

wh jeh ys`.h mshùu i|yd fhdod .kakd uQ,dY% fjka lr bÈßm;a lrhs'

wh jeh ys`.h mshùfï foaYSh yd úfoaYSh uQ,dY%j, m%;súmdl úia;r

lrhs'

rdcH Kfhys ixhq;sh bÈßm;a lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ Khj, Wmk;s uy nexl= uQ,dY% o;a; u.ska bÈßm;a lrhs'

foaYSh Kh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSfï § we;s jk .eg¨ úia;r lrhs'

rdcH Kh by< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úuid n,hs'


bÈß j¾Ihla ;=< wdKavqfõ wfmalaIs; wdodhug jvd tu j¾Ih ;=<

úhoï lsßug wfmalaIs; uq¿ úhou blaujd hk wjia:d mj;S' wdKavqfõ

wdodhug jvd wdKavqfõ úhou blaujd hk úg we;s jk wh jeh ys`.h

uQ,Hhkh lsÍug fhdod .kakd m%Odk uQ,dY%h jkafka rdcH Kh .ekSu

fõ'

uE; j¾Ij, Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavqj wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍug fhdod

.kakd uQ,dY% my; ±lafjk .e,Sï igykska bÈßm;a lr we;'

rdcH Kh ,nd .kakd uQ,dY%

foaYSh Kh úfoaYSh Kh

fjf<|fmd< fjf<|fmd< jHdmD;s Kh jHdmD;s

fkdjk fkdjk Kh

nexl= wxYh nexl= fkdjk wxYh

uy nexl= jdKsc cd;sl b;sß fiajl rlaIK wdh;k

nexl= lsÍfï w¾: idOl$

nexl=j úY%dñl wruqo,

82

wh jeh ys`.h uq,Hhkh lsÍug Kh ,nd .kakd m%Odk uQ,dY% folls'

foaYSh uQ,dY%h

úfoaYSh uQ,dY%h

foaYSh uQ,dY% kej; fldgia folls'

fjf<|fmd< uQ,dY%

fjf<|fmd< fkdjk uQ,dY%

wdKavqj uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ;=<ska NdKavd.dr ì,am;a" ms<sKm;a" remsh,a

Kh iq/l=ïm;a wd§ uQ,H WmlrK Ndú; lrñka Kh ,nd .kafka

kï th fjf<|fmd< uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSula f,i y÷kajkq

,efí'

foaYSh fjf<|fmd< uQ,dY% kej; fldgia follg fnod fjka l< yels

h'

nexl= l%ufhka ,nd .kakd Kh

nexl= fkdjk uQ,dY% u.ska ,nd .kakd Kh

uy nexl=j we;=¿ fjk;a jdKsc nexl= u.ska ,nd .kakd Kh nexl=

l%ufhka ,nd .kakd Kh f,i y÷kajhs' nexl= l%ufhka ,nd .kakd Kh

WoaOukldÍ uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu f,i o th y÷kajhs' uy nexl=j

we;=¿ jdKsc nexl= u.ska whjeh ys`.h mshùug Kh ,nd .kakd úg

wd¾Ólfha uQ,H m%idrKhla isÿ fõ'

cd;sl b;sß lsÍfï nexl=j" ixj¾Ok nexl=" rlaIK iud.ï" fiajl

w¾:idOl wruqo, jeks jdKsc nexl= fkdjk Kh ueùfï yelshdjla

ke;s wdh;kj,ska Kh ,nd .ekSu nexl= fkdjk Kh ,nd .ekSï f,i

y÷kajhs'

nexl= fkdjk uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid uqo,a ueùula isÿ fkdjk

neúka uqo,a iemhqug n,mEula we;s fkdfõ'

fjf<|fmd< fkdjk uQ,dY% f,i y\qkajkafka wdKavqfõ wdh;k ;=<

we;s ;ekam;= yd w;sßla; wruqo,a ;djld,sl j wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh

lsÍug ,nd .ekSu hs' tjeks ;djld,sl j ,nd .kakd wruqo,a lsysmhls'

mßmd,k Kh

NdKavd.drfha ;ekam;= uy nexl= w;a;sldrï&

úúO ;ekam;=

83

wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍu i|yd úfoaYSh uQ,dY% u.ska iïm;a ,nd

.kakd uQ,dY% folls'

úfoaYSh Kh

úfoaYSh §ukd

wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍu i|yd úfoaYSh §ukdj,g jvd úfoaYSh Kh

jeä jeo.;alula mj;S'

wh jeh ys`.h mshùu i|yd úfoaYSh rchlska" wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H

wdh;kj,ska fyda cd;Hka;r fjf<|fmd<j,ska ,nd .kakd Kh úfoaYSh

Kh uQ,dY% f,i ye¢kafõ' fuf,i ,efnk Kh mj;sk Kh fldkafoaisj,

iajrEmh wkqj iykodhs Kh yd iykodhs fkdjk Kh jYfhka fjka

flf¾'

iykodhs Khj, § fldkafoais rys; j fyda b;d wvq fmd<shla hgf;a fyda

Kh f.ùfï úrdu ld,hla ,nd § fyda tu Kh ,nd fohs'

iykodhs fkdjk Kh jdKsc Kh f,i y÷kajhs' by< fmd<S msßjehla yd

úúO fldkafoais hgf;a ,nd .kakd Kh iykodhs fkdjk Kh f,i

ye¢kaúh yels h'

foaYSh Kh yd úfoaYSh Kh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg

n,mdk wdldrh rdcH Khj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl f,i y÷kajhs' wh jeh

ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍug fhdod .kakd Kh uQ,dY%j, iajNdjh u; tu

m%;súmdl ;SrKh fõ'

wh jeh ys`.h wLKav j bÈßhg hdu yd rdcH Kh by< hdu ksid

wd¾Ólfha whym;a m%;súmdl folla we;s lrhs'

fjf<|fmd< fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hdu

fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdfhdackh i|yd foaYSh uQ,H iïm;aj, ys`.hla

we;s ùu

wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍu i|yd wdKavqj uQ,H fjf<|fmdf<ka Kh

,nd .ekSu;a fm!oa.,sl wxYh jdKsc nexl=j,ska Kh b,a,Su;a fya;=fjka

we;s jk ;r.ldÍ nj ksid Kh fmd<S wkqmd;sh by< hhs' uy nexl=j

we;=¿ jdKsc nexl= uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu wd¾Ólfha whym;a

m%;súmdl ,nd fohs'

iSñ; uQ,H iïm;a m%udKhla i|yd rdcH wxYh iy fm!oa.,sl wxYh

w;r ;r.ldÍ nj we;s ùfuka fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdfhdackh ÿ¾j, fõ'

tjeks whym;a m%;súmdl we;s jkafka jdKsc nexl= yd uy nexl=j

WoaOukldÍ uQ,dY% ùu ksid h'

84

fjf<|fmd< fkdjk uQ,dY% u.ska wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍug Kh

,nd .ekSfuka tjeks whym;a m%;súmdl we;s fkdfõ'

ksoiqka ( rcfha wdh;k i;= j we;s w;sßla; uqo,a ixÑ;hka j¾I wjidkfha

wh jeh ys`.h mshùug fhdod .ekSu mßmd,k Kh fõ' fuu.ska

uQ,H m%idrKhla we;s fkdjk w;r WoaOukldÍ n,mEï we;s

fkdfõ'

úfoaYSh Kh yd m%odk ksid o wd¾Ólfha uQ,H m%idrKhla we;s úh yels

h' úfoaYSh uQ,dY% wh jeh ys`.h uQ,Hhkh lsÍug fhdod .ekSu ksid

úfoaYSh j;alï m%udKh by< hdfuka uqo,a iemhqu flfrys m%idrKd;aul

n,mEï we;s lrk w;r úfoaYSh Kh iy §ukd foaYSh uqo,aj,g mßj¾;kh

lsßfuka o wd¾Ólfha m%idrKd;aul n,mEï we;s úh yels h'

uE; ld,Sk j rdcH Khys ixhq;sh my; ±lafjk ixLHd igyk

úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h'

YS¾Ih j¾Ih

2014 2015

Kh WmlrK wkqj

NdKavd.dr ne+÷ïlr 2 8444 054 3 305 248

NdKavd.dr ì,am;a 694 767 658 240

remsh,a Kh 55 518 24 088

uy nexl= w;a;sldrï 143 898 151 132

Y%S ,xld ixj¾Ok ne÷ïlr 391 083 68 458

wfkl=;a 148 463 1 520 331

uq¿ Kh 4 277 783 4 959 196

wdh;k wkqj

nexl= wxYh 1 669 882 1 924 036

uy nexl=j 267 777 156 050

jdKsc nexl= 1 402 205 1 667 986

nexl= fkdjk wxYh 2 607 901 3 035 160

w¾: idOl yd úY%dñl wruqo, 1 474 560 1 655 336

b;sß lsÍï wdh;k 379 877 428 236

mßmd,k Kh 221 584 252 615

fm!oa.,sl jHdmdßl wxYh 500 773 656 367

wfkl=;a 570 570

uq¿ Kh 4 277 783 4 959 196

uQ,dY%h ( uy nexl= jd¾;dj - 2016 &

85

by; ixLHd igyfka f;dr;=re wkqj rdcH Kh ixhq;sh úYaf,aIKh

lsÍfï § rdcH Kh WmlrK ms<snò i,ld ne,Sffï § NdKavd.dr

ne÷ïlr u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu jeä jYfhka isÿ lr we;'

wdh;k wkqj ,nd .ekSu i,lk úg nexl= wxYhg jvd nexl= fkdjk

wxYfhka Kh ,nd .ekSu by< odhl;ajhla f.k we;'

nexl= fkdjk wxYh ;=< w¾:idOl iy úY%dñl wruqof,ka Kh ,nd

.ekSu by< u w.hla f.k we;' 2016 j¾Ih jk úg § tu wxYfhka Kh

,nd .ekSu j¾Okh ù we;'

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;hla f,i foaYSh Kh 2015 j¾Ifha § 44'3]

la jk w;r úfoaYSh Kh 31'7] la muK ù we;' 2015 j¾Ifha § úfoaYSh

Kh m%udKh 2000 j¾Ihg jvd wvq ùula fmkakqï lrhs' ûy nexl=fõ

ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

iykodhs úfoaYSh Kh by< w.hla fmkakqï lrk w;r jdKsc Kh o

by< j¾Okhla fmkakqï lrhs' my; ±lafjk ixLHd igykska th meyeÈs,s

fõ'

YS¾Ih 2015

Kh j¾.h wkqj 1 729 895

iykodhs fkdjk Kh 507 047

jdKsc Kh 1 307 089

uq¿ úfoaYSh Kh 3 544 031

ûy nexl=fõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

Y%S ,xldj ,nd f.k we;s uq¿ Kh 2016 j¾Ih jk úg by< j¾Okhla

fmkakqï l< w;r th o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;hla f,i 2000

j¾Ihg jvd wvq ù we;' my; ±lafjk ixLHd j.=fjka th meyeÈ,s fõ'

j¾Ih uq¿ rdcH Kh

^re' ñ,shk&

2000 1 218 700 - 9'5 96'9

2005 222 241 - 7'0 90'6

2008 3 588 962 - 7'0 81'4

2009 461 422 - 9'9 86'2

2010 4 590 245 - 7'0 71'6

2013 4 590 245 - 5'4 70'8

2014 7 390 899 - 5'7 70'7

2015 8 503 227 - 7'4 76'0

uQ,dY%h ( uy nexl= jd¾;dj

ûy nexl=fõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag ,nd fokak'&

û q¿ rdcH Kh o<fo aY Sh ksI amdÈ;fham%;sY;hla f,i&

iuia; whjeh o<foaYSh ksI amdÈ;fham%;sY;hla f,i&

86

Y%S ,xldfõ iuia; whjeh ys`.h iy uq¿ rdcH Kh iïnkaO;djla

fmkakqï lrhs' iuia; wh jeh ys`.h by< uÜgul mj;sk úg uq¿ rdcH

Kh m%udKh by< hk w;r wh jeh ys`.h my< hk úg uq¿ rdcH Kh

m%udKh my< hdula fmkakqï lrhs'

uq¿ rdcH Kh by< w.hla fmkakqï l< o th o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha

m%;sY;hla f,i wvq ùula fmkakqï lsÍug fya;=j wd¾Ólfha o< foaYSh

ksIamdÈ;h 2000 j¾Ihg jvd 2016 j¾Ih jk úg by< j¾Okhla fmkakqï

lsÍu hs'

th 2012 j¾Ifha § 96'8la jk w;r 2015 j¾Ifha § 90'6 olajd wvq ùula

fmkakqï lrhs'

foaYSh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid we;s jk .eg¨ lsysmhls'

foaYSh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu by< uÜgul mej;Su;a foaYSh Kh

m%udKh by< hdu;a ksid f.ùug isÿ jk fmd<sh by< w.hla f.k we;'

foaYSh Kh fmd<S f.ùu mqkrdj¾;k úhofï m%;sY;hla f,i my;

oelafõ'

j¾Ih 2010 2012 2013 204 2015

foaYSh Kh fmd,S f.ùï - 28'1] 29'4] 24'8] 23'2]

^uy nexl=fõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

foaYSh Kh i|yd fmd<S f.ùï mqkrdj¾;k úhoï by< hdug fya;= ù we;'

th j¾;k .sKqfï ys`.hla we;s ù rdcH b;=reï my< hdug fya;= fõ'

foaYSh Kh uQ,dY% w;ßka nexl= wxYfhka Kh ,nd .ekSu u.ska uqo,a

iemhqï m%idrKd;aul n,mEï we;s lrhs' ta ksid NdKavj, yd fiajdj,

ñ, .Kka by< hdu ksid wd¾Ólfha WoaOukldÍ ;;a;ajhla we;s fõ'

foaYSh Kh by< hdu;a nexl= uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu;a ksid

fm!oa.,sl wxYh jdKsc nexl= fj;ska Kh b,a¨ï lsÍfuka wd¾Ólfha

fmd<S wkqmd;slh by< hdu flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs'

rdcH Kh ,nd .ekSfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl lsysmhla my; ±la fõ'

úYd, jYfhka Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid fmd<S f.ùï by< hdu fya;=fjka

rdcH b;=reï my< hdu iy wdfhdackh my< hdu

rdcH Kh by< hdu ksid Kh jdßl iy fmd<sh by< hdu fya;=fjka

rdcH úhoï by< hdu

rdcH uQ,H l<ukdlrKh jvd;a ÿIalr ùu

87

fm!oa.,sl wxYh fj;ska iïm;a .,d fkdhdu iy Kh fmd<S

wkqmd;slh by< hdu fya;=fjka wd¾Ólfha f;rmSula we;s ùu f;rmqï

m%;smdlh&

úfoaY Kh u.ska rdcH Kh mshùu fya;=fjka cd;Hka;r Kh

w¾nQohlg uqyqK §ug isÿ ùu

m%idrKd;aul Kh uQ,dY% u.ska Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid wd¾Ólfha

NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, .Kka by< hdu

úfoaY Kh jdßl yd fmd<sh by< hdfuka f.jqï fYaI ÿIalr;d we;s

ùu

j¾;udk mrïmrdj úiska wkd.; mrïmrdj fj; Kh nr megùu

88



ksmqK;dj 8'8 ( iemhqï md¾Yajfha m%;sm;a;s yd l%shdud¾. Y%S ,xldj weiqfrka

úuiSug ,la lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

iemhqï md¾Yajfha wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s w¾: olajhs'

iemhqï md¾Yajfha wd¾Ól m%;s;a;sj, WmlrK kï lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ iemhqï md¾Yajfha wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s fhdod .kakd wdldrh

ksoiqka iys; j úia;r lrhs'

iemhqï md¾Yajfha m%;sm;a;sj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úuihs'


iemhqï md¾Yajfha m%;sm;a;s hkq iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHd;aul rdcH uQ,H

m%;sm;a;s jk w;r tajd u.ska wfmalaId lrkqfha fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólfha

ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu ;=<ska wd¾Ól jDoaêh fõ.j;a lsÍu hs'

iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrk úg wdfhdackh jeä ùu iy

ksIamdok msßjeh wvq ù ksIamdok idOlj, M,odhs;dj o jeä ùug fya;=

fõ' m%Odk id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka wfmalaIs; uÜgï lrd f.k taug

iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;sh u.ska lghq;= lrkq ,efí'

iemhqï md¾Yajfha wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sj, WmlrK lssysmhls'

nÿ m%;sixialrK

fm!oa.,SlrKh

kshdukyrKh

Y%u fjf<|fmd< m%;sixialrK

m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< m%;sixialrK

ksIamdokh by< kexùug wkqn,hla ,efnk fia nÿ l%ufhys fjkialï

we;s lsÍu nÿ m%;sixialrK f,i ye¢kafõ'

fjf<|fmd< l%shdldß;ajhg nÿ wh lsÍu u.ska hï hï n,mEï we;s

lrkq ,nhs'

89

nÿ fya;=fjka ksIamdokfhaa mßfNdackfhaa wdfhdackfhka b;sßlsßïj,;a

m%Yia; uÜgug <`.d úh fkdyels fõ'

Y%u fjf<|fmd< we;s oDV;djka bj;a jk wdldrfhka Y%u b,a¨u yd Y%u

iemhqu iïnkaOfhka fjkialï we;s lsÍu Y%u fjf<|fmd<

m%;sixialrKh f,i ye¢kafõ'

ksoiqka (

mSvdldrS lïlre kS;s bj;a lsÍu

;r.ldÍ Y%u fjf<|fmd<la ìys ùu

ta ta jD;a;Ska i|yd mqyqKq ùï ms<sn| j ±kqïj;a lsÍu

wvq iqÿiqlï we;s jD;a;Suh fiajlhska n|jd fkd.ekSu wdÈh hï lsis

iSudjlg hg;a j wys;lr m%;súmdl wju jk wdldrhg fhdod .; hq;=

fõ'

Y%u fjf<|fmd< iïnkaOfhka lïlre yd jD;a;Sh iñ;s iïnkaaO;d

wud;HdxYh úiska jev igyka .Kkdjla ls%hd;aul lrk ,§' fiajlhkaf.a

wju cd;sl fõ;k mk; hgf;a 2016 isg wju jegqm re' 10 000 la f,i

kS;s.; lsÍu" úfoaY /lshd i|yd hk whf.a Ys,amSh ksmqK;d j¾Okh

lsÍfï jev igyka ieliSu" ueo fmrÈ. yer fjk;a l,dm b,lal lr

.ekSu ;=<ska Y%u fjf<|fmd<la we;s lr .ekSu" Y%ñlhka mqyqKq lsÍu wd§

jev igyka l%shd;aul fõ'

rcfha ysñldß;ajh hgf;a mej;s jHdmdr fm!oa.,sl wxYhg úlsKSu" nÿ

§u" l<ukdlrKh muKla mejßu fm!oa.,SlrKh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

ta ;+<ska my; i|yka ys;lr ;;a;ajhka <`.d lr .; yels h'

jvd;a M,odhs f,i ksIamdok iïm;a ksIamdok lghq;=j,g fhoùfuka

ksIamdokh id¾:l ùu

rdcH taldêldrh wfydais ù ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<la ìys ùu

ksIamdÈ;j, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh by< hdu

m%d.aOk ys`.hg ms<shula ùu

jHdmdrj,g flfrk foaYmd,k n,mEï bj;a ùu

Y%S ,xldfõ miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< rdcH ysñldß;ajh hgf;a mej;s rdcH

ixia:d rdcH iud.ï fm!oa.,SlrKh ;=<ska by; lreK wfmalaId flrsKs'

tu.ska id¾:l;ajhla ,enQ wdh;k fuka u wld¾hlaIu jQ wdh;k o

olakg úh'

wd¾Ólhg ;r.ldÍ;ajh wvq ùug n,mdk kS;sfhka mkjk ,o yd iudÔh

f,i we;s ù ;sfnk fr.=,dis yd ndOd bj;a lsÍu kshdukyrKh hs'

90

ksoiqka (

jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍu iïnkaO j mj;sk ±ä kS;sÍ;s ,sys,a lsÍu

ksoyia fjf<|dug ndOd jk wdldrfha rcfha ±ä wëlaIKh wvq lsÍu

ksIamdok by< kxjd .ekSu i|yd ndOdjla j mj;sk m%d.aOk ys`.h

úi|d.; yels wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍu m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< m%;sixialrKh

f,i ie,lsh yels h'

ksoiqka (

m%d.aOkfha M,odhs;dj kexùu

Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack Èßu;a lsÍu

iykodhs fldkafoais u; úfoaY Kh ,nd .ekSu

b;sß lsÍï jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu

miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< rdcH iq/l=ïm;a fjf<|fmdf<ys m%d:ñl

fjf<÷kaf.a jHdmdr YS>%fhka m%idrKh jQj o fufyhqï lghq;=j, iq¿

ld¾h idOkhla fmkakqï lrk ,os'

by; m%;sixialrK ;=<ska wdfhdack jeä ù ksIamdokh by< hdu ys;lr

;;a;ajhla fõ' tfia u wys;lr ;;a;ajhka o Wod úh yels h'

ksoiqka (

úfoaY wdfhdack jeä lsßu ;=<ska ,dN yd ,dNdxY úfoaY rgj,g we§

hdu

úfoaY Kh ,nd .ekSu ksid Kh jdßl yd fmd<sh f,i úYd, uqo,a

jeh ùu'

rdcH j¾;k úhoï wvq ùu iudc Y=NNidOkhg wys;lr ùu

iemhqu m%j¾Ok m%;sixialrK f,i by; m%;sixialrKhka fhdod

.ekSfï § wys;lr m%;sM, wju jk wkaoug fhdod .; hq;= fõ'

91

ksmqK;dj 09 ( úfoaY fjf<|dfï kHdhd;aul moku ú.%y lrñka úfoaY fjf<|du

Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu .fõIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;dj 9'1 ( wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ idOl úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 10

bf.kqï m, (

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du w¾: olajhs'

wka;a¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh w¾: olajhs'

ta ta rgg ksrfmalaI jdis ,efnk wdlrh ixLHd ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

ksrfmalaI jdis yg .ekSug fya;= olajhs'

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jQ idfmalaI jdis kHdhh w¾: olajhs'

idfmalaI jdis kHdhh mokï jk Wml,amk olajhs'

ixLHd ksoiqka fhdod .ksñka idfmalaI jdis ,efnk wdldrh meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;slh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug m%fõY ùu i|yd wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhs

ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h .Kkh lrhs'

idfmalaI jdis yg .kakd uQ,dY% ^fya;=& i|yka lrhs'

;r.ldrs;ajfha jdish wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï § we;s jk iaÓ;sl jdis yd .;sl jdis meyeÈ,s

lrhs'


cmdkh Y%S ,xldfjka we.¨ï ñ, § .ekSug iy Y%S ,xldj cmdkfhka

fudag¾ r: ñ, § .ekSug fya;= isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

cmdkh fudag¾ r: ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka Y%S ,xldjg jvd jeä

ld¾hlaIu;djla olajk w;r we.¨ï ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka wvq

ld¾hlaIu;djla Wiq,hs'

Y%S ,xldj we.¨ï ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka jeä ld¾hlaIu;djla

Wiq,k w;r fudag¾ r: ksIamdokh iïnkaOfhka wvq ld¾hlaIu;djla

Wiq,hs'

92

fï ksid Y%S ,xldj jeä jYfhka we.¨ï ksIamdokh lr cmdkhg

wf,ú lr cmdkfhka fudag¾ r: ñ, § .kS'

cmdkh jeä jYfhka fudag¾ r: ksIamdokh lr Y%S ,xldjg wf,ú lr

Y%S ,xldfjka we.¨ï ñ, § .kS'

fï wdldrhg rg rgj,a w;r wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du isÿ fõ'




f,dalfha lsishï rgla ;j;a rgla fyda rgj,a lsysmhla fyda iu`. fyda

NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre lr .ekSu úfoaY fjf<|du fyj;a wka;¾cd;sl

fjf<|du f,i ye¢kafõ'

wmkhk fjf<|du yd wdkhk fjf<|du f,i wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du

m%Odk fldgia follg fnod fjka l< yels h'

rgj,a wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug iïnkaO jkafka ta u.ska fjf<|du

iïnkaO jk rgj,g jdis w;a jk fyhsks' my; ±lafjkafka tjeks jdis

lsysmhls'

w;sßla; ksIamdokh wf,ú lsßu i|yd úfoaY fjf<|fmd<j,a fidhd

.; yels ùu

foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh l< fkdyels NdKav úfoaY rgj,ska ñ,g

.; yels ùu

iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhs j ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd fhduq

lsÍug yels ùu

.=K;ajfhka hq;a NdKav wvq ñ,g mßfNdackh l< yels ùu

ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh úfoaY rgj,ska ,nd .; yels ùu

úfoaY wdfhdack" úfoaY Kh yd úfoaY wdOdr .,d tau fõ.j;a ùu

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<| lghq;= ÈhqKq ùu fya;= fldg f.k m%jdyK"

nexl=" rlaIK jeks fiajdjka ÈhqKq ùu ksid fiajd kshqla;s bv m%ia;d

by< hdu

wd¾Ól j¾Okh fõ.j;a lr .; yels ùu

wka;¾cd;sl wd¾Ól iyfhda.s;dj j¾Okh lr .; yels ùu

fjf<|dfï moku yd tlS mokug fya;= jk fjf<|dfuka ìys jk jdis"

tu jdis ks¾udKh jk wkaou" rgj,a w;r fn§ hk wdldrh yd fjf<|dfï

ÈYdj wdÈh ;SrKh lrk idOl meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd fjf<| kHdh

.Kkdjla ìys j we;'

93

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jk m%Odk kHdhka folls'

1' ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh

2' idfmalaI jdis kHdhh

fjf<|dfï moku yd fjf<|dfuka jdis ìys jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lsÍu

i|yd wevï iañ;a ^1776& keue;s wd¾Ól úµd{hd úiska ksrfmalaI jdis

kHdhh bÈßm;a lr we;'

lsishï rglg lsishï NdKavhla fjk;a rglg jvd wvq msßjehlska jeä

ld¾hlaIu;djlska& ksIamdokh l< yels kï tlS rgg NdKavh ksIamdokh

lsÍu i|yd ksrfmalaI jdis mj;sk nj;a" tlS rgg lsishï NdKavhla wvq

msßjehlska ksIamdokh l< fkdyels kï jeä msßjeh $ wvq wld¾hlaIu;dj&

ta rgg tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd ksrfmalaI wjdis mj;sk nj;a

ksrfmalaI jdiss kHdhfhka fmkajd foa'

rgj,a wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï fhfok úg ksrfmalaI jdis we;s NdKav

ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h ksrfmalaI wjdis we;s NdKavh

iu`. yqjudre lr .ekSfuka yqjudrejg iïnkaO rgj,g wfkHdakH

jYfhka jdis ,nd .; yels nj ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka fmkajd foa'

ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; l< yels m%fõY folls'

tkï"

1' fhojqï m%fõYh

2' ksujqï m%fõYh

fhojqï m%fõYh hkafkka woyia jkafka lsishï rgla ;j;a rglg jvd

wvq iïm;a tall m%udKhlska ksmoúh yels NdKavh wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a"

jeä iïm;a tall m%udKhlska ksmoúh yels NdKavh wdkhkh lsÍfukq;a

forgg u jdis w;a jk nj hs'

ksoiqka ( ksuejqï tallhla i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh

NdKavh Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdj

iy,a ^5& 8

frÈ 4 ^2&

by; ksoiqfka iy,a lsf,da tlla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh

bkaÈhdjg jvd Y%S ,xldfõ wvq h' bkaÈhdjg iy,a lsf,da 1la ksmoùu Y%u

tall 8la wjYH jqj;a Y%S ,xldjg ta i|yd wjYH jkafka Y%u tall 5ls'

fï ksid Y%S ,xldjg iy,a ksmoùu iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis mj;S'

94

by; ksoiqfka frÈ ógrhla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh Y%S

,xldjg jvd bkaÈhdfõ wvq h' Y%S ,xldfõ frÈ ógrhla ksmoùug Y%u

tall 4la wjYH jQj o bkaÈhdjg ta i|yd wjYH jkafka Y%u tall 2ls'

fï ksid bkaÈhdjg frÈ ksmoùu iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis mj;S'

Y%S ,xldj iy bkaÈhdj hk rgj,a fol fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk úg" Y%S

,xldj iy,a ksIamdokh úfYAISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h bkaÈhdjg

wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" bkaÈhdj frÈ ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg tys

w;sßla;h YS% ,xldjg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a forgg u jdis ,nd .; yels

h'

ksuejqï m%fõYh hkqfjka woyia jkafka lsishï rglg ;j;a rglg

idfmalaI j" fhojqï tallhlska ,nd .; yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh

jeä kï tu NdKavh wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" fhojqï tallhlska ,nd .;

yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh wvq kï tu NdKavh wdkhkh lsÍfukq;a

forgg u jdis w;ajk nj hs'

by; fhojqï m%udKh yd iïnkaO ksoiqkg ie,ls,a,g .;a úg Y%S ,xldjg

iy bkaÈhdjg Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels ksuejqï t all m %udKh

ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; j.= igyfkys ±lafõ'

Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels ksujqï tall m%udKh

Y%S ,xldj bkaÈhdj

iy,a ls'.a?ï

5

1

8

1

frÈ óg¾&4

1

2

1

Y%S ,xldjg Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels iy,a tall m%udKh bkaÈhdjgjvd jeä h'bkaÈhdfõ Y%u tallhla u.ska ksmojkq ,nkafka iy,a lsf,da

.a?ï 8

1 la jQj;a Y%S ,xldj Y%u tallhlska iy,a lsf,da .a?ï

5

1 la

ksmojhs' fï ksid iy,a iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis Y%S ,xldjg mj;S'

frÈ iïnkaOfhka .;a úg bkaÈhdj Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels frÈ

tall m%udKh Y%S ,xldjg jvd jeä h' Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u tallhlska fros

óg¾ 4

1 la ksmojk w;r bkaÈhdfõ Y%u tallhla iy,a fros óg¾

2

1la

ksmojhs' fï ksid frÈ iïnkaO ksrfmalaI jdis bkaÈhdjg mj;S'

ksuejqï m%fõYh yd iïnkaO f;dr;=rej,ska fy<sjkafka o Y%S ,xldj iy

95

bkaÈhdj forg w;r fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk úg Y%%S ,xldj bkaÈhdjg

iy,a wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" bkaÈhdj Y%S ,xldjg frÈ wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a

forgg u jdis w;a lr .; yels nj hs'

ksrfmalaI jdis yg .ekSu flfryss n,mdk fya;= ^uQ,dY%& lsysmhls'

foaY.=Kfha iqúfYaI;ajh

iïm;a Wreuh

idOl iq,n;dj

lS¾;s kduh

ft;sydisl fya;=

lsishï rglg lssis ÿ NdKavhla iïnkaOhka ksrfmalaI jdis ysñ fkdjk

úg" tkï tla rglg NdKav foj¾.h u ksIamdokh lsÍfï ksrfmalaI

jdis ysñ jk úg" wfkHdakH jYfhka jdis iy.; fjf<|dulg mokula

ìys fkdfõ' fuh ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhfha m%Odk .eg¨jls'

ksoiqka ( A yd B hk forgg Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels mß.Kl

iy .=jkaúÿ,s hka;% m%udKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; j.= igyfkys

±lafõ'

Y%u tallhlska ìys jk ksujqï tall m%udKh

NdKavh A rg B rg

.=jka úÿ,s hka;% ^12& 2

mß.Kl hka;% ^6& 4

j.= igyfkys ±lafjk wdldrhg mß.Kl yd .=jka úÿ,s hka;% hk

NdKav fol u iïnkaOfhka ksrfmalaI jdis A rgg mj;S'

B rgg lsis ÿ NdKavhla iïnkaOfhka ksrfmalaI jdis fkdmj;S' fï

ksid ksrfmalaI jdis kHdh wkqj A rg yd B rg w;r fjf<|dula isÿ

fkdfõ'

ksrfmalaI jdis kHdhfha mj;sk fuu ÿ¾j,;dj bj;a lsÍu i|yd idfmalaI

jdis kHdh bÈßm;a ù ;sfí'

idfmalaI jdis kHdhh bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa fâúâ ßldfvda 1817& keue;s

wd¾Ól úoHd{hd úiska h'

idfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka fmkajd fok mßÈ rglg lsis ÿ NdKavhla

iïnkaOfhka ksrfmalaI jdis fkd,enqKd jqj o úfoaY fjf<|dug iïnkaO

ù jdis ,nd .; yels h'

lsishï rglg lsishï NdKavhla fjk;a rglg idfmalaI j wvq wdjia:sl

msssssssssssßjehlska ksIamdoh l< yels kï tlS rgg tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu

96

i|yd idfmalaI jdis mj;sk nj;a lsishï rglg lsishï NdKavhla

ksmoùfï § fjk;a rglg idfmalaI j jeä wdjiaÓl msßjehla ±Íug isÿ

fõ kï tu rgg tu NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd idfmalaI wjdis

mj;sk nj;a idfmalaI jdis kHdhfhka m%ldY flf¾'

rgj,a wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï fhfok úg idfmalaI jdis we;s NdKav

ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a

fjf<|dug iïnkaO jk rgj,g jeä jdis w;a lr .; yels nj idfmalaI

jdis kHdhfhka fmkajd fohs'

idfmalaI jdis kHdhh mokï lr .kq ,nk Wml,amk lsysmhls' tkï"

1' mQ¾K idOl ixp,;dj

tla l¾udka;hla i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk ksIamdok iïm;a

ld¾hlaIu;djfha lsisÿ fjkialulska f;dr j fjk;a l¾udka;hla

i|yd fhdod .; yels ùu mQ¾K idOl ixp,;dj hkafkka woyia fõ'

2' ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M,

lsishï l¾udka;hl Ndú; lrk fhojqï m%udKh fjkia lrkq ,enQ

úg thg iudkqmd;sl j ksujqï m%udKh o fjkia fõ'

ksoiqka ( fhojqï fo.=K l< úg ksuejqu o fo.=K fõ'

3' ksIamdokh fyda mßfNdackh fyda wdY%fhka ndysr;d yg fkd.kS'

4' m%jdyK msßjeh ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu

idfmalaI jdis kHdhh y÷kd .ekSu i|yd o Ndú; l< yels m%fõY folls

tkï"

ksuejqï m%fõYh

fhojqï m%fõYh

ksuejqï m%fõYfha § lsishï fhojqï tllhlska ksmoúh yels ksuejqï

tall m%udKh u; mokï fjñka NdKav j¾. folla yd iïnkaO rgj,a

foflys wdjiaÓl msßjeh .Kkh fldg tu wdjiaÓl msßjeh ie,ls,a,g

.ksñka forgg u fjf<|dug iïnkaO úh yels wdldrh fmkajd foa'

ksoiqka ( iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksh hk forfÜ wod< j Trf,daiq yd

rEmjdyskS hka;% ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka Y%u tallhl ksuejqï ms<sn|

f;dr;=re my; j.=fõ ±la fõ'

97

NdKavh iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh

Trf,daiq 4 20

rEmjdyskS 6 10

by; j.=fõ ±lajk f;dr;=rej,g wkqj NdKav j¾. fol iïnkaOfhka

forfÜ wdjiaÓl msßjeh ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; mßÈ fõ'

Trf,daiq tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

iaúÜi¾,ka;6

1.54

^rEmjdyskS tall&

c¾uksh 10

0.520

^rEmjdyskS tall&

rEmjdyskS tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

iaúÜi¾,ka; 4

0.676

^Trf,daiq tall&

c¾uksh20

210

^Trf,daiq tall&

by; f;dr;=rej,g wkqj Trf,daiq ksmoùfï idfmalaI jdis c¾ukshg

ysñ fõ' Bg fya;=j iaúÜi¾,ka;fha Trf,daiq tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl

msßjehg jvd wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla c¾uksfhys mej;Su hs'

c¾uksfha Trf,daiq tallhla ksmoùfu wdjiaÓl msßjeh rEmjdyskS tall

0'5ls' tfy;a iaúÜi¾,ka;fha tu w.h 1'5ls'

rEmjdyskS ksmoùu iïnkaO j idfmalaI jdis ysñ jkafka iaúÜi¾,ka;hg

hs'

rEmjdyskS tallhla ksmoùfï § iaúÜi¾,ka;fha wdjiaÓl msßjeh Trf,daiq

tall 0'67ls' ta wkqj rEmjdyskS iïnkaOfhka wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla

iaúÜi¾,ka;hg mj;S'

