1. 1. - 0 - 0 BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO TRNG AI HOC KINH TE TP. HO CH MINH ----------------- TRAN VAN KHANG NGDUNGLYTHUYETLOGISTICS NHAMTOIUHOAQUA TRNHSANXUAT VATIEUTHUBIDAXANHBENTRE LUAN VAN THAC S KINH TE NGI HNG DAN KHOA HOC: PGS. TS. OAN TH HONG VAN TP. HO CH MINH Nam 2006
2. 2. - 1 - 1 MUC LUC LI M AU i 1. Y ngha cua e tai 2. Muc tieu 3. oi tng va phng phap nghien cu 4. Gii han pham vi nghien cu va ng dung 5. Tnh mi cua e tai 6. Noi dung chnh cua e tai CHNG 1: C S KHOA HOC CUA VIEC NG DUNG LOGISTICS NHAM TOI U HOA QUA TRNH SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU TRAI CAY 1 1.1 Nhng van e ly luan c ban ve Logistics 1 1.1.1 Ban ve khai niem logistics 1 1.1.2 Phan loai logistics 4 1.1.3 Moi quan he gia logistics va Quan tr day chuyen cung ng 7 1.1.4 Vai tro cua logistics 8 1.1.4.1 oi vi nen kinh te 8 1.1.4.2 oi vi cac doanh nghiep 9 1.1.5 Xu hng phat trien cua logistics tren the gii 10 1.1.5.1 Xu hng phat trien cua logistics trong thi gian qua 10 1.1.5.2 Cac xu hng mi noi len 11 1.2 Mot so bai hoc kinh nghiem trong ng dung logistics vao qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu trai cay 12 1.2.1 Bai hoc t cac nc trong khu vc ve ng dung logistics vao phat trien cay an qua 12 1.2.1.1 Bai hoc t Thai Lan 12 trang
3. 3. - 2 - 2 1.2.1.2 Bai hoc t ai Loan 14 1.2.1.3 Bai hoc t Malaysia va Philippines 14 1.2.2 Bai hoc ve ng dung logistics vao phat trien mot so loai cay an qua Viet nam 15 1.2.3 Bai hoc kinh nghiem rut ra cho Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre 15 KET LUAN CHNG 1 16 CHNG 2: ANH GIA THC TRANG VIEC SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU BI DA XANH BEN TRE 17 2.1 Gii thieu tong quan ve tnh Ben Tre 17 2.1.1 Gii thieu chung 17 2.1.2 ieu kien t nhien, kinh te xa hoi 18 2.2 Cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh va nang lc san xuat cua tnh 20 2.2.1 S lc ve Bi Da Xanh 20 2.2.2 Cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh hien tai va qui hoach en nam 2010 21 2.2.3 Nang lc san xuat hien tai va tng lai en nam 2010 23 2.3 Tnh hnh san xuat va tieu thu thc te 24 2.3.1 Tnh hnh san xuat thc te 24 2.3.1.1 Ve qui mo 25 2.3.1.2 Giong va ky thuat canh tac 25 2.3.2 Tnh hnh tieu thu 31 2.4 Phan tch moi quan he gia san lng, gia ca va th trng tieu thu 36 2.4.1 Xu hng gia bien ong theo mua vu 36 2.4.2 Phan tch xu hng gia bien ong qua cac nam 37 2.4.3 Phan tch cac nhan to anh hng en gia bi trong nhng nam ti 39 2.4.3.1 Cac yeu to anh hng en lng cung 39 2.4.3.2 Cac yeu to anh hng en lng cau 41 2.4.3.3 anh gia xu hng bien ong gia theo cac nhan to anh hng 42 2.5 Phan tch SWOT anh gia chung thc trang viec san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre 42 KET LUAN CHNG 2 44
4. 4. - 3 - 3 CHNG 3: NG DUNG LOGISTICS NHAM TOI U HOA QUA TRNH SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU BI DA XANH BEN TRE 45 3.1 Muc tieu, quan iem va c s e xuat giai phap 45 3.1.1 Muc tieu e xuat cac giai phap 45 3.1.2 Quan iem e xuat cac giai phap 46 3.1.3 C s e xuat cac giai phap 46 3.1.3.1 Cac c s e xuat giai phap hoan thien ve chat lng trai 46 3.1.3.2 Cac c s e xuat cac giai phap ve tieu thu 47 3.2 Cac giai phap 47 3.2.1 Giai phap 1: Toi u hoa qua trnh san xuat nham tao ra san pham chat lng cao va ong bo 47 3.2.1.1 Gii thieu noi dung giai phap 47 3.2.1.2 Muc tieu e xuat giai phap 48 3.2.1.3 Cac bc thc hien 48 3.2.1.4 Phan tch tnh kha thi hieu qua d kien 52 3.2.1.5 Nhng kho khan khi thc hien giai phap 54 3.2.2 Giai phap 2: Toi u hoa day chuyen phan phoi san pham t nha san xuat en ngi tieu dung 54 3.2.2.1 Gii thieu noi dung giai phap 54 3.2.2.2 Muc tieu e xuat giai phap 55 3.2.2.3 Cac bc thc hien 55 3.2.2.4 Phan tch tnh kha thi hieu qua d kien 60 3.2.2.5 Nhng kho khan khi thc hien giai phap 62 3.2.3 Giai phap 3: Thanh lap Khu Nghien Cu va Che Bien Bi Da Xanh tnh Ben Tre, xay dng cac nha may che bien gan vi nguon nguyen lieu va thc hien chuyen giao cong nghe 63 3.2.3.1 Gii thieu noi dung giai phap 33 3.2.3.2 Muc tieu e xuat giai phap 63 3.2.3.3 Cac bc thc hien 64 3.2.3.4 Phan tch tnh kha thi hieu qua d kien 67
5. 5. - 4 - 4 3.2.3.5 Nhng kho khan khi thc hien giai phap 67 3.2.4 Giai phap 4: Nghien cu cac chien lc phan phoi nham m rong lng cau san pham trong nc va ngoai nc 68 3.2.4.1 Gii thieu noi dung giai phap 68 3.2.4.2 Muc tieu e xuat giai phap 69 3.2.4.3 Cac bc thc hien 69 3.2.4.4 Phan tch tnh kha thi hieu qua d kien 72 3.2.4.5 Nhng kho khan khi thc hien giai phap 72 3.3 Mot so kien ngh 73 3.3.1 Kien ngh oi vi tnh Ben Tre 73 3.3.1.1 Nang cao hieu qua va tam hoat ong cua cac hiep hoi 73 3.3.1.2 Tang cng hp tac vi cac to chc nghien cu phat trien nong nghiep nong thon 74 3.3.1.3 Trien khai ong bo va kp thi cac giai phap ky thuat en tan cac vung trong cay 75 3.3.1.4 au t c s ha tang ngay cang hoan thien 75 3.3.2 Kien ngh oi vi Chnh phu 75 3.3.2.1 Moi lien ket bon nha: cung nang cao v the Bi Da Xanh 75 3.3.2.2 Tang cng cac bien phap han che trai cay nhap lau qua bien gii 76 3.3.2.3 Nghien cu viec chuyen oi Thue s dung at nong nghiep sang thue thu nhap oi vi ngi co thu nhap cao 76 KET LUAN CHNG 3 77 KET LUAN v DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ix
6. 6. - 5 - 5 PHAN PHU LUC PHU LUC 1: CAC BANG CAU HOI KHAO SAT PHU LUC 2: DANH SACH NHNG NGI A PHONG VAN: PHU LUC 3: KET QUA KHAO SAT PHU LUC 4: CAC NGUYEN LY VA CAC TIEU CHUAN CUA EUREPGAP, PHIEN BAN 2.0 THANG 01/2004 VE THC PHAM AN TOAN PHU LUC 5: MOT SO IEM CHNH TRONG BAN D THAO ASEANGAP VA LI CH OI VI CAC NC THANH VIEN PHU LUC 6: MOT SO VU NGO OC THC PHAM TREN THE GII VA NGUY C NGO OC THC PHAM VIET NAM PHU LUC 7: CHUYEN LI NHNG KIEN NGH CUA NONG DAN TRONG BI
7. 7. - 6 - 6 DANH MUC CAC HNH, O TH Hnh 1.1: Anh minh hoa: LOGISTICS 2 Hnh 1.2: Cac bo phan c ban cua Logistics 2 Hnh 1.3: Cac hnh thc phat trien cua logistics t 1PL en 5PL 5 Hnh 1.4: Mot so cach phan loai Logistics 5 Hnh 1.5: Mo hnh mot day chuyen cung ng san pham 8 Hnh 2.1: V tr va mot vai thong tin c ban ve Ben Tre 17 Hnh 2.2: Ban o cac vung trong bi 18 Hnh 2.3: Toc o tang dien tch trong Bi Da Xanh 23 Hnh 2.4: Qui mo san xuat bi 25 Hnh 2.5: o th ni mua giong cay bi 27 Hnh 2.6: Cac nguyen nhan nong dan khong trong them Bi Da Xanh 31 Hnh 2.7: S o kenh tieu thu chnh 33 Hnh 2.8: Hnh minh hoa: th trng xuat khau nong san Viet Nam 36 Hnh 2.9: Mc o bien ong gia trong nam 37 Hnh 2.10: Mc o bien ong gia qua cac nam 38 Hnh 2.11: Mc chenh lech gia th trng tieu thu (TP.HCM) so vi nha vn 38 Hnh 2.12: D toan gia en nam 2010 theo ham xu the 39 Hnh 3.1: Day chuyen cung ng nong pham sach ap dung cho Bi Da Xanh 47 Hnh 3.2: Phan loai bi trong qua trnh san xuat 56 Hnh 3.3: Phan loai bi sau thu hoach 57 Hnh 3.4: To chc cong ty mau 59 Hnh 3.5: Kenh phan phoi qua trung tam 62 Hnh 3.6: Cac kenh tieu thu bi 71 trang
8. 8. - 7 - 7 DANH MUC CAC BANG Bang 2.1: Phan bo dien tch trong Bi Da Xanh 21 Bang 2.2: Hng qui hoach cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh en nam 2010 22 Bang 2.3: Toc o tang dien tch va san lng bi qua cac nam 24 Bang 2.4: Tnh trang cay bi 26 Bang 2.5: Ch tieu nha nong la chon trong Bi Da Xanh 27 Bang 2.6: Ty le cay giong an toan theo anh gia cua nha nong 28 Bang 2.7: Khao sat ve hoc cach cham soc cay bi va mc o trien khai tap huan ky thuat cua cac to chc khuyen nong 30 Bang 2.8: Khach hanh mua bi cua nong dan 31 Bang 2.9: Tieu thu trai bi nho, khong at chat lng 32 Bang 2.10: S chenh lech gia: ngi tieu dung / nha san xuat 32 Bang 2.11: anh gia th t quan trong e tieu thu trai bi nhanh hn 34 Bang 2.12: Th t u tien can cai tien trai bi de tieu thu hn 35 Bang 3.1: Cac khoan muc lam tang gia thanh trong qua trnh phan phoi 61 Bang 3.2: D kien gia ban tham khao tai mot so th trng (nam 2006) 61 trang
