Values in Science

Chapter 1

Values

• Beliefs– Thoughts

– Emotions

– Actions

• Examples?

Implicit Values

• Implied

• Understood without comment

• Accepted without examination

• Very influential

• Examples?

Explicit Values

• Stated

• Recognized as individual

• Controversial

• Examples?

Values of Science

• Empiricism

• Determinism

• Organization

• Curiosity

Empiricism

• Reliance on facts

• Verifying ideas with observation of behavior

• Alternatives?

Determinism

• For each effect there is a cause.

• X Y

• Alternatives?

Organization

• Order

• Systematic thinking

• Logic

• Alternatives?

Curiosity

• Why?

• Puzzle

• “Why should I want to know that?”

• Alternatives?

Measures of Central Tendency

• Mean

• Median

• Mode

Quiz 1 Scores

776569

799667

789769

9777

Mean

• Average of the Scores

Χ = ∑ xn

i

Mean

• Average of the Scores

Χ = ∑ xn

i

Mean

Mean

• Average of the Scores

Χ = ∑ xn

iSum of scores

Mean

• Average of the Scores

Χ = ∑ xn

i

Numberof scores

Quiz 1 Scores

776569

799667

789769

9777

Χ = ∑ xn

i

Quiz 1 Scores

776569

799667

789769

9777

Χ = ∑ xn

i

Find the sumof all the scores

Quiz 1 Scores

776569

799667

789769

9777

Χ =160

n

Find the sumof all the scores

Quiz 1 Scores

776569

799667

789769

9777

Χ =160

n

Find the numberof scores

Quiz 1 Scores

776569

799667

789769

9777

Χ =16022

Find the numberof scores

Quiz 1 Scores

776569

799667

789769

9777

Χ =16022

Divide

Quiz 1 Scores

776569

799667

789769

9777

Χ = 7 22.

Divide

Median

• Middle Score

( )n th+ 12 score

Median

776569

799667

789769

9777

( )n th+ 12

score

Median

776569

799667

789769

9777

( )n th+ 12

score

Order the scores

Median

776569

799667

789769

9777

( )n th+ 12

566666

777777

777899

9999

776569

799667

789769

9777

( )22 12+ th

566666

777777

777899

9999

Find the score

776569

799667

789769

9777

( )232

th

566666

777777

777899

9999

Find the score

776569

799667

789769

9777

1112

th

566666

777777

777899

9999

Find the score

776569

799667

789769

9777

1112

th

566666

777777

777899

9999

Find the score

Median is 7.

Mode

• Most Frequent Score

Mode: Find most frequent

566666

777777

777899

9999

Mode: Find most frequent

566666

777777

777899

9999

One 5Five 6’sNine 7’sOne 8Five 9’s

Mode: Find most frequent

566666

777777

777899

9999

One 5Five 6’sNine 7’sOne 8Five 9’s

Announcements

• September 14 - Library Instruction at McGill Library Computer Lab– 9:20 Keppel through Wilkins

– 10:00 Aldom through James

• Be prepared to start the library assignment, sign up for Web EndNote, and begin using APA style.

APA Style (6th ed.)

• Mean M or

• Median Mdn

• Mode Mode

X

Team Activity

• Join together with three other classmates,

• Use the data on the next page to:

• Prepare a frequency distribution

• Calculate – Mean

– Median

– Mode

• Describe results to your class

Quiz 1 Scores

• 0 10 12 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 20 20

Life is a Word Problem

Creative Problem Solving

Identify the Problem

Creative Problem Solving

Identify the ProblemFind the Parts

Creative Problem Solving

Identify the ProblemFind the PartsChoose the Strategy

Creative Problem Solving

Identify the ProblemFind the PartsChoose the Strategy

Apply Strategy

Creative Problem Solving

Identify the ProblemFind the PartsChoose the Strategy

Apply StrategyEvaluate Solution

Life is a Word ProblemAbbey has been given 4 free tickets to the Smashing Pumpkins concertFriday night. She really wants to go, but she has no car to get to the concert. Her friend Jenn has a car, but Jenn is a cheerleader and she wants to be at her best for the football game on Saturday. Jenn is also tired of driving everywhere because “she has a car” without ever having anyone else pay for the gas. Chis and Chad would like to go to the concert, but they don’thave transportation either. Abbey only has $20 of spending moneyto last until break because her books cost more than she expected. The cost for taking four people to the concert (gas, food, drinks) willbe $45. How much should Abbey ask each person to pay?

Identify the Problem

• What is the basic question?

• To go or not to go?

• How to get to the Star Lake Theatre?

• How much $ each person should pay?

• How to buy a car?

• Who should drive?

Identify the ProblemAbbey has been given 4free tickets to the Smashing Pumpkins concertFriday night. She really wants to go, but she has no car to get to the Star Lake amphitheatre. Her friend Jenn has a car, but Jenn is a cheerleader and she wants to be at her best for the football game on Saturday. Jenn is also tired of driving everywhere because “she has a car” without ever having anyone else pay for the gas. Chis and Chad would like to go to the concert, but they don’thave transportation either. Abbey only has $20 of spending moneyto last until break because her books cost more than she expected. The cost for taking four people to the concert (gas, food, drinks) willbe $45. How much should Abbey ask each person to pay?