98

forfÜ NdKav j¾. fol ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka .Kkh lrk ,o wdjiaÓl

msßjeh f;dr;=re wkqj iaúÜi¾,ka;h wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla iys;

rEmjdyskS hka;% ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h c¾ukshg

wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a" c¾ukshg wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla iys; Trf,daiq

ksIamdokh úfYAISlrKh fldg tys w;sßla;h iaúÜi¾,ka;hg wmkhkh

lsÍfukq;a forgg u úfoaY fjf<|dug iïnkaO ù jdis ,nd .; yels h'

tla tla rg idfmalaI jdis we;s NdKavh ksIamdokh úfYaISlrKh fldg

w;sßla;h ksIamdok rgj,a w;r yqjudre lr .kq ,nkafka lsishï

wkqmd;hla hgf;a h'

hï wkqmd;hla hgf;a yqjudrej isÿ lr .kq ,nkafka ta yqjudrefjka

forgg u jdis w;a jkafka kï muKs'

forgg u wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhl yqjudre wkqmd;h .Kkh lsÍfï

§ Bg wod< jk yqjudre wkqmd; iajrEm folla mj;S'

1' wNHka;ßl yqjudre wkqmd;h

2' ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h

úfoaY fjf<|dug fmr ta ta rgj,a w;r NdKav yqjudre jQ wkqmd;h

wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h hs'

idfmalaI jdis fmkaùu i|yd ie,ls,a,g .;a iaúÜi¾,ka;h yd c¾uksh

iïnkaO ksoiqkg wod< wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h my; mßÈ .Kkh

l< yels h'

Y%u tallhlska ksmoúh yels ksujqï tall m%udKh


Trf,daiq 4 20

rEmjdyskS 6 10

iaúÜi¾,ka;fha wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h

Trf,daiq 4 ( rEmjdyskS 6

Trf,daiq 1 ( rEmjdysks 1'5

rEmjdysks 6 ( Trf,daiq 4

rEmjdysks 1 ( Trf,daiq 0'67

99

c¾uksfha wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;h


Trf,daiq 1 ( rEmjdyskS 0'5



forfÜ NdKav j¾. foflys wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;ajhka ie,ls,a,g

f.k c¾ukshg Trf,daiq iïnkaOj;a" iaúÜi¾,ka;hg rEmjdyskS iïnkaO

j;a idfmalaI jdis mj;sk nj fmr § i|yka flßKs'

idfmalaI jdish we;s NdKavh yqjudre lr .ksñka forg fjf<|dug

iïnkaO úh hq;af;a by;ska .Kkh lrk ,o wNHka;r yqjudre wkqmd;hg

jvd jdisodhl ;;a;ajhla we;s jk mßÈ ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;hla ;SrKh

lr .ekSfuks'

ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h hkq fjf<|dug iïnkaO ùu ksid forg w;r

NdKav yqjudre jk wkqmd;hhs'

by; ksoiqk yd iïnkaO forgg u wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhl jk

ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h my; mßÈ fõ'

c¾ukshg Trf,daiq 1lg rEmjdyskS 0'5g jeä iy 1'5g wvq

iaúÜi¾,ka;hg rEmjdyskS 1 ( Trf,daiq 0'67g jeä iy 2g wvq

fuu mrdihkag wh;a ndysr yqjudre wkqmd; fndfyda m%udKhla ;sìh

yels h' ta kE u wkqmd;hla hgf;a yqjudrej isÿ lr .ekSfuka fjf<|dug

iïnkaO ù forgg u jdis w;a lr .; yels h' tkï by< mßfNdack

uÜgula lrd <`.d úh yels h'

iaúÜi¾,ka;h yd c¾uksh forg by; mrdihkg wh;a jk


hk ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;h hgf;a fjf<|dug m%fõY jkafka hehs

is;uq' túg forg fjf<|dug msúiSug fmr isáhdg jvd by< mßfNdack

uÜgulaa lrd <`.d fõ'

100

ksoiqka ( úfoaY fjf<|dug iïnkaO ùug fmr iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksh

forfÜ ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% my; mßÈ fõ'

by; § .Kkh lrk ,o wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhl ndysr yqjudre

wkqmd;hg wh;a jk

Trf,daiq 1 ( rEmjdyskS wkqmd;h hgf;a idfmalaI jdis NdKavh yqjudre

lr .ekSu ksid forg kj mßfNdack jl%hla lrd <`.d jk wdldrh my;

rEm igykska ±lafõ'

wfkHdakH jYfhka jdisodhs ndysr yqjudre wkqmd;hla hgf;a fjf<|dug

iïnkaO ù yqjudre jdis by< mßfNdack uÜgula <`.d lr .ekSu& <`.d

lr .kakd fia u fjf<|dug m%fõY ùu ksid úfYaISlrKfha jdis o ,nd

.; yels h'

úfYaISlrKfha jdis hkq uq¿ iïm;a m%udKh by< hdulska f;dr j f,dal

ksIamdokh jeä lr .; yels ùu hs'

rEmjdyskS tall&

4

0 6

Trf,dai

q ^tal

l&

rEmjdyskS tall&

20

0 10

Trf,dai

q ^tal

l&

iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh

ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h

ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h

rEmjdyskS tall&

4

0 6

Trf,dai

q ^tal

l&

6

kj mßfNdack jl%h

rEmjdyskS tall&0 10 20

Trf,dai

q ^tal

l&

20kj mßfNdack jl%h


101

ksoiqka ( iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksh hk forg u uq¿ iïm;a f,iska Y%u

tall 100 ne.ska mj;sk nj is;uq' Y%u tlal 100 u fhdod ksIamdokh

l< yels rEmjdysks yd Trf,daiq ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; j.= igykska

±lafõ'

Y%u tall 100lska ìys jk ksuejqï tall m%udKh


Trf,daiq ^tall& 400 2000

rEmjdyskS tall& 600 1000

fuu rgj,a fol fjf<|dug m%fõY ùug fmr by; ksIamdok yelshd

udhsïj,

iaúÜi¾,ka;h Trf,daiq 200 ^tall&

rEmjdyskS 300 ^tall&

ixfhda. ±lafjk A ,laIHfhka o

c¾uksh Trf,daiq 1500

rEmjdyskS 250

ixfhda. ±lafjk B ,laIHfhka o

lghq;= lrkafka kï tu ;;a;ajhka my; f,i rEm igyka weiqfrka

fmkakqï l< yels h'

rEmjdyskS tall&

400

0 600

Trf,dai

q ^tal

l&

rEmjdyskS tall&

2000

0 1000

T

rf,dai

q ^tal

l&


102

fuu ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%j,ska fmkakqï flfrk mßÈ fjf<|dug

m%fõY ùug fmr Trf,daiq yd rEmjdyskS f,dal ksIamdok ;;a;aj my;

±lafõ'

NdKavh iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh f,dal ksIamdokh

Trf,daiq 200 1500 1700

rEmjdyskS 300 250 550

fjf<|dug m%fõY jQ iaúÜi¾,ka;h rEmjdyskS;a c¾uksh Trf,daiq;a

ùfYaIslrKh lsÍu ksid iaúÜi¾,ka;h Y%u iïm;a 100 u rEmjdyskS

ksmoùug;a" c¾uksh Y%u iïm;a 100 u Trf,daiq ksmoùug;a fhdojhs'

^mQ¾K úfYaISlrKh& isÿ lrhs' fï ksid fjf<|dfuka miq f,dal ksIamdokh

my; mßÈ fõ'

NdKavh iaúÜi¾,ka;h c¾uksh f,dal ksIamdokh

Trf,daiq 0 2000 2000

rEmjdyskS 600 0 600

fjf<|dug fmr Trf,daiqj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 1700la jqj o

fjf<|dfuka miq Trf,daiqj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 2000la fõ' tkï

fjf<|dug m%fõY ùu ksid Trf,daiqj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 300

lska by< f.dia we;'

tfiau fjf<|dug fmr rEmjdyskSj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 550 la fõ'

fjf<|dfuka miq rEmjdyskSj, f,dal ksIamdokh tall 600la fõ' tkï

rEmjdyskSj, f,dal ksIamdokh fjf<|dfuka miq tall 50lska by<

f.dia we;'

rEmjdyskS tall& rEmjdyskS tall&

400

0 600

T

rf,dai

q ^tal

l&

200

300

A

2000

0 1000

Trf,dai

q ^tal

l&

1500

250

B


103

fjf<|dug fmr;a miq;a iaúÜi¾,ka;h iy c¾uksfha mej;sfha Y%u

iïm;a fjkia ù fkdue;'

ta wkqj Y%u iïm;a m%udKh by< hEulska f;dr j úfoaaY fjf<|dug

m%fõY ù idfmalaI jdis we;s NdKavh úfYaISlrKh lsÍfuka f,dal

ksIamdÈ;h jeä lr .; yels nj by; ksoiqfkka meyeÈ,s h' tu jdish

úfYaISlrKfha jdishhs'

NdKavhla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH fhojqï tall m%udKh okakd úg §

wdjiaÓl msßjeh weiqfrka idfmalaI jdis .Kkh l< yels h'

ksujqï tallhla ksmoùu i|yd wjYH Y%u tall m%udKh

A rg B rg

mß.Kl 4 6

h;=remeÈ 10 12

fhojqï m%udKh § we;s úg idfmalaI jdis fiùu i|yd tu f;dr;=re

fhojqï tallhlska ìys l< yels ksuejqï m%udKh ±lafjk mßÈ mßj¾;kh

lr .; hq;= h' ^ksuejqï m%fõYfhka ±lafjk wdldrhg u&

ta wkqj by; j.= igyfkys f;dr;=re my; wdldrhg mßj¾;kh isÿ l<

yels h'

Y%u tallhla ksmoúh yels ksuejqï tall m%udKh

NdKavh A rg B rg

mß.Kl tall&1

4

1

6

h;=remeÈ tall&1

10

1

12

fuu f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO forfÜ ta ta NdKav j¾.j, wdjia:sl msßjeh

;;a;ajhka my; ±lafõ'

mß.Kl tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

A rg

1

10 0.41

4

^h;=remeÈ tall&

104

B rg

1

12 0.51

6

^h;=remeÈ tall&

h;=remeÈ tallhla ksmoùfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh

A rg

1

4 2.51

10

^mß.Kl tall&

B rg

1

6 21

12

^mß.Kl tall&

fuys § A rgg mß.Kl ksmoùug o" B rgg h;=rmeÈ ksmoùug o idfmalaI

jdis mj;S'

fï ksid A rg mß.Kl úfYaISlrKh fldg ksmojd tys w;sßla;h B

rgg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a B rg h;=remeÈ úfYaISlrKh fldg ksmojd

tys w;sßla;h A rgg wmkhkh lsÍfukq;a forgg úfoaY fjf<|dfï

jdis w;am;a lr .; yels h'

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug mokï jk idfmalaI jdis yg .kakd m%Odk

uQ,dY% ^idfmalaI jdis yg .ekSug n,mdk fya;=& lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

1' iïm;a iïNdrfha fjkialï

rgla Wreu lr .;a iïm;a iïNdrfha fjkialï ksid NdKav ksIamdokfha

wdjiaÓl msßjeh fjkialï yg .kS'

ksoiqka (

Lksc iïm;a iq,n;dj ráka rgg fjkia h' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ r;arka iq,n

h' fi!È wrdìfha Lksc f;,a iq,n h' fï ksid fi!È wrdìfha Lksc

f;,a ksIamdokh i|yd wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla mj;sk neúka Lksc f;,a

úfYaISlrKh fldg wmkhkh lrhs' tfia u ol=Kq wm%sldfõ r;arkaj,

wdjiaÓl mssßjeh wvq ksid r;arka úfYaISlrKh fldg wmkhkh lrhs'

105

2' .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh

iïm;a m%udKh w;ska muKla fkdj iïm;aj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh w;ska

o rgj,a w;r fjkialï mj;S' ksoiqkla jYfhka Y%uh nyq, rgla jqj o

Y%u yuqodj kqmqyqKq kï Tjqka f.a M,odhs;dj my< uÜgul mj;S' tfy;a

Y%uh wvq rgl isák Y%u yuqodj ukdj mqyqKq ,nd ;sfí kï Tjqka by<

M,odhs;djlska hqla; h' fuys § Y%ufha M,odhs;dj wvq jk úg wdjiaÓl

msßjeh jeä ksid idfmalaI jdis wvq fõ' tfy;a Y%ufha M,odhs;ajh by<

hk úg ksmojk NdKavj, wdjiaÓl msßjeh wvq ksid idfmalaI jdis we;s

fõ'

3' wNsreÑfha fjkialï

ish¨ u rgj,a tl yd iudk ld¾hlaIu;djlska yd iudk iïm;a iïNdrhla

Wreu lr isáh;a" rgj,a w;r NdKav iïnkaOfhka mj;sk wNsreÑfha

fjkialï ksid o wdjiaÓl msßjefhys fjkialï yg .kS' rgj, mj;akd

iïm;a m%udKh iudk jqj;a wNsreÑ rgdjkays fjkialï ksid NdKavj,

idfmalaI ñ, .Kka w;r fjkialï we;s úh yels h' wNsreÖka jeä

NdKav ksmoùug jeä Èß.ekaùï ,eîu ;=<ska wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehla

hgf;a tu NdKav ksmojd wmkhkh fldg idfmalaI jdis w;a lr .;

yels h'

4' mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï

ksIamdok Odß;dj jeä lrk úg tall msßjeh my< jefÜ kï

mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï we;s fõ' msßueiqï mj;sk úg idfmalaI j wvq

wdjiaÓl msßjehla iys; j NdKav ksmoúh yels neúka ta iïnkaO j

idfmalaI jdis w;a lr .; yels h'

5' ksIamdok m%fNaokh

tl u l¾udka;h ;=< NdKav w;r mj;sk úúO fjkialï ksid o

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du ;=<ska ,eìh yels idfmalaI jdis ms<sìUq fõ'

j¾;udkfha ixj¾ê; rgj,a fndfydauhla úfoaY fjf<|dfuka jeä

m%udKhla fuu NdKav ksIamdokh uq,a lr f.k isÿ jk nj olakg

,efí' ksoiqka jYfhka fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h .;a úg c¾uksh uyd

ì%;dkHhg fudag¾ r: wmkhkh fldg uyd ì%;dkHfhka fudag¾ r:

wdkhkh o lrhs' Bg fya;=j tl u l¾udka;h jqj;a NdKav w;r mj;sk

fjkialï ksid wdjiaÓl msßjefhys fjkialï rgj,a w;r we;s ùuhs'

6' ;dlaIKsl fjkialï

;dlaIKfha yg .kakd fjkialï ksid o rgj,a w;r idfmalaI jdis

fjkia fõ' lsishï rgla lsishï NdKavhla ksmoùu iïnkaOfhka fmrg

jvd kj ;dlaIKhla Ndú; lsÍug yels fõ kï idfmalaI jYfhka wvq

106

wdjiaÓl msßjehlska tu NdKavh úfYaISlrKh fldg ksmojd idfmalaI

jdis ,nd .; yels h'

7' rdcH m%;sm;a;sh

rdcH m%;sm;a;sh u.ska o idfmalaI jdis ks¾udKh l< yels h' lssishï

l¾udka;hla mqk¾Ôjkh i|yd wdKavqjla úiska nÿ idkqn," m¾fhaIK

yd ixj¾Okh i|yd iykdOdr ,nd §u" wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wvq fmd<S

Kh hkd§ m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk úg wvq wdjiaÓl msßjehlska

NdKav ksmoùu yd fjf<|du u.ska idfmalaI jdis w;a lr .ekSug yels

fõ'

8' WoaOukh

lsishï rgl È.= ld,Sk WoaOuk wkqmd;hla mj;sk úg NdKavhla

ksIamdokh lsÍfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh by< hhs' ta wkqj idfmalaI jdis wvq

fõ' wmkhkh o wffO¾hj;a fõ'

9' ia:dk.; ùu

lssishï l¾udka;hla ia:dk.; ù we;s wdldrh wkqj o ta ta rgj, idfmalaI

jdis ;SrKh fõ' l¾udka;hg wjYH wuqøjH ish,a, myiqfjka ,nd .;

yels wdldrfhka l¾udka; ia:dk.; ù ;sfí kï idfmalaI wvq wdjiaÓl

msßjehla hg;a NdKav ksmojñka idfmalaI jdis ,nd .ekSug yels fõ'

;r.ldß;ajfha jdish hkq lsishï NdKavhla mdßfNda.slhka fj;

iemhSfï § fiiq ;r.lrejka jvd jeä jákdlula mdßfNda.slhka

fj; ,nd Èh yels ùuhs'

fuu jákdlu fiiq ;r.lrejkag jvd wvq ñ,la úh yels w;r yels

kï by< ñ,la hgf;a jqj o fiiq ;r.lrejkag jvd jeä .=Kd;aul

fiajdjla ,nd Èh yels h'

l¾udka;h ;=< isák fiiq ;r.lrejka Wmhk idudkH ,dN m%udKhg

jvd jeä ,dN m%udKhla wLKav j Wmhd .ekSug yels kï tu

wdh;khg ;r.ldß;aj jdishla we;s nj fmkakqï flf¾'

;r.ldß;aj jdish ;sridr f,i mj;ajd f.k hdu wdh;kfha Wmdh

ud¾.hls'

;r.ldß;ajh jdishg ;=vq fok uQ,dY% lSmhla my; ±lafõ'

m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok lafIa;%hkays úYd, yelshdjla ;sîu' fï ksid

kjH;d y÷kajd §fï § bÈßfhka isàfï yelshdj ,efí'

nqoaêuh foafmd< ysñldß;ajh

fnod yeÍfï cd, ms<sn| iqúfYaI ysñlula ;sîu

m%d.aOk WmlrK yssñldß;ajh

107

ksoiqka ( Lksc f;,a .fõIK" m;,a leKSï

iqmsß ksIamdÈ;hla ìys lsÍu fyda mdßfNda.sl wjYH;djla fyda i|yd

lsishï m%;spdr ±laùfï yelshdj

wvq msßjehla iys; j ksmoùu

b;d úYd, ksIamdok Odß;djla ;sîu

Yla;su;a wf,úlrK Wmdh ud¾. ;sîu

ldrl m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSfï myiqj

b;d úYsIag l<ukdlrK lKavdhï isàu

m%fõYh ndOdldÍ ùu fyda taldêldÍ iajrEmhla .ekSu

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï jdis iaÓ;sl jdis yd .;sl jdis jYfhka o

±laúh yels h'

iaÓ;sl jdis hkq ksIamdokh yd mßfNdackh uq,a lr f.k rglg

iajdNdúlj Wreu ù we;s jdishls' fuhg fya;= lsysmhls'

1' iïm;a iïNdrh

2' rgj,a w;r wNsreÖka f.a fjkialï

3' ksIamdokfha mßudKdkql+, msßueiqïj, úYd, nj

.;sl jdish hkq ;dlaIK ÈhqKqj" NdKav m%fNaokh" rdcH m%;sm;a;s fjf<|

.súiqï wd§ rgj,a ks¾udKh lr .kq ,nk ;;a;ajhla ksid yg.kakd

jdishls'

108

ksmqK;dj 09 ( úfoaY fjf<|dfï kHdhd;aul moku ú.%y lrñka úfoaY

fjf<|du Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh .fõIKh

lrhs'

ksmqK;dj 9'2 ( wdrlaIdjd§ l%shdud¾. yd tu.ska ksoyia fjf<|dug we;s lrk

n,mEu úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06

bf.kqï m, (

wdrlaIKjdoh w¾: olajhs'

wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. fjka lr olajhs'

;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh yd iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

;Sre nÿ fkdjk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. i|yka lrhs'

wdrlaIKjdohg mlaI j yd úmlaI j we;s ;¾l bÈßm;a lrhs'


foaYSh fjf<|fmd<g úfoaYSh NdKav we;=¨ ùu iSud lrk fyda j<lajk

´kE u l%shd ms<sfj;la u wdrlaIKjdoh kñka ye¢kafõ'

ksoyia fjf<|dug ndOd lrk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. m%Odk fldgia

follg j¾. l< yels h' tkï"

1' ;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh

2' ;Sre nÿ fkdjk wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾.

;Sre nÿ wdrlaIKh hkq wmkhk yd wdkhk u; nÿ mekùu hs'

wdkhk u; ;Sre nÿ mekùfuka tu NdKav ñ, § .kakd foaYSh

mdßfNda.slhkag jeä ñ,la f.ùug isÿ ùu ksid wdkhk wffO¾hj;a

fõ'

wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekùfï m%Odk wruqKla jkqfha foaYSh ksIamdolhka

úfoaYSh ;r.fhka wdrlaId lsÍu hs'

wdkhksl NdKavhla i|yd ;Sre nÿ mekjQ úg foaYSh NdKavh i|yd

mdßfNda.slhka fhduq jk neúka tu NdKavfha foaYSh ksIamdokh m%idrKh

fõ'

fï ksid foaYSh NdKavfha ñ, by< kexùug wjia:djla ie,fia'

fuf,i wdkhk NdKav i|yd wdkhk ;Sre nÿ jeä lsÍul m%;sM,hla

jYfhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk NdKavhg wdkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKavfha

ñ, by< hdfï m%;sY;h ;=<ska foaYSh ksIamdokhg ,efnk wdrlaIKh

kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh (Nominal Rate of Protection) jYfhka ye¢kafõ'

109

kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh u.ska foaYSh ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, wdkhkh

lrkq ,nk NdKavfha foaYSh fjf<|fmd< ñf,ys m%;sY;hla f,i m%ldY

flf¾'

kdñl wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh u.ska foaYSh NdKavh fj; ,efnk ienE

wdrlaIKfha m%udKh ksjerÈ j ms<sônq fkdfõ'

kdñl ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;slh mkjkq ,nkafka wdkhkh lrkq ,nk wjidk

NdKavfha jákdlu wkqj hs' kuq;a foaYSh ksIamdolhka wdkhkh lrk

,o w;rueÈ fhojqï yd NdKav /ila ;u ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod

.kS' fuu fhojqï yd w;rueÈ NdKav u; o ;Sre nÿ wh lr we;s úfgl

kdñl ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;hg wkqj .Kkh lrkq ,nk kdñl wdrlaIK

wkqmd;slfhka foaYSh ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ienE wdrlaIK m%udKh ksjerÈ

j ms<sìUq fkdfõ'

fï ksid wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekùu u.ska foaYSh ksIamdolhdg ,efnk

iene wdrlaIKfha m%udKh uekSu i|yd iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh fhdod

.kS'

iM, ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;slhg wkqj iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh .Kkh

lrkq ,nhs'

iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka iQ;%h fhdod

.kS'

1 0

0

100V V

ERPV

ERP = iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh

V1= ;Sre noao mekjQ úg foaYSh ksIamdolhdf.a tl;= l< w.h

V0 = ks¾ndO fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhla hgf;a foaYSh ksIamdokfha tl;=

l< w.h

ksoiqk 1 (

lsishï rgl mdjyka ksIamdok wdh;khla mdjyka hq.,hla re' 5000$- l

ñ,lg wf,ú lrkafka hehs o tu mdjyka hq.,h ksmoùug wjYH

fhojqï iï" kQ,a" wdos& wdkhkh lsÍu i|yd re' 3 000$- la jeh lr we;ehs

o is;uq' túg foaYSh ksIamdok wdh;kfha tl;= l< jákdlu re' 2000$-

^5 000 - 3 000& ls' tu rg foaYSh wdh;kh ksmojk mdjyka hq.,hg

iudk mdjyka hq.,hla fjf<|fmdf<a re' 5 000$- lg wf,ú lrkafka

110

hehs is;uq' ta wkqj foaYSh mdjyka ksIamdok wdh;kfha tl;= l< w.h

hï fyhlska re' 2 000$- lg jvd jeä jqjfyd;a foaYSh j ksmojk im;a;=

hq.,fha jákdlu ^ñ,& re' 5 000$- lg jvd jeä jk ksid wdkhksl

mdjyka hq.,h iuÕ ;r. lsÍug fkdyels fõ' fï ksid foaYSh ksIamdolhd

wdrlaId lsÍug wdkhksl mdjyka u; 10] l wdkhk ;Sre noaola mekjqfha

hehs is;uq' túg wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,hl ñ, my; mßÈ fjkia fõ'

;Sre noaog fmr mdjyka hq.,fha ñ, } re' 5000

;Sre noao i|yd jeh jk uqo, } re' 10

5000100

noafoka miq wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,fha ñ, } re' 5000 + 500

} re' 5500

fuf,i wdkhksl mdjyka i|yd ;Sre noaola mekùu ksid foaYSh ksIamdok

wdh;kfha tl;= l< w.h re' 2500 olajd by< kexùfï yelshdjla ;sfí'

;Sre noafoka miq wdkhksl mdjyka hq.,fha ñ, } re' 5500

;Sre noafoka miq foaYSh ksIamdok wdh;kfha } re' 5500 - 3000

tl;= l< w.h } re' 2500

ta wkqj iM, wdrlaIl wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

by; ksoiqkg wkqj kdñl ;Sre noao ksid foaYSh ksIamdokhg 25] l

iM, wdrlaIKhla ie,fik nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

kuq;a by; ;Sre noao mkjd we;af;a wjidk NdKavfha jákdlu u; h'

foaYSh wdh;kh mdjyka ksIamdokhg wjYH fhojqï wdkhkh lsÍfï §

hï ;Sre noaola wh lr we;akï th fï ;=< wka;¾.; ù ke;' túg by;

.Kkh lrk ,o iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh u.ska foaYSh ksIamdokhg

,efnk ienE wdrlaIKfha m%udKh ms<sìUq fkdfõ'

1 0

0

100

2500 2000100

2000

25%

V VERP

V

111

wdkhksl fhojqï u; ;Sre noaola mkjd we;s úfgl iM, ;Sre nÿ

wkqmd;lh fjkia jk ksid iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh fjkia jk

wdldrh my; i|yka ksoiqk weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lr .; yels h'

ksoiqk 2 (

by; olajk ,o ksoiqk 1g wkqj wdkhkh lrkq ,nk mdjyka hq.,hla

i|yd re' 10] l ;Sre noaola wh lrhs' fuys § foaYSh ksIamdok wdh;kh

wdkhkh lrk ,o fhojqï i|yd 5] l ;Sre noaola wh lr;ehs is;uq'

túg wdkhksl fhojqïj, jákdlu" foaYSh tl;= l< w.h fjkia fõ'

ta wkqj iM, wdrlaIl wkqmd;slh o fjkia fõ'

;Sre noaog fmr wdkhksl fhojqïj, jákdlu } re' 3000

fhojqï i|yd f.jk ;Sre nÿ m%udKh } re' 5

3000100

;Sre noafoka miq fhojqïj, jákdlu } re' 3000 + 150

} re' 3150

;Sre noafoka miq foaYSh tl;= l< w.h } re' 5500 - 3150

} re' 2350

iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh2350 2000

2000

} 17'5]

wjidk NdKavhg nÿ wh lsÍug wu;r j wdkhksl wdrlaIK fhojqï

u; o ;Sre nÿ mekùu ksid iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;h 7'5] lska ^25] -

17'5]& my< hk nj by; ksoiqkg wkqj meyeÈ,s h'

wfkl=;a lreKq fkdfjkia j mj;sk wjia:dj, § my; i|yka fldkafoais

u; iM, wdrlaIK wkqmd;slh by< w.hla .kS'

1' wjidk ksIamdÈ;h u; mkjkq ,nk kdñl ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;slh by<

w.hla .ekSu

2' wdkhksl fhojqï u; mkjkq ,nk ;Sre nÿ wkqmd;sl my< w.hla

.ekSu

3' NdKavfha jákdlu ;=< wdkhksl fhojqï m%;sY;h my< w.hla

.ekSu

wdkhk iy wmkhk nÿj,g wu;r j wdrlaIKh i|yd fhdod .kakd

l%shdud¾. ;Sre nÿ fkdjk l%shdud¾. fõ' tjeks l%shdud¾. lSmhla my;

±lafõ'

112

i,dl lsÍu fyj;a fldagd kshu lsÍu

foaYSh ksIamdolhskag iykdOdr fyda Èß.ekaùï fyda ,nd §u

m%md;kh

iafjÉPdfjka wmkhk iSud mkjd .ekSu

úfoaY úksuh md,kh

wmkhk yd wdkhk iSud mekùu

fjf<| iïndOl mekùu

mßmd,k yd ;dlaIKsl m%ñ;Ska kshu lsÍu

wdrlaIKjdohg mlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'

cd;sl wdrlaIdjg wod< jk ksIamdok foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól ;SrK

.ekSfï § yd l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh

lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

foaYSh l¾udka; wdrlaId lsÍug;a tajdfha fiajd kshqla; fiajlhkaf.a

/lshd wdrlaId lsÍu i|ydla wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s jeo.;a fõ'

foaYSh <ore l¾udka; i|yd m<mqreÿ úfoaY ;r.lrejkaf.ka wdrlaId

lr .ekSug wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s bjy,a fõ'

iSñ; NdKav lSmhla u; úfYaI m%d.=KH lrñka wka;¾cd;sl

fjf<|dfï ksr; jk rgj,a uqyqK mdk WÉpdjpkh j<lajd .ekSu

^wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj we;s lsÍu& i|yd;a rgj, wd¾Ólh úúOdx.SlrKh

lr .ekSu i|yd;a wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

m%md;kh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd wdrlaIKjdoh jeo.;a fõ'

f.jqï fYaI ÿIalr;dj,g úi÷ï fiùfï § WmldÍ fõ'

foaYSh iïm;a Wmfhdackh by< kexùu i|yd jeo.;a fõ'

wj.=K NdKav wdkhk je<elaùfï § wdrlaIKjdoh jeo.;a fõ'

wdrlaIKjdohg úmlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'

wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu ksid foaYSh yd úfoaYSh

fjf<|fmd< ixfldapkh úh yels h'

úfoaY fjf<|du ixfldapkh ùu ksid cd;sl wdodhu wvq úh yels h'

foaYSh ksIamdokj, msßjeh wvq lsÍug idkqn, fkdue;s ksid

wld¾hlaIu l¾udka; ìys úh yels h'

.=Kd;aul núka by< NdKav ksIamdokh wvq úh yels h'

ÈhqKq ;dlaIKh ixl%uKhg ndOd we;s úh yels h'

113



lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'3 ( úfoaY fjf<| wkqmd;slfha m%fNao olajñka tajdfha

fjkia ùïj,g fya;= yd m%;súmdl úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

fjf<| wkqmd;slh w¾: olajhs'

fjf<| wkqmd;slfha úúO m%fNao kï lrhs'

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh iólrKh u.ska m%ldY lrhs'

fok ,o o;a; u.ska NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrhs'

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùïj,g fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùïj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úia;r

lrhs'

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh iólrK u.ska m%ldY lrhs'

fok ,o o;a; u.ska wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrhs'

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úia;r lrhs'


wmkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKav tallhlska ,nd .; yels wdkhk NdKav

tall m%udKh fjf<| wkqmd;h f,i w¾: ±laúh yels h'

fjf<| wkqmd;slfha m%fNao folls'

1' NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh

2' wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh f,iska w¾: olajkafka o wmkhk tallhlska

,nd .; yels wdkhk NdKav tall m%udKh f,i ±lajQ fjf<| wkqmd;h

u h'

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ iólrKhla weiqfrka ±laúh

yels h'

114

wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh

wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh

ksoiqk 1

2013 j¾Ifha wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 103'5

2013 j¾Ifha wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 108'4

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;h 1004.108

5.103

%47.95

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= my; i|yka

mßÈ fjka lr ±laúh yels h'

^uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh

fjkia ù we;s wdldrh ms<sn| isiqka ±kqj;a lrkak&

wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my;

jeà wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh

by< hdu

wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylhg jvd

jeä fõ.hlska wmkhk

ñ, o¾Ylh my< neiSu

wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh

ia:djr j ;sìh § wdkhk

ñ, o¾Ylh by< hdu

wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djr

j ;sìh § wmkhk ñ,

o¾Ylh my; jeàu

wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh by< yd

wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my< hdu

wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylhg jvd jeä

fõ.hlska wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh

my; jeàu

wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djr j

;sìh § wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh my<

hdu

wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh ia:djr j ;sìh

§ wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh by< hdu

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh jeä ùuflfrys n,mdk fya;=

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh wvq ùuflfrys n,mdk fya;=

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh = x 100

115

miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;h fjkia ù we;s

wdldrh úYaf,aIKh l< yels h'

ksoiqka (

j¾Ih wmkhk wdkhk NdKav fjf<|

ñ, o¾Ylh ñ, o¾Ylh wkqmd;slh

2010 100 100 100'0

2011 106'3 102'5 100'2

2012 105'2 103'51 99'6

2013 105'5 108'51 97'6

2014 105'5 108'51 97'6

2015 95'6 95'3 100'3

2016 94'1 90'35 104'0

2017 95'1 91'35 102'0

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùïj, wd¾Ól m%;súmdl my; i|yka

mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh by< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

wmkhkj, wdkhk ilH;dj by< hdu

fjf<| fYaIh jdisodhl ùu

iuia; fYaIh ^f.jqï fYaIh& jdisodhl ùu

ixÑ; yd j;alï by< hdu

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh my< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

wmkhk yd wdkhk YlH;dj my< hdu

fjf<| fYaI ys`.h jeä ùu

f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; ys`.h jeä ùu

ixÑ; yd j;alï wvq ùu

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh hkq wmkhk wdodhfuys wdkhk l%h Yla;sh

uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk o¾Ylh hs'

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh uekSu i|yd my; i|yka iólrKh fhdod

.kS'

116

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh = X 100 wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh x wmkhk mßud o¾Ylh

wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh

ksoiqk (

2013 j¾Ifha wmkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 103'5

2013 j¾Ifha wdkhk ñ, o¾Ylh } 108'4

2013 j¾Ifha wmkhk mßud o¾Ylh } 116'4

2013 wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh 1004.108

4.1165.103

8.113,11

NdKav fjf<| wkqmd;slh wmkhk mßud o¾Ylfhka .=K lsÍfuka o

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh ,nd .; yels h'

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl my; i|yka mßÈ fjka

lr ±laúh yels h'

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh

by< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

wmkhk bmhqï jeä ùu wdkhk úhoï by< hdu

wmkhk YlH;dj by< hdu wdkhk YlH;dj my< hdu

fjf<| fYaIh by< hdu fjf<| fYaIh my< hdu

f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; fYaIh f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; fYaIh

ys;lr ;;a;ajhlg meñKSu wys;lr ;;a;ajhlg meñKSu

WoaOukd;aul n,mEï we;s lsÍu WoaOukd;aul n,mEï wvq ùu

wdodhï fjf<| wkqmd;slh

my< hdfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl

117



lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'4 ( f.da,ShlrKh" l,dmShlrKh yd oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<|

.súiqï úuihs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'

f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha ld¾hhka úia;r lrhs'

f.da,ShlrKh w¾: olajhs'

f.da,ShlrKhg mlaI j yd úmlaI j bÈßm;a ù we;s ;¾l bÈßm;a lrhs'

wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï w¾: olajhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ uE; ld,Sk fjf<| .súiqï úia;r lrhs'

oaù md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqïj,g ksoiqka olajhs'

nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqïj,g ksoiqka olajhs'

úfoaY fjf<| .súiqïj, we;s jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'


f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh hkq nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<|dfï m%j¾Okhg;a"

fjf<\du iqug j iy l%uj;a j mj;ajd f.k hdug;a fjf<|du yd ;Sre

nÿ ms<sn| fmdÿ iïuq;sh jvd;a Yla;su;a lrñka 1995 § msysgqjd .kq ,enQ

cd;Hka;r ixúOdkhls'

f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha m%Odk wruqKq lsysmhls'

nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<|du m%j¾Okh lsÍu

fjf<|du l%uj;a j mj;ajd f.k hdu

fjf<| ndOl wju lsÍu iy fjf<| kS;s ixfYdaOkh lsÍu u.ska

cd;Hka;r fjf<| l%uh ;=< m%Odk m%;sixialrKhka we;s lsÍu

f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkfha m%Odk ld¾h 6ls'