9. 9. - 8 - 8 DANH MUC CAC CH VIET TAT 1PL First Party Logistics: Logistics ben th nhat 2PL Second Party Logistics: Logistics ben th hai 3PL Third Party Logistics: Logistics ben th ba 4PL Fourth Party Logistics: Logistics ben th t 5PL Fifth Party Logistics: Logistics ben th nam AFTA The ASEAN Free Trade Area: Khu vc t do thng mai ASEAN ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations: Hiep hoi cac Quoc gia ong Nam A ASEANGAP ASEAN Good Agricultural Practices BDX Bi Da Xanh EDI Electronic Data Interchange: chuyen giao d lieu ien t ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia Pacific EU European Union: Lien minh Chau Au EUREPGAP Tieu chuan quoc te ve an toan thc pham cua Lien minh Chau Au FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GAP Good Agriculture Practices GDP Gross Domestic Product ICARD The International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage ODA Nguon von ho tr phat trien chnh thc NTD Ngi tieu dung SCM Supply Chain Management: Quan tr day chuyen cung ng
10. 10. - 9 - 9 SOFRI Souther Fruit Research Institude: Vien Nghien cu Cay An qua Mien Nam (Long nh - Tien Giang) SWOT Ma tran phan tch cac iem manh, iem yeu, C hoi va Nguy c THAIGAP Tieu chuan quoc te ve an toan thc pham cua Thai Lan TP.HCM Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh TT Th t (trong cac bang d lieu) USGAP Tieu chuan quoc te ve an toan thc pham cua Hoa Ky VN Viet Nam VOLKA Wolkamriana: ten khoa hoc mot loai cay cam (thuoc ho cay co mui) WHO The WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: To chc Y te The gii WTO World Trade Organisation: To chc Thng mai The gii
11. 11. - 10 - 10 LI M AU 1. Y ngha cua e tai Bi Da Xanh, mot loai trai cay co gia tr kinh te va y hoc hien ang c khuyen khch tang cng san xuat Ben Tre. Trong ba nam tr lai ay, gia ban a co dau hieu sut giam manh mac du so lng tang len cha nhieu. Theo thong tin ghi nhan c, t hai en bon nam na, lng bi cung cap cho th trng se tang len gap nhieu lan, v the gia se giam manh theo qui luat cung cau tren th trng noi a, do hien nay Bi Da Xanh cha xuat khau c. Trong khi o, nhieu quoc gia trong khu vc nh Thai Lan, Malaysia, ai Loan, a manh dang ng dung logistics vao nong nghiep, tao ra nong san chat lng cao va an toan. Trong ieu kien hoi nhap quoc te, ho ay manh xuat khau lam trai cay chung ta chang nhng khong canh tranh noi ma ngay cang kho tieu thu ngay ca tren th trng noi a. Mac du quan tam ti au ra, nhng e tieu thu c trai bi chung ta khong the ch quan tam ti yeu to th trng ma con rat nhieu yeu to tac ong khac nh giong cay trong, ieu kien cham soc, ieu kien t nhien, e trai bi c ngon va ong nhat, sach va an toan cho ngi s dung. Ngoai ra, cong nghe san xuat cung phai bao am an toan cho ngi lao ong va bao ve moi trng. Lam c ieu o th Bi Da Xanh mi co c s ng vng va on nh tren th trng trong va ngoai nc. Vi mong muon ng dung logistics giup nong dan Ben Tre san xuat va tieu thu co hieu qua Bi Da Xanh, gop phan lam giau cho tnh nha, tac gia a chon e tai: ng dung ly thuyet logistics nham toi u hoa qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre e lam luan van tot nghiep cao hoc. 2. Muc tieu Trong e tai nay, tac gia he thong lai nhng van e ly thuyet c ban nhat ve Logistics va nhng kinh nghiem ng dung logistics trong san xuat nong nghiep
12. 12. - 11 - 11 cua Viet Nam va mot so nc trong khu vc. Nghien cu thc trang viec san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre, qua phan tch nh lng tac gia e xuat nhng giai phap va mot so kien ngh nham ba muc tieu ln: - San xuat nong pham sach va an toan cho ngi s dung, an toan cho ngi lao ong va bao ve moi trng, ap ng nhu cau ngay cang tang ve chat lng cua th trng trong nc va quoc te, t o m rong th trng, ngan nga rui ro ve gia do qui luat cung cau trong s gii han cua th trng tieu thu hien hu. - Viec tieu thu het lng bi san xuat vi gia tng oi on nh quanh nam, khong tao ra s khung hoang theo chu ky nh mot so loai trai cay a tng xay ra trc ay, nong dan co the yen tam au t ln vao san xuat va phuc li cuoc song tng bc c nang cao. - Gop phan ay manh tang trng kinh te nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon, phat trien cac nganh san xuat dch vu khac co lien quan va on nh xa hoi cua tnh Ben Tre. 3. oi tng va phng phap nghien cu oi tng nghien cu: trong luan van tac gia tap trung nghien cu cac van e ly thuyet c ban ve Logistics, cac van e thc te cua viec trong va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh t ngi cung cap giong, nha vn, thng lai, ngi ban, ngi tieu dung, Nha nc va mot so oi tng khac co lien quan. Phng phap nghien cu: e thc hien e tai nay, ngoai viec thu thap nhng thong tin th cap ve qui hoach, gia ca va lng bi trong qua kh va c lng c lng san xuat trong khoang 5 nam ti, ngi viet co to chc nhieu t khao sat thc te trong thi gian 2 thang (thang 5 va thang 6 nam 2006) nham thu thap d lieu s cap, bang cach phong van trc tiep da theo cac bang cau hoi va gi cac bang cau hoi lay thong tin t cac oi tng nh: - Ngi trong bi: tac gia trc tiep khao sat 135 ho nong dan phan chia eu hau het cac xa, huyen cua tnh Ben Tre (tr ba huyen ven bien).
13. 13. - 12 - 12 - Thng lai, va ban buon: tac gia trc tiep phong van 25 thng lai va ngi ban buon, trong o Ben Tre 21 ngi va Ch au Moi Nong San My Tho 4 ngi. - Ngi ban le: 26 ngi, trong o hau het 2 a phng la TP.Ho Ch Minh va Ben Tre, tac gia trc tiep lay thong tin. - Ngi tieu dung: tac gia gi i 250 bang cau hoi khao sat, thu ve 212 bang va s dung c 153 bang, oi tng khao sat nhieu tnh (chu yeu Mien Nam Viet Nam). - Phong van va hoc hoi kinh nghiem t 18 chuyen gia tat ca cac khau: cay giong, san xuat, tieu thu, ng dung GAP vao san xuat chuyen canh va xen canh, . . . Qua cac so lieu thong ke thu thap c, tac gia s dung phng phap phan tch, tong hp d lieu theo nhieu hng ng vi nhng muc tieu nghien cu cu the, so sanh vi qui trnh va ly thuyet ng dung logistics nham anh gia xac thc hien trang tng khau va ca qui trnh san xuat - tieu thu bi hien nay, tc mo xe cac van e theo chieu ngang va chieu doc cua qua trnh san xuat - tieu thu va tch hp toan bo chuoi cung ng san pham. Qua phan tch SWOT va cac bai hoc kinh nghiem rut ra t nhng quoc gia khac cung nh mot so loai trai cay Viet Nam, ngi viet e xuat nhng giai phap va nhng kien ngh nham cac muc tieu ln neu tren. 4. Gii han pham vi nghien cu va ng dung Do ieu kien tai chnh va kha nang han che, e tai nay ch nghien cu tnh Ben Tre, nhng Bi Da Xanh con c trong rai rac Tien Giang, Vnh Long, ong Thap, th trng tiem nang cua Bi Da Xanh hien nay kha rong: ca nc Viet Nam, khu vc ong Nam A, EU, My, Trung ong, Nhat Ban, ma ngi viet cha co ieu kien nghien cu, cha thu thap c thong tin s cap ve th hieu, yeu cau, anh gia cua ngi tieu dung nhng th trng o. Ve thi
14. 14. - 13 - 13 gian, tac gia ch nghien cu t nam 2001 tr lai ay do trc o lng bi khong ang ke va cung khong co nhng thong tin ang tin cay. e tai nay c nghien cu rieng cho mat hang Bi Da Xanh, v the no se khong hoan toan phu hp neu ap dung cho nhng loai trai cay co mui khac nh cac loai bi khac, cam, quyt, chanh, mac du van co nhieu van e trung khp. Ve thi gian, cac so lieu nh lng phan tch trong e tai ang tin cay en khoang nam 2010 va toi a en nam 2012, qua thi gian tren tac gia cha co nhng thong tin tng oi chnh xac ve qui hoach, giong cay, ng dung khoa hoc cong nghe, tang nang suat, va e tai nay bat buoc phai c tiep tuc nghien cu cho thi gian o. 5. Tnh mi cua e tai Tac gia a tm c mot vai tai lieu nghien cu ve Logistics mot cach he thong, kha nhieu tai lieu nghien cu cach trong va cham soc cay an trai cung nh cac loai bi, mot so e tai nghien cu ve nong san cho ong bang Song Cu Long. Nhng cha co e tai nao nghien cu ve ng dung logistics trong nong nghiep Viet Nam, ac biet cha co e tai nao nghien cu ve ng dung logistics vao qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu trai bi nham ay manh au ra th trng trong nc hay ngoai nc. e tai nay ac biet nghien cu rieng cho Bi Da Xanh, mot loai trai bi ma chat lng rat khac nhau bi nhng ieu kien anh hng, chat lng khong ong nhat va khong an toan cho ngi dung, anh hng xau en tieu thu, nhat la cung ng cho xuat khau trong ieu kien hoi nhap quoc te hien nay. ay la e tai au tien nghien cu toan bo qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh theo hng ng dung ly thuyet logistics nham ay manh au ra cho loai trai cay nay. 6. Noi dung chnh cua e tai Phan chnh cua e tai gom co ba chng: - Chng 1: C s khoa hoc cua viec ng dung logistics nham toi u hoa qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu trai cay.
