Ude - vrclad istoriuli Zeglebi Cvens winaprebs jer kidev antikur periodSi soflis dasavleTiT augiaT...
Transcript of Ude - vrclad istoriuli Zeglebi Cvens winaprebs jer kidev antikur periodSi soflis dasavleTiT augiaT...
udis itoria
2006 weli
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udis istoria
Cveni winaprebi Zveli welTaRricxviT 122-125 wlebSi Rvinis xarks uxdidnen
asirielebs. asiriis mefe sargoni ase aRwers Tavis barbarosobas: “me davwvi
mSvenieri sadgomebi, me avCexe maTi xexilis baRebi da uricxvi venaxebi. me bolo
movuRe mTel maT sasmels da udabnod vaqcie es qveyana.”
vin moTvlis ramdeni Tavganwirva dasWirdaT qarTvel tomebs, raTa axali,
bednieri cxovrebis gzaze daeyenebinaT TavianTi dabeCavebuli qveyana.
asirielebis mier musxebis – mosxebis (mesxebis) Cagvras bolo mouRo
kimerelTa tomis Sesevam asiriaSi. amis Semdeg qarTvelTa tomebi iZulebulni
gamxdaran daetovebinaT Zveli sacxovreblebi da samxreTidan ufro
CrdiloeTiT wamosuliyvnen da dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze
dasaxlebulan (Tumca dRevandeli mesxeTis teritoriaze mesxebis nawili mainc
cxovrobda). am droidan moyolebuli qarTvelTa tomebis arseboba mcire aziaSi
qreba.
“muSkebi” anu mesxebi dasaxlebulan dRevandeli samcxis teritoriaze,
mcire nawili dasaxlebula dRevandeli adigenis raionis erT-erT uZveles
adgilas “udis velze” (dRevandel udivlebze), sadac manamdec cxovrobdnen
mesxTa tomebi.
dRevandel sof. udis samxreT aRmosavleTiT “mamulaT wyarosa” da
“askilovanebis” Tavze mdebareobs nasoflari “udis veli”. arqeologebi am
nasoflars meoTxe aTaswleulis nasoflarad Tvlian, aq aris gorasamarxebi
(yorRanebi).
ai ras wers “ganaxlebuli mesxeTi” 1976 wlis pirveli maisis nomerSi
arqeologTa eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli oTar RambaSiZe: “aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua
brinjaos xana msxvil tomTa gaerTianebis xanaa. swored Cvens mier xsenebul
mxareSi Cvens mier mikvleuli yorRanebi msgavsad TrialeTisa, tomis beladebs
an dawinaurebul did ojaxebs Tu gvaris wevrebs ekuTvniT. am TvalsazrisiT
sof. udeSi (udivlebi – udis velebi) mikvleuli gorasamarxebi (yorRani),
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romelic garegnuli niSnebiT did msgavsebas hpovebs mtkvris zemo welSi
cnobil kamerian gorasamarxebTan.
aqedan gamomdinare dRevandeli sofel udis winamorbedad unda CaiTvalos
uZvelesi nasoflari “udis veli”, saidanac mosaxleoba IV-III aTas wleulSi
Camosaxlda da daiwyo cxovreba dRevandeli udis teritoriaze. Camosaxlebul
mosaxleobas “udis velis” nacvlad unda daerqmiaT ude, radgan axali
dasaxleba xev-ReleebiT, gorak-borcvebiT, gauvali tyiT yofila dafaruli da
ar hqonia vel-mindori, ris gamoc sityva “veli” TavisTavad CamoSorda da
rogorc Cans sofels saxeli “ude” darqmevia.
winaparTa gadmocemiT, dRevandeli udis Semogareni dafaruli yofila
xSiri, gauvali Sereuli tyiT. aRniSnuls adasturebs is, rom maqandaraSvilebis
saxls Zelad gamoyenebuli hqonia askilis xe, romlis gulSi katebi
Tavisuflad Zvrebodnen.
udis saxelis warmoSobis Sesaxeb zogierT mkvlevars Tavisi Sexeduleba
aqvs. mkvlevari vano merabiSvilis azriT ude uZveles periodSi unda yofiliyo
“SuSan qalaqis” saxelwodebiT.