1' f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh hgf;a idudðl rgj,a w;aika fldg we;s

cd;Hka;r fjf<| .súiqï ksis f,i l%shd;aul fõ o hkak mßmd,kh

lsÍu

118

2' ksoyia fj<|du m%j¾Okh lr .ekSug wod< idlÉPd i|yd fõÈldjla

iemhSu

3' fjf<|fmd< wdrjq,a fíreï lsÍu

4' idudðl rgj, cd;sl m%;sm;a;s iudf,dapkh lsÍu

5' ;dlaIKsl wdOdr yd mqyqKq jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu u.ska ixj¾Okh

jk rgj,g fjf<| m%;sm;a;sh ms<sn| .eg¨ úi|d .ekSug wdOdr

lsßu

6' fjk;a cd;Hka;r wd¾Ól ixúOdk iu`. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu

f.da,ShlrKh hkq f,dalfha rgj,a wd¾Óluh" ixialD;suh yd

foaYmd,kuh jYfhka úúO m%udKhka Tiafia tlsfklg taldnoaO ùfï

m%jK;dj hs'

wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wjOdkh fhduq lrkq ,nkafka wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh

flfrys h'

wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh hkq f,dalfha rgj,a fjf<|" m%d.aOk" uQ,H"

;dlaIK" m%;sm;a;s hkd§ úúO m%jdyhka Tiafia tlsfklg taldnoaO ùfï

l%shdj,sh hs'

j¾;udkfha wd¾Ól f.da,ShlrKh ;dlaIKh yd m%;sm;a;s u; ls%hd;aul

fõ'

f.da,ShlrKh ksid" f,dal wd¾Ólfha wfkHdakH /¢hdj" uQ,H m%jdyhkaf.a

j¾Okh" ksIamdok l%shdj,sh cd;Hka;rlrKh yd cd;Hka;r Y%u ixp,kh

;Sj% fõ'

f.da,ShlrKhg mlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'

ksIamdok l%shdj,sh úflakaøKh ùu ksid ksIamdok yd mßfNdack

m¾hka;fhka tmsgg ú;eka ùu

kj woyia yd w;a±lSï ,eîu

f,dalfha fjf<| mßudj by< hdu

wd¾Ól jDoaê Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i Ndú; lsÍug yels ùu

úfoaY wdfhdack by< hdu

wuqøjH wvq ñ,g wdkhkh l< yels ùu

úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu

wOHdmkh yd ±kqu ÈhqKq ùu

kj /lshd wjia:d ìys ùu

úfoaYSh uqo,a fm%aIK we;eï rgj, m%Odk úksuh m%jdyhla njg m;a

ùu

119

f,dalfha yqfol,d rgj,a tu ;;a;ajfhka ñ§ cd;Hka;r w¾: l%uh

iuÕ taldnoaO ùu

kj ;dlaIKh m%idrKh ùu

;r.ldÍ;ajh ksid .=Kd;aul ksIamdok ìys ùu

wka;¾cd,h Tiafia f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels ùu

f.da,ShlrKhg úmlaI j my; i|yka ;¾l bÈßm;a l< yels h'

f.da,ShlrKfha m%;s,dN f,daljdiS ish¨ fokdg idOdrK j fn§

fkdhdu

ixj¾ê; rgj,g jeä m%;s,dN ysñ ùu

cd;Hka;r jYfhka wdodhï úIu;d mq¿,a ùu

f.da,Sh wd¾Ól w¾nqo wfkl=;a rgj,g myiqfjka jHdma; ùu

iudc .egqï j¾Okh ùu

ñksia Ôú; flfrys wkdrlaIs; njla we;s lsÍu

mdßißl .eg¨ we;s ùu

ixialD;sh úkdY ùu

uQ,H fjf<|fmd< wia:dhs;djka we;s ùu ksid wd¾Ól w¾nqo yg

.ekSu

foaYSh l¾udka; ì| jeàu yd /lshd wysñ ùu

;%ia;jdoh jHdma; ùu

fi!LH .eg¨ we;s ùu

úúO rgj,a w;r ;Sre nÿ yd ;Sre nÿ fkdjk ndOlj,ska f;dr j NdKav"

fiajd iy ksIamdok ndOl yqjudre lr .ekSfï l%shdj,sh wd¾Ól taldnoaO

ùï f,i y÷kajhs'

wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùïj, úúO iajrEm my; ±lafõ'

1' j¾KSh fjf<| l,dm (Preferential Trade Agreement - PTA)

2' ksoyia fjf<| l,dm (Free Trade Area - FTA)

3' ;Sre nÿ ix.ï (Custom Union - CU)

4' fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< (Common Market - CM)

5' wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.ï (Economic and Monetary Unions - EU)

6' mQ¾K wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï (Fully Economic Intergration - FEI)

idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r fjf<|dfï § Ndú; lrk fjf<|

ixfrdaOlj,g jvd wvq ixfrdaOl hgf;a idudðl rgj,a w;r NdKav yd

120

fiajd yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd rgj,a tl;= ù msysgqjdf.k we;s ixúOdk

j¾KSh fjf<| l,dm f,i ye¢kafõ'

fï hgf;a .súiqï.; rgj,a úiska l,dmfha wNHka;r fjf<|du i|yd

tl`.;djg ne÷Kq fmdÿ ;Sre nÿj,ska lsishï m%;sY;hla lmd yßkq ,nhs'

ksoiqka (

hqfrdamd wd¾Ól l,dmSh .súiqu (Europeon Economic Area Agreement-

FEA)

W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (NAFTA)

idudðl rgj,a idudðl fkdjk rgj,a iu`. fjf<|dfï fhfok úg

tu rgj, wNsu;h mßÈ fjf<| ixfrdaOl mj;ajd f.k hdug;a idudðl

rgj,a w;r fjf<|du ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd f.k hdug;a

rgj,a lSmhla tl;= ù we;s lr .kakd ixúOdk ksoyia fjf<| l,dm

fõ'

fuys § .súiqï.; rgj,a úiska tl`. jQ ;Sre nÿ ldKavj,g wh;a ;Sre nÿ

uq¿ukska u bj;a flf¾'

ksoyia fjf<| l,dm i|yd ksoiqka my; ±la fõ'

wm%sldkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Agrican Free Trade Zone - AFTZ)

wdishdkq meismsla ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Asian Fasific Free Trade

Zone - AFTZ)

wm%sldkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Agrican Free Trade Zone - AFTZ)

uOHu hqfrdamd ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (Agrican Free Trade Zone -

AFTZ)

W;=re wefußldkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh (North American Free Trade

Zone -NAFTZ)

idudðl rgj,a w;r fjf<|du fjf<| ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd

f.k hdu i|yd;a idudðl iy idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r tl iudk

fjf<| m%;sm;a;shla mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd;a rgj,a lSmhla tl;= ù

we;s lr .kakd ix.ï ;Sre nÿ ix.ï kñka ye¢kafõ'

fuys § .súiqï.; NdKav ldKavj,g wod< fjk;a rgj,ska wdkhkh

lrkq ,nk NdKav i|yd iudk ;Sre nÿ m%udKhla l%shd;aul jk w;r

.súiqï.; NdKav ldKav i|yd ix.ufha idudðl;ajh ork rgj, ;Sre

nÿ uq¿ukska u bj;a flf¾'

;Sre nÿ ix.ï i|yd ksoiqka lSmhla my; ±lafõ'

121

uOHu wfußldkq fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< (Central Acerican Common Mar

ket - CACM

leßìhdkq m%cdj (Caribbean Community - CARICOM)

W;=re wfußldkq m%cdj (North American Community - NAC)

ol=Kq wm%sldkq ;Sre nÿ ix.uh (South Aprican Cutsoms Union - SACU)

W;=re wfußldkq m%cdj (North American Community - NAC)

idudðl rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|du ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr

j mj;ajd f.k hdug;a idudðl rgj,a idudðl fkdjk rgj,a

iu`. fjf<|du mj;ajd f.k hdfï § fmdÿ m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh

lsÍug;a idudðl rgj,a w;r ksIamdok idOl ksoyfia ixp,kh

lsÍug;a rgj,a taldnoaO ùu fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< kñka ye¢kafõ'

fï hgf;a Y%uh yd m%d.aOkh jeks ksIamdok idOl yd NdKav yd

fiajd .súiqï.; rgj,a w;r ndOlhlska f;dr j ixp,kh lsÍfï

yelshdj ,efí'

fmdÿ fjf<|fmd< i|yd ksoiqka lSmhla my; ±lafõ'

leßìhka fldñhqksá fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<

(The Caribbean Community & Common Market)

uOHu weußldkq fmdÿ fjf<|fmd<

(Central American Common Market)

uOHu wm%sldkq wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.uh

(Central African Economic & Monetary Community)

idudðl rgj,a w;r fjf<|du ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j mj;ajd f.k

hdug;a idudðl yd idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd

fjf<|du fmdÿ m%;sm;a;shla hgf;a mj;ajd f.k hdug;a idudðl rgj,a

w;r Y%uh yd m%d.aOkh ksoyfia ixp,kh lsÍug;a idudðl rgj,a w;r

tl yd iudk uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla yd rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;shla l%shd;aul

lsÍug;a rgj,a lSmhla tl;= ù msysgqjd .kakd ix.ï wd¾Ól yd uQ,H

ix.ï hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.ï i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

uOHu wms%ldkq wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.uh

(Central African Economic & Monetary Community - CEMAC)

ngysr wm%sldkq wd¾Ól yd uQ,H ix.uh

(Economic Community West African - ECOWAS)

122

hqfrdamd uQ,H yd wd¾Ól ix.uh

(Europen Economic & Monetary Union - EMU)

idudðl yd idudðl fkdjk rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd iy ksIamdok

idOl yqjudre lsÍfï § ixfrdaOlj,ska f;dr j lghq;= lsÍu i|yd;a

idudðl rgj,a w;r talSh uq,H m%;sm;a;shla" rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s"

jHjia:dodhlh" úOdhlh" wêlrK yd foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;s mj;ajd f.k

hdu i|yd;a f,dalfha rgj,a tl;= ùu mQ¾K tldnoaO ùu f,i ye¢kafõ'

wd¾Ól taldnoaO ùï i|yd w;aika lrkq ,nk .súiqï j¾. follg

fnÈh yels h'

1' oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï

2' nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï

fjf<|du yd uQ,H lghq;= iïnkaOfhka rgj,a folla w;r we;s lr

.kakd fjf<| .súiqï oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï f,i ye¢kafõ'

j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldj we;=<;a ù isák oaú md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï my;

±lafõ'

bkaÿ ,xld ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (ISFTA)

mdlsia;dkq Y%S ,xld ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (PSFTA)

fjf<|du yd uQ,H lghq;= iïnkaOfhka rgj,a lsysmhla w;r we;s lr

.kakd fjf<| .súiqï nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï fõ'

Y%S ,xldj we;=<;a ù isák nyq md¾Yaùh fjf<| .súiqï lsysmhla my;

±lafõ'

ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu (SAFTA)

^fjf<| .súiqï ms<sn| ld,Sk f;dr;=re isiqkag ,nd fokak&'

úfoaY fjf<| .súiqïj, we;s jeo.;alu my; ±lafõ'

rgj,a w;r iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh ùu

fjf<|fmd< mq¿,a ùu

m%jdyK msßjeh wvq ùu

foaYSh fjf<|fmd< NdKav ñ, .Kka my< hdu

úfoaY wdfhdack j¾Okh ùu

kj ld¾ñl NdKav wvq ñ,lg ,nd .; yels ùu

fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu

wuqøjH ñ, my< hdu

wmkhk úúOdx.SlrKhg we;s bv m%ia:d mq¿,a ùu

123


fjf<|du Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólh flfrys n,mdk wdldrh

.fõIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'5 ( Y%S ,xld úfoaY fjf<|dfï iajNdjh yd úfoaY fjf<|

m%;sm;a;s úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

YS% ,xldfõ wmkhk fjf<|du úia;r lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhkh jHqyh úia;r lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk fjf<|du úia;r lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk jHQyh uy nexl= jd¾;d o;a; wkqj úia;r lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk Wmk;s uy nexl= jd¾;d o;a; wkqj meyeÈ,s lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s ^ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka& úia;r

lrhs'

wmkhk fjf<|dfï § uqyqK mdk .eg¨ úia;r lrhs'

wmkhk fjf<|du uqyqK fok .eg¨ iy tajdg úi÷ï bÈßm;a lrhs'


Y%S ,xldfõ jeä u úfoaY úksuhla Wmhk NdKav yd jeä úfoaY úksuhla

jeh lr ñ,g .kakd NdKav ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

wdikak j¾Ihg wod< j uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka tu NdKav yd fiajd

fjka lsßug isiqkag Wmfoia ,nd fokak'

Y%S ,xldj NdKav yd fiajd rdYshla wmkhkh yd wdkhkh lrk nj

isiqkaj ±kqj;a lrkak'

isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr Wmfoia ,nd § l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'


my; i|yka ud;Dldj w;=frka Tn lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

wmkhk fjf<|du

wdkhk fjf<|du

Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj y\qkd .ekSug lKavdhï idlÉPdjla fufyhkak'

124

ud;Dldjg wod< j ixrpl fm<.iajkak'

tu ixrplj,g wod< j idfmalaI odhl;ajh m%;sY;d;aul j fmkajkak'

ld,hla ;=< tu ixrplj, odhl;ajfha yd jHQyfha isÿ ù we;s fjkia

ùu j.= .; lrkak'

tu fjkia ùïj,g n,md we;s lreKq olajkak'

Tn lKavdhfï wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j j.=" m%ia;dr yd m%;sY;l u.ska

ks¾udKYS,S j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'


lssishï rgla f,dalfha fjk;a rgj,g NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍu

wmkhk fjf<|du hs'

ksoiqka ( YS% ,xldj weußld tlai;a ckmohg f;a wf,ú lsÍu

Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk jHQyh my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk

ld¾ñl wmkhk

Lksc øjH wmkhk

j¾. fkdl< wmkhk

^ uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka wdikak j¾Ihl wmkhk jHqyh meyeÈ,s

lrkak&'

Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk jHqyh my; mßÈ m%;sY;d;aul j ±laúh yels fõ'

2015 2016

lDIsld¾ñl wmkhkh 23'5] 22'6]

ld¾ñl wmkhkh 76] 77]

Lksc øjH wmkhkh 0'3] 0'3]

j¾. fkdl< wmkhk 0'2] 0'1]

^ uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk lDIsld¾ñl NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ ±laúh

yels h'

f;a" rn¾" fmd,a" wfkl=;a lDIsld¾ñl wmkhk

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk ld¾ñl NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ ±laúh

yels h'

125

wdydrmdk j¾. yd ÿïfld<

frÈms<S yd we`.¨ï

Lksc ksIamdÈ;

rn¾ ksIamdÈ;

ms`.ka ksIamdÈ;

iï" .uka u¨ mdjyka

hka;% iQ;% yd WmlrK

Èhuka;s yd iaj¾KdNrK

wfkl=;a ld¾ñl wmkhk

wmkhkh lrkq ,nk Lksc øjHj,g ksoiqka my; ±la fõ'

ueKsla

wfkl=;a wdfhdack NdKav wmkhkh

1977 ka miq wmkhk jHQyfha fjkiaùu j¾;udkh olajd my; wdldrhg

fmkajd Èh yels h'

wmkhk jHqyh 1977 2016

lDIsld¾ñl NdKav 79] 22]

ld¾ñl NdKav 14] 77]

fjk;a 07] 01]

^ uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

ld¾ñl NdKav wmkhkh fjkia ùu 1977 isg 2015 olajd úia;rd;aul j

my; j.=fjka ±lafõ'

ld¾ñl NdKav 1977 2015 2016

frÈmss<S yd we`.¨ï 02] 46] 47]

Lksc f;,a ksIamdokh 09] 04] 05]

wdydrmdk yd ÿïfld< - 03] 03]

Èhuka;s yd iaj¾KdNrK - 03] 03]

rn¾ ksIamdok - 07] 7]

wfkl=;a ld¾ñl NdKav 03 06] 08]

m%jdyK WmlrK - 2'3 01]

iïNdKav m%jdyk yd mdjyka WmlrK - 1'3 2]

126

hï rgla f,dalfha fjk;a rgj,ska NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSu wdkhk

fjf<|du hs'

Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk jHQyh my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

Y%S ,xldj cmdkfhka jdyk ñ, § .ekSu

mßfNdack NdKav

wka;¾ NdKav

wdfhdack NdKav

j¾. fkdl< NdKav

^2016 uy nexl= jd¾;djg wkqj&

wdkhkh lrk mßfNda.sl NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels

h'

iy,a" iSks" ;sß.= msá" lsß msá

fm!oa.,sl fudag¾ r:

úÿ,s WmlrK

wdkhkh lrk wka;¾ NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

Lksc f;,a

fmdfydr

ridhksl øjH

frÈms<S yd we.¨ï

wdkhkh lrk wdfhdack NdKavj,g ksoiqka my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels

h'

hka;% iQ;% yd WmlrK

m%jdyK WmlrK

f.dvke`.s,s øjH

1977 isg 2015 olajd wdkhk jHQyh ld,Sk jYfhka fjkia ù we;s wdldrh

my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

wdkhk jHQyh 1977 2015 2016

mdßfNda.sl NdKav 42] 25] 22]

wka;¾ NdKav 48] 51] 51]

wdfhdack NdKav 12] 24] 27]

fjk;a 01 - -

wka;¾ NdKavj, fjkiaùï 1997 isg 2016 olajd iúia;rd;aul j my;

±lafõ'

127

wka;¾ NdKav 1977 2015 2016

fndr f;,a 23] 14'3] 12'8]

frÈms<S 03] 12] 14]

Èhuka;s - 0'9] 3]

ridhksl ksIamdok 01] 4'6] 4'4]

;sß`.= iy bß`.= 01] 1'9] 1'3]

fmdfydr - 1'5] 0'7]

wfkl=;a wka;¾ NdKav - 15'7] 15'1]

by; f;dr;=re 2016 uy nexl= jd¾;d wkqj bÈßm;a lr we;s w;r wdikak

j¾Ihl uy nexl= jd¾;dj mßYS,kh lrñka by; mßÈ wjYH f;r;=re

isiqkag ,nd fokak&'

Y%S ,xldfõ fjf<| m%;sm;a;sh .ek i,ld ne,Sfï § my; i|yka lreKq

2016 uy nexl= jd¾;dj wkqj ±laúh yels h'

f.da,Ssh wd¾Ólh yd Y%S ,xldj w;r we;s ine¢hdj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

flfrys fhduq jQ úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;shla 2015 yd 2016 jif¾ §

wLKav j l%shd;aul úh'

úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s rduqjla we;s lsÍu i|yd rch mq¿,a jHQyd;aul

fjkialï rdYshla fhdackd lrk ,È'

fjf<|du ;SrKh jk kS;s fr.=,dis fjkia lsÍug m%h;ak ±Íu

fjf<| .súiqï we;s lsÍu u.ska úfoaY fjf<|fmd< fj; Yla;su;a

m%fõYhla we;s lsÍu

Wmdh ud¾.sl fjf<| m%j¾Okh

fjf<| ;Sre nÿ m%;sm;a;sh ;j ÿrg;a ;da¾lSlrKh

fkdneÈ úfoaY m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wmkhkh m%j¾Okh

i|yd m%uqL;ajh ,nd §u

wdkhk ;d¾lS lrKh i|yd o m%;sm;a;suh l%shdud¾. .ekSu

wdfhdack m%j¾Okh i|yd WmldÍ jk oaúmd¾Yaúl .súiqïj,g t<öu

Y%S ,xldj f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh úiska ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk

nyqmd¾Yaùh l%shdud¾. i|yd wLKav j iïnkaO ùu

128

wmkhk fjf<|dfï § uqyqK fok .eg¨ f,i (

wmkhk fnda.j, ñ, WÉpdjpkh ùu

wmkhk mßudj wvq ùu

f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a we;s ±ä wúksYaÑ;;djh

f.da,Sh wd¾Ól wjmd;h

Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk wmkhk fjf<|fmd<j,a j¾Okh ukao.dó ùu

by; .eg¨j,g úi÷ï f,i bÈßm;a l< yels lreKq

f.da,Sh wd¾Ólh yd Y%S ,xldj w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

flfrys fhduq ùu

úfoaY fjf<|fmd<j, isÿ lrk wf,úlrK yd wd¾Ól m%j¾Ok

jevigyka by< kexùu

fjf<| .súiqï M,odhs f,i Yla;su;a lsÍu a

kj wmkhk fjf<|fmd<j,a wdrlaId lr .ekSug yd ±kg mj;sk

fjf<|fmd<j,a mq¿,a lsÍu yd NdKav úúOdx.SlrKh lsÍu

wmkhkh flfrys fhduq jq l¾udka; m%j¾Okh i|yd w;HjYH

wdh;k ia:dms; lsÍu

wmkhk ixj¾Okh i|yd ljqkai,hla msysgqùu

129

ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( Y%S ,xld f.jqï fYaI wiu;=,s;;d y÷kd .ksñka ta i|yd

úi÷ï yd l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 ( f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha wka;¾.;h úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06

bf.kqï m, (

f.jqï fYaI f,aLkh w¾: olajhss'

f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha ixrpl ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhss'

l,ams; ixLHd weiqfrka f.jqï fYaI f,aLkhla ms<sfh< lrhss'

uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha ld,Sk wdlD;sh bÈßm;a

lrhss'


Y%s ,xldj 2013 j¾Ifha isg kj wdlD;shg wkqj f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkh /

f.jqï fYaI f,aLkh ms<sfh< lsßug mshjr f.k we;'

f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkh /f.jqï fYaI f,aLkh hkq j¾Ihl ld, mßÉfþohla

;=< rgla úiska fiiq f,dalh iu`. lrk ,o wd¾Òl .kqfokq fya;=fjka

fjk;a rgj,ska ,efnk úfoaY uqo,a yd úfoaY rgj,g f.jk úfoaY

uqo,a yd tajd w;r fjki ;=,kh lrk wdldrh olajk f,aLkhls'

fuu.ska lsishï rgla fkajdislhka yd wfkajdislhka w;r isÿ jk ish¨

wd¾Òl .kqfokq l%udkql+, j oaú;aj .sKqïlrK uQ,O¾uh u; igyka

flf¾'

' f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkhl we;=<;a lrk .kqfokq jd¾;d lsßfï oS wkq.ukh

lrk uQ,sl iïu;h jkqfha iEu .kqfokqjla u tl yd iudk jákdlñka

fo;ekl igyka l< hq;= ùu hs'

fuu .kqfokq igyka lsÍfï § ieu .kqfokqjlg u jákdlu yr

w.hla iy ner w.hla jYfhka ;Sre foll igyka l< hq;= w;r ner

jákdlu (+) ,l=Kska iy yr jákdlu -& ,l=Kska igyka l< hq;= fõ'

fuf,i f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha we;=<;a ish¨ u .kqfokq iudk w.hlska

ner ;Srejl iy yr ;Srejl igyka l< úg ish¨ .kqfokqj, Y=oaO fYaIh

Y+kH w.hla .kS —f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkh ieu úg u ;=,kh fõ˜ hkqfjka

woyia jkafka fuh hs'

130

f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha —yr˜ iy —ner˜ w.hka fjka fjka j igyka

lsßfï § uQ,O¾u folla wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'

NdKavhla $ fiajdjla $ j;alula ;u rfgka fjk;a rglg neyer jk

úg tu whs;ufha jákdlu ner jákdlula (+) f,i igyka l< hq;=

fõ'

ksoiqka ( Y%S ,xldfõ we.¨ï wmkhk l< úg tu jákdlu cx.u

.sKqfï ner igykla f,i we;=<;a l< hq;= fõ'

NdKavhla $ fiajdjla $ j;alula ;u rgg fjk;a rglska ,efnk úg

tu whs;ufha jákdlu yr jákdlula ^-& f,i igyka l< hq;= fõ'

ksoiqka (Y%S ,xldjg ueo fmrÈ. rglska Lksc f;,a wdkhk l< úg tu

jákdlu cx.u .sKqfï yr igykla f,i we;=<;a l< hq;= fõ'

kj wdlD;shg wkqj f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha we;=<;a .kqfokq mia je±reï

fõ' tkï"

NdKav iy fiajd wmkhkh lsßu iy wdkhkh lsßug wod< .kqfokq

wdodhï ,eîu yd f.ùu wdY%s; .kqfokq

j;alï" Okh" ;Hd. jeks ± ms<sn| j tal md¾Yaùh j isÿ lrk

.kqfokq

ksIamdokh fkdl< uQ,H fkdjk j;alï ysñ lr .ekSu yd úlsKSu

wdY%S; .kqfokq

uQ,H j;alï ysñ lr .ekSu yd úlsKSu wdY%s; .kqfokq

tu .kqfokqj, iajNdjhka wkqj f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha kj wdlD;shg

wkqj m%Odk .sKqï 3 ls'

cx.u .sKqu

m%d.aOk .sKqu

uQ,H .sKqu

cx.u .sKqu kej; fldgia ;=kls' tkï"

1' NdKav yd fiajd .sKqu

1'1 NdKav .sKqu

1'2 fiajd .sKqu

2' m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqu

3' oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqu

131

Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY fjf<|du iïnkaO .kqfokq lsysmhl ksoiqka my;

±lafõ'

1' Y%S ,xldfõ we.¨ï iud.ula ñ,shk 500la jákd we.¨ï f;d.hla

wmkhkh lsßu

2' cmdkfha fudag¾ r: iud.ulska ñ,shk 1000la jákd fudag¾ r:

wmkhkh lsßu

fuu ksoiqk iïnkaO .kqfokqj NdKav .sKqug we;=<;a fõ' f,dalfha

tla rgla fiiq rgj,a iu`. isÿ lrk NdKav wmkhk yd wdkhkh

ms<sn| j igyka lrk .sKqu NdKav .sKqu fyj;a fjf<| .sKqu f,i

ye|skafõ'

fuu fjf<| .sKqfï uQ,H fkdjk r;arka fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jákdlï

ikaksêhla f,i igyka fõ'

fuu fjf<| .sKqfï fYaIh fjf<| fYaIh f,i y÷kajhs' oDYH NdKav

.sKqfï fYaIh f,i o th y÷kajhs'

fjf<| fYaIh= NdKav wmkhkh - NdKav wdkhkh

1 ksoiqk ( -500 = we.¨ï wmkhkh 500 - we.¨ï wdkhkh 1000

^fvd,¾ ñ,shk&

fjf<| .sKqfï fYaIh w;sßla;hla fyda (+) ys`.hla fyda ^-& úh yels h'

by; ksoiqk wkqj fjf<| .sKqfï fYaIh iDK w.hls'

wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|dfï § rgla wfkl=;a rgj,a iu`. idOl fkdjk

fiajd i|yd lrkq ,nk úhoï iy ,efnk wdodhï igyka lrk .sKqu

fiajd .sKqfï fõ'

fiajd .sKqug my; i|yka ixrpl wh;a fõ'

ixpdrl fiajd

uqyqÿ m%jdyK

.=jka m%jdyK

uQ,H fiajd

úÿ,s ikafoaY fiajd

rlaIK fiajd

132

fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh = fiajd wmkhk wdodhu - fiajd wdkhk úhou

fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh w;ssßla;hla (+) fyda ys`.hla ^-& úh yels h'

NdKav .sKqfï fYaIh fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh .e,mSfuka NdKav yd fiajd

.sKqfï fYaIh ,efí'

NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh = NdKav .sKqfï fYaIh + fiajd .sKqfï

fYaIh

Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY .kqfokq iïnkaO ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

1' Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaYSh rgj,ska ,nd .;a Kh i|yd jd¾ISl fmd<sh ñ,shk

500la f.ùu

2' Y%S ,dxlsl iud.ula ud,Èjhsfka we.¨ï lïy,l wdfhdackfhka ñ,shk

300la ,dNdxY ,eîu

fuu ksoiqka iïnkaO .kqfokq f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha m%d:ñl wdodhï

.sKqug we;=<;a fõ'

m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh = úfoaY idOl ,eîï - úfoaY idOl

f.ùï

2 ksoiqk ( ^-200& = úfoaY idOl ,eîï 300 - úfoaY idOl f.ùï 500

^fvd,¾ ñ,shk&

m%d:ñl wdodhu .sKqug we;=<;a jkafka ksIamdok l%shdj,sh wdY%fhka

mek kÕsk fmd<S" jegqma yd uQ,H j;alï wdfhdackfhka Wmhd .kakd

,dNdxY wdÈh hs'

Y%S ,xldfõ fkajdislhka iy wfkajdislhka w;r isÿ jk .kqfokq lsysmhla

my; ±lafõ'

ueofmrÈ. fiajh lrk ,dxlslhka ;u {d;Skag ñ,shk 1500l fm%aYK

jYfhka jdKsc nexl=j fj; tùu

Y%S ,xldfõ Ök cd;slhka ;u {d;Ska fj; ñ,shk 500l fm%aYK

Ökfha nexl=jla fj; heùu

133

ksoiqk (

.sKqfï fYaIh = úfoaY ixl%du ,eîï - úfoaY ixl%du f.ùu

1000 = úfoaY ixl%du ,eîï 1500 - úfoaY ixl%du f.ùï 500

^fvd,¾ ñ,shk&

f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha cx.u .sKqug we;=<;a

NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh

m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh

oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh .e,mSfuka cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh,efí'

yr ner fYaIh

NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh 500 1000 - 500

m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh 300 500 - 200

oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh 1500 500 500

cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh - 200

uQ,H j;alï uQ,H .sKqu ;=< we;=<;a jk w;r ksIamdokh fkdl< uQ,H

fkdjk j;alï m%d.aOk .sKqfï igyka lrkq ,efí'

ksIamdokh fkdl< uQ,H fkdjk j;alï fkajdislhka iy wfkajdislhka

w;r isÿ jk .kqfokq m%d.aOk .sKqfï yr - ner f,i igyka fõ'

ksIamdokh fkdl< uQ,H j;alï lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

n,m;%

nÿ .súiqï

ikakï

lS¾;s kduh úlsKSu $ ñ, § .ekSu

;dkdm;s ld¾hd,hhlg bvï úlsKSu

cd;Hka;r wdh;k $ rcfhka ,nd fok m%odk

fmagkaÜ n,m;% ^iajdêldß whs;sh&

mqrialdr

f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha wjidk Wm .sKqu uQ,H .sKquhs'

134

fkajdislhska iy wfkajdislhska w;r isÿ jk uQ,H j;alï yd j.lSï

wdYS%; .kqfokq uQ,H .sKqfuys jd¾;d flf¾'

ld¾hd;aul iajrEmh u; uQ,H .sKqfï .kqfokq m%Odk jYfhka fldgia

mylg fnÈh yels h' tkï"

iDcq wdfhdack

l,U wdfhdack

uQ,H jHq;amkak

fjk;a wdfhdack

úfoaY ixÑ; j;alï

lsishï rgl f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha cx.u .sKqu iy m%d.aOk .sKqfï

fYaIj, tl;=j tu rg wjfYaI f,dalh iu`. Y=oaO Kh ysñfhla o

^f.jqï ;=,k w;sßla;hla& ke;fyd;a Y=oaO Kh .e;sfhla o f.jqï ;=,k

ys`.hla o hkak fmkakqï lrhs'

oaú;aj .sKqï uQ,O¾uhg wkqj cx.u iy m%d.aOk .sKqfï fYaIj, tl;=j

uQ,H .sKqfï fYaIhg iudk úh hq;= w;r lsishï ixLHdkuh jrola ksid

wiudk;djla yg.;fyd;a zzY=oaO jeroSï yd w;ayeÍï hk whs;uh fhdod

.ksñka tu iudk;ajh we;s flf¾'

uQ,H .sKqu u`.ska fmkakd fokafka rgl Y=oaO Khysñ nj fyda Y=oaO Kh

.e;snj uQ,HklrKh flfrk wdldrhhs'

f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha tla tla .sKqïj,g wh;a whs;uhka l,ams;

ixLHd f,aLk we;=<;a lr bÈßm;a l< yels h'

135

whsuh ner yrfjf<| .sKqu

wmkhkh 1000wdkhkh 1300uQ,H fkdjk r;arka ,eîï 150uQ,H fkdjk r;arka f.ùï 200

fiajd .sKqu,eîï 800f.ùï 600

NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh ^150&m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqu

,eîï 800f.ùï 1000

m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh ^200&oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqu

fiajd kshqla;s fm%aIK ,eîï 1800fiajd kshqla;s fm%aIK f.ùï 800rcfha ixl%du ,eîï 400

oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh 1400cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh 1050

whsuh ner yrm%d.aOk .sKqu

m%d.aOk .sKqu - ,eîï 600m%d.aOk .sKqu - f.ùï 300

m%d.aOk .sKqfï fYaIh 300cx.u yd m%d.aOk .sKqfï fYaIh 1350uQ,H .sKquRcq wdfhdack ( j;alï 150Rcq wdfhdack ( j.lSï 100úúO wdfhdack ( j;alï 200úúO wdfhdack ( j.lSï 150wfkla wdfhdack ( j;alï 150wfkla wdfhdack ( j.lSï 50ixÑ; j;alï ^Y=oaO& 250uQ,H .sKqfï fYaIh 450

^f.jqï fYaI f,aLkhl ld,Sk wdlD;shla f.k isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak')

^re' ñ,shk&

136

by; l,ams; f.jqï ;=,k f,Lkfha cx.u yd m%d.aOk .sKqfï fYaih

re'ñ' 1350la jk w;r uQ,H .sKqfï fYaIh re' ñ' 450la fõ' oaú;aj igyka

uQ,O¾uh wkqj b; fYai fol iudk úh hq;= h' fï ksid Y=oaO jer§ï yd

w;ayeÍfï fYaI fol iudk úh hq;= h' fï ksid Y=oaO jer§ï yd w;ayeÍï

re'ñ' 900 la f,i f.k by; fYaI fok iudk l< yels h'

137

ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( úfoaY uQ,H Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh .fõIKh

lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'2 (Y%S ,xld f.jqï fYaI wiu;=,s;;d y÷kd .ksñka ta i|yd

úi÷ï yd l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06

bf.kqï m, (

Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha Wmk;s

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

cx.u .sKqfï ys`.fha iajrEmh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

f.jqï ;=,kfha wiu;=,s;;dj ksjerÈ lsÍug flá ld,Sk úi÷ï fhdackd

lrhs'

f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkhl ys`.hla wLKavj mj;S kï thg È.= ld,Sk

úi\qï fhdackd lrhs'


f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha 2013 isg 2016 olajd .sKqïj, Wmk;ska my;

±lafjk ixLHd f,aLk j.=j 01ka fmkakqï lrhs'

j¾Ih NdKav iy m%d:ñl oaú;Shl cx.u m%d.aOk uQ,H iuia;

fiajd .sKqfï wdodhï wdodhï .sKqfï .sKqfï .sKqfï .sKqfï

fYaIh .sKqfï .sKqfï fYaIh fYaIh fYaIh fYaIh

2012 - 8155 -1219 5392 -3982 130 4263'4 151'2

2013 - 6429 -1817 5639 -2607 71 30637 958'4

2014 - 6407 -1808 6227 -1988 58'3 -1536'1 1369

2015 - 6105 -2097 6193 -2008'5 46'3 -2312'3 -149

2016 - 6211 - 2184 6453 - 1942 26 2199 - 500

uy nexl= jd¾;dj

Y%S ,xldfõ cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh §¾> ld,Sk ys`.hla mj;S'

NdKav .sKqï fYaIh fjf<| fYaIh& §¾> ld,Sk ys`.hla fmkakqï lrhs'

fiajd .sKqfï w;sßla;hla fmkakqï lrhs'

NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIh miq.sh jir lSmh ;=< WÉpdjpkhg ,la

ù we;' uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&

NdKav yd fiajd .sKqfï fYaIfha mj;sk ys.h ms<sn| o;a; úYaf,aIKhla

my; ±lafjk ixLHd f,aLk j.=fjka bÈßm;a flf¾'

138

j¾Ih NdKav .sKqfï fiajd .sKqfï NdKav yd fiajd

fYaIh fYaIh .sKqfï fYaIh

2012 -9417 1262 - 8155

2013 - 7609 1180 - 6429

2014 - 8287 1880 - 6407

2015 - 8430 2325 - 6105

2016 -9090 2879 - 7211

j.=j 01 u.ska m%d:ñl wdodhï .sKqfï mj;sk ys`.h by< hdu fmkakqï

lrk w;r tu ys`.h cx.u .sKqfï ys`.h flfrys n,md we;'

oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqfï Y=oaO fYaIh w;sßla;hla fmkakqï lrk w;r th

l%ula l%ufhka by< hdula fmkakqï lrhs' th by< hdu ksid cx.u

.sKqfï wvq fõ'