15. 15. - 14 - 14 - Chng 2: anh gia thc trang viec san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre. - Chng 3: ng dung ly thuyet logistics nham toi u hoa qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre. Ngoai ra, e tai con co Li m au, Ket luan, Danh muc tai lieu tham khao va nhieu phu luc, bang bieu, o th, hnh minh hoa e noi dung e tai c ay u va phong phu. Mac du tac gia rat no lc co gang, a tu chnh nhieu lan nhng e tai nay chac chan khong tranh khoi nhng thieu sot. Rat mong nhan c y kien ong gop cua Thay Co, cac chuyen gia va cac oc gia nham a e tai vao ng dung thc te. Tac gia xin tran trong biet n! TRAN VAN KHANG
16. 16. - 15 - 15 CHNG 1: C S KHOA HOC CUA VIEC NG DUNG LOGISTICS NHAM TOI U HOA QUA TRNH SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU TRAI CAY 1.1 Nhng van e ly luan c ban ve Logistics 1.1.1 Ban ve khai niem Logistics Mot ieu rat thu v la thuat ng Logistics chang co lien quan g vi t Logic hay Logistic trong toan hoc. Trong cac t ien, t Logistics co ngha la: to chc lo viec cung ng dch vu cho moi cuoc hanh quan hon hp, nganh hau can (trong quan s). Mac du Logistics la mot thuat ng kha mi me Viet Nam nhng thc ra no a co kha lau tren the gii. Theo tap ch Logisticworld, 1997 th: Logistics la mot mon khoa hoc cua viec hoach nh, to chc, quan l va thc hien cac hoat ong cung ng hang hoa va dch vu. Theo Council of Logistics Managerment th: Logistics la s quan l, kiem soat cac nguon lc trang thai ong va tnh, la mot bo phan cua chuoi cung ng, bao gom qua trnh hoach nh, quan l, thc hien va kiem soat hieu qua va tiet kiem nhat ve chi ph va thi gian cac dong chay xuoi chieu cung nh ngc chieu, t iem tien san xuat en iem tieu thu cuoi cung vi muc tieu ap ng nhu cau khach hang, qui trnh nay bao ham ca cac hoat ong au vao, au ra, ben trong cung nh ben ngoai cua to chc. Theo quan iem cua PGS. TS. oan Th Hong Van th: Logistics la qua trnh toi u hoa ve v tr va thi iem van chuyen va d tr nguon tai nguyen t iem au tien cua day chuyen cung ng cho en tay ngi tieu dung cuoi cung, thong qua hang loat cac hoat ong kinh te (Quan tr Logistics NXB Thong ke 2006).
17. 17. - 16 - 16 Di goc o quan tr chuoi cung ng, th: Logistics la qua trnh toi u hoa ve v tr, lu tr va chu chuyen cac tai nguyen / yeu to au vao t iem xuat phat au tien la nha cung cap, qua nha san xuat, ngi ban buon, ban le, en tay ngi tieu dung cuoi cung thong qua hang loat cac hoat ong kinh te (Logistics and Supply Chain Managerment 1999 Ma Shuo) Theo khai niem nay, Logistics bao trum ca hai cap o hoach nh va to chc: - Cap o th 1: toi u hoa v tr: la lay nguyen vat lieu, ban thanh pham, thanh pham, dch vu, . . . au? khi nao? va van chuyen i au? - Cap o th 2: toi u hoa van chuyen va lu tr: lam the nao e a c nguon tai nguyen / cac yeu to au vao t iem au en iem cuoi day chuyen cung ng. Hien nay, co nhieu khai niem Logistics chung ta co the tiep can di nhng goc o nghien cu khac nhau nhng cha co mot nh ngha thong nhat cung nh khong co thuat ng bang tieng Viet tng ng. Theo tac gia: Logistics la qua trnh toi u hoa toan bo day chuyen cung ng, t iem au tien cua qua trnh san xuat cho en ngi tieu dung cuoi cung, nham thoa man nhu cau khach hang vi tong chi ph thap nhat. Hay co the noi cach khac: logistics la qua trnh toi u hoa ve v tr, thi gian, lu tr va van chuyen cac tai nguyen t iem au cua day chuyen cung ng en tay ngi tieu dung nham thoa man nhu cau khach hang. Hnh 1.1: Anh minh hoa: LOGISTICS Nguon: Tac gia: Robert Mottley
18. 18. - 17 - 17 Tuy nhien, chung ta cung co the rut ra mot so iem chung cua cac khai niem nh sau: - Logistics la qua trnh quan l luong van ong cua vat chat va thong tin nham at en s toi u. - Noi en logistics la e cap en toan bo qua trnh cung ng t iem au tien nhat en iem cuoi cung. - Logistics la xet tren toan bo he thong ch khong ch toi u hoa tng khau, tc co moi lien he chat che, lien tuc tat ca cac khau. * S lc s phat trien logistics: Theo ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific) Logistics c quan tam vao nhng nam 1960 va phat trien en nay trai qua ba giai oan: Qua trnh san xuat Nguyen vat lieu Phu tung May moc, Thiet b Ban thanh pham Dch vu . . . ong goi Kho lu tr thang pham Ben, bai cha T.T. phan phoi Khach hang Cung ng Quan ly vat t Phan phoi LOGISTICS Dong chu chuyen van tai Dong thong tin lu thong Hnh 1.2: Cac bo phan c ban cua Logistics Nguon: Logistics nhng van e c ban - XB 2003 - PGS. TS. oan Th Hong Van
19. 19. - 18 - 18 Giai oan 1: Phan phoi vat chat Vao nhng nam 1960, do canh tranh cang gay gat bi m rong san xuat, lng hang hoa lam ra ngay cang nhieu ma th trng tieu thu gii han, cac doanh nghiep bat au quan tam en chi ph, ma giai oan au tien la cac chi ph phan phoi hang hoa nh: van tai, bao quan, ton kho, ong goi, phan loai, . . . dan dan ngi ta lap ra mot he thong cac hoat ong phan phoi san pham e tong chi ph la thap nhat. Giai oan 2: He thong logistics en nhng nam 1980, ngi ta nghien cu hp l hoa ca au vao lan au ra cua qua trnh san xuat (tc cung ng vat t va phan phoi san pham) nham tiet kiem chi ph, tang hieu qua kinh te, goi la he thong logistics. Giai oan 3: Quan tr day chuyen cung ng Ngay nay, cac doanh nghiep bat au quan l, kiem soat toan bo chuoi cac hoat ong t ngi cung cap > nha san xuat > en khach hang tieu dung san pham va nhng thong tin (theo chieu ngc lai) vi muc tieu ngay cang hoan thien qui trnh o. Trong qui trnh o bao gom tat ca nhng oi tng co lien quan nh: nha cung cap, cong ty van tai, kho bai, giao nhan va ngi cung cap cong nghe thong tin. * ac iem: e hieu ro hn ve logistics, chung ta nghien cu them mot so ac iem cua no: - La mot qua trnh: logistics khong phai la mot hoat ong n le ma la mot qua trnh, la mot chuoi cac hoat ong lien tuc co lien quan mat thiet vi nhau, tac ong lan nhau c thc hien mot cach co he thong, co hoach nh, kiem soat va hoan thien, logistics bao gom moi yeu to tao nen san pham t au vao cho en ngi tieu thu cuoi cung, tc gom ca trong san xuat va ngoai san xuat. - La mot chuoi cung ng: logistics la mot he thong vo cung phc tap ket hp nhieu cong oan vi thi gian va chi ph hp l nhat.
20. 20. - 19 - 19 - Logistics bao gom ca dong chay au vao, au ra, xuoi chieu va ngc chieu. V vay, muon ap dung logistics cho mot loai san pham nao o, nh Bi Da Xanh chang han, th phai nghien cu toan bo qua trnh t san xuat, thu hoach, thu mua, bao quan, van chuyen, en tieu thu san pham. 1.1.2 Phan loai logistics Tren the gii, logistics en nay a phat trien qua 5 hnh thc: - Logistics ben th nhat ( 1PL - First Party logistics): hnh thc au tien nay la chu s hu t mnh to chc, thc hien cac hoat ong logistics nham ap ng nhu cau cua ban than. Hnh thc nay thng mang tnh chuyen nghiep thap do khong co u cac phng tien ho tr, ac biet la cong nghe thong tin. - Logistics ben th hai ( 2PL - Second Party logistics): la ngi cung cap mot cong oan, mot dch vu n le nh: van tai, kho cha hang hoac thu gom hang, . . . nhng cha tch hp cac hoat ong logistics. - Logistics ben th ba ( 3PL - Third Party logistics): la ngi cung cap dch vu tng oi hoan chnh, thay khach hang quan l va thc hien cac hoat ong logistics en tng bo phan chc nang, co s ket hp thong nhat cac khau. - Logistics ben th t ( 4PL - Fouth Party logistics): la ngi tch hp logistics, chu trach nhiem quan ly, van hanh toan bo hoat ong logistics nham mot muc tieu nh trc cua khach hang. - Logistics ben th nam( 5PL - Fifth Party logistics): co hai quan niem ve hnh thc 5PL nh sau: * 5PL la s phat trien cao nhat cua hoat ong logistics cho en thi iem hien nay (at the top of the pyramid xem hnh 1.3), nha cung cap cac dch vu logistics la cac chuyen gia hang au trong viec ng dung cac cong nghe khoa hoc tien tien nhat, khong nhng x l he thong thong tin linh hoat ma ho con phat ra cac thong tin giup khach hang mot cach hoan hao nhat ve quan l nguon cung ng lan nhu cau san pham (au vao lan au ra), nang
21. 21. - 20 - 20 tam quan ly logistics len mot tieu chuan mi, ho co the thiet ke va van hanh toan bo day chuyen cung ng san pham (xem hnh 1.5). Tham ch mot cong ty khong can co bat c mot thiet b nao, ch can co y tng va hanh ong, moi cong viec c nha cung cap dch vu 5PL thc hien (An Approach towards overall supply chain efficiency Hai Lu & Yirong Su). * 5PL la nhng to chc chuyen thiet ke he thong thong tin logistics va to chc mot he thong logistics chuyen nghiep bao gom ca viec tm kiem, la chon, tch hp nhieu ben (multy-party) cung thc hien trong mot day chuyen cung ng san pham trong hoat ong thng mai ien t (The Impact of E-commerce on Logistics Jacques COLIN 2001). Hnh 1.3: Cac hnh thc phat trien cua logistics t 1PL en 5PL Nguon: An Approach towards overall supply chain efficiency Hai Lu & Yirong Su.
22. 22. - 21 - 21 Phan loai logistics: chung ta co the tham khao Hnh 1.4: Logistics la mot khai niem rat rong, c chia 3 nhom ln: - Logistics trong quan s - Logistics trong san xuat, kinh doanh, thng mai - Logistics trong quan l, xa hoi Chung ta quan tam en nhom 2 va co the phan loai theo mot vai cach nh sau: - Cach 1: theo qua trnh, chia 3 loai: * Logistics au vao: la cac hoat ong bao am cung ng tai nguyen au vao (von, nguyen lieu, thong tin, nhan lc, ) toi u hoa ve v tr, thi gian va chi ph cho qua trnh san xuat. * Logistics au ra: thoa man nhu cau khach hang vi chi ph thap nhat (tc thu nhap doanh nghiep toi u), bao am cung ng hang hoa en ngi tieu dung toi u ve v tr, thi gian va chi ph. Ph. Loai theo oi tng hang hoa Logistics trong quan l xa hoi Logistics trong quan s Ph. loai logistics theo qua trnh Logistics Logistics trong san xuat, kinh doanh, thng mai Logistics au vao Logistics au ra Logistics ngc Logistics nganh hang tieu dung nhanh Logistics nganh o to Logistics nganh nong nghiep Hnh 1.4: Mot so cach phan loai logistics Nguon: tong hp t nhieu nguon Logistics nganh . . .