vano merabiSvili (soflis mkvidri) 1897 wlis Jurnal “kvalSi” werda: es
naqalaqevi – samgzis aris aoxrebuli Tavisi dasabamidan”, rogorc saqarTvelos,
ise udis amaoxreblad asaxelebs murvan yrus, Temur lengsa da ukanasknelad
TurqTa Semosevebs da bolos ase amTavrebs: naqalaqevs Sno da Sexeduleba
dahkargvia Temur lengis aoxrebis Semdego.
vano merabiSvilis es mosazreba ar unda iyos swori, radgan udis mTlian
dasaxlebas ki ar rqmevia “SuSan – qalaqi”, aramed mis erT-erT ubans, sadac
cxovrobdnen am soflis batoni stefane da misi meuRle SuSana SaxburaZeebi. (es
adgili dResac SuSanqalas saxels atarebs). rogorc TviTon mkvlevari
gadmogvcems am ubanSi arsebuli eklesia da batonis sasaxle murvan yrus
daungrevia da batoni stefane SaxburaZe wamebiT mouklavs. mis qvrivs SuSanas
dangreuli sasaxle da eklesia auSenebia Tavisi xarjiT, igi didi SeZlebuli
batonis – anton xurciZis Svili yofila.
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unda vivaraudoT, rom ubani sadac cxovrobda stefanes qvrivi SuSana,
qmris sikvdilis Semdeg man ise moawyo, rom am ubnis mosaxleobam “SuSanas
qalaqi” Searqva, xolo udis mTlian dasaxlebas ki dasabamidan ude unda
rqmeoda da ara “SuSanqalaqi”.
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom SaxburaZeebs memkvidre ar darCeniaT da
udesac mas Semdeg batoni – Tavadi aRar hyolia.
baton ilia maisuraZes (docenti) ramdenime variantad aqvs mocemuli
sofel udis saxelis warmoSobis sakiTxi.
erT-erT variantSi igi udes navebis TavSesafrad, sadgomad anu
navsayudeblad miiCnevs, sinamdvileSi udis teritoriaze arsebul zRviuri
naleqebi adasturebs, rom mTeli saqarTvelo da dRevandeli mesxeTis
teritoria daaxloebiT sami milioni wlis winaT dafaruli yofila wyliT da
maRali mTebi ki kunZulebis saxiT yofila warmodgenili, romlebzedac xarobda
tropiruli mcenareuloba, amis erT-erTi damadasturebeli faqtia goderZis
wyebaSi arsianis qedis aRmosavleTiT kalTaze gaqvavebuli tye, xolo
“kisaTibis” teritoriaze (axalcixis raioni) diatomitis maRaroSi Tevzebis
anabeWdebi.
mesameulis bolos da meoTxeulis dasawyisSi vulkanebis amofrqvevebma,
dedamiwis xSirma ryevebma da zedapiris awev-dawevam gamoiwvia zRvis ukan daxeva,
ris gamoc unda vivaraudoT, rom ude navebis TavSesafari unda yofiliyo,
radgan zRvis arsebobis dros udis teritoria wyliT iqneboda dafaruli,
navebis TavSesafari sadgomi SesaZlebelia yofiliyo maRlobebze – arsianis,
euSeTisa da fersaTis mTebis kalTebze.
zogierTis TvalsazrisiT ude ucxouri warmoSobis sityvaa, arc es
Sexedulebaa swori: ude Cveni azriT uZvelesi qarTuli sityvidan iRebs saTaves,
es aris “yude”, rac sadgoms, TavSesafars niSnavs (ixileT qarTuli enis
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni). sityva yude-s didi xania aRar xmaroben saqarTveloSi.
es sityva daiviwyes, mxolod “yuda” megrulSi, WanurSi da lazurSi gvaqvs yudes
saxiT, igi iqac sacxovrebel saxls-binas niSnavs, rogorc vxedavT mas aso “y”
daukargavs, misi naSTi erTgvari xmovnis saxiT mainc ismis.
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dRevandel sofel udeSi yvela gvars Tavisi ubani hqonia da TiToeuli
gavri erT ojaxad cxovrobda (TiTo ojaxSi 15-30 sulamde), rasac jalabobas
eZaxdnen. mtris Semosevebis dros TiToeuli gvaris wevrebi erTiandebodnen da
erT binaSi (darbazSi – didi oda) afarebdnen Tavs. xolo mamakacebi iaraRiT
icavdnen Sesasvlel kars.