2010 j¾Ifha isg uQ,H .sKqu Ok w.hla f.k 2014 isg ys`.hla fmkakqï

lrhs'

f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh §¾> ld,Sk ys.hla fmkakqï

lrhs' th 1977 j¾fha È muKla Ok w.hla f.k we;s w;r wd¾Ólh

újD; ùu;a iu. §¾> ld,Sk ys`.hla fmkakqï lrhs' uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ

ld,Sk f;dr;=re wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&

cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh ,nd .kafka fjf<| fYaIh" fiajd fYaIh" m%d:ñl

wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh iy oaú;Shl wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh tlg .e<mSfuka

h' cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh ys`.h ;Sj%;djg fjf<| fYaIh iy m%d:ñl

wdodhï .sKqfï fYaIh RK w.hla .ekSu fya;= ù we;'

f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha wiu;=,s;;dj f,i y÷kajkafka iuia; fYaIfha

yss`.hla fyda w;sßla;hla fyda mej;Su hs'

lsishï rgl f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha cx.u .sKqfï iy m%d.aOk .sKqfï

fYaIj, tl;=j tu rg wjfYaI f,dalh iu`. Y=oaO Kh ysñfhla o

ke;fyd;a Y=oaO Kh .e;sfhla o hkak fmkakqï lrhs'

f.jqï fYaIfha iuia; fYaIh w;sßla;lg jvd ys`.hla fmkakqï lrk

úg wd¾Ól jYfhka b;d m%n, m%;súmdl we;s lrhs' tu ksid f.jqï

fYaIfha flá ld,Sk ys`.h mshùug wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fõ'

flá ld,Sk j ys`.h mshjkafka flfia o hkak flá ld,Sk uQ,Hhkh

139

lsÍu f,i y÷kajhs'

flá ld,Sk uQ,Hhkh lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh lrk l%shdud¾. lsysmhla

my; ±lafõ'

úfoaY ixÑ; fhdod .ekSu

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,ka iómia:d Kh ,nd .ekSu

fjk;a cd;Hka;r uQ,H wdh;kj,ska flá ld,Sk wruqo,a ,nd .ekSu

§¾> ld,Sk ys`.hla mj;sk úg ta i|yd bÈßm;a l< yels úi÷ï my;

±lafõ'

wmkhk úúOdx.SlrKh

Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack Èßu;a lsÍu

idïm%odhsl wmkhkh Èßu;a lsÍu

wmkhk m%j¾Ok l,dm msysgqùu

úfoaY rgj,a iu`. .súiqïj,g t<öu

úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùug bv yeÍu fyda wjm%udKh lsÍu

foaYSh WoaOukh md,kh fldg wmkhkj, ;r.ldrs;ajh by< kexùu

wdkhk wdfoaYk l¾udka; jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu

w;HjYH wdkhkh yer wjfYaI wdkhkh wffO¾hj;a lsÍu

140


lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'3 ( úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh yd úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk

YlH;dj fjkia jQ wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06

bf.kqï m, (

úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh w¾: olajhs'

l,ams; ixLHd weiqfrka úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh .Kkh lrhs'

uE; ld,fha § úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh mshjQ wdldrh uy nexl= jd¾;dj

weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úfoaY j;alï w¾: olajhs'

úfoaY j;alïj, ixhq;sh olajhs'

úfoaY j;alï mj;ajd .ekSu rglg jeo.;a jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úfoaY j;alïj, idfmalaI m%udKh uekSu yd tys uE; ld,Sk m%udKh

uy nexl= jd¾;dj weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj fldmuK ld,hlg m%udKj;a fõ o

hkak m%ldY lrhs'


ksYaÑ; ld,Éfþohla ;=< wd¾Ólhg .,d tk ish¨ úfoaY ,eîï iy

wd¾Ólfhka neyerg .,d hk ish¨ úfoaY f.ùï w;r fjki úfoaY

iïm;a mr;rh f,i y÷kajhs'

úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh } úfoaY ,eîï - úfoaY f.ùï

úfoaY ,eîï f,i i,lkafka wmkhk" fiajd ,eîï" m%d:ñl wdodhï

,eîï iy oaú;Shl wdodhï ,eîï h' úfoaY f.ùïj,g wdkhk f.ùï"

fiajd f.ùï" idOl wdodhï f.ùï iy Kh wdmiq f.ùï" fm!oa.,sl

m%d.aOk ixl%du f.ùï" wdfhdack .,d hdï" jdKsc nexl=j, f.ùï we;=<;a

fõ'

141

ksoiqk ( l,ams; wd¾Ólhl úfoaY ,eîï yd úfoaY f.ùï my; ±lafõ'

úfoaY ,eîï ^re' ì,shk& úfoaaY f.ùï ^re' ì,shk&

wmkhk bmehqï 800 wdkhk f.ùï 1 10

fiajd ,eîï 120 fiajd f.ùï 50

m%d:ñl wdodhï ,eîï 130 m%d:ñl wdodhï f.ùï 150

oaú;Shsl wdodhï ,eîï140 fm!oa.,sl m%d.aOk ixl%du f.ùï 70

Kh wdmiq f.ùï 260

wdfhdack .,d hdï 40

jdKsc nexl=j, f.ùï 60

iuia; úfoaY ,eîï 730 iuia; úfoaY f.ùï 740

Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh RK w.hls ys`.hls&' Bg fya;= lsysmhla

my; oelafõ'

wmkhkj,g idfmalaI j wdkhkh jeä w.hla .ekSu

m%d:ñl wdodhï ,eîïj,g idfmalaI j m%d:ñl wdodhï f.ùï

wêl ùu

Kh wdmiq f.ùï wêl ùu

jdKsc nexl= úiska úfoaY rgj,g lrk f.ùï m%udKh by< hdu

úfoaY iï;a mr;rh ys`.hla ^RK w.hla& ùu wd¾Ólhg t;rï ys;lr

fkdfõ' úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh ys`. jQ úg wd¾Ólh fj; my; m%;súmdl

we;s lrhs'

úfoaY j;alï m%udKh my< hdu

úfoaY Kh .ekSug isÿ ùu

uqof,a úfoaY w.h my< hdu

uqo,a iemhqu my; jeàu

úfoaY Kh fiajd lrk f.ùï by< hdu

cd;Hka;r Kh w¾nqoj,g md;% ùu

úfoaY iïm;a mr;rfhys idfmalaI m%udKh uek olajkq ,nkafka"

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg idfmalaI j iy

uq¿ úfoaY bmhqïj,g idfmalaIjhs'

142

uE; j¾Ij, úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh msh jQ wdldrh

flá ld,Sk Kh

iemhqïlrejkaf.ka .kakd Kh

nexl= Kh

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,ka .kakd Kh

Y%S ,xldj my< wdodhï ,nk rgla j mej;s ld,fha § furgg ,efnk

úfoaY m%odk úfoaY wdOdr úfoaY Rcq wdfhdack jeks Kh fkdjk

uQ,dY%j,ska úfoaY iïm;a mr;rfha ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla mshjd.;a

kuq;a Y%S ,xldj ueÈ wdodhï ,nk rgla f,i j¾. lsÍu ksid Y%S

,xldjg ,efnk úfoaY m%odk wdOdr iSud ù we;' tneúka "

flá ld,Sk Kh

jdKsc nexl= Kh

iemhqïlrejkaf.ka Kh

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqof,ka .kakd Kh

jeks ud¾.j,ska Kh ,nd f.k úfoaY iïm;a mr;rh mshùug isÿ ù

;sfí' tys wys;lr m%;súmdl jkafka fmd<S msßjeh wêl ùu flá

ld,hla ;=< Kh mshùug isÿ ùu ksid úfoaY j;alï m%udKh YS>%fhka

wvq ùu jeks wdosh hs'

úfoaY j;alï hkq lsishï rgla fjkqfjka fjk;a rgj, uy nexl=j,

;ekam;a lr ;sfnk úfoaY uqo,a yd iq/l=ï m;a h'

úfoaY j;alï Y%S ,xld uy nexl=fj;a" ;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wdh;kj,;a"

Y%S ,xld rch;a i;= j mj;S'

fuhska wdKavqj" uy nexl=j iy jdKsc nexl=j,g wh;a j;alï o< uq¿

j;alï fõ'

thska wdKavqj iy uy nexl=j i;= úfoaY j;alï o, ks, j;alï fõ'

úfoaY j;alïj, ixhq;sh my; ±lafõ'

uy nexl=j i;= úfoaY nexl= ;ekam;=

uy nexl=j ñ, § .;a úfoaY iq/l=ï m;a

Y%S ,xld rch i;= úfYaI .ekqï yssñlï

jdKsc nexl= i;= úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a

jdKsc nexl= ñ, § .;a úfoaY iq/l=ï m;a

143

úfoaY j;alïj, ixhq;sh ms<sn| idlÉPd lrk úg úfoaY j;alïj,

ysñlu ilia jQ wdldrh jeo.;a fõ' 2015 j¾Ifha Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY

j;alïj, ysñldß;ajh my; ±lafõ'

wdh;kh uq¿ úfoaY j;alïj,ska

ysñ lr .;a m%;sY;h ^]&

Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j 73

;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wdh;k 22

Y%S ,xld rch 5

100

ûy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&

rglg úfoaY j;alï mj;ajd .ekSu lsysm wdldrhlska jeo.;a fõ' tajd

kï

uqof,a úfoaY w.h ia:djr j mj;ajd f.k hdug

uqo,a iemhqu ;SrKh lsßug

wdkhk YlH;dj msßlaiSug

f.jqï fYaI ys`.h mshùug

uQ,H wêldßhg úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g n,mEï lsÍfï yelshdj

;SrKh ùug

úfoaY wdfhdaclhkaf.a úYajdih Èkd.; yels ùug

rglg ysñ úfoaY j;alïj, idfmalaI m%udKh ukskq ,nkafka úfoaY

j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj fldmuK ld,hla i|yd m%udKj;a fõ o

hkak u;hs' ke;skï úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk yelshdj udi fldmuKlg

o hkak ñkqï lsÍuhs' th .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka my; mßÈ h'

úfoaY j;alï m%udKh

udisl wdkhk úhou

ksoiqka f,i rglg ysñ úfoaY j;alï m%udKh } re' ì,shk 5 000

jd¾Isl wdkhk úhou } re' ì,shk 12 000

úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj ûdi&

12000

60000

} udi 5

úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj ûdi& =

144

ñka woyia lrkafka udi 5lg NdKav yd fiajd wdkhkh lsÍu i|ydúfoaY j;alï m%udKj;a jk nj hs'

Y%S ,xldfõ uE; jirj, úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj my; mßÈj.=jlska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

j¾Ih úfoaY j;alïj,

wdkhk YlH;dj ^udi&

2011 4'3

2012 4'7

2013 4'8

2014 5'1

2015 4'9

úfoaY j;alïj, wdkhk YlH;dj b;d iq¿ jeä ùula fmkajhs' Bg

fya;=j NdKav yd fiajd wdkhk jeä jk m%;sY;hg jvd jeä m%;sY;hlska

úfoaY j;alï m%udKh by< hdu hs' uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ ld,Sk f;dr;=re

wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'&

145


lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'4 ( úfoaY wdfhdackh rgl wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh

úuihs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 04

bf.kqï m, (

úfoaY wdfhdack w¾: olajhs'

úfoaY wdfhdack j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

Rcq wdfhdack y÷kajd uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d olajhs'

Rcq wdfhdackfha ys;lr yd wys;lr m%;súmdl ú.%y lrhs'

l<U wdfhdack y÷kajd tys uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d ú.%y lrhs'


rgla" wdh;khla fyda mqoa.,hl= fyda fjk;a rgl uQ,H j;alï ñ, §

.ekSu fyda ;u jHdmdr ìys lsÍu iy mj;akd jHdmdrj, fldgia jeä

ixLHdjla ñ, § .ekSu úfoaY wdfhdackhhs'

úfoaY wdfhdackh m%Odk fldgia folla hgf;a úia;r l< yels h'

Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack

l<U úfoaY wdfhdack

Rcq úfoaYSh wdfhdack hkq lsishï m%;s,dNhla wfmalaIdfjka úfoaYSh

rgl M,odhs uQ¾; j;alï w;am;a lr .ekSu hs'

ksoiqka ( l¾udka; Yd,d" m;,a" bvlvï wd§ j;alï úfoaYSh wdfhdaclhka

w;am;a lr .ekSu

lsishï j¾Ihla úfoaY Rcq wdfhdack weia;fïka;= lsÍfï § rg ;=<g

.,d tk m%d.aOk m%jdyhka yd ráka msg;g .,d hk m%d.aOkh hk fol

u ie,ls,a,g .efka'

úfoaYSh Rcq wdfhdack ms<sn| j uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d my; ±lafõ'

miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< úfoaYSh Rcq wdfhdack n,dfmdfrd;a;= uÜgug

wvq ùu

146

wdfhdaclhkaf.a úYajdih wvq ùug fya;=jla f,i rg ;=< foaYmd,k

ia:djr;ajhla fkd;sîu ksid wdfhdack my< uÜgul mej;Su

fmd<S wkqmd;slh uE; j¾Ij, jeä ùfï iajNdjhla fmkakqï lsßu

ksid Y%S ,xldj we;=¿ wfkl=;a keÕS tk wd¾Ólhkag ±ä n,mEula

t,a, ùu

wdfhdaclhka keÕS tk fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólh ;=< wdfhdackh lsÍug

ue,s ùu

Rcq wdfhdackfha ys;lr yd wys;lr m%;súmdl

úfoaY wdfhdack ;=<ska Yla;su;a jk cd;Hka;r idOl ixp,;dj

fya;= fldg f.k iïm;a fn§ hdfï ld¾hlaIu;dj by< hdu

wu;r m%d.aOk m%jdyhka rg ;=<g .,d tau ;=<ska iïm;a mßyrKh

^b;=reï-wdfhdack& mshjd .ekSug yels ùu

úfoaY úksuh mr;rh mshjd .ekSug yels ùu úfoaYSh ,eîï - úfoaYSh

f.ùï - wmkhk mr;rh&

f.jqï fYaI ys`.hg ms<s;=rla ùu

Kh nr by< fkdhdu

kj ;dlaIKh yd l<ukdlrKh rgg ,nd .; yels ùu

,dNdxY yd fmd<S jYfhka úYd, uqo,a m%udKhla msgrgg we§ hdu

foaYSh wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g whym;a n,mEï we;s ùu

m%d.aOk iQlaIau ksIamdok Ys,amSh l%u Ndú;h ksid /lshd wjia:d

wysñ ùu

iajNdúl iïm;a wêmßfNdackhg ,la ùu

foaYSh l¾udka; wvmK ùu

rchg ,efnk nÿ wdodhï kshu f,i fkd,eî hdu

foaYSh wdfhdaclhka i|yd we;s uqo,a úfoaY jHdmdr fj; we§ hdu

foaYSh jHdmdrj, olaI fiajlhka úfoaY jHdmdr lrd hdu

^uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj weiqfrka Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY wdfhdackj,

ld,Sk f;dr;=re yd Wmk;ska ms<sn| j isiqka ±kqïj;a lrkak&'

147

l<U wdÈh wdfhdackh hkafkka woyia jkafka uQ,H m%;s,dNhka

wfmalaIdfjka úfoaYSh wdfhdaclhska fjk;a rgl jHdmdßl iud.ï fldgia"

ms<sKm;a" Khlr" jdKsc m;%sld wdos uQ,H fjf<|fmd< WmlrK ñ, §

.ekSu hs' l<U úfoaY wfhdackj, § wdfhdaclhkag úfoaY jHdmdrhkaf.a

l<ukdldÍ;ajh ysñlu fyda md,kh fyda ms<sn| ysñlula fkd,efnkq

we;'

l<U wdfhdckfha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

uE; j¾j, ysñlï fldgia fj; jQ úfoaYSh wdfhdackh wvq ùula fmkakqï

lsÍu

rfgys mj;sk foaYmd,k wia:djrNdjh u; úfoaY wxY fldgia

fjf<|fmdf<ys wdfhdackh lsÍu ukao.dó iajrEmhla ±laùu

fldgia fjf<|fmd< wia:djr;ajh È.g u wLKav j mej;Su fya;=fjka

wdfhdaclhka wdfhdackhg ue<s ùu fmkakqï lsÍu

Y%S ,xldfjka msg; fkajdislhka úiska Y%S ,xldfõ wdfhdack isÿ lrkq

,nk iSud yd lafIa;% mq¿,a lsÍu yryd rcfha m%;sm;a;s yd iu.dó j

wdKavqfõ wdfhdack m%;sm;a;s kej; iudf,dapkh lsÍu

148

ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( úfoaY uQ,H Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh

.fõIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'5 ( úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 04

bf.kqï m, (

úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< w¾: olajhs'

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh w¾: olajhs'

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd; l%u ;SrKh jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'


úfoaY úksuh yqjudre jk wdh;ksl jHQyhkaf.a iïnkaO;djka úfoaY

úksuh fjf<|fmd< f,i y÷kajhs' fkdtfia kï úfoaY úksuh

b,a¨ïlrejka yd iemhqïlrejka tu úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slhka yd

yqjudre lr .kakd úfoaY úksuh m%udKhka ;SrKh lr .ekSug iïnkaO

jk wdh;ksl jHQyhka úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< f,i ye|skaúh yels

h'

cd;Hka;r fjf<|du iy uQ,H .kqfokq myiq lsÍu i|yd úfoaY úksuh

imhd §u msKsi úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< ixúOdkh ù we;' tu

fjf<|fmd<j,a f,dalfha úYd, u fjf<|fmd< f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

fldgia fjf<|fmd<lg jvd úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< f,dalh mqrd

me;sreKq fjf<÷kaf.a cd,hla f,i ixúOdkh ù we;'

úfoaY úksuh fjf<|dfï fh§ isák fjf<÷ka wod< úfoaY uqof,a .ekqï

ñ, iy úl=Kqï ñ, ms<sn| f;dr;=re fiiq fjf<÷kaf.ka úuid n,d

jvd;a jdisodhl ;;a;ajh ;SrKh lrhs' úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<j,

fndfyda .kqfokq isÿ jkafka ÿrl:k u.ska jk w;r miq j th úoHq;a

;emE, fyda *elaia msKsúv u.ska ikd: lr.kq ,nhs'

úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a l%shdldÍ md¾Yajhka rdYshla isà'

jdKsc nexl=

úfoaY úksuh ;e/õlrejka

jHdmdßl wdh;k

uy nexl=j

149

uyck;dj

wdKavqj

jdKsc nexl= úfoaYSh fjf<|fmdf<a jvd;a m%uqL ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs'

fuys § úfoaYSh úksuh .ekqï ñ, iy úl=Kqï ñ, m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu

jeo.;a fõ' úl=Kqï ñ, iy .ekqï ñ, w;r mr;rh wdh;kfha ,dNdka;slh

ksrEmKh lrhs' úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<j, nyq, j yqjudre jkafka

f,dalfha m%n, uqo,a j¾. jk weußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,rh" iag¾,ska

mjqï" hQfrda iy cmdkfha fhka wdosh hs'

m%Odk úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< uOHia:dkj, ñ, .Kka w;r lsishï

fjkialula we;s jqjfyd;a úfoaY úksuh cdjdreïlrejka tu wjia:dfjka

m%fhdackhg f.k ,dN Wmh hs' tkï ñ, wvq úksuh fjf<|fmdf<ka

úfoaY úksuh ñ,g f.k ñ, jeä fjf<|fmd<gg úfoaY úksuh wf,ú

lrhs'

foaYSh jHdjydr uqo,a tallhla úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a tall njg;a úfoaY

jHjydr uqo,a tallhla foaYSh jHjydr uqo,a tall njg;a mßj¾;kh

lrk wkqmd;slh úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh f,i y÷kajhs' fuf,i lsishï

uqo,a tallhl ñ, ;j;a uqo,a tallhlska m%ldY lsÍu kdñl úksuh

wkqmd;slh kñka y÷kajhs'

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh m%ldY lrk l%u folla we;' tkï"

Rcq lshùï

jl% lshùï

Rcq lshùfï l%uh fyj;a ñ, ks¾Kh lrk l%uhg úksuh wkqmd;slh

m%ldYhg m;a lrkafka úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a tallhl ñ, foaYSh jHjydr

uqo,aj,ska ±laùu u.sks' ksoiqka f,i weußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,rhla

ñ, § .ekSug Y%S ,xld remsh,a fldmuK m%udKhla wjYH o hkak ±laùu

USA $ 1 = Y%S ,xld remsh,a 152

jl% lshùfï l%uh fyj;a mßudj ks¾Kh lsÍfï l%uhg úksuh wkqmd;slh

u.ska olajkafka foaYSh uqo,a tallfha ñ, úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a tall

u.ska ±laùu hs' jl% lshùfï l%uhg úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh Rcq lshùfï

l%uhg úksuh wkqmd;slfha mriamrh hs'

Y%S ,xld remsh,a (LKR) 1} tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ $ = 00657.0152

1

150

Rcq lshùfï l%uhg úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jkafka úfoaY

jHjydr uqo,a tallhg mj;sk b,aü yd iemhqu u; h' ksoiqkla f,i

weußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,rfha remsh,a ñ, ;SrKh jkaafka úfoaY

úksuh fjf<|fmd< ;=< fvd,¾ i|yd we;s b,aü yd iemhqu u; h'

fvd,¾ b,a¨ï lrkafka úfoaY rgj,ska NdKav wdkhkh lsÍug" úfoaY

rgj, ixpdrh lsÍug Kh wdmiq f.ùug" Kh i|yd fmd<sh f.ùug yd

úfoaY rgj,g ixl%du f.ùug wdos f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha f.ùï .kqfokq

mshùug h' fvd,rfha remsh,a ñ, yd fvd,¾ b,a ï m%udKh w;r m%;sf,dau

iïnkaO;djla mj;S'

mj;sk úksuh wkqmd;slh hgf;a wdkhk jeä ùu" úfoaY ixpdr jeä

ùu" Kh fmd<S f.ùï by< hdu úfoaYj,g flfrk ixl%du f.ùï by<

hdu wdos idOl u; fvd,¾ b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' wdkhk wvq

ùu" úfoaY ixpdr wvq ùu" úfoaY ixl%du f.ùï wvq ùu wdos fya;= u;

fvd,¾ b,a¨ï jl%h jïmig ú;eka fõ'

fvd,¾ i|yd iemhqula we;s jkafka NdKav wmkhk fiajd ,eîï" m%d:ñl

wdodhï ,eîï" oaú;Shl wdodhï ,eîï wdos f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha ,eîï

.kqfokq u.sks' fvd,rfha remsh,a ñ, yd fvd,¾ iemhqu w;r mj;skafka

wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djls'

mj;akd úksuh wkqmd;slh hgf;a wmkhk jeä jk úg ixpdrl ,eîï"

Kh ,eîï jeä jk úg fvd,¾ iemhqu jeä fõ' iemhqu jl%h ol=Kg

ú;eka fõ' wmkhk wvq jk úg fiajd ,eîï wvq jk úg fvd,¾ iemhqu

wvq fõ' fvd,¾ iemhqï jl%h jïmig ú;eka fõ'

fvd,¾ i|yd we;s b,aü yd iemhqu ;=,kh jk úg fvd,rfha remsh,a

ñ, ;SrKh fõ'

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh $

Rs

S $

$ m%udKhD $

100 000 $

fvd,

rfha r

emsh,a ñ

,

1 $

= re' 100

fvd,¾ iemhqu

fvd,¾ b,aü

151

fvd,rhla re' 100 ne.ska Èklg 100 000 $la yqjudre fõ'

jl% lshùfï l%uhg úksuh wkqmd;slh ;SrKh jkafka foaYSh jHjydr

uqo,a tallhg furg ;=< mj;sk b,a u yd iemhqu u; h' ksoiqkla f,i

Y%S ,xld remsh,lska ñ,g .; yels weußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ m%udKh

;SrKh jkafka Y%S ,xld remsh,a i|yd mj;sk b,aü yd iemhqu u; h'

wNHka;r úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a remsh,a b,a¨ï lrkq ,nkafka

úfoaYslhka úisks' tfia remsh,a b,a¨ï lrkaka Y%S ,xldfjka NdKav ñ,g

.ekSu" Y%S ,xldj ;=< ixpdrh lsÍu" .;a Kh wdmiq f.ùï wd§ f.jqï

;=,k ,eîï .kqfokq i|yd h' remshf,a fvd,¾ ñ, yd Y%S ,xld remsh,a

b,aü w;r mj;skafka m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djls'

mj;sk úksuh wkqmd;slh hgf;a Y%S ,xldfõ me;af;ka wmkhk jeä

jk úg" fiajd ,eîï jeä jk úg remsh,a b,a ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka fõ'

wmkhk wvq jk úg fiajd ,eîï wvq jk úg yd m%d:ñl wdodhï ,eîï

wvq jk úg remsh,a b,aü wvq fõ'remsh,a b,a¨ï jl%h jug ú;eka fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ wNHka;r úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a remsh,a imhkafka

iajfoaYslhka úiska h' tfia remsh,a imhkafka úfoaY rgj,ska NdKav yd

fiajd wdkhkh i|yd h' remsh,a imhd fvd,¾ ñ, § f.k úfoaY rgj,ska

NdKav yd fiajd wdkhkh lrhs' remsh,a fvd,¾ ñ, yd remsh,a iemhqu

w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S'

mj;sk úksuh wkqmd;slh hgf;a wdkhk jeä jk úg fiajd f.ùï jeä

jk úg remsh,a iemhqï ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' wdkhk yd fiajd f.ùï wvq

jk úg remsh,a iemhqï jl%h jug ú;eka fõ'

úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a remsh,a i|yd we;s b,aü yd iemhqu u;

remsh,l fvd,¾ ñ, ;SrKh fõ'

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh Rs

$

remsh,l jákdlug fvd,¾ 0'006 (0.006$) ne.ska Èklg Y%S ,xld

remsh,a 100 000la yqjudre fõ'

remsh,a m%udKh

1 LKR = 0.006$

LKR 100 000

remsh,a iemhqu

remsh,a b,aü

remshf,a fvd,¾ ñ,

152

ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( úfoaY uQ,Hh Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh .fõIKh

lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'6 ( úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;sl l%u ;=,kd;aul j úia;r lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk (08

bf.kqï m, (

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh y÷kajd tu l%ufha jdis yd wjdis olajhs'

kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh y÷kajd tu l%ufha jdis yd wjdis olajhs'

md,s; kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh y÷kajhs'


m%Odk jYfhka úksuh wkqmd; l%u folla ms<sn| j idlÉPd flf¾'

tkï"

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh

kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh

uQ,H wêldßh úiska ;SrKh l< úksuh wkqmd;slh kej; uQ,H wêldßh

úiska u fjkia lrk f;la u tl u uÜgul mj;skafka kï th ia:djr

úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh f,i y÷kajhs'

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uhg mokï jQfha rka ñkqï l%uh yd rka

yqjudre l%uh hs' tkï rka ixÑ; l%uh u; jHjydr uqo,a ksl=;a lsÍfï

moku fõ' weußld tlai;a ckmoh rka wjqkaihla fmvr,a ixÑ; nexl=fõ

;ekam;a l< úg fvd,¾ 35la ksl=;a lrk ,os' tx.,ka;fha uy nexl=fõ

rka wjqkaihla ;ekam;a l< úg iag¾,ska mjqï 12'50la ksl=;a lrk ,os' ta

wkqj fvd,¾ yd mjqï w;r úksuh wkqmd;slh £1 = $ 2.80 úh' th rka

wjqkaihlg ksl=;a lrk fvd,¾ m%udKh fyda iag¾,ska mjqï m%udKh

fjkia jk f;la u ia:djr j ;sìKs'

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh rglg jdisodhl f,i n,mdkafka my;

mßoafoka h'

úksuh wkqmd;slh ia:djr ksid wdkhklrejkag we;s jk wjodku

wvq h'

úksuh wkqmd;slh ia:djr ksid úfoaY wdfhdaclhkag úfoaY Kh

iemhqï lrejkag we;s jk wúksYaÑ; nj wvq h'

153

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;sk úg iuia; wd¾Ólfha

l%shdldß;ajhka l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï lsÍfï yelshdj jeä h'

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;sk úg iufmalaIK fÉ;kdfjka

úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a b,a¨ï lsÍug fkdfm<fUk ksid úfoaY úksuh

ys`.hla we;s fkdfõ'

úksuh wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùu u.ska wmkhk lrejkag jdis ,nd

.; fkdyels neúka wmkhkj, ;r.ldrs;ajh by< kxjd .ekSu

wmkhk lrejka fm<fUhs'

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh rglg wjdisodhl f,i n,mdkafka

my; mßoafoka h'

ndysr iu;=,s;;dj ^f.jqï ;=,kfha iunr;dj& mj;ajd .ekSug"

wNHka;r iu;=,s;;dj îudydr b,aü yd iudydr iemhqu ;=,s; j

mj;ajd .ekSu& lem lsrug isÿ ùu' f.jqï fYaI ys.hla we;s jqjfyd;a

th iukh lr .ekSug wNHka;r wd¾Ólfha wjOdkhla we;s lr

.ekSug isÿ fõ'

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slfha wê ;lafiarejla fyda W!k ;lafiarejla

mej;=Kfyd;a th ksr;=re j f.jqï fYaI ys`.hla fyda w;sßla;hla

fyda we;s ùug fya;= fõ'

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;ajd f.k hk úg tys wê ;lafiare

ùï hgf;a u;= jk úfoaY úksuh ys`.hla mshùug uQ,H wêldßhg

úYd, úfoaY úksuh ixÑ; mj;ajd f.k hdug isÿ ùu' th úYd,

uQ,H m%udKhla wl¾uKH f,i isr lr ;eîuls'

úfoaY úksuh ixÑ; wjidk jk úg úksuh ys`.h mshjd .ekSug

úl,am l%shd ud¾. f,i wdkhk md,kh jeks wdrlaIKjd§ m%;sm;a;s

wkq.ukh lsÍug isÿ ùfuka újD; fjf<|dfuka ,eìh yels Y=N

idOkh wvq fõ'

úfoaY úksuh b,aü yd iemhqu u; ;SrKh jk úksuh wkqmd;slh kuH

úksuh wkqmd;slh" p, úksuh wkqmd;slh" mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;slh&

f,i y÷kajhs' th b,aü yd iemhqu n,fõ.j, fjkia ùu u;

ksrka;rfhka fjkia fõ'

1970ka miq f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, kuH úksuh wkqmd; l%uh l%shd;aul

úh' úfoaY úksuh i|yd mj;sk b,aü by< hk úg úfoaY úksuh

wkqmd;slh jeä jk w;r úfoaY úksuh i|yd mj;sk b,aü my< hk

úg úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h my< hhs' úksuh wkqmd;slh by< hdu ksid

foaYSh uqof,a úfoaY w.h my< hdu uqof,a úfoaY w.h laIh ùu f,i

y\qkajhs'

154

kuH úksuh wkqmd;slfha p,khkag n,mdkafka rgla ;=<g .,d tk yd

ráka msg;g .,d hk úfoaY úksuh m%jdyhka h' tkï f.jqï fYaI

f,aLkfha ,eîï yd f.ùï md¾Yajhkaf.a .kqfokq úksuh wkqmd;slfha

fjkia ùug n,mdkq we;'

f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha wmkhk YS>%fhka j¾Okh jk úg kuH úksuh

wkqmd;slh my<g .uka lrhs' uqof,a úfoaY w.h by< hhs'

fuh my; rEm igyfkka fmkakqï flf¾'

f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha wdkhk YS>%fhka j¾Okh jQ úg kuH úksuh

wkqmd;slh by<g .uka lrhs' uqof,a úfoaY w.h my< hhs'

kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh u.ska f.jqï fYaIh iajhxls%h j ;=,kh jk

hdka;%Khla ks¾udKh fõ' f.jqï fYaI f,aLkfha ys`.hla mj;sk úg

remsh,a m%udKh ì,shk&


Rs

remsh,a iemhqu

remsh,a b,a¨u

80 100

1 LKR = 0.006$

1 LKR = 0.004$

0

remsh,a m%udKh ^ì,shk&

1 LKR = 0.006$


Rs

remsh,a iemhqu

remsh,a b,a¨u

1 LKR = 0.004$

0 80 100

155

úfoaY úksuh i|yd b,aü jeä ùu yd iemhqu wvq ùu u.ska úksuh

wkqmd;slh by< hkakg mgka .kS' túg uqof,a úfoaYSh w.h my< f.dia

wmkhk j¾Okh fõ' wdkhk wffO¾hj;a fõ' f.jqï fYaaI f,aLkfha

w;sßla;hla mj;sk úg úfoaY úksuh i|yd iemhqu jeä fõ' b,aü wvq

fõ' túg úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hkakg .kS' uqof,a úfoaY w.h by<

hhs' túg wdkhk jeä fõ' wmkhk wvq fõ' f.jqï ;=,k iunr;dj we;s

fõ'

kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%ufha jdis my; ±lafõ'

kuH úksh wkqmd;slh úfoaY úksuh b,aü iy iemhqu iudk

flfrk iu;=,s; úksuh wkqmd;slhla neúka úksuh wkqmd;slh wê

;lafiare ùug;a W!k ;lafiare ùug;A bvla fkdue;'

;d;aa;aúl úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;akd neúka f.da,Sh wd¾Ól iïm;a

úl,am Ndú;hka w;r jvd;a ld¾hlaIu wdldrhg fn§ hhs'

kuH úksuh wkqmd; l%uh u.ska ndysr iu;=,s;;dj ksrdhdifhka

f.dv kefÕk neúka m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka yg wNHka;r iu;=,s;;dj

Wfoid ;u mQ¾K m%h;akh fhoúh yels h'

uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ndysr idOlj,ska n,mEfuka iïmQ¾Kfhka u ksoyia

ksid foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;sula lsÍug uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ksoyfia fhdod

.; yels h'

úksuh wkqmd; ;SrKh ùfï § úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmdf<a b,a u yd

iemhqu iu;=,s; jk ksid úfoaY úksuh ys`.hla fyda w;sßla;hla

fyda we;s fkdfõ' tu ksid úYd, úfoaY úksuh ixÑ; mj;ajd .ekSfï

wjYH;djla u;= fkdfõ'

wdkhk yd wmkhk md,kh i|yd wdrlaIKjd§ l%shdud¾. wkq.ukh

l< hq;= fkdjk neúka jvd;a újD; fjf<|du u.ska iudc Y=N

idOkh Wmßu jYfhka N=la;s ú£ug bv m%ia;d j ysñ fõ'

kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%ufha wjdis my; ±lafõ'

úksuh wkqmd;slh ksrka;rfhka Wia my;a ùu ksid cd;Hka;r

fjf<|du m%j¾Okhg kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh ndOdjls'

kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh úfoaY wdfhdaclhkag yd Kh iemhqï lrejkag

±ä wúksYaÑ; njla we;s lrhs'

kuH úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;akd úg úksuh fjf<|fmd< wdY%s;

iufmalaIK ls%hd nyq, fõ' tu.ska úksuh wkqmd;slfha WÉpdjpkh

;j ;j;a ;Sj% lrhs'

156

ksrka;rfhka fjkia jk úksuh wkqmd;slhla neúka iuia; wd¾Ólfha

úkh mj;ajd .ekSu ÿIalrhs'

úksuh wkqmd;slfha WÉpdjpkh u.ska wmkhk lrejkag jdis ,eìh

yels neúka wmkhk ;r.ldß;ajh j¾Okh lr .ekSug olajk

Wkkaÿj wvq fõ'

md,s; úksuh wkqmd;slh ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slfha;a kuH úksuh

wkqmd;slfha;a ixl,khls' ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slh iy kuH úksuh

wkqmd;slfha jdis w;am;a lr .ekSu i|yd md,s; kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh

ilid we;'

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slhla mj;ajd f.k hk wjia:djl th lsishï

mrdihla ;=< fjkia ùug bv § we;' tu mrdih blaujd fjkia jk úg

uQ,H wêldßh úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g msúi úfoaY úksuh $ foaYSh

uqo,a úlsKSu fyda ñ, § .ekSu u.ska úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slfha wka;.dó

foda,kh md,kh lrkq ,nhs' th md,s; kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh fyj;a

l<ukdlrKh l< kuH úksuh wkqmd;h f,i y÷kajhs'

fufia uQ,H wêldßh úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd<g ueÈy;a jkafka flá

ld,Sk jYfhka jQj o tu`.ska úksuh wkqmd;slfha ld,Sk ia:djr;ajhla

we;s lsÍug wfmalaId flf¾'

lsishï rgl jHjydr uqo,a tallh i|yd úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh" úúO

úfoaY jHjydr uqo,aj,g idfmalaI j úúO m%udKhkaf.ka iy úúO

ÈYdjkag fjkiajk úg tu fjkia ùïj, uOH.; w.h .Kkh lsÍu

i|yd iM, úksuh wkqmd;h .Kkh lrhs'

iM, úksuh wkqmd;slfha iajrEm folla we;'

kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh

uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh

kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka Y%S ,xldj iu`.