23. 23. - 22 - 22 * Logistics ngc (reverse logistics): la thu hoi cac san pham kem chat lng, phu pham, cac chat thai, nham tai che hoac x l mot cach toi u. - Cach 2: chia theo nganh, co nhieu loai: * Logistics nganh hang tieu dung nhanh: la qua trnh logistics cho hang tieu dung co thi gian s dung ngan nh: quan ao, giay dep, thc pham, * Logistics nganh hang o to: la qua trnh logistics phuc vu cho nganh cong nghiep o to: nh xay dng nha may san xuat cac bo phan au, mua tng chi tiet phu tung au, van chuyen va lu tr nh the nao, xay dng nha may lap rap au, khi nao tap hp cac chi tiet, * Logistics nganh hoa chat: cac hoat ong logistics phuc vu nganh hoa chat * Logistics nganh ien t: cac hoat ong logistics phuc vu nganh ien t * Logistics nganh nong nghiep: cay cong nghiep, cay an qua, chan nuoi, * Logistics nganh dc pham * Logistics nganh benh vien * Logistics dch vu ban le * 1.1.3 Moi quan he gia logistics va quan tr day chuyen cung ng Quan tr day chuyen cung ng (SCM) la g? Thuat ng Supply Chain Management (SCM) van con kha mi me oi vi phan ln cac cong ty, mac du no ang tr thanh mot thi thng trong cac hoat ong kinh doanh hien ai. SCM la s phoi hp nhieu thu phap nghe thuat va khoa hoc nham cai thien cach thc cac cong ty tm kiem nhng nguon nguyen lieu tho cau thanh san pham /dch vu, sau o san xuat ra san pham / dch vu va phan phoi ti cac khach hang (Tm hieu ve Supply Chain Management Phan 2). ieu quan trong oi vi bat k giai phap SCM nao, du san xuat hang hoa hay dch vu, chnh la viec lam the nao e hieu c sc manh cua cac nguon tai nguyen va moi tng quan gia chung trong toan bo day chuyen cung ng san xuat. Ve c ban SCM se cung ng giai phap cho toan bo cac hoat ong au vao cua doanh nghiep, t viec at mua hang cua nha cung cap, cho en cac giai phap ton kho an toan cua cong ty.
24. 24. - 23 - 23 Co nhieu quan niem khac nhau nhng a so y kien cho rang: Quan tr day chuyen cung ng la logistics ben ngoai doanh nghiep, bao gom ca khach hang va cac nha cung cap, do o no la mot khai niem rong hn logistics. Quan tr day chuyen cung ng phan anh qua trnh san xuat, phan phoi va tieu thu san pham nh la mot chuoi lien ket, lien tuc va co lien quan chat che vi nhau t nha cung cap au tien, qua qua trnh san xuat, . . . en khach hang. Mot so y kien khac cho rang: Logistics (5PL) va Quan tr day chuyen cung ng la hai khai niem rat gan nhau (hnh 1.3) c xem xet di nhng goc o khac nhau, Quan tr day chuyen cung ng la phan thc the con logistics la linh hon, cai nay co the bao trum cai kia va ngc lai cai kia cung co the rong hn cai nay. Khai niem logistics co trc, trong khi khai niem Quan tr day chuyen cung ng xuat hien vao au nhng nam 1980. Quan tr day chuyen cung ng la mot khai niem mi phan anh qua trnh san xuat, phan phoi va tieu thu san pham nh mot qua trnh lien ket, tch hp, phu thuoc va anh hng lan nhau t nha cung cap, cong ty en khach hang. Co y kien cho rang khai niem Quan tr day chuyen cung ng se phat trien theo hng tr thanh Quan tr day chuyen nhu cau (Demand Chain Management) e nhan manh day chuyen se do yeu to cau th trng quyet nh. Hnh 1.5: Mo hnh mot day chuyen cung ng san pham Nguon: An Approach towards overall supply chain efficiency Hai Lu & Yirong Su
25. 25. - 24 - 24 Trc ay, ngi ta lam tng rang co the giam chi ph cua mnh bang cach tan dung nhng li ch at c t pha oi tac, v du nh nha san xuat muon giam ton kho vat t, san pham cua mnh se yeu cau nha cung cap chuyen giao vat t theo tien o san xuat hoac yeu cau ngi ban hang ton tr san pham ma khong tnh chi ph, nhng that ra chi ph ton kho vat t se c cong vao gia ban vat t va chi ph ton tr hang hoa se lam tang gia ban ra cua san pham. Vi cach tiep can theo khai niem Quan tr day chuyen cung ng, nhng oi tng co lien quan trong mot day chuyen cung ng mot san pham nao o cung nhau chia se thong tin ve nhu cau th trng, hp tac nham toi u hoa chi ph tren toan bo day chuyen cung ng san pham. 1.1.4 Vai tro cua logistics Qua cac khai niem logistics, chung ta thay rang van e thoa man nhu cau tieu dung luon luon c cac doanh nghiep quan tam hang au nhng mc o thoa man b gii han bi chi ph. Logistics cang phat trien th moi quan he nghch chieu o ngay cang c giai quyet thoa ang. Sau ay chung ta xet vai tro cua logistics vi hai oi tng cu the: 1.1.4.1 oi vi nen kinh te: Logistics giup nang cao hieu qua kinh te - xa hoi, nang cao li the canh tranh cua quoc gia tren trng quoc te. Hp l hoa chi ph va tang cac gia tr gia tang cho khach hang co y ngha nang cao kha nang tiep can cua cac nguon lc trong nc vi th trng quoc te va thu hut cac nguon lc quoc te vao trong nc, qua o tang thu nhap cua nen kinh te. V nh: chi ph xuat khau hang nong san Thai Lan en th trng Trung Quoc la 42% so vi gia thanh sau khi thu hoach (bao gom hao hut 15%), trong khi o nong san ong bang Song Cu Long (Viet Nam) en Trung Quoc co gia tang gan gap oi so vi gia thanh, trong o hao hut chiem tren 30%, ieu o l giai v sao trai cay Viet Nam phai nhng san Trung Quoc cho trai cay Thai Lan (nguon: longdinh.com - Trai cay Viet Nam ng trc thach thc khi hoi nhap WTO).
26. 26. - 25 - 25 Logistics giup thu hut au t nc ngoai: trnh o va chi ph logistics cua quoc gia la mot trong nhng c s quan trong trong viec la chon au t cua cac nha au t quoc te. Cac cong ty se u tien chon nhng a iem co dch vu logistics phat trien, he thong van tai, phan phoi nhanh chong, thuan li va chi ph thap, thuan li trong viec thiet lap he thong thu gom, van chuyen, d tr va phan phoi san pham mot cach toi u. Dch vu logistics la mot nganh co ty suat li nhuan cao, ong gop vao ngan sach Nha nc va tao sc hut phat trien cac nganh kinh te khac: logistics la mot nganh kinh te rieng, co gia tr gia tang, ong gop vao thu nhap quoc dan va gop phan chuyen dch c cau kinh te. Dch vu logistics phat trien thuc ay s a dang va ket hp gia cac loai hnh van tai dan en giam chi ph do tnh kinh te theo qui mo. T o, he thong giao thong van tai va ng dung cac tien bo ve ky thuat trong cong nghe thong tin cung phat trien, tao sc hut phat trien kinh te cho tat ca cac nganh co lien quan va la mot trong nhng ieu kien bao am s tang trng on nh cua mot quoc gia. 1.1.4.2 oi vi cac doanh nghiep: Trong nen kinh te th trng, doanh nghiep phai t tm kiem nguon cung cap nguyen lieu, vat t, cong nghe, kenh phan phoi va th trng, tc doanh nghiep phai t to chc thu mua, van chuyen, d tr thiet b va vat t cho qua trnh san xuat (logistics au vao), to chc ton kho, phan phoi va tieu thu san pham (logistics au ra) cung nh tai s dung, x l cac phe pham, chat thai tao ra t qua trnh san xuat (logistics ngc). Logistics giup doanh nghiep toi u hoa hieu qua cua toan bo qua trnh thay v toi u hoa cuc bo ma khong tnh en hieu qua chung: - Logistics giup doanh nghiep giam chi ph san xuat, chi ph lu thong va chi ph c hoi do s toi u hoa ve thi gian, v tr cac nguon tai nguyen va san pham thong qua hang loat cac hoat ong kinh te nh tm kiem va duy tr nguon cung cap vat t co chat lng vi gia thanh thap, can nhac viec to
27. 27. - 26 - 26 chc van chuyen hay thue ngoai, ton kho (vat t, san pham) toi u, nham tiet kiem chi ph nhat, t o tang cung cap dch vu khach hang, tang vong quay von, . V the, quan tr logistics tot la c hoi e nang cao li the canh tranh ve chi ph cua cac cong ty tren th trng. - Tang gia tr gia tang va cung cap dch vu khach hang: logistics tang tnh chuyen nghiep trong cung cap hang hoa, dch vu t s ng dung cac cong nghe thong tin lam gia tang s hai long cua khach hang, tang cac dch vu cong them va cam ket cua doanh nghiep. Do o, logistics la mot cong cu nham at ti s tang trng on nh va ben vng cua doanh nghiep. - Tang kha nang tham nhap th trng mi: quan l thong tin tot trong logistics em lai kha nang phan ng nhanh nhay vi nhu cau cua th trng, t o ieu chnh hp l tng giai oan cua toan bo qua trnh san xuat va kp thi chiem gi th trng. 1.1.5 Xu hng phat trien cua logistics tren the gii 1.1.5.1 Xu hng phat trien cua logistics trong thi gian qua: Phat trien manh ng dung logistics vao quan ly xa hoi cung nh tat ca cac nganh kinh te, san xuat va tieu thu cac loai san pham: o to, dau kh, ien t, thu cong my nghe va san xuat nong nghiep, Gia tang tap trung vao cac gia tr cot loi: cac cong ty ngay cang tin tng rang e cai thien nang lc canh tranh cua ho th can phai tap trung toan bo nang lc vao nhng mang ma ho lam tot nhat va ch thc hien nhng hoat ong giup ho gia tang gia tr cot loi cua mnh. Mot so cong ty ang dan nhan ra rang hoat ong logistics khong phai la the manh trong kinh doanh cua mnh va ho gia tang chuyen sang nha cung cap dch vu logistics chuyen nghiep e at c hieu qua va kha nang toi a, ieu ma ho se khong lam c neu t thc hien. Xu the toan cau hoa: trong qua trnh tm kiem nhng gia tr ln hn, cac cong ty luon tm kiem th trng mi va nguon nguyen lieu mi re hn tren toan the gii, ho phai nh en nhieu cong ty logistics. e ap ng c nhu cau khach