Zvelad udis mosaxleoba cxovrobda miwur binebSi, romlis kedlebi naSeni
iyo mxolod qviT, romlis sisqe metramde aRwevda, zemodan daxuruli iyo
dauxerxavi msxvili xe-tyiT, romelsac zemodan dayrili hqonda erT metramde
miwa. umetes binebs fanjrebi hqonda zemodan, romelsac ewodeboda gvirgvini da
buxarSi datanebuli hqonda celi, rom buxridan mtris Camosvla SeuZlebeli
yofiliyo. TiToeul sajalabo binas hqonda ori gasasvleli bakebiT
mezoblebTan an sxva gvarTan saWiro SemTxvevaSi dasakavSireblad. ai aseTi
binebi warmoadgenda mtrisgan Tavdacvis saSualebas
sabolood sityvebi “yuro”-c da “yude”-c myudro TavSesafar adgilad
unda miviCnioT, romlisaganac unda iyos soflis saxeli ude warmoSobili.
batoni d. kokoriZe mconde (docenti) udisa da misi mosaxleobis
warmoSobas Tavis werilSi arasworad asabuTebs da srul ucodinarobas
amJRavnebs. man, rom udis istoriuli warsuli kargad icodes maSin ar dawerda
imas, rom ude da misi mosaxleoba SavSeTis – udinebis teritoriidan iyvnen
gadmosuli da enad sargeblobdnen albanel da azerbaijanel tomebs, man unda
icodes, rom ude uZvelesi sofelia mesxeTSi da misi mosaxleoba (mesxeTis) anu
Zveli (muSkebis) STamomavlebi arian da uxsovari droidan cxovroben udis
teritoriaze.
1956 wels sofeli udeSi aRmoCenil ganZs maqandaraSvilis binasTan
mecnierebi Zveli welTaRricxvis me-10-e - me-11-e sauukuneebs miakuTvneben.
Tu es asea sofeli ude uZvelesi warmoSobis mWidrod dasaxlebuli sofeli
unda iyos. gadmocemiT dRevandeli raionul centrs da raions Zvelad adigvens
eZaxdnen, rac TiTqos niSnavs mdinaris lamaz xeobas. CvenTvis gaurkvevelia, Tu
es saxelwodeba saidan an visgan warmosdgeba, Tumca amJamadac lamazi
Sesaxedavia, droTa ganmavlobaSi saxe icvala saxelwodebam da darCa adigeni.
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sofeli ude raionuli centris – adigenis samxreT-aRmosavleT 10 km ze
mdebaroebs. mdinare qvablianis marjvena sanapirodan, eruSeTis mTis gorak-
borcvian kalTebzea Sefenili, romelsac dasavleTidan (kiaTxevis) xeoba Caudis
da cixis qarafovani sali klde akravs sartyeliviT, xolo samxreTidan ufro
maRali gorak-borcviani zegani, romlsac maRlidan dahyurebs (zaqoriebi)
saqoriebi, nanaseri da udivlebi, xolo aRmosavleTidan sofel arals
uerTdeba, ude zRvis donidan 1200 metris simaRleze mdebareobs, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia xangrZlivi da sakmaod civi zamTari. ianvris saSualo
temperatura aris 3-6 gradusi. xolo afsoluturi erTeulebi 25-28 gradusamdec
aris. zafxuli xanmokle da grilia. ivlisisa da agvistos temperatura +20-25
gradusamde meryeobs, naleqebis wliuri raodenoba meryeobs 550-dan 650 mm-mde.
naleqebis maqsimaluri raodenoba modis gazafxulze (100mm-mde) xolo ianvarSi –
30 dan 40-mde. wlis ganmavlobaSi naleqiani dReebi daaxloebiT 130-mde gvxvdeba,
magram zafxuli mainc ZiriTadad gvalviani icis. Tovli modis noembris III
dekadidan Tebervlis bolomde, romlis sisqe 50sm farglebSi meryeobs, Tovlis
arsebobis xangrZlivoba xSirad 110 dRemde meryeobs, qarbuqiani dReebi icis
zamTris periodSi, Tumca igi iSviaTi movlenaa, xSirad zafxulobiT maisis
TveSi icis wayinvebi. ris gamoc ziandeba xexilis baRebi da aRmocenebuli
sxvadasxva erTwliani kulturebi. aseve did zians ayenebs sas. sam. kulturebs
setyva, romelic arc ise iSviaTia.