úfoaY fjf<|dfï fhfok m%Odk rgj,a 24ys kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slhka

u;" tu rgj,a w;r we;s jk úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%udKh u; nr ;nd

.Kkh l< yels nß; idudkH úksuh wkqmd;slh kdñl iM, úksuh

wkqmd;slh fõ'

uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka Y%S ,xldfõ

WoaOuk wkqmd;slh iy úfoaY fjf<|dfï fhfok rgj, WoaOuk

wkqmd;slhka w;r fjkfia idudkH" kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg

.<md ilia l< úksuh wkqmd;slh fõ'

157

kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh iy uQ¾; iM, úksuh w;r iïnkaOh

ir, ksoiqkla u.ska my; mßÈ ú.%y l< yels h'

1' weußld tlai;a 1 $ = re' 150 30 4500 8 10 -2

ckmoh

2' tlai;a rdcOdksh 1 $ = re'200 20 4000 8 12 -4

3' bkaÈhdj 1 Rs = re'225 50 8 8 -5 +3

4' Ökh 1 U = re'2 10 20 8 10 -2

5' cmdkh 1 F = re' 2 5 10 8 5 +3

kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh

kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh 85'80 hkafkka woyia lrkafka by; ±la

jQ Y%S ,xldj iu`. úfoaY fjf<|dfuys fhfok ´kE u rgl idudkH

úksuh wkqmd;slh re' 85'80 la jk njhs'

by; i|yka kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg tla tla rgj, WoaOuk

wkqmd;slh yd Y%S ,xldfõ WoaOukh wkqmd; fjkfiys idudkH .e<mQ

úg uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh ,efí'

uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh } kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh + forfÜ

úksuh wkqmd;slh fjiaùfï idudkHh

} 85'80 + ^-2&

} 83'80

YS% ,xldfõ WoaOuk wkqmd;slhg jvd úfoaY fjf<|dfï fhfok rfgys

WoaOuk wkqmd;slh jeä kï kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg jvd uQ¾;

iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh wvq w.hla .kS'

R W

W

E

E

8 5 8 0

1 0 0

8 5 .8 0

fjf<| yjq,alrejkakdñl úksuhwkqmd;slh (R)

Y%S ,xldfõWoaOukwkqmd;slh

úfoaYrfÜWoaOukwkqmd;slh

fjki

úfoaYfjf<|duu; nr;eîu (W)

-8+6=-2100W RW8580

WR

158

Y%S ,xldfõ WoaOuk wkqmd;slhg idfmalaI j úfoaY fjf<|dfï fhfok

rgj, WoaOuk wkqmd;sl wvq kï kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg jvd

uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh by< w.hla .kS'

kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slfha iajNdjh jkqfha úúO rgj, kdñl

úksuh wkqmd;slhka ksr;=re j u by< yd my< hhs' túg remshf,a úfoaY

w.h ksYaÑ; j m%ldY l< fkdyels fõ' Bg úi÷ula f,i úfoaY rgj,

kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slhkaf.a uOHhk w.hla f,i iM, úksuh

wkqmd;slh wkqj foaYSh uqof,a úfoaY w.h jvd;a ksYaÑ; mokulska

m%ldY l< yels fõ'

uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slfha iajNdjh jkqfha wod< rfÜ wmkhk

;r.ldrs;ajh ñkqï lsÍug o¾Ylhla jYfhka fhdod .ekSug yels ùu hs'

uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrkqfha kdñl iM, úksuh

wkqmd;slhg fjf<| yjq,alrejkaf.a WoaOukh wkqmd;slhla furg

WoaOuk wkqmd;slh;a w;r fjki .e,mSu u.sks'

kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg jvd uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh

my< w.hla .ekSu u.ska woyia lrkafka fu rfÜ WoaOuk wkqmd;slh

fjf<| yjq,alrejkaf.a WoaOuk wkqmd;slhg jvd wvq nj hs' thska

;yjqre jkafka furfÜ wmkhk ;r.ldrs;ajh by< uÜgul mj;sk nj

hs'

kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slhg jvd uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh by<

w.hla .ekSu u.ska woyia lrkafka fjf<| yjq,alrejkaf.a WoaOuk

wkqmd;slhg idfmalaI j fï rfÜ WoaOuk wkqmd;slh jeä nj hs' thska

;yjqre jkafka fï rfÜ wmkhk ;r.ldß;ajh my< uÜgul mj;sk

nj hs'

kdñl iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh uQ¾; iM, úksuh wkqmd;slh iu`.

iei£u Tiafia foaYSh kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh wê ;lafiarejlska hqla;

o W!k ;lafiarejlska hqla; o iu ;lafiarejlska hqla; o hkak ñkqï l<

yels h'

uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh hkq rgj,a folla w;r mj;sk ñ, uÜgïj,

fjkialï .,mk ,o kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh hs' th .Kkh lrk

wdldrh my; ±lafõ'

159

RER = NER (Pd/Pf)

RER = uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh

NER = kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh

^remsh,lska ñ, § .; yels úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a m%udKh&

Pd = foaYSh ñ, uÜgï

Pf = úfoaYSh rfÜ ñ, uÜgu

ksoiqk (

wefußld tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ 1 } Y%S ,xld remsh,a 150

Y%S ,xldfõ ñ, uÜgu } 110

wefußld tlai;a ckmo ñ, uÜgu } 220

uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh

uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia úh yels wdldr folla we;'

1' uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hdu

2' uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh by< hdu

uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh my<hdu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka j¾Ih uq,

uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slhg idfmalaI j j¾Ih wjidkfha uQ¾; úksuh

wkqmd;slh my< w.hla .ekSu hs'

ksoiqk (

j¾Ih uq, uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh Y%S ,xld remsh,a 1 = $ 0.03 isg j¾Ih

wjidkfha uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh Y%S ,xld remsh,a 1 = $ 0.01 olajd my<

hdu'

uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hk wjia:d my; ±lafõ'

foaYSh ñ, uÜgu yd úfoaYSh ñ, uÜgu ia:djr j ;sìh § kdñl

úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hdu

1 110

150 220

0.0033

160

kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh iy úfoaY rfÜ ñ, uÜgu foaYSh ñ,

uÜgu my< hdu

kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh iy foaYSh ñ, uÜgu ia:djr j ;sìh §

úfoaY rfÜ ñ, uÜgu by< hdu

uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;slh my< hdfuka my; i|yka m%;súmdl we;s fõ'

wmkhk ;r.ldß;ajh jeä ù wmkhk ffO¾hu;a fõ'

wdkhk wffO¾hj;a fõ'

fjf<| .sKqfï hym;a m%jK;djla we;s fõ'

iu;=,s; úksuh wkqmd;slhka ms<sn| idlÉPd lsÍul § l%h Yla;s iduH

úksuh wkqmd;slh jvd;a jeo.;a ixl,amhla fõ'

fjf<|dug md;% jk iudk NdKav meil jákdlu rgj,a fofla foaYSh

uqo,a tallj,ska ukskq ,enqjfyd;a tu w.hhka fol w;r wkqmd;slh

l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh wkqmd;slh fõ'

ksoiqk (

iudk j¾.fha NdKav meil ñ, = re' 1000$-

tu NdKav mefiys úfoaYSh rfgys ñ, $ 20

fï wkqj l%h Yla;s iduH $ 20 = re' 1000$-

$ 1 } re' = 1000

20

= re' 50

fuhska woyia lrkafka weußld tlai;a ckmofha § fvd,rfha l%h Yla;sh

Y%S ,xldfõ re' 50 l l%h Yla;shg iudk nj hs'

kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh yd l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh wkqmd;slh w;r

hï fjkila mej;=K o È.= ld,fha § iu;=,s; úksuh wkqmd;slh l%h

Yla;s iduH úksuh wkqmd;slh lrd keUqre úh hq;= h'

rgj,a folla w;r kdñl úksuh wkqmd;slh iy l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh

wkqmd;slh iudk kï bka woyia jkafka forfÜ NdKavj, ñ, .Kka

tlsfklg iudk jk nj hs' fï ksid tla rgla wNsnjd wfkla rgg

;r.ldß;ajfha jdis ,nd .; fkdyels h'

161

ksmqK;dj 10'0 ( úfoaY uQ,Hh Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólhg n,mdk wdldrh

.fõIKh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'7 ( úksuh wkqmd;slfha fjkia ùï iy tys m%;súmdl ú.%y

lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06

bf.kqï m, (

úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia jk wdldrh olajhs'

úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh iy laIh ùu w¾: olajhs'

wjm%udKfha m%;súmdl ksoiqka weiqfrka úia;r lrhs'

úksuh wkqmd;slh m%;sm%udKh iy w.h by< hdu w¾: olajhs'

m%;sm%udKhl m%;súmdl ksoiqka weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

uqo,a wjm%udKfha wfmalaIs; b,lal bgq ùug ;ssìh hq;= fldkafoais meyeÈ,s

lrhs'


úfoaY úksuhg mj;sk b,a¨u iy iemhqu u; úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia

úh yels h' th kuH úksuh wkqmd;sl l%uh ;=< isÿ fõ'

ksoiqk ( jdKsc nexl=j, Èkm;d úúO úfoaY úksuhj, w.hka m%o¾Ykh

lr we;' tjeks m%o¾Yk mqjrejl úksuh wkqmd;sl fjkia ùu u;

wd¾Ólfha úfoaY úksuh ñ,g .ekSu iy úlsKSu isÿ fõ'

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia ùug n,mdk idOl lsysmhla we;'

cd;Hka;r fjf<|du

m%d.aOk ixp,k

ñ, úp,kh

iufmalaIKh

wd¾Ól Yla;sh

rdcH m%;sm;a;s

fldgia fjf<|fmd< lghq;=

foaYmd,Ksl ;;a;ajh

úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh úu iy m%;sm%udKh ùu ia:djr úksuh

wkqmd;hla ;=< isÿ fõ'

162

úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùu iy w.h by< hdu kuH úksuh wkqmd;slhla

;=< isÿ fõ'

wmkhk yd wdkhk fjf<|dug mj;sk b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ. u;

úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia fõ'

01' ksoiqk ( Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhklrejl=g tlai;a rdcOdksfha wdkhklrejd

f.úh hq;af;a iagd¾,ska mjqïj,ska h'

01 ksoiqkg wkqj úfoaY úksuh iemhqu by< hk úg remshf,a ndysr w.h

by< hhs'

02' ksoiqk Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhklrejl= cmdkfhka fudag¾ r: wdkhkh

lrk úg cmdkfha wmkhk iud.ug f.úh hq;af;a fhkaj,ska h'

02 ksoiqkg wkqj úfoaY úksuh i|yd b,a¨u by< hdu ksid foaYSh

remshf,a ndysr w.h laIh ùug ,la fjhs'

úfoaY wdfhdack by< hdu u.ska rgl m%d.aOk ixp,khla ksid úfoaY

úksuh iemhqu by< hhs' úfoaY úksuh iemhqu by< hk úg remshf,a

ndysr w.h Yla;sula fõ'

wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajdj, idudkH ñ, uÜgu WÉpdjpkh ùug

idfmalaI j wka;¾cd;sl j .kqfokq isÿ lrk rgj, NdKav yd fiajdj,

ñ, uÜgu fjkia ùu úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdhs'

ksoiqk ( Y%S ,xldfõ NdKavj, yd fiajdj, idudkH ñ, uÜgu by<

hdug idfmalaI j bkaÈhdfõ idudkH ñ, uÜgu my< kï bkaÈhdkq

remsh,aj,g idfmalaI j Y%S ,xldfõ remsh,aj,g ndysr w.h laIh fõ'

úfoaY úksuh tla /ia lsÍu yd úlsKsu u; úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia

fjhs' iufmalaIKfha fhfokafkda úksuh tla /ia lsÍu iy úlsKSfï

lghq;= isÿ lr;s' wkd.;fha ,dN bmhSu i|yd úksuh tla /ia lsÍu isÿ

lr;s' th úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia úu flfrys n,mdhs'

rdcH m%;sm;a;sj, úksuh m%;sm;a;s ,sys,a lsÍu ksid ta rg ;=<g .,d

f.k tk úksuh iemhqu by< hdu my< hdu isÿ úh yels h' th úksuh

wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdhs'

fldgia fjf<|fmd< il%sh ùu úksuh iemhqu by< hdu iy my< hdu

flfrys n,mdhs' th o úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu flfrys n,mdhs'

foaYmd,k ia:djr ùu iy wia:djr ùu úksuh wkqmd;slh fjkia ùu

flfrys n,mdhs'

163

ksoiqk ( Y%S ,xldfõ jir 30 g wdikak ld,hl mej;s foaYmd,k wia:djr

nj úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùug tla fya;=jls'

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd;slhla hgf;a uQ,H wêldÍka ks, úksuh wkqmd;slh

fjkia lsÍu ksid úksuh wkqmd;sh wjm%udKh lsßu iy m%;sm%udKh isÿ

fõ' f.jqï fYaIfha ys`.h wLKav j mj;S kï ks, úksuh wkqmd;slhg

jvd th my< ±óu úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh f,i y÷kajhs'

kuH úksuh wkqmd;slhla hgf;a úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùug bv

ie,ish yels h' úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùula hkqfjka woyia lrkafka

foaYSh jHjydr uqo,a tallfha w.h úfoaYSh uqo,ska my; jeàu hs'

ksoiqk ( Rcq m%fõYhg wkqj wfußldkq fvd,rfha ñ, remsh,a 100 laj

;sî miq j th remsh,a 114 olajd by< .shfyd;a thska woyia lrkafka

remshf,a úfoaY úksuh jákdlug my< jeàula fyj;a laIh ùug m;a

j we;s nj hs'

úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh fyda laIh ùu wjia:d folla hgf;a isÿ

jQj;a tys m%;sM,h tl yd iudk fõ'

úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl my; i|yka fõ'

wdkhkj, foaYSh ñ, by< hdu

fmrg jvd wdkhk úhoï by< hdu

foaYSh b,aü wdkhkh u; r|d mj;S kï foaYSh WoaOukh by< hdu

úfoaYSh Kh jdßl yd fmd<sh by< hdu

ixpdrl bmhSï by< hk w;r f.jqï ;=,k f,aLkfha fiajd .sKqfï

fYaIh ys;lr ùu

ueo fmrÈ. we;=¨ rgj, Y%S ,dxlsl fiajd kshqla;hkaf.a fm%aIK

by< hdu ksid ixl%du .sKqu hym;a ùu

wdkhk ñ, by< hdu ksid wdkhkh wffO¾hj;a ù wdkhk b,a u

foaYSh NdKav fj; fhduq ùu

wmkhk NdKav i|yd by< b,aüla we;s ù wmkhk bmhSï by<

hdu

ksoiqk ( Rcq m%fõYh wkqj fvd,rfha jákdlu remsh,a 100ls' Y%S

,xldfõ we.¨ï wmkhl tallhl jákdlu remsh,a 100ls' úksuh

wkqmd;sl laIh ùfuka miq fvd,rfha jákdlu remsh,a 150 jQfha

kï we.¨ï wmkhk tallhlg f.úh hq;af;a fvd,¾ 0'66 ls'

fï ksid wmkhk b,aü by< hhs'

úksuh wkqmd;slh m%;sm%udKh hkq foaYSh uqo,a tallhl ñ, úfoaYSh

uqo,aj,ska by< hdu hs'

164

ksoiqk ( Rcq m%fõYhg wkqj fvd,rh remsh,a 114lg yqjudrej ;sìh §

fvd,rfha ñ, remsh,a 100 olajd fjkia jqjfyd;a thska m%ldY jkafka

úksuh wkqmd;slfha w.h jeä ùuls' ñka ms<sìUq jkafka fvd,rhg

idfmalaI j remshf,a w.h by< f.dia we;s ksid remsh,a ñ, § .ekSug

by< fvd,¾ m%udKhla f.úh hq;= nj hs'

kuH úksuh wkqmd;slhla ;=< § úksuh wkqmd;slh by< hd yels h'

úksuh wkqmd;slh m%;sm%udKh ùu fyda by< hdu fyda ksid we;s jk

m%;sM,h tl iudk fõ'

úksuh wkqmd;slh m%;sm%udKh ùfï wd¾Ól m%;súmdl my; i|yka fõ'

wdkhkj, foaYSh ñ, .Kka my< hdu

WoaOuk wkqmd;slh my< hdu ^wdkhkh u; r|d mj;S kï&

úfoaYSh Khj, foaYSh uQ,H jákdlu my< hdu

úfoaYSh Kh wdmiq f.ùfï msßjeh wvq ùu

wdkhkj, foaYSh ñ, my< hdu ksid wdkhk b,aü m%idrKh ù

wkhk úhoï by< hdu

ta ksid fjf<| fYaIh flfrys wys;lr n,mEu

wmkhklrejkag ,efnk úfoaY úksuh wdodhïj, foaYSh uqo,ska

jákdlu wvq ùu ksid wmkhk wffO¾hj;a ùu

úfoaYSh fiajd kshqla;Skaf.a bmhSï i|yd foaYSh uqo,ska jákdlu wvq

ùu ksid fiajd kshqla;hkag wjdis ùu

úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq lsysmhls'

f.ùï ;=,k f,aLkfha È.= ld,Sk ys`.h wju lsÍu

wdkhk b,aü wffO¾hj;a lsÍu

wmkhk iemhqu ffO¾hj;a lsÍu

fiajd kshqla;hkaf.a fm%aIK Èßu;a lsÍu

úfoaY Rcq wdfhdack by< kexùu

fuu wfmalaIs; b,lal imqrd ,Su i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= fldkafoais lsysmhls'

(i) wmkhkh i|yd úfoaYslhskaf.a b,aü ñ, kuH ùu

(ii) wdkhkh i|yd we;s foaYSh b,aü ñ, kuH ùu

165

(iii) wmkhkh yd wdkhkh b,a¨u fjka fjka j .;a úg ñ, b,a¨ï

kuH;djla fkdfmkakqj;a tu foflysu tl;=j ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

tlg jeä w.hla .ekSu ^ud¾I,a-,¾k¾ fldkafoaish&'

(iv) wmkhk ms<sn| foaYSh iemhqu kuH ùu

(v) foaYSh ñ, uÜgu ia:djr ùu

úksuh wkqmd;slh laIh ùu fyda wjm%udKh lsÍfuka fyda wfmalaIs;

wruqKq fj; hdug foaYSh ñ, uÜgu i:djr ùu w;HjYH idOlhls'

úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh lsÍfuka úfoaYslhkag Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk

NdKav ñ, § .ekSu jdis odhl úh yels h' Y%S ,xldfõ NdKav yd fiajd

ñ, by< hdula isÿ jkafka kï úksuh wkqmd;slh wjm%udKh lsÍfï tu

jdish fkd,efnkq we;'

166


lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'8 ( nyq md¾Yaùh uQ,H wdh;kj, ld¾hhka úuihs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06

bf.kqï m, (

nyq md¾Yaùh uQ,H wdh;k kï lrhs'

wka;¾ cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a wruqKq olajhs'

wka;¾ cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a ld¾hhka úia;r lrhs'

f,dal nexl=fõ wruqqKq olajhs'

f,dal nexl=fõ ld¾hhka úia;r lrhs'

f,dal nexl=fõ ld,Sk fjkialï úuihs'


cd;Hka;r uQ,H iyfhda.S;dj Yla;su;a fldg f,dal fjf<|du j¾Okh

lsÍu;a úksuh wkqmd;slhkays l%uj;a Ndjhla we;s lsÍu;a wruqKq lr

.ksñka f,dalfha rgj,a tl;= ù msysgqjd f.k we;s uQ,H wdh;k nyq

md¾Yaùh uQ,H wdh;k hkqfjka y÷kajhs'

tfia msysgqjd f.k we;s m%Odk nyq md¾Yaùh uQ,H wdh;k folls'

(i) wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqo,

(ii) f,dal nexl=j

cd;Hka;r uQ,H iyfhda.S;dj" úksuh wkqmd;slhkays ia:djr;ajh iy

úksuh wkqmd;sl m%n, úêu;a Ndjh m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd;a wd¾Ól

jDoaëh yd fiajd kshqla; uÜgï j¾Okh lsÍug;a f.jqï fYaI .e<mSï

myiq lr,Su i|yd idudðl rgj,g ;djld,sl uQ,H wdOdr iemhSu

i|yd;a 1945 foieïn¾ 27 Èk wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqo, wdrïN lr we;'

wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a wdrïNl idudðlhka ixLHdj 29la jk w;r

j¾;udk idudðl ixLHdj 186ls'

wka;¾cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a wruqKq my; ±lafõ'

1. cd;Hka;r uQ,H .eg¨j, § WmfoaYk iy iyfhda.S;dj ,nd fok

iaÒr wdh;khla msysgqùu u.ska uQ,H iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh lsÍu

167

2. ish¨u idudðl rgj, ksIamdok iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍug;a by<

fiajd kshqla;hla yd uQ¾; wdodhula mj;ajd f.k hdug;a wka;¾

cd;sl fjf<|dfï iunr j¾Okhg;a wjYH myiqlï iemhSu

3. ixj¾Ok rgj,a w;r úksuh wkqmd;shka l%uj;a j mj;ajd f.k

hñka úksuh wkqmd;slhkays ia:djr Ndjhla we;s lsÍu

4' idudðl rgj, j¾;k .kqfokq iïnkaOfhka nyq md¾Yaùh f.ùï

l%uhla ia:dms; lsÍu yd wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|dfï j¾Okhg ndOd

muqKqjk úfoaY úksuh iSudjka bj;a lsÍu

5' f.jqï fYaIfha .e<mqu we;s lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH wruqo,a idudðl

rgj,g ;djld,sl j ,nd §u

6' idudðl rgj, f.jqï fYaI wiu;=,s;;d iy tu wiu;=,s;;d mj;sk

ld,h wvq lsÍu

wka;¾ cd;sl uQ,H wruqof,a ld¾hhka my; ±la fõ'

1' cd;sl wd¾Ólhka yd f,dal wd¾Ólhka wk;=reodhl ;;ajhkag m;a

jk wjia:dj, § ksjerÈ uÕg fhduq lsÍu i|yd wjYH Wmfoia ,nd

§u

2' nexl= yd uQ,H lghq;=j, .=Kd;aul Ndjh we;s lsÍu i|yd wjYH

kS;sÍ;s mj;ajd f.k hdug Wmfoia ,nd §u

3' yÈis uQ,H w¾nQoj, § idudðl rgj,g ;djld,sl Kh myiqlï ,nd

§u" È.= ld,Sk wd¾Ól .eg¨j, § uQ,H myiqlï ,nd §u yd wd¾Ól

m%;sixialrK we;s fldg úi÷ï ,nd §ug wjYH mshjr .ekSu

4' idudðl rgj,g ;dlaIKsl iyfhda.S;dj ,nd §u yd rcfha yd uy

nexl= ks,Odßka mqyqKq lsÍu

5' idudðl rgj,a w;r rdcH uQ,H" úfoaY uQ,H yd cd;sl .sKqï jeks

wxY iïnkaO m%ñ;s ieliSu yd ta wkqj f;dr;=re m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu

u.ska wfkHdakH wjfndaOh yd wOHdmkh idudðl rgj,a w;r fnod

yeÍu

weußld tlai;a ckmoh" uyd ì%;dkH we;=¿ rgj,a 42 l iyNd.s;ajfhka

1944 cQ,s udifha § weußld tlai;a ckmofha fn%ÜkajQâia k.rfha mej;s

fn%ÜkajQâia iuq¿fõ m%;sM,hla f,i fojk f,dal ix.%dufhka úkdYhg

m;a jQ hqfrdamd rgj,a h<s mqkre;a:dmkh lsÍfï wruqfKka 1947 ud¾;=

01 Èk f,dal nexl=j msysgqjd we;'

168

1946 j¾Ifha jHdmdßl lghq;= wdrïN l< f,dal nexl=fõ wdrïNl

idudðl ixLHdj 38ls' j¾;udkh jk úg f,dalfha rgj,a 186 la fuys

idudðl;ajh orhs'

f,dal nexl=j m%Odk wdh;k follska iukaú; fõ'

1' m%;sixialrKh yd ixj¾Okh i|yd jk wka;¾cd;sl nexl=j

2' wka;¾cd;sl ixj¾Ok ix.uh

f,dal nexl=fõ wruqKq my; ±lafõ'

idudðl rgj, ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd wfkHdakH myiqlï iemhSu

u.ska tu rgj, wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu

idudðl rgj,g ,sys,a fldkafoais u; úfoaY m%d.aOkh fkd,efnk

úg úfoaY fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack Èß .ekaùï i|yd wjYH myiqlï yd

wjia:d we;s lsÍu

fm!oa.,sl wdfhdackj,g wu;r j nexl=fõ wruqo,a yd fjk;a

ud¾.j,ska ,nd .kakd wruqo,a o Ndú; lrñka idudð; rgj, M,odhs

ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd È.= ld,Sk Kh iemhSu

idudðl rgj,g ld¾ñl yd Ys,amSh Wmfoia fiajd ,nd §u

idudðl rgj, ksIamdok iïm;a j¾Okh lsÍu u.ska yd wka;¾cd;sl

wdfhdack Èß .ekaùu u.ska wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dfï iunr j¾Okhla

we;s lsÍu

f,dalfha È<s÷ nj wvq lsÍu

f,dal nexl=fõ ld¾hhka my; i|yka fõ'

idudðl rgj,g uQ,H yd ;dlaIKsl wdOdr iemhSu

idudðl rgj,g iykodhS fldkafoais hgf;a Kh ,nd §u

úfoaY wdfhdack f.kajd .ekSu i|yd idudðl rgj,g wjYH

iyfhda.h ,nd §u

idudðl rgj, ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu i|yd wjYH jHdmD;s ie,iqï

lsÍug yd wëlaIKh lsÍug f,dal nexl= úfYaI{hkaf.a iyfhda.h

,nd §u

;srir ixj¾Okh we;s lsÍu i|yd ck;djf.a ðjk ;;a;ajh Wiia

lsßug;a wd¾Ól M,odhs;d by< kexùug;a" mßirh wdrlaId lsÍug;a"

rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxY w;r iyfhda.S;dj f.dv kexùug;a lghq;=

lsÍu

169

idudðl rgj,g f.da,ShlrK .uka uÕg msúiSu i|yd wjYH

iyfhda.h ,nd §u

f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a uqyqKmEug isÿ jk wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhka

iukh lr .ekSu i|yd idudðl rgj,g wjYH wdOdr iemhSu

f,dal m%cdj iuÕ hym;a iïnkaO;d f.dv kÕd .ekSu i|yd

iyfhda.h ,nd §u

kj wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsßu i|yd idudðl rgj,g wjYH

iyfhda.h ,nd §u

170

ksmqK;dj 11'0 ( ixj¾Okfha úúO;ajh ú.%y lrñka ;srir ixj¾Okhg

odhl ùfï we,au meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'1 ( wd¾Ól jDoaêfha jeo.;alu w.h lrñka wd¾Ól j¾Okhg

bjy,a jk idOl úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

wd¾Ól jDoaêh w¾:l:kh lrhs'

wd¾Ól jDoaêh uekSu isÿ lrk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

wd¾Ól jDoaêh ;SrKh jk idOl fmkajd fohs'

wd¾Ól jDoaêfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wd¾Ól jDoaêfha msßjehla mj;sk nj ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ uE; ld,Sk wd¾Ól jDoaê m%jK;d meyeÈ,s lrhs'

jDoaê l%shdj,sh ch .;a rgj, fmdÿ ,laIK ú.%y lrhs'


wd¾Ól jDoaêh hkafkka woyia jkafka uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha

wLKav jeä ùu hs'

kHdhd;aul m%fõYhla Tiafia ks¾jpkh lrk úg wd¾Ól jDoaêh hkq

wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdok Odß;dj fyj;a úNj ksuejqu

m%idrKh ùu hs'

wd¾Ól jDoaêhl § wd¾Ólfha uQ¾; ksuejqu È.= ld,Sk j m%idrKh ùula

isÿ fõ'

kuq;a ienúka u wd¾Ól jDoaêh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha NdKav yd

fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍfuys ,d wd¾Ólh i;= Odß;dj m%idrKh ùuhs'

wd¾Ól jDoaêh fmkakqï l< yels wdldr folls'

1' ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla weiqfrka fmka ùu

171

by; rEm igyfka ksIamdok yelshd udhsu PPF1 isg PPF

2 olajd ú;eka

ùu u.ska wd¾Ól jDoaê l%shdj,sh ksrEmKh lr we;'

2' iudydr b,a¨ï yd iudydr iemhqï weiqfrka fmka ùu

by; rEm igykg wkqj wd¾Ólfha È.= ld,Sk iudydr iemhqï jl%h AS1

isg AS2 olajd ol=Kg ú;eka ùu u.ska wd¾Ólfha úNj ksuejqï uÜgfï

jeä ùu ksrEmKh l< yels h' úNj ksuejqï uÜgu jeä ùfuka fmkakqï

lrkqfha wd¾Ól jDoaêh hs'

wd¾Ól jDoaêh uekSu i|yd l%u folla Ndú; lrhs'

1' ld,hla iu. uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys fyda Y=oaO foaYSh

ksIamdÈ;fhys yg fyda fkd.kakd jeä ùu

2' ld,hla iu. m%;sYS¾I uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhys fyda m%;sYS¾I

uQ¾; Y=oaO foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha yg fyda fkd.kakd jeä ùu

wd¾Ól jDoaêh ukskq ,nkafka wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh u.sks'

Y1

Y2

uQ¾; ksuejqï

ñ, uÜguAS

1 AS

2

172

^wod< j¾Ifha uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h - fmr

j¾Ifha jQ uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdokh&

fmr j¾Ifha uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h

ksoiqka ( wod< j¾Ifha uQ¾; o< foaYShksIamdos;h re' á%,shk 210 hehs o fmr

j¾Ifha uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h re' á%,shk 200 hehs o is;uq'

túg"

wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;h

wd¾Ól jDoaêh ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

iïm;a iïNdrh

fN!;sl m%d.aOkh

udkj m%d.aOkh

iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh

iudc m%d.aOkh

M,odhs;dj

;dlaIKh

udkj m%d.aOkh

wd¾Ól ia:dhS;dj

foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh

hymd,kh

wd¾Ól jDoaêfha jeo.;alu my; i|yka mßÈ fõ'

by< Ôjk uÜgula w;am;a lr .ekSug yels ùu

fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdu

id¾:l rdcH uQ,H l<ukdlrKhla mj;ajd .; yels ùu

wdfhdack Yla;su;a ùu

úYajikSh;ajh j¾Okh ùu ksid jHdmdßlhkaf.a ,dN jeä ùu

210 200100

200

5%

wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh = X 100

173

wd¾Ól jDoaêfha msßjeh my; i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

mdßißl .eg¨ we;s ùu

mßir ¥IKh

mßir ydhkh

m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a úkdY ùu

ksIamdokfha yd mßfNdackfha RK ndysr;d we;s ùu

wd¾Ólfha WoaOukldÍ ;;a;ajhka mek keÕSu

wdodhï úIu;d yg .ekSu

m%foaYfha úIu;d yg .ekSu

ck;djf.a Y=NidOkh j¾Okh jk lafIa;% ;=< wdodhu wdfhdackh

fkdjqjfyd;a Ôjk ;;a;ajhg n,mEï we;s ùu

j¾;udk mßfNdackh my< hdu

^Y%S ,xldfõ uE; ld,Sk jDoaê m%jK;d wod< j¾Ihkays uy nexl= jd¾;d

mßYS,kh lrñka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

jDoaê l%shdj,sh ch .;a rgj, fmdÿ ,laIK my; ±lafõ'

f.da,Sh wd¾Ólfhys mQ¾K f,i jdis ,nd .ekSu

id¾j wd¾Ólfhys ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd .ekSu

by< b;=reï yd wdfhdack uÜgula r|jd .ekSu

iïm;a fnod yeÍu fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. u.ska isÿ ùu

lem jqKq úYajikSh yd ld¾hlaIu wdKavq mej;Su

174



ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'2 ( ixj¾Okh wdY%s; úúO ixl,am ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh w¾: olajhs'

wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shl § wd¾Ól jHQyfha we;s jk fjkialï

úia;r lrhs'

ixj¾Ok ixl,am w¾: olajhs'

ixj¾Okfha me;slv ú.%y lrhs'

wd¾Ól jDoaêh yd ixj¾Okh w;r fjki ii|hs'

udkj ixj¾Okh w¾: olajhs'

;srir ixj¾Okfha me;slv ú.%y lrhs'

ixj¾Okh wdY%s; kj m%jK;d ú.%y lrhs'


wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh mßKduk l%shdj,shla jk w;r wd¾Ól jDoaêhla

iu`. ne÷Kq wd¾Ólfha jHQyuh fjkia ùï Bg we;=<;a fõ'

wd¾Ól jDoaêh m%udKd;aul me;slvla muKla jk w;r wd¾Ól

ixj¾Okfha § m%udKd;aul me;slvg wu;r j .=Kd;aul ,laIK o

we;=<;a h'

wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shl § wd¾Ól jDoaêh;a iuÕ wd¾Ól jHQyfha

my; i|yka .=Kd;aul fjkialï isÿ úh hq;= h'

ld¾ólrKh fõ.j;a ùu

ksIamdok iïm;aj, M,odhl;ajh by< hdu

ksIamdok Ys,am l%u yd ;dlaIKh Wiia ùu

kùlrKh ùu

ksIamdok wxYhkays jHQyd;aul fjkialï isÿ ùu

ÿ.S nj" ú/lshdj wvq ùu yd wdodhï úIu;dj ke;s ùu

175

ixj¾Okh nyqudk l%shdj,shls' ñksia Ôú;fha wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" iudÔh

yd ixialD;sl wdos jYfhka ish¨ u me;slvj, m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul

jeä ÈhqKq ùu;a ixj¾Okh hkafkka woyia fõ'

ñksidf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh whym;a ;;a;ajhl isg hym;a ;;a;ajhla lrd

fjkiaùu ixj¾Okh hs'

Ôjk ;;a;ajh whym;a ùu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOl 5ls'

1' fN!;sl oE ys`. ùu

2' YdÍßl jYfhka ÿ¾j, ùu ^frda.S ùu&

3' iudc iïnkaO;d whym;a ùu

4' wkdrlaIs; Ndjh

5' n, rys; ùu

ixj¾Okh wd¾Ól" iudÔh" foaYmd,k yd ixialD;sl jYfhka me;slv

iuQyhla iuÕ ne£ mj;S'

wd¾Ól jDoaëh yd ixj¾Okh w;r my; i|yka fjkialï y÷kd .;

yels h'

wd¾Ól jDoaêh u.ska wd¾Ólh i;= ksIamdok Odß;dj m%idrKh ùula

fmkakqï lrk w;r ixj¾Okh u.ska wd¾Ólhl fjfik ñksiqkaf.a

Ôjk ;;a;ajfha hym;a j¾Okhla fmkakqï lrhs'

wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajd mßudfõ fyda wdodhfï fyda ygf.k we;s

m%udKd;aul jeä ùu wd¾Ól j¾Okh u.ska olajk w;r tu wd¾Ól

j¾Okh;a iu`. ñksia Ôú;j, isÿ jk .=Kd;aul j¾Okh ixj¾Okh

u.ska olajhs'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh u.ska fmkakqï lrkqfha rgl m%udKd;aul me;slv

muKs' ixj¾Okh u.ska m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul me;slv hk fol

u ms<sìUq flf¾'

rgl m%;sYS¾I wdodhu" uQ¾; o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h wdÈh fhdod .ksñka

rgl wd¾Ól jDoaêh ñkqï l< yels h'

udkj ixj¾Okh hkq ñksiqkag ;ukaf.a udkj yelshdjka iïmQ¾Kfhka

u mq¿,a lr .ekSug fuka u tlS yelshdjka wd¾Ól" iudc" ixialD;sl

iy foaYmd,k hk lafIa;%hka ys Wmßu jYfhka Ndú; lsÍug we;s

yelshdj ,nd §u iy wkd.; mrïmrdjg o tu whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍu hs'

udkj ixj¾Okh úúO me;slv iys; újD; ixl,amhla jk w;r th

ls%hdj,shla jYfhka tla tla mqoa.,hkaf.a Wreu yd ysñlï ;;a;ajhka

fjka fldg olajkakd jQ f.da,Sh jYfhka iïnkaO jQ foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól

yd ixialD;sl jHQyhka ;=< l%shd;aul fõ' thska ck;dj úiska N=la;s

ú¢kq ,nk ksoyi ks¾Kh flf¾'