28. 28. - 27 - 27 hang mot cach toi u, cac cong ty logistics tm moi cach m rong hoat ong cua mnh tren toan cau, sap nhap hoac hp tac nham cung cap dch vu khach hang mot cach toan dien. Chuyen hng t phng phap ay (Push) sang phng phap Keo (Pull): tc chuyen t hng san xuat, ton kho va ay ra th trng e ap ng nhu cau sang san xuat theo cac n at hang e ap ng ngay nhu cau thc te, khi o se giam toi thieu ton kho va rut ngan chu trnh san xuat. ng dung thanh tu mi ve cong nghe thong tin vao quan ly, m rong thng mai ien t: S tham gia cua cong nghe thong tin trong nganh logistics a thuc ay viec quan l co hieu qua cac hoat ong logistics. Hau het cac cong ty logistics ln eu s dung cac phan mem nh he thong quan l kho va he thong quan l van tai,. ng dung Intrenet va EDI (chuyen giao d lieu ien t) a cho phep cac cong ty 3PL cung cap cac dch vu gia tr ln hn cho khach hang, dch vu cung cap cong cu tm kiem (track and trace) a xac lap gia tr cho khach hang trong viec len ke hoach hoat ong cua ho tot hn va giam von lu ong do anh hng bi ton kho va cac hoat ong van chuyen. 1.1.5.2 Cac xu hng mi noi len: Khach hang ngay cang oi hoi hang hoa va dch vu tot hn, ong thi cung m ra nhng yeu cau ve s chnh xac, ung han, tien li, thch ng nhanh, chat lng va gia thanh ngay cang thap. Hn na th trng tai chnh ang tm kiem nhieu li nhuan ln hn va bao am hn trong nhng khoan au t cua ho. Nhng yeu to c ban nay a tac ong en s thay oi cua nganh logistics: - S phu thuoc vao gia tr cot loi va viec tap trung vao khach hang oi hoi cac cong ty phai lam viec vi nhieu oi tac hn e hoan tat n hang, dan en viec ra i he thong oi tac kinh doanh (trading partner ecosystem). - S mong i ngay cang cao cua th trng tai chnh ve vong quay von ngan hn va li nhuan nhieu hn keo theo nhu cau ve s tch hp chuoi cung ng va chuoi tai chnh, s noi len cua nha cung cap dch vu logistics ben th 4 phi
29. 29. - 28 - 28 tai san (asset-less 4PLs) va s chap nhan mot c cau gia tr cho viec ra quyet nh tam cong ty. - Thng mai ien t c phat minh va s dung qua rong rai trong thi gian gan ay do s tien li, tiet kiem cua no dan en s ra i cua logistics ben th 5 (5PL). - Chi ph gia tang ang ke cua viec khong ap ng mong i ve hieu qua hoat ong (d bao th trng sai hay giao hang cham tre) a dan en viec ap dung ky thuat quan l rui ro cho viec lap ke hoach chuoi cung ng, giam sat thi gian nham kiem soat va can thiep kp thi cac phat sinh bat thng. - Ap lc cai thien li nhuan keo theo viec ap dung cac chien lc quan l doanh thu va chng trnh nh gia ong cung nh phat trien nhieu dch vu mi: logistics ngc (reverse logistics), quan l chuoi dch vu va thiet ke cho logistics. 1.2 Mot so bai hoc kinh nghiem trong ng dung logistics vao qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu trai cay Hoat ong logistics nc ta phat trien bat au t lnh vc van tai, giao nhan hang hoa nen van con nhieu ngi lam tng rang logistics la dch vu giao nhan, xuat - nhap khau hang hoa, nhng thc te khong phai nh vay, thc te ang chng minh logistics ngay cang c ng dung rong rai hn trong quan ly xa hoi va tat ca cac nganh kinh te. au co toi u hoa, o co logistics. Sau ay, chung ta nghien cu mot so kinh nghiem ng dung logistics trong san xuat va tieu thu nong san: 1.2.1 Bai hoc t cac nc trong khu vc ve ng dung logistics vao phat trien cay an qua Trong e tai nay, tac gia ch nghien cu viec ng dung logistics cua mot so nc co ieu kien tng t nh nc ta la Thai Lan, ai Loan, Malaysia va Phillipines: 1.2.1.1 Bai hoc t Thai Lan:
30. 30. - 29 - 29 Bat au t khau giong: cach ay khong ay 30 nam, tnh hnh kinh te nong nghiep cua nc ta va Thai Lan khong co s chenh lech ang ke ve chat lng trai cay nhiet i va tnh hieu qua kinh te nong nghiep. Nhng Thai Lan a ng dung logistics bang cach lam ung ngay t au tc la bat au ap dung logistics t khau giong cay trong, ho lap nhng trang trai, vn m cay giong theo nhng tieu chuan ky thuat, lai tao giong va th nghiem, ben ngoai ho kiem soat nghiem ngat cac nguon cung cap giong, giong cay cua ho khi trong co nguon goc rat ro rang (ni cung cap) va co bao am ve chat lng (*). V the, nong dan rat yen tam au t trong chuyen canh, au t ln vao nong nghiep. Hn na, giong cay theo tieu chuan se tao ra trai cay co chat lng thuan nhat nham tang kha nang tiep can th trng xuat khau, ac biet la cac th trng kho tnh nh Chau Au, My, Nhat, ac biet Thai Lan a ap dung cong nghiep hoa nong nghiep, thc hien THAIGAP (*) va nham en th trng noi a trc. Vi dien tch trong cay an trai nho hn nhieu so vi Viet Nam (Thai Lan: 260.000 ha, Viet Nam: 750.000 ha nguon: ang Vy - Vietnamnet 24/4/2006) nhng Thai Lan a a viec san xuat cay an qua thanh mot nganh cong nghiep thc s. Tuy nhien, Thai Lan xuat khau khong qua 10% trai cay, tc chu yeu tieu thu tren th trng noi a. e co the hieu thau ao nhng kinh nghiem cua Thai Lan trong ng dung logistics e phat trien san xuat trai cay, trc het can tm hieu mot so khai niem: + Cong nghiep hoa nong nghiep: ap dung cung mot qui trnh san xuat tao ra trai cay chat lng ong nhat, trai cay giong het nhau ve chat lng, mau ma, va ngi mua khong can phai kiem tra, la chon, co the s dung nhng phng thc mua ban nhanh va t chi ph hn. Mot lo hang cong nghiep, moi cay but eu phai giong het nhau. Trai cay Viet Nam chng nao ra hang loat, kch thc, trong lng, hng v, chat lng giong nhau, la cong nghiep hoa (TS. Tran Du Lch Vien Kinh te TP.HCM).
31. 31. - 30 - 30 + Trai cay chat lng: trai cay chat lng c hieu la trai cay khong ch at tieu chuan ve chat lng trai (ngon, ep) ma con phai la trai cay sach va ong nhat. Trai cay sach ngha la trong trai khong tch tu d lng cac chat oc nh kim loai nang, goc lan, clo, thuy ngan, , tc ca giong cay va qua trnh cham soc phai c kiem soat theo mot qui trnh chat che. + GAP: GAP (Good Agriculture Practices) la mot chuoi hoat ong cua he thong san xuat nong pham chat lng cao co s quan ly chat che suot qua trnh san xuat en tieu thu (San xuat nong pham GAP - ly thuyet va thc hien - Tap Ch: Th Trng Cay An Qua - so 77&78 SOFRI). Vai tro cua nha vn het sc quan trong v chnh ho tao ra san pham sach. Moi nc hoac mot so nc (hiep hoi, khoi cac nc) co the xay dng tieu chuan GAP cho rieng mnh theo tieu chuan quoc te va cac thanh vien khac co the thc hien v nhng li ch cua mnh, hien nay co USGAP (My), EUREPGAP (Lien minh Chau Au), ASEANGAP (Hiep hoi cac nc ong Nam A), THAIGAP (Thai Lan), (Xem Phu Luc 4: Cac nguyen ly va cac tieu chuan cua EUREPGAP, phien ban 2.0 thang 01/2004 ve thc pham an toan) (Xem Phu luc 5 Mot so iem chnh trong Ban d thao ASEANGAP va li ch oi vi cac nc thanh vien) Khau x l sau thu hoach va bao quan: muc tieu san xuat trai cay la e an ti nen Thai Lan a rat chu trong khau nay, ho a ng dung logistics nham toi u hoa ky thuat thu hoach, x l sau thu hoach, bao quan va van chuyen ng vi tng loai nong san nham keo dai thi gian ti cua trai cay va khong b mat pham chat. V the trai cay Thai Lan ch hao hut t 15% en 17% khi en tay ngi tieu dung, quyt Thai Lan sau khi thu hoach en 30 ngay la van con ti va vo van gion cng giong nh mi va hai, hao hut thap dan en gia thanh thap, v the trai cay Viet Nam thua tren san nha la ieu kho tranh khoi. 1.2.1.2 Bai hoc t ai Loan:
32. 32. - 31 - 31 ai Loan co ieu kien san xuat gan giong nh ong bang Song Cu Long hien nay, moi ho nong dan co t 0.5 ha en 1 ha at, vn tap chiem a so, tren mot manh at nho trong nhieu loai cay nen chat lng khong ni nao giong ni nao, viec thu mua, che bien rat kho khan, nong dan kho ban c hang va nha may th kho mua nguyen lieu. ai Loan a ng dung logistics bang chnh sach gom lai thanh nhng hp tac xa (t nguyen), cac hp tac xa c vay von dai han, cung ng vat t (dung cu, phan, thuoc, ), cay giong sach benh, co chuyen vien hng dan ky thuat, hp tac xa am nhiem luon ca viec tieu thu san pham. Qua o, ho co u ieu kien e chuyen oi vn tap hoac cac vn cay gia coi thanh cac vn cay an trai chuyen canh, ong thi cac doanh nghiep va cong ty rau qua co ieu kien hp ong tieu thu rau qua on nh, tranh c c mua rt gia. 1.2.1.3 Bai hoc t Malaysia va Philippines: Trong khi o, Malaysia va Philippines th ng dung logistics vao tng khau cua qua trnh san xuat tieu thu: hai nc nay co chien lc kha giong nhau: bat au bang viec qui hoach vung trong cay gan lien vi giai quyet au ra bang cach xay dng nhng nha may che bien, cong nghiep hoa qua trnh trong va thu hoach trai cay, lap cac khu thu mua tai vung trai cay cung vi viec tieu thu nhanh trai cay ti bang cach giam nhng trung gian tieu thu trong nc, nhng nha phan phoi lap nhng tram thu mua tai vung trai cay va van chuyen en ni tieu thu, tc ho va la thng lai va la ngi ban buon. Ho ay manh dch vu logistics nham giam chi ph trong qua trnh tieu thu, lam tang gia mua cua nong dan va giam gia ban tai th trng tieu thu. Mat khac, che bien va tieu thu di dang khong phai an ti cung lam giam mc chenh lech ve nguon cung ng theo mua va gia trai cay c gi on nh tng oi quanh nam. 1.2.2 Bai hoc ve ng dung logistics vao phat trien mot so loai cay an qua Viet Nam