Find the Parts

• What are the Facts?

• What is the “shape of the answer?”

People FactsAbbey has been given 4 free tickets to the Smashing Pumpkins concertFriday night. She really wants to go, but she has no car to get to the concert. Her friend Jenn has a car, but Jenn is a cheerleader and she wants to be at her best for the football game on Saturday. Jenn is also tired of driving everywhere because “she has a car” without ever having anyone else pay for the gas. Many of Chis and Chad would like to go to the concert, but they don’thave transportation either. Abbey only has $20 of spending moneyto last until break because her books cost more than she expected. The cost for taking four people to the concert (gas, food, drinks) willbe $45. How much should Abbey ask each person to pay?

Car FactsAbbey has been given 4 free tickets to the Smashing Pumpkins concertFriday night. She really wants to go, but she has no car to get to the concert. Her friend Jenn has a car, but Jenn is a cheerleader and she wants to be at her best for the football game on Saturday. Jenn is also tired of driving everywhere because “she has a car” without ever having anyone else pay for the gas. Chis and Chad would like to go to the concert, but they don’thave transportation either. Abbey only has $20 of spending moneyto last until break because her books cost more than she expected. The cost for taking four people to the concert (gas, food, drinks) willbe $45. How much should Abbey ask each person to pay?

Time FactsAbbey has been given 4 free tickets to the Smashing Pumpkins concertFriday night. She really wants to go, but she has no car to get to the concert. Her friend Jenn has a car, but Jenn is a cheerleader and she wants to be at her best for the football game on Saturday. Jenn is also tired of driving everywhere because “she has a car” without ever having anyone else pay for the gas. Chis and Chad would like to go to the concert, but they don’thave transportation either. Abbey only has $20 of spending moneyto last until break because her books cost more than she expected. The cost for taking four people to the concert (gas, food, drinks) willbe $45. How much should Abbey ask each person to pay?

Money FactsAbbey has been given 4 free tickets to the Smashing Pumpkins concertFriday night. She really wants to go, but she has no car to get to the concert. Her friend Jenn has a car, but Jenn is a cheerleader and she wants to be at her best for the football game on Saturday. Jenn is also tired of driving everywhere because “she has a car” without ever having anyone else pay for the gas. Chis and Chad would like to go to the concert, but they don’thave transportation either. Abbey only has $20 of spending moneyto last until break because her books cost more than she expected. The cost for taking four people to the concert (gas, food, drinks) willbe $45. How much should Abbey ask each person to pay?

Shape of AnswerAbbey has been given 4free tickets to the Smashing Pumpkins concertFriday night. She really wants to go, but she has no car to get to the Star Lake amphitheatre. Her friend Jenn has a car, but Jenn is a cheerleader and she wants to be at her best for the football game on Saturday. Jenn is also tired of driving everywhere because “she has a car” without ever having anyone else pay for the gas. Chis and Chad would like to go to the concert, but they don’thave transportation either. Abbey only has $20 of spending moneyto last until break because her books cost more than she expected. The cost for taking four people to the concert (gas, food, drinks) willbe $45. How much should Abbey ask each person to pay?

$$$$

Irrelevant FactsAbbey has been given 4 free tickets to the Smashing Pumpkins concertFriday night. She really wants to go, but she has no car to get to the Concert. Her friend Jenn has a car, but Jenn is a cheerleader and she wants to be at her best for the football game on Saturday. Jenn is also tired of driving everywhere because “she has a car” without ever having anyone else pay for the gas. Chis and Chad would like to go to the concert, but they don’thave transportation either. Abbey only has $20 of spending moneyto last until break because her books cost more than she expected. The cost for taking four people to the concert (gas, food, drinks) willbe $45. How much should Abbey ask each person to pay?

$$$$

Choose Strategy

Abbey $?Jenn $?Chad $?Chris $?

Jenn drivesAbbey has TicketsAbbey has $20Jenn has conflictCosts $45 + tickets

?

Choose Strategy

Abbey $?Jenn $?Chad $?Chris $?

Jenn drivesAbbey has TicketsAbbey has $20Jenn has conflictCosts $45 + tickets

EquityEqualityReciprocationSacrifice

Apply Strategy

• Do the experiment.

• Calculate the statistic.

• Negotiate the social interaction.

Choose Strategy

Abbey $5Jenn $0Chad $20Chris $20

Jenn drivesAbbey has TicketsAbbey has $20Jenn has conflictCosts $45 + tickets

Equity

Evaluate Solution

• Does this solution make sense?

• Will it really solve the problem?

• Will it produce more problems that it solves?

Creative Problem Solving

Identify the ProblemFind the PartsChoose the Strategy

Apply StrategyEvaluate Solution

Types of Articles

• Empirical Studies

• Literature Reviews

• Theoretical Articles

• Methodological Articles

• Case Studies

• Other• www.apastyle.org

Team Activity

• Reading an Abstract

• Find– Purpose of the Study

– Population Studied

– Cause(s)

– Effects(s)

– Conclusion