176

tu me;slvhkag wh;a jk wxY my; ±lafõ'

wdodhu

wOHdmkh

fi!LH ;;a;ajh

iún, .ekaùu

foaYmd,k iajdëk nj

hym;a iudc iïnkaO;d

iudk;dj

jev lrk mßirh

úfõl .ekSfï myiqlï

foaYmd,k iqrlaIs; nj

wd¾Ól ksoyi

mdßißl .=Kd;aul Ndjh

wkd.; mrïmrdj,g ;u wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug we;s yelshdjg

ydkshla fkdjk f,i j¾;udk mrïmrdj ;u wjYH;d imqrd .efkk

ixj¾Okh ;srir ixj¾Okh hs'

;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd wd¾Ól" iudcSh yd mdßirl hk wxY ;=fkys

u ;=,kd;aul j¾Okhla isÿ úh hq;= h'

;srir ixj¾Okfha me;slv my; ±lafõ'

wd¾Ól me;slv

mdßißl me;slv

ld¾hlaIu;dj

ia:dhs;dj

mdßißl me;slv

ñksiqkag ys;lr ikSmdrlaIl mßirh

m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iïm;a ld¾hlaIu Wmfhdackh lsÍu

m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a iq/lSu

iudðh me;slv

idOdrK;ajh iudc ixp,;dj

iyNd.s;ajh iudc iyÔjkh

iún, .ekaùu ixialD;sl wkkH;dj

177



ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'3 ( ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï o¾Yl fm<.iajñka ixhqla; o¾Yl

ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï wd¾Ól o¾Yl fm< .iajhs'

ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï wd¾Ól o¾Ylj, jeo.;alu yd wvqmdvq

wkdjrKh lrhs'

m%;sYS¾I wdodhu mokula f,i fhdod f.k f,dal nexl=j wd¾Ól

j¾.SlrKh lrk wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs'

ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd ixhqla; o¾Yl kï lrhs'

udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Yl y÷kajhs'

udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh ilia lsÍug fhdod .efkk ixrpl kï

lrhs'

udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh u; msysgd rgj,a j¾. lrk wdldrh olajhs'

udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha m%n,;d yd ÿn,;d fmkajd fohs'

udkj ixj¾Okfhys ,d Y%S ,xldj w;am;a lr .;a m%.;sh wkdjrKh

lrhs'

ika;=Iaá o¾Ylh y÷kajhs'

tys ixrpl úia;r lrhs'


ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd o¾Yl m%Odk fldgia follg

fnfoa'

1' wd¾Ól o¾Yl

2' ixhqla; o¾Yl

ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd wd¾Ól o¾Yl my; ±lafõ'

m%;sYS¾I wdodhu hkq foaYSh fyda cd;sl wdodhfï jákdlu ck.ykhg

idfmalaI .Kkh l< úg tla mqoa.,hl=g ,efnk wdodhu hs' th uQ¾;

jYfhka fuka u uQ,H jYfhka o .Kkh l< yels h'

178

m%;sYS¾I wdodhu .Kkh lrkqfha my; i|yka whqfrks'

o< foaYSh $ cd;sl wdodhu

uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh

o< foaYSh yd o< cd;sl wdodhfï j¾Okh

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYsl j¾Okh ^lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl" fiajd&

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha ixhq;sh

b;sß lsÍï foaYSh" cd;sl&

wdfhdack ^fm!oa.,sl" rdcH&

WoaOukh

fuu wd¾Ól o¾Ylj,ska wd¾Ólfha úúO wxYj, ixj¾Ok uÜgï uek

nef,a' tu ksid tajd wdxYsl ñkqï h'

ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï wd¾Ól o¾Ylj, jeo.;alu my; i|yka mßÈ

±laúh yels h'

ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd m%;sYS¾I wdodhu fhdod .kakd úg" jvd;a

fhda.H ñkqu jkafka m%;sYS¾I uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hs' fuu.ska

ienE jYfhka NdKav yd fiajd m%udKfha fjkia ùu y÷kd .; yels

h'

tfuka u j¾Ih ;=< isÿ jk uq¿ ksIamdÈ;fhka ck;djg j¾;udk yd

wkd.; mßfNdackh i|yd ,efnk m%udKh y÷kd .ekSug bv ie,fia'

iuia;hla jYfhka rgl ck;dj ,nk m%;s,dN fuu o¾Ylh u.ska

uefka' tkï mßfNdackh yd wdfhdackh i|yd rgl ck;djg ,nd

yels uQ¾; NdKav yd fiajd m%udKh fldmuK ±hs fuu.ska .Kkh

l< yels h'

rgj,a w;r ÈhqKqj iei£fï o¾Ylhla f,i jeo.;a fõ'

ixj¾Okh ñkqï lsÍfï wd¾Ól o¾Ylj, my; i|yka wvqmdvq y÷kd .;

yels h'

by; i|yka wdxYsl o¾Yl ish,a, u .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka cd;sl

wdodhï .sKqï o¾Yl mokï lr f.k hs' tfia jqj;a cd;sl wdodhï .sKqï

o;a;j, mj;akd ÿ¾j,;d iy tajd ilia lsÍfï § mek kÕsk .eg¨

m%;sYS¾I wdodhu =

179

ie,ls,a,g .;a úg ixj¾Okfha wd¾Ól me;slv fuu o¾Yl u.ska ksjerÈ

j uefka o hkak .eg¨jls'

cd;sl wdodhï o;a; fhdod .ekSfï § mek kefÕk W!k;d my; ±lafõ'

1' oaú .Kk fodaI yg .ekSu

2' NdKavj, .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajfha yg .kakd fjkialï fmkakqï

fkdlsÍu

3' fjf<|fmd< .kqfokqj,g md;% fkdjk M,odhs wd¾Ól lghq;=j,

tl;= l< w.hka jd¾;d fkdùu

4' Y=NidOkhg wys;lr wj.=K NdKav ksIamdok o;a; we;=<;a ùu

5' ksIamdokh ksid yg .kakd iajdNdúl iïm;a laIh ùï yd mßirhg

isÿ jk ydks ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu

6' wdodhï fn§ hk wdldrh ms<sìUq fkdùu

7' úfoaY Kh .e;s Ndjh iy úfoaY iïm;a laIh ùï cd;sl .sKqï ;=<ska

ms<sìUq fkdùu

8' fN!;sl Y=NidOkhg wod< NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh muKla cd;sl

.sKqï ;=<g we;=<;a lsÍu

9' wd¾Ólfha jHQyd;aul fjkialï fmkakqï fkdlsÍu

10' rgj,a w;r ixj¾Ok uÜgï iei£fï § m%;sYS¾I wdodhu" kdñl

úksuh wkqmd;slh fhdod .ksñka weußldkq fvd,¾ tallj,ska m%ldY

lsÍu

m%;sYS¾I wdodhu mokula f,i fhdod f.k f,dal nexl=j f,dalfha rgj,a

my; i|yka whqfrka j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

1' wvq wdodhï rgj,a ^fvd,¾ 975 fyda Bg wvq&

2' my< ueo wdodhï rgj,a ^fvd,¾ 977 - 3855&

3' by< ueo wdodhï rgj,a ^fvd,¾ 975 - 11905&

4' by< wdodhï rgj,a ^fvd,¾ 11906 fyda Bg jeä&

ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd ixhqla; o¾Yl my; ±la fõ'

1' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh

2' ika;=Iaá o¾Ylh

180

f,dalfha úúO rgj, iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh mßlaId lr ne,Su i|yd

jvd mßmQ¾K yd úYaf,aIKd;aul ñkqula jYfhka 1990 j¾Ifha § tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Ok jevigyk (UNDP) u.ska udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh

y÷kajd § we;'

fuu o¾Ylh u.ska rgl wd¾Ólfha mq¿,a me;slvla wdjrKh lrk w;r

jißka jir hdj;ald,Sk lrñka mj;ajd f.k hhs'

udkj ixj¾Okh uekSu i|yd ks¾Kdhl úYd, ixLHdjla Ndú; l<

yels jqj;a ixj¾Okfha m%Odk wruqKq 3la jk fi!LH" ±kqu yd ðjk

uÜgug wod< ixrpl 3la fhdod .ksñka fuu o¾Ylh ilia lr we;'

udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylhg we;=<;a lr we;s m%Odk ixrpl 3 my; ±lafõ'

1' Wmf;a § wdhq wfmalaIdj ^fi!LH&

2' (i) mdi,a wOHdmkh ,enQ w;r ixLHdfõ uOHhk w.h ^±kqu&

(i) mdi,a wOHdmkhg fhduq jk orejl= wOHdmkfha ksr; fj;ehs

wfmalaIs; jir ixLHdj ^±kqu&

3' l%h Yla;s iduHh m%;sYS¾I o< cd;sl wdodhu

udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha w.h mokï lr .ksñka f,dalfha rgj,a udkj

ixj¾Ok uÜgï 4la hgf;a j¾. lrhs'

1' b;d by< udkj ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj,a

2' by< udkj ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj,a

3' uOHu udkj ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj,a

4' wvq udkj ixj¾Okhla iys; rgj,a

^wod< j¾Ihg wkqj udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh wkqj rgj,a j¾.SlrKh

isiqkag ,nd fokak&'

fuu j¾.SlrKh lr we;af;a udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha ksrfmalaI o¾Yl

w.hka u; fkdj rgj,a ish,a, tla j f.k tajdfha idfmalaI ;;a;ajh

ie,ls,a,g .ksñks'

ck.yk m%udKh

Xl%h Yla;s iduHh m%;sYS¾I

o< cd;sl wdodhu

ta ta NdKavfhafvd,¾ ñ,

rgl ksmojkNdKav m%udKh

=

181

ixj¾Ok ñkqula f,i udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha my; i|yka m%n,;d

±lsh yels h'

f.da,Sh jYfhka flfrk iei£ïj, § ixj¾Okh uksk jvd;a

f;dr;=re iys; ks¾Kdhlhla jYfhka udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh jeo.;a

fõ'

ixj¾Okhg wh;a oE ljf¾ o ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sfha § id¾:l ù we;s

rgj,a ljf¾ o hkak ms<sn| j ±kqu yd wjfndaOh mq¿,a lr .ekSu

i|yd ks¾udKh lr we;s b;d m%fhdackj;a ñkqula f,i udkj

ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh jeo.;a fõ'

ixj¾Okh hkq ñksidg f;aßï lsÍug we;s ksoyi mq¿,a flfrk

l%shdj,shla neúka th ;SrKh jkafka yqfola wdodhï uÜgu u;

muKla fkdj wdhq wfmalaIKh" idlaIr;dj" wOHdmkh" fi!LH jeks

iudcSh idOl u.sks' udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylh fïjd ie,ls,a,g f.k

we;'

ixj¾Okh uekSfï § fhdod .kakd m%;sYS¾I wdodhu jeks mgq ñkqïj,ska

yg .kakd iSudlï udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfhka my j hhs'

fuu o¾Ylh mokï lr .ksñka f,dalfha rgj,a ixj¾Ok uÜgï

wkqj j¾. l< yels h'

ixj¾Ok ñkqula jYfhka udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha my; i|yka ÿn,;d

±lsh yels h'

udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Yl iudydr ñkqula jk neúka rgj,a wNHka;rfha

±lsh yels ixj¾Ok úIu;djka wdodhï jHdma;sh" m%foaYSh ixj¾Okh

jeks& y÷kd .; fkdyels h'

ksoiqka ( ixj¾Okhg wod< ish¨ wxY fï hgf;a ie,ls,a,g fkd.kS'

tkï' iyNd.s;ajh" foaYmd,k ksoyi" udkj wdrlaIdj jeks wxY

.=Kd;aul fjkialï fuu o¾Ylfhka ie,ls,a,g fkd.kS'

ksoiqka ( mdi,a wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh

fi!LH myiqlïj, .=Kd;aul fjkialï

wOHdmkh ñkqï lsÍfï § m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg wdrïNfha § u fhduq

jQ YsIH ixLHdj muKla ie,ls,a,g .kS' tfy;a w;ruÕ § mdi,a

yerhk m%udKh ie,ls,a,g fkd.kS'

ixj¾Okh flfrys n,mdk mdßißl me;slv fuu o¾Ylh ;=<

wka;¾.; fkdfõ'

182

o¾Ylhg wod< m%Odk me;slv i|yd iudk nr ;eîula lr we;'

^udkj ixj¾Okfhys ,d Y%S ,xldj w;am;a lr .;a m%.;sh miq.sh jir

lssysmhl udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Yl o;a; fhdod .ksñka isiqkag meyeÈ,s

lrkak'&

Y%S ,xldj 2015 j¾Ih jk úg udkj ixj¾Ok o¾Ylfha w.h 0'0750la ,nd

.ksñka f,dalfha rgj,a w;r 73 jk ia:dkfha miq fõ' ol=Kq wdishdkq

l,dmSh rgj,a w;r m%:u ia:dkfha miq fõ'

f,dalfha rgj, iudc" wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl" foaYmd,k yd mdßißl ish¨u

wxYj, ixj¾Okh uek ne,Su i|yd 2008 j¾Ifha § ika;=Iaá o¾Ylh

y÷kajd § we;'

ika;=Iaá o¾Ylhg we;=<;a jk ixrpl my; ±lafõ'

hymd,kh

mßirh

ixialD;sh

udkisl i;=g

ld, l<ukdlrKh

wOHdmkh

fi!LHh

Ôjk ;;a;ajh

iudcSh in|;d

183



ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'4 ( wdodhï úIu;dj uekSug fhdod .kakd iïu; l%u

mÍlaId lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;dj w¾: olajhs'

ksrfmalaI wdodhu iy idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;dj w¾: olajñka

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wdodhï úIu;dj uekSug fhdod .kakd úúO ñkqï meyeÈ,s lrhs'

f,darkaia jl%h ks¾udKh lrhs'

.sKs ix.=Klh .Kkh lrhs'

mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh úia;r lrhs'


wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;dj hkq lsishï rgl wdodhï fn§ f.dia ;sfnk

wdldrfha mj;sk úIu;djh hs'

lsishï rgl wdodhï jHdmd;sh foi m%fõY folla Tiafia ne,sh yels h'

tkï"

1' ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh

2' mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;sh

ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh hkq rgl wdodhï ìys lrk uQ,dY% wkqj

wdodhï fn§ hk wdldrh úuid ne,Su hs'

fuys § N+ñh" Y%uh" jHjidhl;ajh hk úúO ksIamdok iïm;a uQ,dY%

ksid ìys jk nÿ l=,S" jegqma" fmd<S" ,dN hk m%Odk wdodhï ldKavj,

idfmalaI úYd,;ajhka úuid nef,a'

mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;sh hkq wdodhï Wmhk ud¾.h l=ula jqj;a tu uQ,dY%

Tiafia mqoa.,hl= ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< Wmhkq ,nk uq¿ wdodhï m%udKh

wkqj mqoa.,hka fm< .eiaùu hs'

fuys § mqoa.,hd Wmhk uq¿ wdodhï m%udKh wkqj úúO wdodhï mka;sj,g

Tjqka wkqhqla; lrk w;r tu.ska úúO wdodhï mka;sj,g we;=<;a jk

184

mqoa., ixLHdj;a" uq¿ wdodhfuka ta ta wdodhï mka;shg ysñ jk m%;sY;hkaa

.Kkh l< yels h'

wd¾Ólfha ish¨ u wdodhï Wmhkakkaf.a wdodhï ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd

.ekSu wmyiq neúka ish¨ fokd u ksfhdackh jk mßÈ f;dard .;a

ksheÈhla weiqfrka mj;ajkq ,nk iólaIKhla u.ska ck yd ixLHd

f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j yd Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j jßka jr mqoa., wdodhï

jHdma;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrkq ,nhs'

mqoa., wdodhï jHdma;sh ú.%y l< yels m%fõY folls'

1' ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

2' idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh hkq wd¾Ólh ;=< isák úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a

ksrfmalaI wdodhï uÜgï tlsfkl ixikaokh lsÍu hs'

úúO wdodhï mka;s hgf;a mqoa.,hka fm<.iajd ta ta wdodhï mka;sh ;=<

issák mqoa.,hka ixLHdj;a mqoa.,hka ixLHdfõ m%;sY;h;a fuys § .Kkh

l< yels h'

wd¾Ólfha È<s÷ mqoa.,hka y÷kd .ekSu i|yd ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

ms<sn| o;a; m%fhdackj;a fõ'

idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh hkq wdodhï uÜgu wkqj fm<.iajk ,o

mqoa., wdodhï uq¿ wdodhfï m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùuhs'

ieu mqoa.,hl=f.a u fyda l=gqïnhl u fyda uq¿ wdodhu wdfrdayK fyda

wjfrdayK l%uhg ilia fldg wdodhï ,dNSka lKavdhï jYfhka fm<

.eiaùfuka idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh .Kkh lrkq ,nhs'

tf,i .Kkh lrk ,o wvq wdodhï ,nk lKavdhug ysñ jk wdodhu

uq¿ wdodhfï m%;sY;hla f,i;a" by< wdodhï ,nk lKavdhug ysñjk

wdodhu uq¿ wdodhfï m%;sY;hla f,i;a .Kkh fldg ixikaokh lrhs'

wd¾Ól yd iudc m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lsÍfï § idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

ms<sn| o;a; jvd;a m%fhdackj;a fõ'

185

ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh yd idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh bÈßm;a lrk

wdldrh my; ±lafõ'

wdodhï úIu;dj uekSu i|yd my; i|yka ñkqï Ndú; lrhs'

1' f,darkaia jl%h

2' .skS ix.=Klh

3' mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh

f,darkaia jl%h u.ska fmkajkafka lsishï wdodhï jHdma;shl iuqÉÑ;

m%;sY; w.hka m%dia;dßl ksrEmKh lsÍu hs'

jHdma;s úIu;djka y÷kd .ekSug b;d m%fhdackj;a jk f,darkaia jl%h

1905 § weußldkq cd;sl wd¾Ól úoHd{hl= jQ uelaia f,darkaia úiska

y|qkajd fok ,È'

l,ams; o;a; fhdod .ksñka my; i|yka mßÈ f,darkaia jl%h ks¾udKh

l< yelsh'

wdodhïm%;sY;h

ksrfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh idfmalaI wdodhï jHdma;sh

re' 1000g wvq 10 m<uqjk^wvq u&10] 2'5

re' 1001 - 2000 30 fojk 10] 5'0

re' 2001 - 3000 32 f;jk 10] 24'5

re' 3001 - 4000 20 isjq jk 10] 28'0

re' 20"000g jeä 08 oi jk 10] 40'0

100 100'0

udisl wdodhu remsh,awdodhï ,dNSkaf.a $l=gqïnoYul jYfhka

wdodhï ,dNSkaf.a $l=gqïn m%;sY;h

mqoa.,hka

wdodhu

remsh,a

uq¿ tl;=fõ

wkqmd;hla f,i

iuqÉÑ; w.h iuqÉÑ; w.h

m%;sY;hla f,i

m qoa.,hka wdodhu mqo a.,hka wdodhu mqoa.,hka wdodhu

1 5 0'2 0'05 0'2 0'05 20 5

1 10 0'2 0'10 0'4 0'15 40 15

1 15 0'2 0'15 0'6 0'30 60 30

1 25 0'2 0'25 0'8 0'55 80 55

1 45 0'2 0'45 1'0 1'00 100 100

186

j.=fõ wjidk ;Sre foflys ±lafjk o;a; ;sria yd isria wlaIj, ksrEmKh

lrñka f,darkaia jl%h my; mßÈ ks¾udKh l< yels h'

f,darkaia jl%h iu jHdma;s f¾Ldfjka wE;a jk úg wdodhï wiudk;dj

jeä jk w;r" f,darkaia jl%h iu jHdma;s f¾Ldjg wdikak jk úg

wdodhï wiudk;dj wvq fõ' wdodhï úIu;djla fkdue;s kï f,darkaia

jl%h iu wdodhï jHdma;s f¾Ldj u; m;s; fõ'

lsishï wdodhï jHdma;shl mj;sk úIu;dj ixLHdjla u.ska ±laùu .skS

ix.=Klh hs'

1912 § b;d,s cd;sl ixLHd úoHd{hl= jQ fldrdfvda .skS úiska y÷kajd §

we;s .skS ix.=Klh .Kkh lrk wdldrh f,darkaia jl%h u.ska mßlaId

lr ne,sh yels h'

by; rEm igyfkys iu wdodhï jHdma;s f¾Ldj OA f¾Ldfjka ±lafjk

w;r tu ,laIH (OA) iïnkaO lrñka f,darkaia jl%h ks¾udKh lr

we;' f,darkaia jl%h u.ska i;H wdodhï jHdma;s f¾Ldj fmkakqï flf¾'

.skS ix.=Klh .Kkh lrkqfha iu wdodhï jHdma;s f¾Ldj iy f,darkaia

jl%h w;r we;s m%foaYfha (C) j¾.M,h;a OAB ;%sfldaKfha j¾.,h;a

w;r wkqmd;hla jYfhks'

.skS ix.=Klh .Kkh lrk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'

.skS ix.=Klh =C fldgfia j¾.M,h

OAB ;%sfldaKfha j¾.M,h

187

f,darkaia jl%h OAB ;%sfldaKh u; jegqkfyd;a wdodhï úIu;dj Wmßu

fõ ^.skS ix.=Klh 1g iudkhs&'

fï wkqj .skS ix.=Klh Y=kH jk úg wdodhï úIu;dj wvq jk w;r .skS

ix.=Klh 1g iudk jk úg wdodhï úIu;dj Wmßu fõ'

wdodhï jHdma;sfha úIu;dj uekSu i|yd ñkqula f,i mxpul wmlsrK

wkqmd;slh Ndú; lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska mxpul wmlsrK

wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrkq ,efí'

fuys § my< wdodhfï isg by< wdodhu olajd wdodhu ,nk wdldrh

wkqj wdodhï ,dNSka wdodhï mka;sh mylg j¾. lrkq ,efí' fuu

wdodhï mka;s wdodhï mxpul f,i ye¢kafõ' tu wdodhï mka;s my;

mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

1' my< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh (Low - m<uq jk mxpulh )

2' my< ueÈ wdodhï ,nk mka;sh (Low mid - fojk mxpulh)

3' ueÈ wdodhï ,nk mka;sh (Mid - f;jk mxpulh)

4' ueÈ by< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh ( Mid upper - isõjk mxpulh)

5' by< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh (Upper - mia jk mxpulh)

uq¿ idudkH udisl wdodhfuka tla tla wdodhï mka;sj,g ysñ idudkH

udisl wdodhu .Kkh lrkq ,efí'

ksoiqka (

wdodhï mka;sh idudkH udisl wdodhu

my< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 8 211

my< ueÈ wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 16 062

ueÈ wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 23 880

ueÈ by< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 35 552

by< wdodhï ,nk mka;sh 98 575

uQ,Y%h ( ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j

188

my; i|yka iQ;%h Ndú; lrñka mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh .Kkh

l< yels h'

ksoiqka (

by; j.=fõ f;dr;=re weiqfrka my; mßÈ mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh

.Kkh l< yels h'

- by< wdodhu ,nk mka;shg ysñ idudkH udisl wdodhu } 98 575

- my< wdodhu ,nk mka;shg ysñ idudkH udisl wdodhu } 8 211

- mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh } 12

mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slfha w.h 12 hkafkka woyia jkafka my<

wdodhï ,nk mka;sfha idudkH wdodhu fuka fodf<dia .=Khl idudkH

wdodhula by< wdodhï ,nk mka;shg ysñ jk njhs'

mxpul wmlsrK wkqmd;slh =

by< wdodhu ,nk mka;shg ysñ

idudkH udisl wdodhu

my< wdodhu ,nk mka;shg ysñ

idudkH udisl wdodhu

98575

8211

189

ksmqK;dj 11'0 ( ixj¾Okfha úúO;ajh ú.%y lrñka ;sridr ixj¾Okhg

odhlùfï we,au meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'5( o¾ø;d ixl,amh ú.%y lrñka th ñkqï lrk whqre olajhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

oßø;d ixl,amh ks¾jpkh lrhs'

oßø;dj uekSfï úúO ñkqï kï lrhs'

cd;sl oßø;dj bu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

cd;Hka;r oßø;d o¾Ylh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

cd;Hka;r oßø;d bu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

oßø;dj u.ska ñkqï wdY%hfhka rgj,a w;r oßø;dj ;=,kd;aul j ú.%y

lrhs'

oßø;dfõ iajrEm fol y÷kajd fohs'

oßø;dfõ me;slv fol meyeÈ,s lrhs'


oßø;dj hkq hï mqoa.,hl=g fyda mqoa., iuQyhlg fyda hym;a meje;aula

i|yd wjYH jk idOdrK fya;= iys; j y÷kd .;a wju Y=NidOk

;;a;ajhkag tkï lsishï mßfNdack fyda wdodhï uÜgulg fyda ksjdi"

fi!LH yd wOHdmk myiqlï iy udkqIsl wjYH;d yd mj;akd iudc

wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka u; y÷kd .;a /lshd foam< iy fjk;a whs;sjdislï

N=la;s ú£fï wju uÜgulg <`.d ùug fkdyels ùu hs'

oßø;dj" ÿ#Å; Ndjh" úySk;dj" n,rys; ùu" neyer lsÍu" ÿmam;alu"

È<s÷lu hk kïj,ska o ye¢kafõ'

oßø;dj úúO ixl,am Tiafia ú.%y l< yels h'

oßø;dj uekSu i|yd my; i|yka o¾Yl fhdod .kS'

1' cd;sl oßø;d bu

2' ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh

3' cd;Hka;r oßø;d bu

4' fjk;a oßø;d o¾Yl

190

udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh

mdßfNdack oßø;d o¾Ylh

oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh

nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh

cd;sl oßø;d bu hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha uQ,sl wjYH;d i|yd jeä jk

úhou mokï lr .;a l%ufõohg wkqj ffoksl tal mqoa., wdydruh

Yla;s mßfNdack wjYH;d iy wdydr fkdjk w;HjYH mßfNdack

wjYH;d hk wjYH;djka imqrd .ekSug wod< j ksYaÑ; j msysgqjd we;s

ksrfmalaI oßø;d f¾Ldjls'

fuh .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka mqoa.,hl=g uil wju jYfhka ldhsl

Yla;sh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd wjYH lrk le,ß m%udKh ñ, § .ekSu

i|yd jeh lrk úhoula wdydr fkdjk w;HjYH wjYH;d i|yd jeh

lrk uqo,la ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuks'

ÈhqKq mqoa.,hl=g È<s÷ núka ñ§ug wjYH lrk wju fmdaIK uÜgu <`.d

lr .ekSug wjYH wdodhï cd;sl oßø;d bu jYfhka y÷kajhs'

^fï wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ tla mqoa.,hl=g Èklg lsf,da le,ß 2030 la wjYH

nj .Kka n,d we;&'

ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j ñ, fjkia ùï i|yd hdj;ald,Sk

fldg udisl j cd;sl oßø;d bfuys jákdlu uQ¾; w.hla f,i m%ldYhg

m;a lrhs'

fuu cd;sl oßø;d bug jvd wvq wdodhula Wmhk mqoa.,hka È<skaoka

jYfhka y÷kd .efka'

ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh hkq oßø;d bug my<ska isák È<s÷ ck.yk

m%udKh uq¿ ck.ykfha m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu hs'

ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka iQ;%h fhdod

.kS'

oßø;d bug my< isák ck fldgi

uq¿ ck.ykh

2015 j¾Ifha ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a iïnkaOfhka Èklg

weußldkq fvd,a 1'9 lg jvd wvq wdodhulska Èú fmfj; /l .kakd ck

wkqmd;h fjka lr olajk f¾Ldj cd;Hka;r oßø;d bu hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

X 100ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh }

191

2015 j¾Ifha ÈhqKq rgj,a cd;Hka;r oßø;dj .Kkh lsÍfï § Èkl

wdodhu weußldkq fvd,¾ 2'5 g wvq wodhï ,nk ck ixLHdj fhdod .kS'

j¾;udkfha f,dalfha rgj, oßø;dj wvq fjñka mj;sk njla fmkS hhs'

oßø;dj uekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk fjk;a oßø;d o¾Yl lSmhla my;

±lafõ'

udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh

mßfNdack oßø;d o¾Ylh

oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh

nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh

udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh hkq Ôj;a ùug m%udKj;a wdodhula fkdue;s lu

jeks mgq ixl,amhlg jvd me;slv lsysmhla iys; mq¿,a ixl,amhls'

mqoa.,fhl=g w¾:j;a Ôú;hla .; lsÍu i|yd we;s f;aßï yd bv m%ia;d

wysñ ùu;a udkj oßø;dj hkafkka woyia flf¾'

tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh udkj oßø;dj uekSu i|yd m%Odk me;slv

3la ie,ls,a,g .kS'

1' §a¾> yd fi!LH iïmkak Ôú;hla fkdue;s ùu

2' hym;a Ôjk ;;a;ajhla fkd,eîu

3' ±kqu fkdue;s ùu

udkj oßø;d o¾Ylfhys iajrEm folls'

1' ixj¾Okh jk rgj,a i|yd ielfik udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh

2' ixj¾ê; rgj,a i|yd ielfik udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh

wju ffoksl tal mqoa., wdydruh Yla;s mßfNdack wjYH;d yd wdydr

fkdjk w;HjYH mdßfNdack wjYH;d m%udKhka uek ±laùu mßfNdack

wjYH;d o¾Ylfhka isÿ flf¾'

wdydr yd wdydr fkdjk ksYaÑ; mdßfNdaack wjYH;d m%udKhka mokï

lr .ksñka ld,h;a iuÕ tys msßjefhys fjki i,ld n,d ta wkqj

oßø;djfha fjkialï úYaf,aIKh lsÍu fuu o¾Ylh u.ska isÿ flf¾'

È<s÷ mqoa.,hl=g mßfNdack oßø;djfhka ñ§ug wjYH jk uqo,a m%udKh

^ys`. uqo,a m%udK& oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh hkafkka woyia flf¾'

192

È<s÷ mqoa.,hl=f.a uq¿ udisl mßfNdack úhou

oßø;d f¾Ldfõ w.h w;r fjki

È<s÷ whl=f.a oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylfha w.h 0 f,i i,ld fuu o¾Ylh

ms<sfh, flf¾'

wdodhu mokï lr .;a ir, ñkqula Tiafia ÿ.S Ndjh ñkqï lrkjd

fjkqjg l=gqïn uÜgfï § mqoa.,hkag uqyqK mEug isÿ jk úúOdldr jQ

ys`.;djka mokï lr f.k oßø;d ñkqï lsÍu nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylfhka

isÿ fõ'

fi!LH" wOHdmkh" Ôjk ;;a;ajh hk mq¿,a lafIa;% ;=kg wod< úySk;djka

10la mdol lr .ksñka nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh ms<sfh< lr we;'

fuu úysk;d ish,a, leá lrk ,o úySk;d o¾Ylfha w.h 30] blaujd

we;s l=gqïn È<s÷ lgqïn f,i y\qkd .efka'

úySk;d o¾Ylh hk foflys idudkH w.hka tlsfklska .=K lrñka

nyqudk oßø;d o¾Ylh ,nd .kS'

nyqudk o¾ø;d o¾Ylh = ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh x úySk;d o¾Ylh

^by; i|yka o¾Ylj, ld,Sk o;a; weiqfrka rgj,a w;r oßø;dj fjkia

jk wdldrh isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

oßø;dfõ iajrEm folls'

1' ksrfmalaI oßø;dj

2' idfmalaI oßø;dj

ksrfmalaI oßø;dj hkq lsishï mqoa.,hl=g fyda l=gqïnhlg uQ,sl wjYH;d

imqrd .ekSug m%udKj;a wdodhula fkd,efnk ;;a;ajhls'

cd;sl oßø;d bu yd cd;Hka;r oßø;d bu u.ska fmkajkqfha ksrfmalaI

oßø;dj hs'

idfmalaI oßø;dj hkq wdodhï jHdma;sfha úIu;dj fya;=fjka we;eï ck

fldgiaj,g wfkl=;a ck fldgiaj,g idfmalaI j wvq wdodhula ,fnk

;;a;ajhls'

oßø;d wka;¾ o¾Ylh =

193

wvq u wdodhï ,nk 40]g uq¿ wdodhfuka fldmuK m%udKhla ysñ fõ o

hkak fuys § i,ld nef,a'

idfmalaI oßø;dj wdodhï úIu;dj ;=<ska we;s jk oßø;djls'

oßø;djfha me;slv folls'

1' mßfNdack oßø;dj ^ wdodhï oßø;dj&

2' udkj oßø;dj

mßfNdack fyj;a wdodhï oßø;dj hkq wju Ôjk ;;a;ajhla i|yd

wjYH lrk mßfNdack uÜgu mj;ajd f.k hdug m%udKj;a wdodhula

fkd,eîu hs'

mßfNdacH oßø;djfha me;slv folls' tkï ksßfmalaI oßø;dj yd idfmalaI

oßø;dj hs'

mßfNdack oßø;dj ukskq ,nkafka fmdaIK uÜgfuks' fmdaIK uÜgu

ffoksl wdydr fõ,l wvx.= le,ß m%udKh yd fm%daàka m%udKh u; h'

f,dal fi!LH ixúOdk weia;fïka;=j,g wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 20-30 w;r

mqoa.,fhl=g Èklg le,ß 2500la fm%daàka .a?ï 53la muK o wjYH fõ'

kuq;a f,dalfha rgj,a mßfNdack oßø;dj uekSu i|yd ;u ;ukag

wdfõKsl fmdaIK uÜgï Ndú; lrhs'

ta wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ fmdaIK moku le,ß 2145la fõ'

ksoyi" wd;au .re;ajh yd wkHhkaf.a ie,ls,a, N=la;s ú¢ñka fi!LH

iïmkak j i;=gqodhl Ôjk ;;a;ajhla .; lsÍu idlaId;a lr .ekSug

wod< udkj ixj¾Okh i|yd we;s bv m%ia;d yd f;aÍï wysñ ù .sh

;;a;ajhla udkj oßø;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'

udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh u.ska uekSug W;aidy lrkqfha udkj ixj¾Okhg

wys;lr f,i n,mdk úp,Hh fõ'

§¾>dhqI fkdue;s ùu' ±kqu fkdue;s ùu" yd hym;a Ôjk ;;a;ajhla

fkd,eîu hk idOl mokï lr .ksñka udkj oßø;d o¾Ylh ilia lr

we;'

194



ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'6( Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj úu¾Ykhg ,la lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 06

bf.kqï m, (

Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;d uÜgu y÷kajhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dfõ m%foaYSh fjkïlïj,g fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;djg fya;= jQ lreKq bÈßm;a lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj wju lrk l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'


Y%S ,xldfõ ksrfmalaI oßø;dj ukskq ,nkafka mßfNdack oßø;dj mokï

lr f.k hs'

fuh .Kkh lsÍu i|yd wjYH wdodhï yd úhoï o;a; imhd .kq

,nkafka ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska jir ;=klg

jrla mj;ajkq ,nk l=gqïN wdodhï úhoï iólaIK u.sks'