33. 33. - 32 - 32 Bai hoc thanh cong t Bi Nam Roi: nhan to chnh tao nen s thanh cong cho Bi Nam Roi la thng hieu, ac biet la thanh cong th trng nc ngoai nh EU, My, Nhat Ban va cac nc Trung ong. Tuy nhien, viec xay dng thng hieu can phai co mot qua trnh ma quan trong nhat la gi c thng hieu bang viec tieu chuan hoa trai bi. Bi Nam Roi a khong ng dung c logistics trong san xuat, ch chu trong dch vu logistics nham giai quyet au ra, chnh chat lng khong ong nhat lam cho Bi Nam Roi kho gi c thng hieu ca th trng trong va ngoai nc. Bai hoc that bai t s san xuat khong theo qui hoach, khong gan vi th trng tieu thu: nhng nam 1980, khong nhng Ben Tre ma mot so tnh lan can a au t trong rat nhieu cay cong nghiep nh: ca cao, ho tieu, ieu lay hat (ieu lon hot), . . . khi co trai th th trng xuat khau khong con, th trng trong nc khong tieu thu ca cao, tieu va ieu tieu thu khong ang ke va ngi dan phai on bo cay e trong lai cay an trai nh chom chom, nhan, xoai, sa-po, . . . va vai nam sau khi cay co thu hoach lai gap nhng t khung hoang tha tng t, trai cay thng pham khong tieu thu c, va c au t nh the th se tao ra nhng chu ky trong roi chat bo la kho tranh khoi. 1.2.3 Bai hoc kinh nghiem rut ra cho Bi Da Xanh Ben Tre - ng dung ly thuyet logistics vao nong nghiep nham toi u hoa qua trnh san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh, thc hien san xuat theo qui trnh GAP nham bao ve an toan thc pham cho ngi tieu dung, an toan cho ngi lao ong va bao ve moi trng. ay cung la tieu chuan e xuat khau trai bi va la ieu kien can trong cuoc canh tranh khi tham gia hoi nhap quoc te. - Chnh phu ch nen ho tr gian tiep cac khau qui hoach chi tiet, khuyen cao nhng vung trong Bi Da Xanh thch hp va xay dng c s ha tang: he
34. 34. - 33 - 33 thong thuy li, giao thong va thong tin lien lac, thong tin khoa hoc, au t cho nghien cu cac giai phap ve ky thuat, phong nga sau benh. - Bao ve nhng thng hieu Bi Da Xanh a co san va co chien lc phat trien thanh nhng thng hieu manh. - To chc thanh cac hp tac xa hoac mot hnh thc tng t nham cong nghiep hoa nong nghiep, t o lien ket cac khau: san xuat - thu mua - bao quan - che bien va tieu thu, tranh c rui ro ve gia do s bat on cua th trng. - Nham en th trng noi a trc va sau o mi en xuat khau: Theo TS. Nguyen Minh Chau (SOFRI) muc tieu cua GAP Song Tien la hnh thanh nhng vung chuyen canh, khong phai ch nham en th trng nc ngoai, ma chu yeu tm cho ng vng th trng trong nc, lam sao khong e trai cay ngoai chiem lnh. - Bao hiem rui ro trong nong nghiep: do ac tnh cua san xuat nong nghiep phu thuoc nhieu vao ieu kien t nhien, cac thien tai nh lu lut, han han, nc man, v the, can co bao hiem nham bu ap ton that cho nhng ho san xuat gap rui ro.
35. 35. - 34 - 34 KET LUAN CHNG 1 Logistics la qua trnh toi u hoa ve v tr, thi gian, lu tr va van chuyen cac tai nguyen t iem au cua day chuyen cung ng en tay ngi tieu dung nham thoa man nhu cau khach hang. Thc chat logistics c ng dung au tien trong lnh vc quan s, sau nhng nam 1960 en nay logistics c ng rong rai va mang lai hieu qua rat ro trong tat ca cac nganh kinh te va quan ly xa hoi. No giup cac doanh nghiep, nha quan ly at c muc tieu vi chi ph thap nhat, tc nang cao hieu qua cong viec cua ho. oi vi tng doanh nghiep, tng vung hay moi quoc gia, ni nao co chi ph logistics thap nhat se co li the hn so vi nhng n v khac, quoc gia khac. Vi muc tieu ng dung logistics nham san xuat trai bi chat lng va an toan, tang gia tr gia tang cua san pham, toi thieu hoa chi ph van chuyen - tieu thu, tang kha nang tieu thu Bi Da Xanh tnh Ben Tre, nhng muon ng dung c logistics th trc het phai hieu ro, phan tch, anh gia ung hien trang qui trnh san xuat va tieu thu, nhng li the va han che cua oi tng nghien cu. Van e o c tac gia khao sat thc te, phan tch nh lng va anh gia chi tiet tng khau va toan bo qua trnh san xuat - tieu thu trong chng sau.
36. 36. - 35 - 35 CHNG 2: ANH GIA THC TRANG VIEC SAN XUAT VA TIEU THU BI DA XANH BEN TRE 2.1 Gii thieu tong quan ve tnh Ben Tre 2.1.1 Gii thieu chung Din tch : 2.315 km2 Dn s : 1.400.000 ngI n v hnh chnh : 1 th x & 7 huyn Dn tc : Vit Kh hu nhit i gi ma, ma ma t thng 5 en thng 10, cc thng cn li l ma kh. Nhit trung bnh nm t 26 - 27o C. Lng ma trung bnh nm t 1.250 - 1.550 mm. Ben Tre la mot tnh ong bang cuoi nguon song Cu Long, tiep giap vi Bien ong vi b bien dai 63 km. Pha Bac giap Tien Giang, pha Tay va Tay Nam giap Vnh Long, pha Nam giap Tra Vinh. Th xa Ben Tre cach thanh pho Ho Ch Minh 85 km ve pha Tay, Ben Tre ten trc ay la tnh Kien Hoa. Bon nhanh song ln cua song Tien thuoc he thong song Me Kong la song My Tho, song Ba Lai, song Ham Luong va song Co Chien mang phu sa boi tu qua nhieu the ky va a chia a hnh Ben Tre thanh ba dai cu lao ln: cu lao Bao, cu lao Minh va cu lao An Hoa. Nhn t tren khong, tnh Ben Tre co hnh re quat ma au nhon nam thng nguon (song My Thuan), cac nhanh song ln giong nh nhng nan quat xoe rong ra pha ong. Dien tch t nhien cua Ben Tre la 2.315,01 km2 , kh hau nhiet i gio mua, dan so hau het la dan toc Kinh. a hnh tng oi bang phang, rai rac co nhng con cat xen ke vi ruong vn, khong co Hnh 2.1: V tr va mot vai thong tin c ban ve Ben Tre Nguon: website: www.bentre.gov.vn
37. 37. - 36 - 36 rng cay ln, bon be song nc bao boc. Ben trong, he thong song rach chang cht noi lien cac song ln, thuan li cho giao thong ng thuy va la nguon tai nguyen nc doi dao cho san xuat nong nghiep. Ben Tre co mot Th xa va bay huyen la: Chau Thanh, Ch Lach, Mo Cay, Giong Trom, Bnh ai, Ba Tri va Thanh Phu. Ben Tre co nhieu tiem nang e phat trien du lch xanh, bi ay con gi c net nguyen s cua miet vn, moi trng sinh thai trong lanh vi mau xanh cua vn cay trai tot bat ngan, Ben Tre con la mot va kha ln cua ong bang Song Cu Long vi nhieu san vat va hoa qua (khoang 30.000 ha): bi, sau rieng, mang cau, vu sa, mang cut, chom chom, . . . va nhieu loai thuy san. ac biet, Ben Tre la x s cua Bi Da Xanh (gan 2.000 ha) va rat nhieu loai da (khoang 40.000 ha), noi tieng vi ac san Keo Da Ben Tre, Banh Trang My Long, Banh Phong Sn oc. Lang nghe Cai Mn hang nam cung ng cho th trng hang trieu giong cay an qua va cay canh noi tieng khap ni. Hnh 2.2: Ban o cac vung co the trong bi: ba huyen giap bien khong trong c bi do ieu kien t nhien khong phu hp la: Bnh ai, Ba Tri va Thanh Phu Nguon: Website: www.bentre.gov.vn
38. 38. - 37 - 37 2.1.2 ieu kien t nhien, kinh te xa hoi: ieu kien t nhien: - Tho nhng: at gom ba nhom chnh: nhom at phu sa, at phen nhe va at cat pha. - Kh hau: nhiet i gio mua chu anh hng cua bien, nhiet o trung bnh 27.3o C, chenh lech khong ln gia ngay va em va gia cac mua trong nam, lanh nhat khoang 23.1 o C va nong nhat khoang 34 o C. - o am: trung bnh 79.2%, cao nhat vao thang 8 9 khoang 83% va thap nhat vao thang 2 3 khoang 74%. - Lng ma: trung bnh 1.520mm, mua ma t thang 5 en thang 11 chiem 85% lng ma ca nam. - Gio: gio Tay Nam trong mua ma t thang 5 en thang 11 va gio ong Bac trong mua kho t thang 12 en thang 4 nam sau va nc man xam thc sau vao at lien t thang 3 en thang 4 (thang 2 thang 3 am lch), o man cao nhat tai Th xa (tren song Ham Luong) khoang 0.6% anh hng en nguon nc cung cap cho nong nghiep va sinh hoat. Hien trang kinh te xa hoi: - en cuoi nam 2005, dan so khoang 1.4 trieu ngi, 48.7% trong o tuoi lao ong. Theo thong ke nam 2004, lao ong trong nong nghiep chiem 53%, cong nghiep: 29%, thng mai - dch vu va cac nganh khac: 18%. So ho ngheo chiem 16.4% tong so ho gia nh, so mu ch chiem 0.6% dan so. - Theo thong ke nam 2004, GDP at 9.086 ty ong, toc o tang trung bnh t nam 2000 en nam 2004 at 7.5 8%/nam, GDP bnh quan au ngi at: 6.490.000 ong / ngi / nam. C cau GDP cua tnh la: cong nghiep 31.3%, nong nghiep: 36.36%, thng mai - dch vu va cac nganh khac: 32.34%. Hien trang c s ha tang: - Giao thong: Cac ng giao thong chnh ang c trai nha va bat cau be tong noi lien en cac xa, cac vung xa th xa va th tran van con nhieu lo a