Y%S ,xldfõ mßmd,k Èia;%slal 25 u wdjrKh jk whqßka uE; ld,Sk j

fuu iólaIKh mj;ajd we;af;a 2012$2013 j¾Ifha § h'

fuu iólaIKhg wkqj 2009$10 j¾Ifha § 8'9] la jQ cd;sl oßø;d

wkqmd;slh 2012$13 j¾Ifha § 6'7] olajd wvq ù we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh wkqj Èia;%slal uÜgñkaa wvq u oßø;d

wkqmd;slh 1'4] la f,i fld<U Èia;%slalfha jd¾;d lrk w;r jeä u

oßø;d wkqmd;slh jk 28'8] uq,;sõ Èia;%slalh jd¾;d lr we;'

m<d;a jYfhka .;a úg wvq u oßø;d wkqmd;slh jk 2'0] niakdysr

m<d;a jd¾;d lrk w;r" by< u oßø;d wkqmd;h jk 15'4] W!j m<df;ka

jd¾;d fõ'

iuia;hla f,i .;a úg Y%S ,xldfõ 2012$13 j¾Ifha kd.ßl wxYfha

oßø;d wkqmd;slh 2'1] la o .%dóh wxYfha oßø;d wkqmd;slh 7'6] la o

j;= wxYfha oßø;d wkqmd;slh 10'9] la o fõ'

by; i|yka wdldrhg Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dfõ m%foaYSh fjkialï we;s ùu

flfrys n,mdk fya;= ±lafõ'

wd¾Ól j¾Okh my< uÜgul mej;Su

ck ixLHdj fõ.fhka j¾Okh ùu

iajdNdúl úm;a

195

há;, myiqlï ÿ¾j, ùu

whym;a rdcH md,kh

wOHdmk" fi!LH fiajd ÿ¾j, ùu

fjf<|fmd<g msúiSfï ndOd

l=gqïnj, úYd,;ajh

fmdaIK uÜgïj, úIu;d

ixialD;sl n,mEï

wNHka;r .egqï

Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdhs'

m%foaYSh idOl

k.r yd fjf<|fmd< w;r in|;dj ÿria ùu

ho .egqï yd jd¾Isl wr.,

lDIs l¾udka;h m%Odk /lshd uQ,dY%hhla ùu

wdxYsl idOl

wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj my< uÜgul mej;Su

lDIs l¾udka;fha M,odhs;dj my< w.hla .ekSu

l=gqïn idOl

mjqf,a jeä orejka ixLHdjla isàu

wvq wOHdmk uÜgu

Wreufhka ,;a j;alï wvq ùu

u;aøjH i|yd weíneys ùu

Y%S ,xldfõ oßø;dj wju lsÍug .; yels l%shd ud¾. my; ±lafõ'

1' È<s÷ ck fldgiaj, Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍug we;s wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu

/lshd wjia:d nyq, lsÍu

fi!LH myiqlï iemhSu

há;, myiqlï iemhSu

l=vd mßudKfha jHdmdr Yla;su;a lsÍu

úúO Y=NidOk jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍu

2' ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,shg iyNd.s jk ck fldgia iún, .ekaùu

rdcH mßmd,kh myiq lsÍu

ffk;sl ls%hdud¾. i|yd m%fõY ùug we;s yelshdj mq¿,a lsÍu

f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj mq¿,a lsÍu

3' wkdrlaIs; ;;a;ajfhka wdrlaId lr .ekSug wjYH /ljrK ,nd §u

fndajk frda. md,kh

rlaIK wdjrK ,nd §u

iykdOdr iemhSu

196

ksmqK;dj 11'0 ( ixj¾Okfha úúO;ajh ú.%y lrñka ;sridr ixj¾Okhg


ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'7( Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk jHdma;sfha fjkia ùï iy tys

m%;súmdl úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

ck.yk j¾Okh yd tys ;Srl y÷kajhs'

ck.ykfha iajdNdúl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh yd Y=oaO ú.%y wkqmd;slh .Kkh

lrhs'

jhia jHQyfha fjkia ùï ksid we;s jk m%;súmdl úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ck.yk jHdma;sfha fjkia ùï yd tys wd¾Ól m%;súmdl úu¾Ykh lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykfha wdxYsl jHdma;sh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh w¾: olajñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ hemqï wkqmd; w¾: olajhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ hemqï wkqmd; .Kkh lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (

ck.ykh .;sl m%mxphls' th ksrka;rfhka fjkia fõ'

rgl ck.yk j¾Okh ;SrKh lrk m%Odk idOl ;=kls'

1' Wm;a

2' urK

3' ixl%uK

Wm;a hkq hï ck ixLHdjlg WmÈk iÔj Wm;a m%udKhhs'

ksYaÑ; j¾Ihl uOH jd¾Isl ck ixLHdfjka oyilg we;s jk iÔj

Wm;a ixLHdj o< Wm;a wkqmd;slh f,i ye¢kafõ'

iÔj Wm;a ixLHdj

uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh

o< urK wkqmd;slh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ksYaÑ; j¾Ihl uOH

jd¾Isl ck ixLHdfjka mqoa.,hska oyilg isÿ jk urK ixLHdjhs'

x 1000o< Wm;a wkqmd;slh }

197

o< urK wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh flf¾'

ck ixLHdfõ iajdNdúl j¾Okh hkqfjka woyia lrkafka ksYaÑ; ld,

mßÉfþohla ;=< isÿ jQ Wm;a yd urK ixLHdfõ fjki hs'

iajdNdúl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh flf¾'

ixl%uK hkq mÈxÑh fjkia lsÍu i|yd tla m%foaYhlska ;j;a m%foaYhlg

flfrk ia:dk udrej hs'

rgj,a w;r flfrk wka;¾ cd;sl ixl%uKfha § rglg we;=¿ ùu wd.uk

f,i;a rglska fjk;a rglg msgùu ú.uk f,i;a ye¢kafõ'

fuu wd.ukj,ska ú.uk wvq lsÍu u.ska Y=oaO ixl%uK ,nd .; yels h'

Y=oaO ixl%uK uq¿ ck.ykfhka oyilg fldmuK ±hs ±la jQ úg th

Y=oaO ixl%uK wkqmd;slh f,i ye¢kafõ'

wd.ukh jQ ck ixLHdj - ú.ukh jQ ck ixLHdj

uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh

miq.sh oYl lSmhla ;=< Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk jHdma;sfha we;s jQ fjkia

ùï my; ±lafõ'

ck.yk j¾Ok fõ.h my; jeàu

jhia jHQyfha úYd, jYfhka fjkialï isÿ ùu

<ud ck.yk m%;sY;h wvq fjñka mej;Su

o< Wm;a yd o< urK wkqmd;slhka my< jeàu

wdhq wfmalaIKh by< w.hla .ekSu

o< urK wkqmd;slh } X 1000urK ixLHdj

uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh

Y=oaO ixl%uK wkqmd;h } X 1000

iajNdúl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh }Wm;a ixLHdj - urK ixLHdj

uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykhX 100

198

ck.yk jHdma;sfha jhia jHQyfha we;s jk fjkialï ksid my;

m%;súmdlj,g uqyqK mEug isÿ fõ'

Y%u n,ldh my< jeàu

hemqï wkqmd;slh by< hdu

Y%u M,odhs;dj wvq ùu

rcfha jd¾;dys úhoï by< hdu

whjeh ys`.h jeä ùu

Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykfha wdxYsl ixhq;sh m%cd úoHd;aul j ±laúh yels

wdydr folls'

1' ia;%S mqreI Ndjh wkqj

2' jhia ixhq;sh wkqj

ia;%S mqreI Ndjh wkqj ck.ykh lsÍfï § mqñ;sß wkqmd;h fhdod .kS'

mqu;sß wkqmd;h hkq hï ck ixLHdjl ia;%Ska 100 fofkl=g isák mqreI

ixLHdj fldmuK o hkak ±laùu hs'

mqu;sß wkqmd;h my; i|yka wdldrfhka .Kkh lrhs'

uOH jd¾Isl mqreI ixLHdj x 100

uOH jd¾Isl ia;%S ixLHdj

^wdikak j¾Ij, mqñ;sß wkqmd; isiqkag ,nd fokak&'

jhia ixhq;sh hkq jhia ldKav wkqj ck ixLHdj fjka lr ±laùu hs'

ú.%y lsÍfï myiqj i|yd fndfyda rgj,a my; i|yka mßÈ ck ixLHdj

ldKav ;=klg fjka lrhs ^Y%S ,xldfõ o tu fn§u isÿ lrhs&'

1' <ud ck.ykh ^wjqreÿ 15g wvq&

2' jev lrk jhia ck.ykh ^wjqreÿ 15-59 w;r&

3' jhia.; ck.ykh ^wjqreÿ 60 yd Bg jeä &

ck yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ m%lafYams; ck

ixLHdj jhia ldKav wkqj& my; j.=fõ ±lafõ' fuys mdol j¾Ih f,i

fhod f.k we;af;a 2001 j¾Ih hs'

iuia; mqñ;sß wkqmd;h =

199

2001 4922'4 26'3 12080'5 64'5 1731'4 9'2

2006 4807'4 24'4 12836'7 65'1 2075'7 10'5

2011 4692'4 22'8 13294'8 64'7 2570'4 12'5

2016 4523'6 21'4 13591'9 64'2 3070'2 14'5

2021 4196'1 19'4 13378'8 63'8 3605'1 16'7

2026 3825'3 17'5 13863'2 63'6 4115'0 18'9

2031 3520'3 16'1 13826'2 63'2 4536'1 20'7

2036 3363'2 15'4 13589'3 62'3 4888'8 22'4

2041 3299'0 15'2 13026'7 60'0 5386'7 24'8

by; ixLHdf,aLk wkqj <ud ck ixLHdj yd jev l< yels jhfia ck

ixLHdj l%ufhka wvq fjñka mj;sk wdldrhla jeäysá ck ixLHdj

l%ufhka jeä fjñka mj;sk wdldrhla meyeÈ,s fõ'

tlai;a cd;skaf.a ixúOdkh 2015& olajk mßÈ wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykh

ol=Kq wdishdfõ úhm;a u ck.ykh jk w;r f,dalfha fõ.fhka úhm;a

jk ck.yk w;ßka tlla o fõ'

2015 jhfia Y%S ,xldfõ ck.ykh ñ,shk 20'96la muK jQ w;r bka 13'9]

la jhi wjqreÿ 60g jeä nj weia;fïka;= lr we;'

jhi wjqreÿ 60g jeä ckixLHdj jir 2050 jk úg 68'6] olajd;a jir

2100 jk úg 40'0] olajd;a jeä fj;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' tlai;a cd;skaf.a

ixúOdkh 2015&'

jhia jHQyfha we;s ù ;sfnk mßj¾;k fya;=fjka jev lrk jhfia miq

jk ck.ykfha m%;sY;h hefmkakkaf.a m%;sY;hg jvd ie,lsh hq;=

by< w.hla .kakd w;r th wd¾Ól j¾Okh i|yd ys;lr ;;a;ajhla nj

y÷kd f.k we;'

kuq;a ck.ykh fõ.fhka úhm;a ùu ksid fuu ;;a;ajh jeä ld,hla

.;ùug fmr úhelS hkq we;'

m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha rgl fyda m%foaYhl

fyda ld,hla ;=< fkdfjkia j by< uÜgul mej;s Wm;a yd urK

wkqmd;sl hï ld,hl § fjkia ùug mgka f.k l%ufhka wvq ù kej;

my; uÜgul fkdfjkia j mj;sk ;;a;ajhlg m;a ùuls'

j¾Ihwjq' 15g wvq <uhska

ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj ixLHdj m%;sY;hm%;sY;h

jev lrk jhfia ckixLHdj wjq'15-59&

jeäysáhka wjq'60g jeä&

200

fndfyda úg m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh wÈhr y;rlska fmkakqï flf¾'

wÈhr 1( Wm;a wkqmd;slh yd urK wkqmd;slh by< uÜgul mj;S'

iajdNdúl j¾Ok fõ.h b;d wvq h'

wÈhr 2 ( Wm;a wkqmd;slh by< uÜgul mj;S' urK wkqmd;slh l%ufhka

my< niS' iajNdúl j¾Ok fõ.h l%ufhka jeä fõ'

wÈhr 3 ( Wm;a wkqmd;slh l%ufhka my< niS' urK wkqmd;slh my< nei

we;' iajdNdúl j¾Okh l%ufhka wvq fõ'

wÈhr 4 ( Wm;a wkqmd;sl fol u my;a uÜgul fkdfjkia j mj;S'

iajdNdúl j¾Ok fõ.h wvq fõ'

ld¾ólrKh yd wd¾Ól yd iudcSh ÈhqKqj ksid fndfyda hqfrdamd rgj,

m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh by; wÈhr Tiafia isÿ jqK;a ueo fmrÈ.

rgj, th tf,i u isÿ ù ke;'

wd¾Ól jYfhka b;d by< uÜgulg <`.d fkdù isáh § Y%S ,xldfõ m%cd

úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sh wÈhr 3 olajd isÿ ù ;sfí'

2000 j¾Ih jk úg Y%S ,xldj m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sfha f;jk wÈhf¾

wjidk wjia:djg <`.d ù ;snqK o 2006$07 Y%S ,xld m%cd úµd yd fi!LH

iólaIKfhka jd¾;d jk wdldrhg uq¿ idM,H;d wkqmd;slh kej;;a

jeä ù we;s neúka Y%S ,xldfõ m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sfha wdmiq yeÍula

±lsh yels h'

kuq;a 2008 jif¾ isg urK wkqmd;slh my< uÜgul mj;sk w;r Wm;a

wkqmd;slh wvq fjñka mej;Su;a yd iajdNdúl j¾Ok wkqmd;slh wvq ùu

la ±lsh yels h'

Y=NidOk " wOHdmkh yd fi!LHh i|yd oYl lSmhla mqrd lrk ,o

wdfhdack fya;=fjka wdhq wfmalaIdj by< hdu yd YS>%fhka my< hk

idM,H;d wkqmd;h iy Y%S ,xldjg wkkH ckúldY ,laIK fya;=fjka

furg ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha iqúfYaI rgla f,i y÷kd f.k we;'

lsishï rgl ixLHdjl jev lrk jhfia mqoa.,hka 100 fofkl=g idfmalaI

j hefmkakka fldmuK ixLHdjla fõ o hkak ms<sìUq lrk w.h hemqï

wkqmd;h hs'

hemqï wkqmd; m%fNao 3ls' tu m%fNao yd tajd .Kkh lrk wdldrh my;

±lafõ'

201

<ud hemqï wkqmd;h } x 100

x 100jeäysá hemqï wkqmd;h }

1' <ud hemqï wkqmd;h

wjqreÿ 0-14 w;r ck ixLHdj


2' jeäysá hemqï wkqmd;h

wjqreÿ 60 yd Bg jeä ck ixLHdj


3' uq¿ hemqï wkqmd;h

uq¿ hemqï wkqmd;h } <ud hemqï wkqmd;h + jeäysá hemqï wkqmd;h

202



ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'8( Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldh yd th .Kkh lrk wdldrh ú.%h

lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

Y%u n,ldh w¾: olajhs'

l,ams; ixLHd o;a; Ndú; lrñka Y%u n,ldh .Kkh lrhs'

jev l< yels jhfia ck.ykh yd Y%u n,ldh w;r fjki meyeÈ,s

lrhs'

Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h .Kkh lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldfha ,dlaIKsl meyeÈ,s lrhs'


hï ksYaÑ; ld, iSudjla ;=< jegqmla fyda fjk;a wd¾Ól m%;s,dNhla fyda

wfmalaIdfjka wd¾Ól jákdlula we;s NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu

i|yd Y%uh imhk iy iemhSug wfmalaId lrk wju yd Wmßu jhia

iSudjka ;=< isák ish¨ u mqoa.,hkaf.a tl;=j Y%u n,ldh hkqfjka

ye¢kafõ'

jvd;a ir, j mjikafka kï Y%u n,ldh hkq lsishï rgl lsishï

ld,hla ;=< ^i,ld n,k ld,h ;=<& fiajd kshqla; j iy fiajd úhqla;

j isák fomsßfiys tl;=j hs'

Y%u n,ldh .Kkh lsÍfï§ f,dalfha úúO rgj,a úúO jhia iSudjka

fhdod .kshs'

Y%S ,xldfõ ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j Y%u n,ldh .Kkh

lrk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'

203

uq¿ ck.ykfhka jhi wjq' 15 yd Bg jeä ish¨ fokd x x x

wvq l<d ( .DyKshka x x x

mQ¾K ld,Sk isiqka x x x

mQ¾K wdndê;hka x x x

iaj leue;af;ka /lshd fkdlrk wh x x x - (x x x)

Y%u n,ldh (jhi wjq' 15 yd Bg jeä ils%h ck.ykh) x x x

Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ ck.ykfhka jhi wjqreÿ 15 yd Bg jeä ck ixLHdj

jev l< yels jhfia ck.ykh f,i ye¢kafjk w;r tu jhia mrdih

;=< isák ck ixLHdfjka .DyKshka" mQ¾K ld,Sk YsIHhka" úY%dñlhka"

uy¿ wh" fn,ySk fyda wdndê; wh fyda " iaj leue;af;ka fiajd úhqla;

jQjka wvq l< úg b;sß jk ck ixLHdj Y%u n,ldh hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

Y%u n,ldh jev l< yels jhfia ck ixLHdfõ m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu

Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h f,i ye¢kafõ'

Y%u n,ldh

Y%S ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldfha uE; ld,Sk j ±lsh yels ,laIK lSmhla my;

±lafõ'

jev l< yels jhfia ck.ykh wvq ùu

Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h by< hdu

ldka;djkaf.a Y%u iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h by< hdu

ldka;djkag idfmalaI j msßñ Y%u iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h by<

w.hla .ekSu

^YS% ,xldfõ Y%u n,ldh iy Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h ms<sn| j uy

nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj weiqfrka isiqka iuÕ idlÉPd lrkak&'

Y%u n,ldh iyNd.s;aj wkqmd;h =x 100

jev l< yels jhfia ck.ykh

204



ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'9 ( Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd kshqla;sfha yd fiajd úhqla;sfha

jHQyd;aul ,laIK úuid n,hs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m,

fiajd kshqla;sh w¾: olajhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd kshqla;shkaf.a ,laIK olajhs'

fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;slh .Kkh lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;h yd fjkia ùï úu¾Ykh lrhs'

W!k fiajd kshqla;sh w¾: olajhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ W!k fiajd kshqla;shg fya;= yd tys m%;súmdl fmkajd fohs'

fiajd úhqla;sh w¾: olajhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh yd fjkia ùï meyeÈ,s lrhs'

Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;shg fya;= fmkajd fohs'

fiajd úhqla;sfha iudc wd¾Ól m%;súmdl meyeÈ,s lrhs'


ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;= ks¾jpkhg wkqj fiajd kshqla;sh

hkq iólaIKh mj;ajkq ,nk Èkg fmr i;sh ;=< lsishï mqoa.,hl=

wju jYfhka mehla j;a hï wd¾Ól l%shdj,shlg odhl ùu hs'

ir, j mejiqjfyd;a fiajd kshqla;sh hkq jegqmla fyda fjk;a wd¾Ól

m%;s,dNhla fyda wfmalaIdfjka lsishï mqoa.,hl= M,odhs wd¾:sl lghq;a;l

ksr; ùu hs'

rgl fiajd kshqla; mqoa.,hka m%Odk jYfhka fldgia 4lg fnÈh yels

h'

1' rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajlhka

2' fiajHhka

3' iajhx /lshdj, ksr; jkakka

4' f.ùula ^jegqmla& fkd,nk mjqf,a Y%ñlhka

fiajd kshqla; ck ixLHdj Y%u n,ldfha m%;sY;hla jYfhka ±laùu

fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;slh f,i ye¢kafõ'

205

fiajd kshqla; ck ixLHdj

Y%u n,ldh

^Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;slh yd fjkia ùï uy nexl= jd¾;djg

wkqj ld,Sk o;a; weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak&'

W!k fiajd kshqla;sh hkq Y%u iïm; mQ¾K f,i fiajd kshqla; fkdùuhs'

W!K fiajd kshqla;sh we;s úh yels wdldr folls'

1' odYH W!k fiajd kshqla;sh

2' wodYH W!k fiajd kshqla;sh

oDYH W!k fiajd kshqla;sh hkq m%udKj;a meh .Kkla jev fkdue;s ùu

hs'

woDYH W!k fiajd kshqla;sh hkq ksmqK;d uÜgug jvd wvq ksmqK;d

uÜgfï /lshdjl ksr; ùu hs'

ksoiqka ( WmdêOdßhl= ld¾hd,h l ,smslrejl= jYfhka fiajh lsÍu

Y%S ,xldfõ W!k fiajd kshqla;sh flfrys my; i|yka fya;= n,md we;'

/lshd b,a¨ïlrejkaf.a iqÿiqlï yd yelshdjka Y%u fjf<|fmdf<ys

wjYH;djka iu. fkd.e<emSu

Y%u fjf<+|fmd<g wjYH ksmqK;d ìys lsÍug rch wfmdfydi;a ùu

Y%u n,ldfha j¾Okhg idfmalaI j wd¾Ól j¾Okh fõ.j;a fkdùu

wdh;k ;=< wjYH m%udKhg jvd Y%ñlhka r|jd .ekSu

Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk W!k fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajh ksid my; i|yka

m%;súmdlj,g uqyqK md we;'

wd¾Ólfha ksIamdokh wvq ùu

Y%uh wmf;a hdu

wdodhï jHdma;s úIu;d we;s ùu

Y%ufha M,odhs;dj wvq ùu

oßø;djg uqyqK mEu

iudc úfrdaë l%shdjka we;s ùu

fiajd úhqla;sh hkq wd¾Ól m%;s,dNhla wfmalaIdfjka lsishï wd¾Ól

fiajd kshqla;s wkqmd;h = x 100

206

lghq;a;lg Y%uh iemhSug leue;af;ka isáh;a ta i|yd wjia:djla

fkdue;s ;;a;ajhls'

fiajd úhqla;sfha m%fNao 4ls'

1' jdßl fiajd úhqla;sh

2' id¾Isl fiajd úhqla;sh

3' jHQyuh fiajd úhqla;sh

4' pl%Sh fiajd úhqla;sh

fiajd úhqla; ck ixLHdj Y%u n,ldfha m%;sY;hla f,i ±laùu fiajd

úhqla; wkqmd;slhhs'

fiajd úhqla; ck ixLHdj

Y%u n,ldh

Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla; wkqmd;slh yd tys fjkia ùï my; i|yka mßÈ

±laúh yels h'

Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh idfmalaI jYfhka my< uÜgul

mej;Su

W.;a ;reK fldgia w;r fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh by< uÜgul

mej;Su

.%dóh wxYfha fiajd úhqla;sh idfmalaI jYfhka by< w.hla .ekSu

ia;%S fiajd úhqla;sh idfmalaI jYfhka by< w.hka .ekSu

Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;sh flfrys n,mdk fya;= lSmhls'

/lshd b,a¨ï lrkakkaf.a iqÿiqlï yd yelshdjka Y%u fjf<|fmd<

wjYH;djka iu. fkd.e,mSu

/lshdfõ .re;ajh yd ms<s.ekSu jeks lreKq ksid fm!oa.,sl wxYfha

/lshdj,g fhduq fkdù rdcH wxYfha /lshd ,efnk ;=re n,d isàu

Y%u n,lfha j¾Okhg iu.dó j wd¾Ól j¾Okh fõ.j;a fkdùu

ksid /lshd ckkh fkdùu

kSs;s Í;s ksid fm!oa.,sl ksIamdok wdh;kj,g fiajlhka n|jd .ekSu

iSud lsÍu

Y%S ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;sh by< hdu ksid my; i|yka m%;súmdlj,g

X 100fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh =

207

uqyqK md we;'

iudchg ,nd .; yels Wmßu ksuejqï uÜgu wysñ ùu

oßø;dj by< hdu

ndysr ixl%uK by< hdu

rcfha Y=NidOk úhoï by< hdu

foaYmd,k yd iudc fkdikaiqka;d we;s ùu

iudc úfrdaë l%shd by< hdu

mdi,aj,ska yd úYaj úoHd,j,ska msgjkakkaf.a kùk Ñka;kh

wdl¾IKh lr .ekSfï m%udoh ksid kj ksmehqï ìys ùu ys`. ùu

208

ksmqK;dj 12'0 ( Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾:sl jHQyh yd m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| j ;=,kd;aul

j úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 12'1 ( ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha yg.;a fjkialï úu¾Ykh

lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

ksoyiska miq wd¾Ólfha we;s jQ fjkialï úia;r lrhs'

wdkhk wdfoaYk m%;sm;a;sj, uQ,sl ,laIK kï lrhs'

ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sj, uQ,sl ,laIK úia;r lrhs'

wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ñlrK m%;sm;a;sh iy ks¾ndOlrK m%;sm;a;sh

w¾:l:kh lrhs'

wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh iy ks¾ndOlrK m%;sm;a;sj, uq,sl

,laIK úia;r lrhs'

wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh iy ks¾ndOlrK m%;sm;a;s u.ska

wd¾Ólhg jk n,mEu úu¾Ykh lrhs'


ksoyiska miq wd¾Ól ,laIK wkqj wjê lSmhla y÷kd.; yels h'

1948 - 1960 olajd wjêh




1948 - 1960 olajd wjêfha m%Odk ,laIK

hg;a úð; hq.fha mej;s ,laIK iq¿ fjkialï iys; j l%shd;aul ùu

f,dal nexl= n,mEï m%:u j;djg wd¾Ólh u; m;s; ùu

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i lDIsl¾uhg yd l¾udka;j,g

m%n, ;ekla ,nd §u

hemqï lDIsl¾udka;h yd f.dú ckmo jHdmdrfha m%.;shla we;s ùu

f.jqï fYaI w¾nQo wdrïN ùu

wd¾Ól l%u iïmdokh iy ie,iqï iïmdokh wdrïN ùu

w¾O újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh

mq¿,a Y=NidOk jevigyka l%shd;aul ùu

209

cki;= jHdmdr wdrïN ùu

1961 - 1977 wjêfha Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha ,laIK

wNHka;rdNsuqL wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul ùu

úksuh md,kh" oaú;aj úksuh wkqmd; l%uh ls%hd;aul ùu

wdkhk md,kh

úfoaY úksuh w¾nQo we;s ùu

wdkhk wdfoaYk ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;s wdrïN ùu

wmkhk úúOdx.SlrKh

rdcH wxYfha uyd mßudK l¾udka; wdrïN ùu

foafmd< yd j;alï m%;sjHdma;slrKh

úksuh wkqmd; m%;sixialrKh


wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;s ls%hdldß;ajh

talSh úksuh wkqmd; l%uhla we;s ùu

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd; l%uhla bj;a we;s fldg mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;

m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu

úksuh md,kh" yd wdkhk md,kh bj;a lsÍu

md,k m%;sm;a;s bj;a fldg b,a¨ï yd iemhqï n,fõ. Tiafia l%shd;aul

jk ñ, l%uhlg bv ie,iSu

Y=NidOk m%;sm;a;s iSud lsßu

wd¾Ólh újD; lsÍu

wdfhdack m%j¾Ok l,dm msysgq ùu

fm!oa.,SlrKh" m%;sjHQy.;lrKh jeks iemhqï md¾Yaùh m%;sm;a;s

l%shd;aul lsÍu

oßø;dj wju lsÍfï m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍu


foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍfï m%;sixialrK Tiafia újD; wd¾Ól

m%;sm;a;s ;j ÿrg;a l%shd;aul ùu

úfoaY wdfhdack iSud ùu

W;=re kefÕkysr hqoaOh wjika lsÍug úYd, úhoula oeÍu

há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh

úfoaY Kh flfrys úYd, jYfhka fhduq ùu

210

foaYSh lDIsl¾udka; yd bÈlsÍï l¾udka; flfrys mq¿,a rdcH wkq.%yh

±laùu

wdhkh wdfoaYk ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh

wdkhk wdfoaYk m%;sm;a;s hkq úfoaY rgj,ska wdkhkh lrk NdKav iSud

lr" tu NdKav foaYSh j ksIamdokh lsÍug miqìu ilia lsÍu h'

m<uq j iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav yd w;HjYH fkdjk NdKav wdkhkh iSud

l< w;r tu NdKav foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh wdrïN lrk ,È'

fojkq j w;HjYH NdKav wdkhk iSud l< w;r" tajd foaYSh ksIamdokhg

yd wNHka;r yqjdudre lsÍï u.ska fjf<|fmd< w;rueÈhka ,nk jdis

iSud lrk ,os ^yd,a" ñßia" ¨Kq m%jdykh iSud lsÍu&'

wdkhk wdfoaYk lDIs ksIamdÈ;hka f,i iy,a" ,qkqq" ñßia" ljqms" fidahd"

uqx weg" l=ryka wd§ ksIamdÈ;hka Èß.kajk ,§'

wdkhk wdfoaYk l¾udka; f,i inka" iqj| ú,jqka" frÈms<s" weÕ¨ï"

fnfy;a øjH wdosmdßfNda.sl NdKav ksIamdokh foaYSh jYfhka Èß .kajk

,os'

ful, mej;s úfoaY úksuh w¾nQoh yd f.jqï fYaI .eg¨j,g úi÷ï

fiùu i|yd fuu wdkhk md,kh yd úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< iSud

lsÍï isÿ lrk ,§'

wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sh

wdkhkh lrk NdKavj,g wdfoaYk f,i foaYSh fjf<|fmd< i|yd NdKav

ksIamdokh lrkjd fjkqjg úfoaY fjf<|fmd< b,lal fldg f.k

;r.ldÍ j NdKav ksIamdokh lrk ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;s wmkhk wNsuqL

ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;s f,i woyia lrhs'

wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;s Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul lsßu wdrïN

jQfha újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s y÷kajd ÿka 1977ka miq ld,mßÉfþoh ;=< h'

wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;shl m%Odk u b,lalh jkafka wdkhk

iSud lsÍu fkdj wmkhk ;r.ldß;ajh yd wmkhk úúOdx.SlrKh u.ska

f,dal fjf<|fmd< ;=< ish fdlgi mq¿,a lr .ekSu h'

211

1977 ka miq Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul l< wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ñl m%;sm;a;sfha

fiiq b,lal jQfha"

f.jqï fYaI .eg¨ ksrdlrKh

úfoaY úksuh .eg¨ ksrdlrKh

wd¾Ól j¾Ok Wmdh ud¾. f,i wmkhk l¾udka; m%j¾Okh

wmkhk b,lal lr .;a l¾udka; fj; úfoaY wdfhdack wdl¾IKh

lr .ekSu

fiajd kshqla;s wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd wmkhk fj; fhduq jQ

l¾udka; m%j¾Okh

úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< m%idrKh lrkq msKsi wmkhk

m%idrKh

wmkhk wNsuqL ld¾ólrK m%;sm;a;sfha m%Odk ,laIK my; mßÈ

fõ'

fuh újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh wkqn,hla f,i l%shd;aul jQ wd¾Ól

m%;sm;a;shls'

ksoyia fjf<|dug bv ,efnk mßÈ wdkhk yd wmkhk iSud

bj;a lsÍu

úfoaY úksuh iSud bj;a lsÍu

ia:djr úksuh wkqmd; l%uhla we;s lsÍu

ks, úksuh l%uh iy ú'ú'ys'i úksuh wkqmd;h wfydais fldg

úfoaY úksuh b,a¨u yd iemhqu u; ;SrKh jk kuH úksuh

wkqmd; l%uh we;s lsÍu

úfoaY úksuh rg ;=<g .,d tk mßÈ mej;s úksuh wkqmd;h

100] la wjm%udKh lsÍu

úfoaY úksuh fjf<|fmd< ls%hdldrlï ,sys,a lsÍu" úfoaY nexl=

yd uQ,H wdh;kj,g rg ;=<g meñKSug bv yir ,nd §u

wdkhk ;Sre nÿ bj;a lsÍu yd wdkhk ;Sre nÿ ,sys,a lsÍu

wmkhkh i|yd mej;s rdcH taldêldßh wfydais fldg ;r.ldÍj

wmkhkhg wjia:dj ,nd §u

212

ksmqK;dj 12'0 ( Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾:sl jHQyh yd m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| j

;=,kd;aul j úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 12'2 ( Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha kj m%jK;d .fõIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 08

bf.kqï m, (

ld,Sk o;a; weiqfrka Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha jHQyuh fjkialï úia;r lrhs'

wd¾Ólfha fiajd kshqla;sh" úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh" fma%IK" há;, myiqlï

ixj¾Okh" ixpdrl l¾udka;h y m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j ld,Sk

o;a; weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

fiajd kshqla;sh by< hdug fyda my< hdug fyda fya;= jQ idOl úia;r

lrhs'

ixpdrl l¾udka;fha m%jK;d úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

m%foaYSh ixj¾Okfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

wd¾Ólfha m%foaYSh ixj¾Ok úIu;d we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl

úia;r lrhs'


Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfha we;s jQ jHQyuh fjkia ùï my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels

h'

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jHQyuh fjkialï

fiajd kshqla;sfha jHQyh fjkia ùu

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jHQyh ld,Sk j my; mßÈ fjkia ù we;'

ksoiqka (

lDIsld¾ñl ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;l jeo.;alu wvq ùu

ld¾ñl ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;l jeo.;alu jeä ùu

fiajd ksIamdÈ;fha m%;sY;l jeo.;alu jeä ùu

^ uy nexl= jd¾;d weiqfrka&

fiajd kshqla;sfha jHQyh ld,Sk jYfhka fjkia ù we;'

ksoiqka (

lDIs wxYfha fiajd kshqla;s m%;sY;h wvq ù we;'

ld¾ñl wxYfha fiajd kshqla;s m%;sY;h jeä ù we;'

fiajd wxYfha fiajd kshqla;s m%;sY;h jeä ù we;'

213

fiajd kshqla;sh ( 1963 - 2016

wxYh 1963 1973 1981$82 1996$97 2003$04 2013 2015 2016

lDIsld¾ñl 46'3 37'8 28'6 27'6 26'3 19'9 8'5 8'1

ld¾ñl wxYh 36'9 45'4 47'9 42'8 47'7 52'8 54'6 56'3

fiajd wxYh 37 34 29 37 40 40 44 44

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYssl ixhq;sh ;=< yd fiajd kshqla;sfha wdxYsl

ixhq;sh ;=< lDIsld¾ñl wxYfha m%;sY;d;aul jeo.;alu wvq ù ld¾ñl

wxYfha m%;sYld;aul jeo.;alu iy fiajd wxYfha m%;sY;d;aul jeo.;alu

jeä ù we;'

1977 ka miq Y%S ,xldj jvd;a újD; wd¾Ól rgdjla lr udreùu;a iu.

Y%S ,dxlSh fiajlhka úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh lrd fhduq ùfï m%jK;dj

jeä ù we;s nj fmkS hhs' tys w;=re M,hla f,i úfoaYj,ska .,d tk

fm%aIK m%udKh jeä ù we;'

úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh 2017 2015 2016

ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;h

uq¿ úfoaY /lshd 30073 100 263443 100 242930 100

ia;%S mqreI nj

mqreI 190217 63'3 172788 65'6 16032 66'0

ia;%S 110486 36'7 90655 34'4 82628 34'0

Y%u LdKavh wkqj

jD;a;Sh 5372 1'8 6251 2'4 6574 2'7

uOHu 20778 6'9 6951 2'6 8235 3'4

,smslre yd ta wdY%s; mqyqKq Y%ñl 29267 9'7 12501 4'7 19864 4'5

mqyqKq Y%ñl 73162 24'3 81682 31'0 76559 31'5

w¾O mqyqKq Y%ñl 3977 1'3 4847 1'8 3939 1'6

kqmqyqKq Y%ñl 79519 26'4 77985 29'6 71641 29'6

.Dy fiaúld 88628 29'5 73226 27'8 65127 26'8

úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sfha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d

2016 jif¾ úfoaY /lshd i|yd msg;a j hkakkaf.a 7'8]l my< hdula

jd¾;d úh'

úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd msg;a j hkakka wLKav j wvqùug fya;=

jQfha" .Dyfiaúld msg;a j hdï wvq lsÍug rch .;a m%;sm;a;suh

l%shdud¾." msg;a ùug fmr imqrd,sh hq;= mqyqKq wjYH;d iy ueo

fmrÈ. rgj, wd¾Ól miqneiSu fya;=fjka Y%u b,a¨u my< hdu hs'

214

ol=Kq fldßhdfõ /lshd i|yd msg;a ùï ie,lsh hq;= j¾Okhla

fmkakqï l< o bka jeä m%;sY;hla ^97]& kqmqyqKq Y%ñl ldKavhg

wh;a fõ'

mqyqKq ldKavh hgf;a úfoaY /lshd i|yd msg;a ùï jeä jk úg

úfoaY fm%aIK .,d taï jeä jkq we;'

Y%S ,xld úfoaY fiajd kshqla;s ld¾hdxYh úiska 2017 wh jeh u.ska

fhdackd l< mßÈ kqqqmqyqKq Y%ñlhl=f.a wju jegqm $ 350 f,i o mqyqKq

Y%ñlhl=f.a wju jegqm $ 450 f,i o kshu lrk ,§'

úfoaY fiajd kshqla; ,dxlSh Y%ñlhska furgg tjk úfoaY uqo,a yd

fjk;a ± úfoaY fm%aIK f,i y÷kajhs' Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ úfoaY ,eîï

;=< by< u jeo.;alu ysñ lr .kafka úfoaY fm%aIKhka h'

úfoaY fiajd kshqla;Skaf.a fm%aIK

tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ñ,shk

m%Njh 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

1' ueo fmrÈ. 3358 3562 3902 3796 3889

2' hqfrdamd ix.uh 1071 1160 1270 1222 1282

3' wE; fmrÈk wdishdj 509 557 611 698 739

4' wfkl=;a hqfrdamd rgj,a 275 308 337 307 333

5' W;=re weußldj 174 186 204 209 210

6' .skafldk È. wdishdj 63 288 316 391 398

7' ´iafÜ%,shdj iy kjiS,ka;h 132 147 161 161 174

8' ol=Kq wdishdj 90 83 91 98 109

9' ol=Kq yd uOHu weußldj 48 58 63 63 51

10' wfkl=;a 66 58 63 63 51

tl;=j 5985 6407 7018 6980 7242

úfoaY fm%aIK ,eîïj, wvq ùula 2015 jif¾ § jd¾;d l< o 2016 j¾Ifha

È th uOHia: j¾Okhla jd¾;d lr we;' miq.sh jirj, úfoaY fma%IK

wvq ù we;af;a ueo fmrÈ. rgj, /lshd i|yd msg;a j .sh Y%ñlhka

l%ufhka wvq ùu yd ueo fmrÈ. rgj, wd¾Ól miqnEu ksid Y%u b,a¨u

wvq ùu h'

215

úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh yd úfoaY fiajd fm%aIK ,eîï wd¾Ólh u; we;s

lrk n,mEu

fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;h my< hdug bjy,a ùu

mqoa.,hskaf.a wdodhï by< hdu

oßø;dj my< hdu

l=gqïn b;=reï jeä ù l=vd jHjidhka j¾Okh ùu

úfoaY bmhSï j¾Okh ùu

f.jqï fYaI .eg¨j,g m%n, úi÷ula ùu

úfoaY j;alï Yla;su;a ùu

uqof,a úfoaY w.h by< hdu

foaYSh Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a mqyqKq Y%u ys`.hla we;s ùu yd jegqma jÜgï

by< hdu

mqyqKq Y%uh úfoaY.; jk úg iïm;a iïNdrh ixfldapkh ùu

.Dy fiajh i|yd ldka;djka ixl%uKh ùu iudc .eg¨j,g yd

orejka yqfol,d ùu yd wkdrlaIs; ùug fya;= ùu

rgl ksIamdok yd yqjudre l%shdj,sh ld¾hlaIu lsÍug yd ck;djf.a

Ôjk ;;a;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug Wmia;ïnk jk m%d.aOkh" há;, myiqlï

f,i y÷kajhs' há;, myiqlï my; mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'

há;, myiqlï

wd¾Ól há;, myiqlï iudc há;, myiqlï

jD;a;Sh mqyqKq jev igyka

uQ,H wdh;k myiqlï

m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok myiqlï

;dlaIK yqjudrej

wmkhk Èß.ekaùï

uyd ud¾.

wêfõ.S ud¾.

md,ï

Wux

ÿïßh ud¾.

jdß ud¾.