39. 39. - 38 - 38 o, at bun va cau kh, giao thong ng bo con gap nhieu kho khan trong mua ma, giao thong bang ng thuy chiem v tr ac biet quan trong. - ien kh hoa: mang li ien quoc gia ch u phuc vu cho thap sang va sinh hoat cho cac ho gia nh, cha s dung rong rai trong san xuat tr ch co tram bm Phu Khng phuc vu ti cho phng 1 va 2 cua th xa, con lai hn 96% s dung ti thu cong, bang ong c ien nho (moteur HP - 1 HP) va ong c xang, dau. Cung vi cong cuoc oi mi va cac chnh sach au t phat trien, Ben Tre a cu the hoa va ban hanh mot so chnh sach u ai, thu hut au t, huy ong moi nguon lc e tang toc phat trien kinh te tren a ban tnh. Ngay 30- 4-2002, Cong ap Ba Lai a chnh thc chan bt mot ca cua he thong song Cu Long nham ngan man ra phen va ti nc ngot cho gan 20.000 ha at thuoc huyen Giong Trom, Bnh ai va Ba Tri. Cung ngay nay, Ben Tre a khi cong xay dng Cau Rach Mieu dai hn 3 km vt song Tien, ieu nay co y ngha quan trong m ra tng lai phat trien kinh te cua vung at nay, a Ben Tre thoat khoi the oc ao, nhanh chong hoi nhap vi cac tnh ong bang song Cu Long, tao a phat trien cac mat kinh te, van hoa, xa hoi va bao am an ninh quoc phong cho toan vung. 2.2 Cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh va nang lc san xuat cua tnh 2.2.1 S lc ve Bi Da Xanh Bi da Xanh la mot loai trai cay co mui, trai kha to va nang: trung bnh 1.4 kg / trai (ca biet co trai nang en 4.5 kg), dang trai hnh cau, vo trai mau xanh, khi chn mau xanh nhat hn chuyen sang mau xanh vang, ben trong lp vo xanh la lp vo em mau hong o nhat, tep bi mau hong o kha am, bo chat va de tach khoi mui, nc va phai, rat ngot nhng van con v chua va co mui thm cua trai bi (o brix: 9.5% 12%), ty le tht qua at 55% 60%. Qua ieu tra thc te, tac gia phan biet hai loai nhng khong ro ret lam:
40. 40. - 39 - 39 - Loai th nhat: tep bi mem va bam nhau, khong hat (trai non co nhieu hat nhng khi trai chn hat teo lai va bien mat) va trai hnh bau duc, loai nay chiem khoang 75%. a so nong dan cho rang ay la loai nguyen thuy cua Bi Da Xanh (co nguon goc t xa My Thanh An, th xa Ben Tre) - Loai th hai: tep bi gion va de tach ri nhau, rat nhieu hat (15 30 hat to / trai), trai hi cao va co num tren au, loai nay chiem khoang 25%. Mot so nong dan co kinh nghiem cho rang, trai Bi Da Xanh co hat la do trong xen va c thu phan cheo t cac loai bi khac hoac loai cay co mui khac. Bi Da Xanh la loai trai cay co gia tr cao ve mat dinh dng va y hoc. Neu an 100 gram bi, ta co: 59 calo, nhieu khoang chat va Vitamin nh: Ca: 30mg; P: 21mg; Fe: 0.7mg; Vitamin A: 10 I.A; Vitamin B1: 0.07; Vitamin B2: 0.02, Vitamin C: 11, . . .. Ngoai ra bi noi chung con giup de tieu hoa va lu thong huyet mach. Bi Da Xanh khong nhng la mot loai trai cay ngon ma no con em lai hieu qua kinh te kha cao cho ngi trong (se thay ro phan sau trong chng nay). Ke t nam 1996, vi giai nh tai Hoi thi trai cay co mui giong tot, Bi Da Xanh ngay cang c nhieu ngi biet en, ke ca ngi nc ngoai khi an c trai bi ung chat lng, eu co nhan nh chung ve pham chat tuyet vi cua giong bi nay so vi cac giong bi khac. Tuy nhien, so vi Bi Nam Roi, cay Bi Da Xanh kho trong hn va co s chenh lech rat ln ve chat lng trai gia cac vn bi, gia nhng cay trong vn, tham ch gia nhng trai bi tren cung mot cay. S khong ong nhat ve chat lng nay cung anh hng ln en viec tieu thu, ac biet la e xuat khau. 2.2.2 Cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh hien tai va qui hoach en nam 2010 Ben Tre co tren 30.000 ha cay an qua vi nhieu chung loai, trong o cay bi khoang 3.500 ha, rieng Bi Da Xanh hien nay toan tnh a trong gan 2.000 ha, trong o ch hn 500 ha cay bi ang cho trai, so con lai ang giai oan cay cham soc (di 3 nam tuoi) phan bo theo a ban nh sau:
41. 41. - 40 - 40 Bang 2.1: Phan bo dien tch trong Bi Da Xanh hien nay Vung canh tac Dien tch trong (ha) a co thu hoach (ha) Nang suat (tan/ha) 1. Huyen Ch Lach 195 34 cha co thong tin chnh xac 2. Huyen Chau Thanh 365 42 7.6 3. Th xa Ben Tre 450 65 10 4. Huyen Mo Cay 610 345 14.4 5. Huyen Giong Trom 230 38 8.2 6. Cac huyen Bnh ai, Ba Tri, Thanh Phu di 100 ha cha co thong tin chnh xac Cong 1 950 524 11.9 - Huyen Ch Lach: Bi Da Xanh trong tap trung cac xa Vnh Bnh, Sn nh, Th tran Ch Lach, Hoa Ngha, Long Thi, Vnh Thanh, cac ni khac trong rai rac. Theo thong ke s bo, en cuoi nam 2005, dien tch trong gan 200 ha nhng ch mi co khoang 34 ha cay co trai ang thu hoach (so co trai chiem 17.5% / tong so trong), so con lai la cay bi t 1 en 3 nam tuoi. Cha co thong ke chnh xac nang suat cua khu vc nay nhng theo mot so nhan nh ban au nang suat kha cao so vi cac vung khac. - Huyen Chau Thanh: dien tch trong kha nhieu nhng so nam tuoi cay bi con thap nen nang suat cha cao, ch co 11.5% cay bi ang cho trai. Bi Da Xanh trong tap trung cac xa Tng a, Tan Phu, Tan Thach, Qui Sn, - Th xa Ben Tre: trong tap trung cac xa My Thanh An, Nhn Thanh, Phu Nhuan va rai rac hau het cac xa. Phng thc: a so trong xen canh trong vn da hoac loai cay an trai khac, nang suat at 10 tan / ha oi vi cay Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia
42. 42. - 41 - 41 bi 6 7 nam tuoi. Theo so thong ke cha ay u, nam 2004 th xa a thu tren 400 tan bi. - Huyen Mo Cay: hien la ni trong nhieu nhat va cung co so cay va lng bi ang thu hoach nhieu nhat. Nang suat cao do cay bi a ln (7 en 12 nam tuoi). Hien nay Bi Da Xanh c trong rai rac khap cac xa cua huyen Mo Cay, ca biet co mot so ho nong dan trong chuyen canh en vai ha bi. - Huyen Giong Trom: ang trong them rat nhieu nen hau het cay bi con giai oan cay cham soc (di 3 nam tuoi), cha co thu hoach nhieu va nang suat cung kha cao. - Cac huyen khac: Bnh ai co trong mot so nhng khong nhieu phan bo tap trung pha au (thng nguon) cua cu lao An Hoa, va chu yeu la cay bi t 1 en 3 nam tuoi. Huyen Ba Tri va Thanh Phu hau nh khong co do ieu kien tho nhng khong phu hp. Tom lai, tnh Ben Tre en cuoi nam 2005 co khoang 524 ha cay Bi Da Xanh ang cho trai vi nang suat khoang 11.9 tan / ha. Bang 2.2: Hng qui hoach cac vung trong Bi Da Xanh en nam 2010 Vung canh tac Dien tch trong (ha) Ghi chu 1. Huyen Ch Lach 1.000 trien khai tren 5 xa 2. Huyen Chau Thanh 1.000 19 xa 3. Th xa Ben Tre 500 4 xa 4. Huyen Mo Cay 1.000 14 xa 5. Huyen Giong Trom 500 6 xa 6. Cac huyen Bnh ai, Ba Tri, Thanh Phu 0 - Cong 4.000 Nguon: Khung Chng trnh phat trien Bi Da Xanh tnh Ben Tre - UBND tnh Ben Tre-thang 9/2005
43. 43. - 42 - 42 Nh vay: dien tch trong d kien tang dan en gap oi vao nam 2010 va dien tch cay bi ang cho trai tang gap 8 lan vao nam 2013. Chung ta co the c lng bang o th sau ve dien tch trong bi Ben Tre va dien tch cay bi ang cho trai. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 DT cay trong DT cay co thu hoach Nam Hien nay, ngoai ke hoach a len nh tren, tnh Ben Tre con hoach nh mot chien lc lau dai nham qui hoach, khuyen khch nong dan trong Bi Da Xanh vi qui mo tap trung, tham canh vi dien tch len en 10.000 ha nhng cha co qui hoach vung trong bi va thi gian cu the. 2.2.3 Nang lc san xuat hien tai va tng lai en nam 2010 Theo thong tin chung cua tnh Ben Tre th nang suat bi cua toan tnh at 11.9 tan/ha/nam. Nhng theo so lieu ieu tra c t 135 ho nong dan trong bi a co thu hoach th so cay bi trong tren 1.000 m2 la 36 cay nhng trung bnh ch co 73.85% la tot va co thu hoach, moi cay bi cho 35.65 trai/nam, moi trai can nang 1.4 kg (t 1.2 1.6 kg / trai). Chung ta tnh c nang suat bi tren 1.000 m2 nh sau: 36 cay x 73.85% x 35.65 trai/cay x 1.4 kg/trai = 1.327 kg (tng ng 13.2 tan/ha/nam) T o, ta c lng c khoi lng Bi Da Xanh san xuat Ben Tre nh sau: Hnh 2.3: Toc o tang dien tch trong Bi Da Xanh Nguon: tac gia tnh toan theo ke hoach cua tnh
44. 44. - 43 - 43 Bang 2.3: Toc o tang dien tch va san lng Bi qua cac nam Nam 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Trong (ha) 550 1,047 1,544 1,950 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 Cho trai (ha) 150 284 354 524 1,016 1,508 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 San lng (tan) 1,974 3,752 4,676 6,917 13,411 19,906 26,400 33,000 39,600 46,200 52,800 Ghi chu: 1. So lieu t nam 2002 en 2006 la tng oi xac thc; 2. T nam 2007 en 2009 la so lieu c lng theo lng cay con a trong, so nay ang tin cay. 3. T nam 2010 tr ve sau la so c lng theo qui hoach cua tnh, so nay se phu thuoc rat ln vao gia ban bi trong khoang t nay en nam 2009. Do vay, e tai ch tap trung phan tch so lieu en nam 2010 S d lng bi tang manh t nam 2005 tr ve sau la do chnh sach khuyen khch trong bi bat au t 3 nam trc o (nam 2002). Trong nong nghiep noi chung va oi vi Bi Da Xanh noi rieng, cac yeu to anh hng lam tang san lng tac ong rat cham do vong quay rat dai (t ba en bon nam). Do o o co gian cua san lng theo gia va cac yeu to khac nh qui hoach va cac chnh sach kinh te cua tnh se phat huy t sau ba en bon nam. 2.3 Tnh hnh san xuat va tieu thu thc te e anh gia c hien trang viec san xuat va tieu thu Bi Da Xanh, tac gia a to chc khao sat thc te tai hau het cac xa cua bon huyen va th xa Ben Tre vi 135 ho nong dan. oi tng c chon la nhng nong dan trong bi e ban (trong thng mai) mau ieu tra phai at c ca hai ieu kien sau: - Dien tch trong: toi thieu 1.000 m2 - So goc bi ang co thu hoach: toi thieu 20 goc Nguon: tong hp t nhieu nguon