.=jka f;dgqm<

jrdh

úÿ,s ixfoaY

m%jdyk moaO;s

frday,a

mdGYd,d

c, iïmdokh

ksjdi

<ud /ljrKh

jeäysá /ljrKh

nkaOkd.dr

li< neyer lsÍu

iudc wdrlaIKh m%cd fiajh mßirh iq/lSfï jHdmD;s

oDv myiqlï uDÿ myiqlï oDv myiqlï uDÿ myiqlï

216

há;, myiqlï i|yd jk wdfhdackh hkq wd¾Ólh ld¾hlaIu j l%shd;aul

ùu i|yd wjYH flfrk fiajd iy myiqlï iemhSug fN!;sl yd

ixúOdk jHQyhka f.dv kexùu h' há;, myiqlï rgl fyda m%dfoaYSh

ixj¾Okh ms<sìUq flfrk jeo.;a o¾Ylhls'

há;, myiqlï lafIa;%h wd¾Ól yd iudðh jYfhka Wm fldgia follg

j¾. l< yels h' wd¾Ól há;, myiqlï hkq uyd ud¾." c, iïmdok yd

c,d mjyk myiqlï" ikaksfõok myiqlï cd, hkdÈh h' iudc há;,

myiqlï jkqfha mdi,a" úYajúoHd," frday,a" ksjdi ixj¾Okh hkdÈh

fõ'

há;, myiqlï i|yd lrkq ,nk wdfhdackh wd¾Ól jDoaêhg

úúOdldrhg odhl fõ' há;, myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu rgl ixj¾Ok

l%shdj,sfha § uqyqK fok m%Odk ndOlhls' wi;=gq odhl uxudj;a" jdyk

;onoh" flá ÿrla hdug jeä ld,hla .; ùu hkdÈh ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg

n,mdk ir, ndOdjka fõ' uyd ud¾." md,ï" jrdh" ÿïßh ud¾."

ikaksfõok cd," jdßud¾. myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍu wd¾Ól jDoaêhg

úYd, wkqn,hla fõ'

há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh ù we;s úg NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh iy

tajd fjf<|fmd<g fnodyeßu b;d myiqfjka yd ld¾hlaIu j l< yels

fõ'

uE; § isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIK yd wOHhk u.ska fy<s fldg we;af;a há;,

myiqlï by< hk iEu 10] la mdid u È.=ld,Sk ksuejqu 1]lska j¾Okh

jk nj h'

há;, myiqlïj, wd¾Ól yd iudÔh jYfhka jeo.;a ùug n,mdk fya;=

lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

M,odhs;ajh by< hdu

wd¾Ól jDoaêh fõ.j;a ùu

wdfhdaclhska wdl¾IKh lsÍug msájy,a ùu

wdfhdaclhskaf.a fm!oa.,sl msßjeh wvq ùug bjy,a ùu

wmf;a hdï iy kdia;s úï wju ùug bjy,a ùu

l<ukdlrKh yd iïnkaëlrKh ld¾hlaIu ùu

ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh jeä ÈhqKq ùug bjy,a ùu

217

iudc ixj¾Okhg fya;= ùu

udkj m%d.aOkh ìys ùug fya;= ùu

wd¾Ólfha ;r.ldß;ajh by< hdu

há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh i|yd m%fõY jk uQ,dY% lsysmhls'

há;, myiqlï i|yd rdcH wdfhdack

há;, myiqlï i|yd iafõÉPd wdfhdack

há;, myiqlï i|yd rdcH-fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh (PPP)

há;, myiqlï i|yd rdcH wdfhdack my; mßÈ bosrsm;a l< yels h'

2012 343'8 3'9 71'2 0'8 415'0 4'8

2013 369'4 3'9 77'6 0'8 447'0 4'7

2014 330'1 3'2 112'3 1'1 442'5 4'4

2015 429'0 3'6 117'3 1'0 541'3 4'6

YS% ,xldfõ há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh i|yd rdcH wdfhdack" o< foaYSh

ksIamdok m%;sY;hla f,i 5] lg wdikak uÜgfï mj;S' kuq;a wd¾Ólfha

;r.ldß;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsßu i|yd;a" wd¾Ól jDoaêfha Wmßu uÜgug

<`.d ùu i|yd;a úfoaY iDcq wdfhdack wdl¾IKh lsÍu i|yd;a" há;,

myiqlï ixj¾Okfha wdfhdackh ;j ÿrg;a by< kexùfï wjYH;dj

mj;S' ta i|yd we;s m%n, ndOdjka jkafka rdcH wdodhï isñ; ùu" rdcH

Kh by< hdu j<lajd .ekSu" rdcH Kh wdmiq f.ùï yelshdj iSñ; ùu

wdÈhhs' fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh ;=<ska há;,

myiqlï iemhSu i|yd fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack wdl¾IKh lr .ekSu jeo.;a

fõ'

rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj l%uh Tiafia há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh

i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh Èß.ekaùug f,dal nexl=fõ yd USAID wdh;kfha

iydh we;s j uqo,a wud;HdxYh ;=< rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj tallhla

ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd 2017 ckjdÍ udifha § wud;HdxY wkqu;sh ysñ úh'

remsh,aì,shk

o< foaYShksIamdokhm%;sY;hla

f,ij¾Ih

remsh,aì,shk


f,i

remsh,aì,shk


f,i

wd¾Ól fiajd iudc fiajd tl;=j

218

rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh Èß .ekaùfï rdcH m%;sm;a;s rduqj u.ska

foaYmd,k{hka yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhka we;=¿ ish¨ u md¾Yajlrejkaf.a

±kqïj;a nj by< kexúh hq;= w;r fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack Èß .ekaùu iy

fiajdj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh iy idOdrK ñ, .Kka iy;sl lsÍug iqÿiq

kshduk yd mßmd,k hdka;%Kh ks¾udKh l< hq;= h' wd¾Ól yd iudc

há;, myiqlïj, fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack m%j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd ia:djr

m%;sm;a;s" hymd,kh' úksúo Ndjh" wdh;ksl yelshd jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu"

M,odhs kshdukhka yd ld¾hlaIu uQ,H fjf<|fmd<j,a wdos mQ¾j wjYH;d

iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h' fï w;r ld¾hlaIu f,i iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu

;yjqre lsÍu i|yd wd¾Ólhg jeä m%;s,dN ysñ jk whqfrka jHdmD;sj,

m%uqL;d wkqms<sfj, y÷kd .ekSug há;, myiqlï jHdmD;s mq¿,a YLH;d

wOHhkhlg ,la l< hq;= hs'

há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okfhys ,d rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh

rdcH fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;ajh hgf;a há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okfhys ,d

jvd;a id¾:l l%ufõohls' ;kslru fm!oa.,sl wxYh fyda rdcH wxYh

fyda u ld¾hhka bgq lrkjd fjkqjg" ta fomd¾Yajh u iyNd.s fjñka

;u ;ukag jvd;a fyd¢ka l< yels ld¾hhka ta ta md¾Yajh úiska f;dard

f.k jHdmD;s l%shdjg ke.sh yels fõ'

jHdmD;s ksu lsÍug .; jk ld,h läkï lrñka m%udo ùu j,lajd .;

yels fõ' ld¾h idOkh uksk o¾Ylhla f,i jHdmD;s ksu lsÍug .;

jk ld,h fhdod .; yels h'

;kslr u rch fyda fm!oa.,sl wxYh fyda bgq lrk jHdmD;shlg jvd

by< wdfhdack ,dN wkqmd;slh rdcH - fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj jHdmD;s

u.ska w;alr .; yels h' fomd¾Yajh u tla j l%shd;aul lrk úg ie,iqï

lsßu yd uQ,Hkh hk lreKq i,ld kjH l%ufõo fhdod .ekSug wjia:dj

ie,fia'

jHdmD;shl wjodkï ish,a, we.hSulg ,la fldg tys YlH;dj ;SrKh

lrkq ,efí' yqfola rcfha fyda foaYmd,k wjYH;d iy fjk;a wNs,dYhka

u; YlH;djlska f;dr jHdmD;shla l%shdjg ke.Sug ie,iqï lrkq

,enqjfyd;a fm!oa.,sl wxYh tjekakla lsÍug tl`. fkdjkq we;'

mssßjeh md,kh lsÍfï,d jvd m<mqreoao iy w;a±lSï we;s fm!oa.,sl

wxYh fj; jHdmD;s fufyhùï iy l%shdjg ke.Sfï wjodkï mejÍug

rchg wjia:dj ie,fia'

219

fndfyda rdcH - fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj jHdmD;s ;=< l,a ;nd jHdmD;s

ksu lsÍu fjkqfjka ,nd fok m%ido §ukd (bonus) we;=<;a jk neúka"

ish¨ jHdmD;s jvd;a ld¾hlaIu j ksu lsÍug yelshdj ,efí'

rcfha wruqo,a jvd;a ld¾hlaIu f,i jeh lsßu fï hgf;a bv ie,fik

neúka iudc wd¾:l jeo.;alula we;s fjk;a lafIa;% flfrys iSñ; rdcH

wruqo,a fhduq lsÍug wjia:dj Wod fõ'

rdcH - fm!oa.,sl yjq,aldß;aj iys; jHdmD;sj, ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä

neúka th rdch uQ,hg jdisodhl fõ' whjeh mr;rh wvq lr .ekSug

odhl jkq we;'

jHdmD;s Ôjk pl%fha iEu wÈhrl §u by< m%ñ;s uÜgula mj;ajd f.k

hdug yelshdj ,efí'

rdcH úhoï wvq lr .ekSug bv ie,fik neúka ck;dj u; nÿ nr o

wvq úh yels h'

fm!oa.,SlrKh l%ufõohkag iudcfha ±ä úfrdaO;djla mj;sk úg thg

id¾:l j uqyqK Èh yels úl,am m%fõYhla f,i rdcH - fm!oa.,sl

yjq,aldß;aj jHdmD;s ±lsh yels h'

ixpdrl l¾udka;h

Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólfhys úfoaY úksuh Wmhk m%Odk wxYhla jk ixpdrl

l¾udka;h wLKav j j¾Okh ùfï m%jK;djla fmkajhs' b;sydiha m<uq

jr ñ,shk foflys ikaêia:dkh miq lrñka 2016 jif¾ § ixpdrl

meñKSfï ixLHdj 2"050"832 la olajd 14] l lemS fmfkk jd¾Isl j¾Okhla

jd¾;d lf<a h'

ixpdrl l¾udka;fha m%j¾Okh i|yd msgqjy,a jQ idOl jkqfha

ixpdrl l¾udka;h wdY%s; há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh i|yd l<

wdfhdackh by< hdu

kj .=jka fiajd" u`.S fk!ld fiajd l%shd;aul ùu

cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSfï jev igyka l%shd;aul

ùu

f,dalfha m%Odk ixpdrl .ukdka;j, N+=f.da,Sh" oaYmd,ksl

wúksYaÑ;;d j¾Okh ùu

wm%sldj yer wfkl=;a m%Odk l,dm ish,af,ka u ixpdrl meñKSï j¾Okh

úh' Y%S ,xldjg ixpdrlhska meñfKk úYd,;u ixpdrl l,dmh ngysr

hqfrdamfhks ^31]ls&' 2016 jif¾ § fuu l,dmfhka meñKs ixpdrlhska

ixLHdj 64333ls'

220

kef.kysr wdishdfjka meñKs ixpdrlhska ixLHdj 20'7] ls' 2016 jif¾

§ jeä u ixpdrlhka ixLHdjla meñKs rg bkaÈhdjhs' fojkq j Ökh h'

f;jk rg tlai;a rdcOdkshhs' ixpdrlhska meñKSfï wruqK wkqj n,k

úg jeä m%;sY;hla úfõlh .; lsÍu i|yd h'

uE; j¾Ij, ixpdrl bmhSï wLKav j j¾Okh jQ w;r tu.ska fiajd

.sKqu Yla;su;a úh' 2016 jif¾ uq¿ ixpdrl bmehSï tlai;a ckmo

fvd,¾ ñ,shk 3518 ls' th fmr jirg jvd 18] l j¾Okhls'

uE; j¾Ij, § ixpdrl wxYfha wdfhdack È.g u j¾Okh úh' 2015

jif¾ § wkqu; jQ fydag,a jHdmD;s 37 iu. iei£fï § 2016 jif¾ §

tlai;a ckmo fvd,¾ ñ,shk 526 lska iukaú; fydag,a jHdmD;s 41la

i|yd wkque;sh ,eî ;sìKs'

rfgys kef.kysr iy W;=re m<d;aj, ixpdrl l¾udka;fha by< úNj;la

Wlyd .ekSu i|yd foaYSh yd úfoaYSh wdfhdaclhskaf.a wjOdkh fhduqùu;a

iu`. tu m<d;aj, ixpdrl l¾udka;fha wLKav j j¾Okh úh'

miq.sh jir lSmh ;=< m%n, m%j¾Ok jev igyka yd ixpdrl l¾udka;h

wdY%s; há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh lsÍug .kakd ,o mshjr furgg úfoaY

ixpdrlhska wdl¾IKh lr .ekSug WmldÍ jQj o" Y%S ,xldj ;ju;a

f.da,Sh fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;u mQ¾K úNj;dj <`.d lr f.k fkdue;'

ixpdrl wxYfha l%shdldß;ajh my; mßÈ boßm;a l< yels h'

YS¾Ih 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 ^w& ^]& 2016

ixpdrl meñKSï ixLHdj 1"000"605 1"274"593 1"527"153 1"798"380 2"050"382 14'0

meñKSfï wruqK wkqj

úfkdaodiajdoh 748"436 915"208 1"037"644 1"198"240 1"710"027 42'7

jHdmdr 90"040 67"946 20"270 23"323 37"121 59'2

fjk;a 167"129 291"439 469"239 576"817 303"684 -47'4

ixpdrlhska .; l< rd;%S 10"056 10"909 15"119 18"163 20"918 15'2

ldur Wmfhdackh 71'2 71'7 74'3 74'5 74'8 0'4

o< ixpdrl ,eîï 132"427 21"72 317"79 405"492 512"373 26'4

tal mqoa., ixpdrl ,eîï 131"688 173"594 207"889 225"476 249"837 10'8

uq¿ fiajd úhqla;sh 162"869 270"150 299"890 319"436 335"659 5'1

iDcq fiajd kshqla;sh 67"862 112"550 129"790 135"930 146"115 7'5

jl% fiajd kshqla;sh 95"007 157"600 170"100 183"506 189"544 3'3

uQ,hka ( Y%s ,xld ixpdrl ixj¾Ok wêldßh" Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j

jd¾Islfjkiaùu

221

uE; ld,fha úfoaY úksuh bmhSu yd fiajd kshqla;sh iïnkaOfhka ixpdrl

l¾udka;fha odhl;ajh my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

úfoaY úksuh bmhSu

uqo,a tallh 2015 2016

Y%S ,xld remsh,a ñ,shk 405"492 512"294

weußldkq fvd,¾ ñ,shk 2"981 3"518

Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ úfoaYSh úksuh bmhSï i|yd ixpdrl l¾udka;fha odhl;ajh

2015 § 12] la jQ w;r 2016 j¾Ifha § th 14'2] la úh' úfoaY fm%aIK iy

frÈms<sj,g yd we.¨ïj,g miqj ;=ka jeks ;ekg m;a j we;af;a ixpdrl

l¾udka;hhs'

fiajd kshqla;sh odhl;ajh

2014 2015 2016

iDcq fiajd kshqla;sh 129"790 135"930 146"115

ixpdrl l¾udka;h ìys l< iDcq iy jl% fiajd kshqla;sh 2015 § 319"436 la

jQ w;r" 2016 § 335"659 la úh'

ixpdrl l¾udka;h uqyqK fok wNsfhda. lsysmhls' ixpdrlhskaf.a wfmalaIs;

j¾Okhg iu.dó j fydag,a ldur m%udKj;a fkdùu' wfmalaIs; úYd,

ixpdrl m%udKhlg myiqlï ie,iSu i|yd fydag,a ldur 40"000 ;a 50"000

;a w;r m%udKhla wjYH fj;ehs weia;fïka;= fldg we;;a" 2016 wjidkfha

§ ixpdrl fydag,a iy w;sf¾l wdh;k hk fowxYh u i;= j we;af;a

fydag,a ldur 34"000 la muKs'

ixpdrl lafIa;%fha kshe¿Kq Y%S ,dxlsl mqyqKq Y%ñlhska úYd, msßila by<

jegqma fjkqfjka úfoaYSh rgj, fiajfha fh§ isà' ixpdrl l¾udka;fha

by< hk mqyqKq Y%ñl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd wjYH fiajl mqyqKq lsÍu

rchg lsÍu isÿ l< fkdyels neúka ta i|yd rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxY yjq,a

lghq;= lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'

f,dal m%isoaO fydag,a odu Y%S ,xldj fj; olajd we;s wjOdkh m%udKj;a

fkdúu' fndfyda m%uqL fmf<a fydag,a odu Tjqkaf.a fydag,a jHdmdr Y%S

,xldfjka ;ju;a m%udKj;a mßÈ jHdma; fldg fkdue;' f*daíia i`.rdj

kï lr we;s f,dj fyd|u wka;¾ cd;sl iqfLdamfNda.S fydag,a odu ikakdu

10 w;=frka Y%S ,xldfõ olakg we;af;a fydag,a odu ;=kla muKs'

222

ixpdrl l¾udka;fha úêu;a wxYh fyd¢ka kshdukh ù ;snqK o' l¾udka;h

;=< ie,lsh hq;= wúêu;a wxYhla l%shd;aul fjñka mj;S' tneúka úêu;a

wxYh fj; tu fldgi o wka;¾ .%yKh lr .ekSu i|yd wjOdkh fhduq

lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' fkdúêu;a wxYh ;=< ixpdrl l¾udka;fha wdrlaIdj

iy wdpdr O¾u jeäÈhqKq lsÍu w;HjYH jk w;r" tfia lsÍug wfmdfydi;a

ùu rfÜ hym;a m%;srEmh ì| jeàug fya;= jkq we;'

úYd, úNj;djla mj;sk Ökfhka meñfKk ixpdrlhskaf.a j¾Okhg

iß,k fia myiqlï iemhSu we;s yelshdj ( ixpdrl l¾udka;fha ±kg

mj;sk j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk Ök ixpdrlhka i|y wjYH myiqlï

imqrd,Sfï § kj wNsfhda. ks¾udKh ù we;' tys § Ök NdIdfjka úldYkh

jk rEmjdysksh yd .=jkaúÿ,s kd,sld" Ök NdIdj l;d lrk ixpdrl u.

fmkajkakka wdÈh wjYH fõ'

kej;S isák rd;%s ixLHdj f,i .Kkh flfrk ixpdrlhl= kej;S isák

idudkH ld, iSudj jir .Kkdjla mqrd tlf,i u mej;Su ( ffoksl

ixpdrl úhou miq.sh jir lSmh mqrd j¾Okh ú ;snqK o" m%Odk jYfhka

u ixpdrlhka i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk l%shdldrlï wvq ùu ksid ixpdrlhl=

kej;S isák idudkH ld, iSudj rd;%s 10 la muK fkdfjkia j mj;S' tu

ksid Y%S ,xldfõ mj;sk ixpdrl wdl¾IKhka úúOdx.lrKh lsÍu i|yd

m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .; hq;= jk w;r tys § ixpdrl rd;%s ld, iSudj wju

jYfhka i;s folla f,i b,lal lsÍu i|yd uÕS fk!ld iy iduq\%sl

ixpdr" úfõlh wuqKq lr.;a ixpdr" úfkdaodiajdoh wruqKq lr .;a ixpdr

jeks ixpdrl l¾udka;fha miq.dó wxY flfrys jvd;a wjOdkh fhduq l<

hq;= fõ'

f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd muKla fkdj" niar:" l=,S r: iy fydag,a fjka

lsÍï" cx.u ÿrl:k iïnkaO;d" jhs-*hs iïnkaO;d" ixpdrl ie,iqï wd§

jQ mq¿,a mrdihl me;sfrk mßÈ ixpdrlhkag fiajd imhkakd jQ nyqld¾h

ixpdrl f;dr;=re uOHia:dk ixLHdj m%Odk ixpdrl wdl¾IKhka ys iy

m%Odk m%jdyK flakaøia:dkhkays ;j ÿrg;a jeä lsÍu wjYH;djla mj;S'

ixpdrl lafIa;%h iïnkaO rdcH wdh;k o fm!oa.,sl wxYh o we;=¿ j

ixpdrl l¾udka;fha kshq;= ish¨ u md¾Yajlrejka wëlaIKh lsÍu i|yd

by< uÜgfï rdcH jHQyhla wjYH jk w;r tu.ska jvd iyiïnkaO;djlska

hq;=j by< uÜgï l%fudamdh l%shdjg keÕSug bv ie,fikq we;'

±kqï wd¾Ólh hkq nqoaêuh m%d.aOkh u; mokï jQ mßfNdackh iy ksIamdok

l%shdj,shls' ±kqï wd¾Ólh idudkHfhka ixj¾ê; rgj, ish¨ wd¾Ól

223

ls%hdldrlïj, úYd, fldgils' ±kqï wd¾Ólh ;=< iajdNdúl jákdlïj,ska

ie,lsh hq;= fldgila wYamDYH j;alïj,ska iukaú; jk w;r" tys fiajl

±kqï ^nqoaêuh m%d.aOkfha& jákdlula we;;a idudkHfhka ms<s.;a .sKqï

uQ,O¾uj,g wkqj fuu j;alï fYaI m;%j, we;=<;a lsÍug bv fkdfokq

we;'

ixj¾ê; rgj,a lDIsl¾udka;h iy ksIamdok wd¾Ólh mokï lr f.k

issák w;r" ÈhqKq fjñka mj;sk rgj, ksIamdok yd fiajd mdol wd¾Ólhka

o j¾Okh ù we;s w;r ixj¾ê; rgj, fiajd wd¾Ólh mokï lr f.k we;s

nj fmfka' ±kqï wd¾Ól l%shldrlïj,g ksoiqka kï" m¾fhaIK" ;dlaIKsl

iydh iy WmfoaYkhka h'

f;dr;=re hq.fha § f.da,Sh wd¾:slh'" ±kqï wd¾Ólh fj; fhduq úh' f;dr;=re

hq.hg fuu ixl%uKh we;=<;a jkafka" fiajd ld¾hlaIu" ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu

yd Y%u iQlaIau wd¾Ól j¾Okhkaf.ka ,nd .kakd ,o fyd|u Ndú;hka h'

oekqu yd ±kqu mokï lr .;a idOl tl;= lr we;s wka;¾ iïnkaO;d iy

f.da,Sh wd¾Ólh i|yd m%fõY jk ±kqu iy fjf<| ryia wd¾Ól j¾Okfha

;SrKd;au; idOlhka jk w;r" wd¾Ól iïm;la f,i o jeo.;a fõ'

±kqu yd wOHdmkh hkqqfjka y÷kajk udkj m%d.aOkh M,odhs j;alula f,i

fyda jHdmdr ksIamdokhla f,i fyda fhdod .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| j wjOdkh

fhduq lrhs' ksIamdÈ; mßfNdackhg fyda wmkhk i|yd fyda fhdod .; yels

w;r udkj m%d.aOkh jHdmdr i|yd iy wd¾Ólh i|yd m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSug

fhdod .; yels h'

±kqu mokï lr .;a wd¾Ólfha wdYs%; jeo.;a ixl,am

±kqïlrejka

±kqï bxðfkarejka

±kqï m%d.aOkh

nqoaêuh m%d.aOkh

nqoaêuh foafmd<

224

±kqï wd¾Ólh lrd hdfï wNsfhda. (

Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;slh my< uÜgul mej;Su

fï ksid iudcfha wOHdmk uÜgu my< uÜgul mj;S' fï ksid udkj

m%d.aOk iuqÉÑ;h my< f.dia we;'

m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh i|yd jeh lrk wruqo,a my< uÜgul mej;Su

Y%S ,xldj ;=< mj;sk wvq ksmqK;d iy wvq jegqma mokï lr .;a ld¾ólrK

l%shdj,sh ksid ±kqï flakaøSh wd¾Ól jDoaê l%shdj,sh lrd keUqreùfï yelshdj

wvq ù we;'

1998 jk úg Y%S ,xldj my< wdodhï ,nk rgl isg my< ueo wdodhï ,nk

rgla njg m;a ùu;a iuÕ Y%S ,xldjg úfoaYj,ska ,efnk m%odkhka yd

wdOdr iSud ùu'

fï ksid wOHdmkh" mqyqKqj" m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok lghq;=j,g wdfhdackh

l< yels uqo,a m%udKh wvq ù we;'

Rcq úfoaY wdfhdack wvq ;dlaIKh iys; Y%u iQlaIau l¾udka; fj; nyq,

jYfhka .,d tau ksid udkj m%d.aOkh iïmdokh lr .ekSfï bv m%ia;d

wvq ùu

±kqï wd¾Ólh ms<sn| o¾Ylh

±kqï wd¾Ólh ms<sn| o¾Ylh ilia lsÍug my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl fhdod

.kS'

wd¾Ól idkqn,h iy wdh;ksl jHQyh

kjH;djka yd ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSfï keUqrej

wOHdmkh yd mqqyqKqj

ICT há;, myiqlï

fuu o¾Ylh wkqj 2012 j¾Ifha m%uqLia:dkh .;a rgj,a my; ±lafõ'

iaùvkh

*ska,ka;h

fvkaud¾lh

fko¾,ka;h

fkda¾fõ

225

ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldj ;=< l%shd;aul lrk ,o ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sj, jeä

m%;s,dN ysñ jQfha kd.ßl wxYhg hs' tu ksid Y%S ,xldfõ by< wd¾Ól

jDoaêhla yd iudc ixj¾Okhla ysñ lr .kq ,enqfõ niakdysr m<d;ska

fld<U Èia;%slalh hs' Èjhsfka fiiq m<d;a yd Èia;%slal Bg iu.dó j wvq

ixj¾Ok uÜgula yssñ lr .;a ksid ;=,s; m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s f;dard

.;a Èia;%slalj, l%shd;aul lsÍug isÿ úh'

Y%S ,xldfõ kefÕkysr m<d;" W;=re m<d;" W!j m<d; hk m<d;aj, ú/

lshdj" wdodhï jHdma; ùfï úIu;dj yd oßø;dj by< uÜgul ;snQ w;r

há;, myiqlï yd udkj ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh wvq uÜgul mej;sKs' fï

ksid tu Èia;%slal w<,d m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok jev igyka l%shd;aul lsÍfï

wjYH;dj mek ke.=Ks' ta i|yd úúO jHdmD;s y÷kajd fok ,§'

ksoiqka ( .%du Yla;s jHdmdrh" .ïfmr,sh jev igyk" Wod.ï jev

igyk" .u ke.=u" .eñ mqqnqÿj" .eñÈßh" .%dóh úÿ,s fhdackd l%u

( ld,Sk ksoiqka weiqfrka isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak'&

226

ksmqK;dj 12'0 ( Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾:sl jHQyh yd m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| j ;=,kd;aul

j úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 12'3 ( iuld,sk wd¾Ól isÿ ùï iy m%;sm;a;s úu¾Yk lrhs'

ld,Éfþo .Kk ( 04

bf.kqï m, (

wd¾Ólhg foaYSh yd f.da,sh isÿ ùï n,mdk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

foaYSh yd f.da,Sh wd¾Ól isoaêj,g ksoiqka olajhs'

foaYSh yd f.da,Sh wd¾Ól isoaê we;s ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl úia;r

lrhs'

iuld,Sk wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s úia;r lrhs'


j¾;udk f,dalfha iEu rgla u ndysr f,dalhg úúO m%udKj,ska újD;

j mj;S' tkï wdjD; wd¾Ólhka olakg ke;' tu ksid wd¾Ólhl

l%shdldrS;ajhg foaYSh ixisoaê fuka u f.da,Sh isÿ ùï m%n, n,mEula we;s

lrkq ,nhs'

fuys § foaYSh yd f.da,Sh isÿ ùï wd¾Ólfha úúO wxY fj; Rcqj u fyda

jl% f,i n,mEï we;s lrhs' tkï id¾j wd¾Ólfha"

ksIamdokh

fiajd kshqla;sh

ñ, uÜgu

fmd<S wkqmd;slh

wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du

f.jqï fYaIh

úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;slh

m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< hk wxY flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs'

wd¾Ólhg n,mdk foaYSh isÿ ùïj,g ksoiqka lsmhla my; ±lafõ'

wdKavq n,h fjkia ùu

ksoiqka (

1977 n,hg m;a jQ kj rch l%shd;aul l< újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

ksid úfoaY fjf<| rgdj" foaYSh fjf<| rgdj" l¾udka; jHQyh"

uQ,H yd nexl= moaO;sh uq¿ukska u fjkia úh'

227

1994 wdKavq n,h fjkia ùï iu`. we;s jQ wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;suh fjkia

ùï ksid wd¾Ólh .uka l< ÈYdj lsishï m%udKhlska fjkia úh'

tkï wd¾Ólfha újD; Ndjh b;d iq¿ m%udKhlska wvq lsÍu"

fm!oa.,SlrK m%;sm;a;s fjkia lsÍu" ñ, ia:dhs;dj" fiajd úhqla;s

.eg¨ wju lsÍu" kS;sh yd iduh ;j ÿrg;a Yla;su;a lsÍu wdos

jYfhka ld,Sk fjkialï .Kkdjla isÿ úh'

2006 j¾Ifha § wdKavq n,h fjkia ùu u; foaYSh wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a

lsÍfï kj wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s yd .e<mqï l%shd;aul lsÍu isÿ úh'

foaYSh lDIsld¾ñl wxYh Yla;su;a lsÍu

fm!oa.,SlrK jev ms<sfj< iSud lsÍu

2015 wdKavq n,h fjkia ùu;a iu. kS;sfha wdêm;H ;yjqre lsÍu"

iudÔh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla lrd keUqre ùu" hymd,kh ms<sn|

l;sldj" cd;sl taldnoaO;djla we;s lsÍu" mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s

m%Njhka fj; m%fõY ùu wdos fjkialï isÿ úh'

1983 isg 2009 olajd ^wjqreÿ 30& mej;s hqo ;;a;ajh

fï ksid rfÜ há;, myiqlï' l¾udka; Yd,d" lDIsld¾ñl f.dúìï

úkdY jq w;r" ksIamdokh my< jeáKs' ú/lshdj jeä úh' foaYSh

iïm;a W!k Wmfhdackhg ,la úh' rchg wdrlaIl lghq;= fjkqfjka

úYd, úhoula oeÍug isÿ úh'

1989 isg 1991 olajd Èjhsfka fiiq m%foaYj, mej;s isú,a wr., isÿ

ùu o rfÜ ksIamdokh my< hdug ñ, uÜgu by< hdug" foafmd<

iïm;a yd há;, myiqlï úkdY ùug fya;= úh'

jßka jr we;s jQ iajdNdúl Wmøj

2004 j¾Ifha we;s jQ iqkdñ ;;a;ajh

jßka jr we;s jQ .xj;=r yd kdhhdï

jßka jr we;s jQ ksh`. ;;a;ajhka

jk i;=kaf.ka we;s jk ydks

wd¾Ólhg n,mE f.da,Sh isÿ ùï i|yd my; i|yka ksoiqka ±laúh

yels h'

wdishd;sl uQ,H w¾nqoh

fï ksid w.aksÈ. wdishd l,dmfha uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ±ä mSvkhlg

,la ùu ksid yd tu l,dmfha úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a tall ±ä f,i

228

wjm%udKh úh' fï ksid Y%S ,xld remsh, wjm%udKh ùu" tu l,dmfhka

wdkhkh lrk NdKav ñ, .Kka by< hdu isÿ úh'

hqfrdamd wd¾Ól w¾nqoh

2006 jif¾ isg weußldkq yd hqfrdamd l,dmj, we;s jq wd¾Ól

wjmd;h ksid tu l,dmfha ksIamdokh my< .sh w;r" ú/lshdj jeä

úh' ñ, uÜgï YS>%fhka by< .sfha h' ±ä rdcH Kh w¾nQohla yg

.eKsks' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ wmkhk fjf<|fmd<" úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh"

úfoaY wdfhdack wvq ùu flfrys úYd, n,mEula we;s flßK'

f.da,Sh wd¾Ólfha rgj,a w;r È.ska È.g u we;s jQ w¾nqohka

úfYaIfhka brdlh" we*a.ksia:dkh" isßhdj" wd§ rgj, we;s jQ hqo

.egqï ksid Lksc f;,a ñ, by< hdu Y%S ,xldfõ wdkhk fjf<|fmd<

my< hdu" úfoaY wdfhdack wvq ùu isÿ úh'

f,dalfha Lksc f;,a yd rka ñ, .Kka by< hdu' fï ksid ,xldfõ

wdkhk úhou by< hdu" f.jqï fYaI ys`.h" remshf,a úfoaY w.h

my< hdu" n,Yla;s yd ne÷Kq WoaOukh by< hdu" Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh

flfrys n,md we;'

f,dal wdydr ys`.h

2000 jif¾ uq,a jljdkqfõ È f,dalfha wdydr ksIamdokh lrk

rgj,aj, we;s jQ n,mEu ksid iy bkaOk ksIamdokhg wdydr úYd,

jYfhka Ndú; lsÍu ksid ±jeka; wdydr ys`.hla we;s úh' tys

m%;sM,hla f,i Y%S ,xldjg wdkhkh lrk ;sß`.= msá" lsß msá" iSks

wd§ wdydr ñ, .Kka YS>%fhka jeä úh'

f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh by< hdu yd úúO l,dmj, we;s jQ iajdNdúl

Wmøj

YS>%% ld¾ólrKh;a iuÕ f.da,Sh wjldYhg uqod yefrk wys;lr

jdhqka ksid f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh YS>%%fhka by< hdfuka .a,eish¾

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