45. 45. - 44 - 44 2.22% 1.48% 11.85% 84.44% t 1.000 en 5.000 m2 6.000 - 10.000 m2 11.000 - 19.000 m2 t 2 ha tr len 2.3.1 Tnh hnh san xuat thc te a so cac ho nong dan nhan xet Bi Da Xanh kho trong hn cac loai bi khac, oi hoi ieu kien cham soc khat khe hn va chat lng rat khac nhau ng vi nhng ieu kien cham soc khac nhau. 2.3.1.1 Ve qui mo Ch co 1 / 135 mau khao sat la trang trai vi dien tch 2ha, con lai la ho nong dan san xuat nong nghiep, cha tm c mot hp tac xa hay mot nong trng nao. Hau het cac ho eu trong bi vi qui mo rat nho, xem hnh 2.4 chung ta thay: co en 84.44% cac ho nong dan trong t 5.000 m2 tr xuong, 81.48% so ho trong t hn 200 goc bi va ch co 1.48% so ho trong t 2 ha tr len, 5.19% so ho trong tren 400 cay bi. Viec san xuat nho le va phan tan nh the nay se rat kho ap dung ky thuat vao san xuat cung nh ap dung cac qui trnh san xuat tien tien nh trong bi sach va an toan theo qui trnh GAP v san xuat theo qui trnh nay can au t ung mc ve con ngi va ky thuat (xem giai phap 1 chng 3). Hau het cac ho trong xen trong vn da hoac cac loai cay an trai khac v mot so l do: th nhat: bi can nang va nhiet o va phai (tot nhat t 29 31o C), th hai: khi cay bi con nho th cac loai cay khac van cho thu hoach. ieu nay anh hng en chat lng cua trai bi sau nay. 2.3.1.2 Giong va ky thuat canh tac Qui mo: theo dien tch trong Qui mo: theo so goc bi 23.70% 21.48%36.30% 13.33% 5.19% T 20 - 60 goc 61 - 100 101 - 200 201 - 400 tren 400 goc Hnh 2.4: Qui mo san xuat bi Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia
46. 46. - 45 - 45 Cac vn bi tac gia khao sat co nam tuoi cay bi phan tan rai rac t 3 en hn 12 nam tuoi, ca biet co mot so ho nong nang a thay cay bi gia, trong mi lai nhieu lan. Ngoai ra, co rat nhieu cay con cha co trai (cay di 3 nam tuoi - chiem 50.58% so cay bi trong vn). Mat o trong trung bnh 5m x 5m / cay (35-40 cay/1.000 m2). Ve bon phan va thuoc: 100% co s dung phan vo c bon cho cay bi, pho bien nhat la NPK 20-20-15, bon ba en bon lan moi nam. Hau het (94%) cac ho nong dan co s dung phan hu c (phan chuong) va boi bun (phu sa lang tu di ao) moi nam mot lan. 20% s dung phan rm ra muc, phan rac va 40% co s dung phan bon la e phun vao thi ky trai non ket hp vi phun thuoc tr sau benh. Hau het cac ho eu co s dung thuoc bao ve thc vat, ch co 6% khong s dung bat ky loai thuoc bao ve thc vat nao. Hau het bon phan va phun thuoc theo cam tnh khong theo mot tai lieu nao thong nhat tr mot vai ho co ghi chep ve loai thuoc, lieu lng, cach bon va ngay thc hien (nhng ho nay c huan luyen ky thuat t s hp tac vi Vien Nghien cu Cay an qua Mien Nam). Ve con trung, sau benh: theo nhng nong dan co kinh nghiem, cay bi se co nguy c mac cac loai sau benh sau: ray mem, rep sap, bo xt, kien la, moi va sau ve bua la. Mot so loai thuoc tr sau co hieu qua tc th nhng sau benh rat de tai lai khong lau sau o, phat tan va lay lan t cay nay sang cay khac va sang vn khac. Ch khoang 30% so ho nhan dien c benh vang la Greening, rat nhieu ngi cho rang cay b vang la do thieu dinh dng, thoi re. Mot so ho con phong tr sau benh bang cach quet voi vao goc cay va tam voi cho cay nh ky, mot so ngi khac cha that sach cay bi hang tuan (bang ban chai va nc ra) e tay nam moc, S a dang hoa cac loai thuoc hoa hoc phong tr sau benh, thuoc dng cay cung nh viec s dung khong theo bon ung (ung thuoc, ung lieu lng, ung cach va ung luc), cong vi viec s dung nguon nc ti khong bao am lam tch luy nhng chat oc nh: goc lan, clo, cac loai kim loai nang nh ch, thuy
47. 47. - 46 - 46 ngan, . . . trong qua bi lam anh hng en sc khoe ngi tieu dung, o nhiem moi trng va d nhien rat kho xuat khau c. Chat lng trai bi khong bao am va khong the truy tm nguyen goc ni san xuat nh hien nay la rao can ln nhat oi vi viec hoi nhap va canh tranh tren th trng khu vc va the gii. Theo ket qua khao sat, a so cac vn bi tnh trang kha tot, ty le cay xau tang dan theo nam tuoi, so nam thu hoach cua cay bi keo dai t 5 en 10 nam (tc cay bi song t 8 en 13 nam tuoi), trai cua cay bi cang gia th cang nho nhng vo cang mong va chat lng bi cang ngon, tnh trang cu the nh sau: Bang 2.4: Tnh trang cay bi Tnh trang cay bi So mau khao sat Ty le (%) Tot 51 37.8% Kha tot 59 43.7% Trung bnh 25 18.5% Xau 0 0.0% Cong 135 100% Viec la chon va quyet nh trong cay Bi Da Xanh chu yeu da vao gia trai cay hien tai va ieu kien tho nhng phu hp (chiem 67.6 %). Tuy nhien, phan ln van rat e ngai gia trai bi se giam khi san lng san xuat nhieu nh tnh trang cua nhan, chom chom, long mc (sa-po), xoai cat va mot so loai cay an trai khac trc ay. Ch tieu u tien e la chon trong cay Bi Da Xanh nh sau: Bang 2.5: Ch tieu nha nong la chon trong Bi Da Xanh Ch tieu la chon cay bi S thch De tieu thu Ban c gia cao ieu kien at phu hp Cong So la chon 29 39 73 69 210 Ty le (%) 13.8% 18.6% 34.8% 32.9% 100.0% Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia
48. 48. - 47 - 47 Do mau khao sat la nhng nong dan co bi ang thu hoach, nen co en 54.5% so ho t chiet canh, t ghep cay e trong. Khoang 23% mua cay bi ghep goc Volkamriana, theo ho giong cay ghep nay co sc chong choi sau benh tot hn va chat lng trai khong khac nhieu so vi cay bi chiet canh. 3.0% 54.5% 19.4% 23.0% at hang khi a xem vn cay ang cho trai Ban dao, khong ro nguon goc Vn m chuyen ban cay giong T chiet, t ghep cay con e trong Cach ay vai nam ngi dan mua giong nhieu cac ghe ban dao va ho a trai qua nhng kinh nghiem cay ang: cay bi cho trai khong ung giong yeu cau, trai bi ang, kho nc va khong ban c, ac biet la giong bi ghep T Qu (ra trai bon mua) cho trai rat nhieu nhng mui bi kho khong co nc. Ch tnh rieng ve thi gian, nha vn cung thiet mat khoang t 3 en 5 nam. Ngay nay, hau het nong dan khong dam mua giong bi ben ngoai, tham ch cac vn cay giong ho cung khong tin tng lam v khong co g bao am, v the co di 1/4 cay giong c mua cac vn m, con hau het eu t chiet canh trong vn cay cua ho. Theo TS. Nguyen Minh Chau, Vien Nghien cu Cay an qua Mien Nam (SOFRI) th hien tai giong cay c bay ban tran lan, cac c quan chc nang khong the kiem soat noi, v the giong cay dom la chuyen dai, cha co hoi ket. au la nguyen nhan? Cung theo ong Chau, cac trung tam giong cua cac trung tam khuyen nong ch co the ap ng 10% giong cay sach benh vi gia kha cao (50.000/cay), 90% con lai do cac thanh phan khac cung cap. Theo TS. Le Th Thu Hong. SOFRI, giong cay co mui chu yeu c san xuat khu vc t nhan, qui mo nho, thieu c s vat chat toi thieu phuc vu san xuat cay giong chat Hnh 2.5: o th ni mua giong cay Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia
49. 49. - 48 - 48 lng cao, trong khi kenh phan phoi linh hoat nen giong kem chat lng chiem u the tren th trng. Ve pha ngi dan, au t cho giong cay sach benh qua cao nen ho chuyen hng sang t san xuat hoac mua nhng nguon khac re hn. Khi c hoi lieu giong cay cua nha nong co an toan hay khong, th 63% nong dan cho rang giong cay bi mnh trong la an toan. Tuy nhien, vi ni cung cap giong nh tren th e rang co en 90% giong cay trong con nhieu rui ro, ma ngi ganh chu thiet hai chnh la ngi trong cay. Bang 2.6: Ty le cay giong an toan theo anh gia cua nong dan Giong cay trong So mau Ty le (%) An toan 85 63% Khong 9 7% Khong biet 41 30% Cong 135 100% Viec s dung giong cay kem chat lng a giam nhieu (con ch khoang 3% mua giong cay khong ro nguon goc) nhng giong cay sach benh cha c chu y, ieu o cung lam giam ang ke ve nang suat, pham chat trai bi va tuoi tho cay bi. Viec chiet canh nhng canh cay co o tuoi khac nhau, canh bao nhieu tuoi la tot nhat, tieu chuan cay bi c chiet canh ra sao, ky thuat thc hien nh the nao, , nhng cau hoi nay khong nhng nha nong khong tra li c ma cac nha khoa hoc cung ang tm nhng bien phap hoan thien. ieu nay cong vi viec trong xen canh la nguyen nhan chnh lam cho chat lng trai bi khong ong nhat, anh hng xau en viec tieu thu. Phap lenh ve Giong cay trong a thc thi vao thang 7 nam 2004 la cong cu quan ly giong cay trong nhng no cha i sau vao cac ngo ngach va tng nha nong nen cha thc s co tac dung. Viec cham soc cay bi c hoc qua t rut kinh nghiem ban than va trao oi kinh nghiem trong xom, trong to la chu yeu (chiem 65.6%), phan ln cac xa cha co hoi khuyen nong (tr cac xa thuoc a ban th xa Ben Tre), tai lieu th Nguon: ket qua khao sat cua tac gia