Tu mesxeTis istorias Tvals gadavavlebT Cven davrwmundebiT, rom Zvelad
es adgili myudrod dasaxlebul mxared iTvleboda. magram JamTa siavem mospo
da nacartutad aqcia bevri sofeli, qalaqi, cixe-monasteri da eklesia.
mosaxleobis didi nawili mterTa brZolaSi ganadgurda, nawili mterma tyved
waiyvana, nawilma Tavi Seafara saqarTvelos sxvadasxva mxares, amitom gaCnda
Tqmuleba saqarTveloSi “mesxi movida mkvidri ayarao”.
umetesoba gamahmadianda, xolo nawilma ki didi tanjva wamebiT da vai-
vaglaxiT SeinarCuna Tavisi qarTuli saxe, ena da sarwmunoeba. samcxis
erTeulma sofelma TavianTi erovnuli mtkice nebisyofiTa da gmiruli
brZolebiT daicves TavianTi erovnuli Rirebuleba, romelTa ricxvebSia mraval
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Wirgadanaxadi sofel udis mosaxleoba, romelsac Tavisi mravalsaukunovani
brZolebiT, SeudrekelobiT, ukuugdiaT Semoseuli mteri da mxurvale
furclebiT SeuvsiaT mesxeTis istoria. amitom SemTxveviT rodis eZaxian udes
“legendebisa, miTebisa da gmirTa budes”.
qarTvel xalxs aRmoaCnda didi Sinagani Zala, rom gaeZlo am udidesi
qarSxlisaTvis, romelic saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelo aziis qveynebis
sabrZolo asparezad iyo qceuli. adamians, rom saswaulisa sjerodes, maSin
albaT saswaulad unda miiCnios is ambavi, rom qarTvelma xalxma da maT
ricxvSi udis mosaxleobam mesx xalxTan erTad dRemde moaRwia.
mZime saSinao politikuri viTarebis Sedegad samcxe-javaxeTidan 300-ze
meti sofeli ganadgurda arabTa batonobis periodSi. 735-738 wlebSi murvan yrus
rom daungrevia da gadauwvia saqarTvelos soflebi da qalaqebi, maT Soris
igive bedi swvevia udesac, rasac adasturebs udis teritoriaze gaTxrebis
monacemebi.
xangrZlivi Sesvenebis Semdeg 1235 wels monRolebi ipyroben saqarTvelos.
manmade ki Cvens tanjul qveyanas 5-jer Semoesia xvarazmis Sahis Svili jal-al-
eddinis razmi, ris Sedegadac dasustebul saqarTvelos advilad imorCileben
monRoli noinebi – CormaRani, CaRata, giCo da sxva. monRolTa batonobis
periodSi saqarTveloSi 700 sofeli aRigava pirisagan miwisa. monRolTa
batonobis Semdeg iranisa da TurqeTis 50 wlianma gauTavebelma brZolebma
saqarTvelos mimart, TurqeTi – saqarTvelos 100 wlianma omma qarTveli xalxi
gandgurebis gzamde miiyvana da maT Soris yvelaze metad samxreT saqarTvelom
Tavis mxrebze gadaitana muslimanTa samsaukunovani batonoba. am xnis manZilze
maT ara marto gaZarcves da daarbies mosaxleoba, aramed mis did nawils
muqariT, cecxliTa da maxviliT mahmadianoba miaRebines.
iraneli istorikosis iskander mumSis cnobiT Sah abasma 1616 wlis
laSqrobis dros kaxeTidan iranSi 130 aTasze meti qarTveli gadaasaxla. dRes
maTi STamomavlebi iranis sxvadasxva provinciebSi cxovroben, aseTi bedi
sweviaT mesxeT-javaxeTidan wayvanil tyveebsac, romlebic ardabilis olqSi
dausaxlebiaT, maT Soris sofeli udidanac bevri yoliaT wayvanili da udelebs
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ardabilis olqSi sacxovrebel adgilisaTvis TavianTi sofelis saxeli “ude”
daurqmeviaT. 1590-1595 wlebSi, roca Turq-osmalebma sabolood daipyres samxreT
saqarTvelo, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT mosaxleobis nawilma miatova saxl kari
da gaqceviT uSvela Tavs, xolo zogma mama-papis kera ver miatova. mesxeTis
mosaxleobis didi nawilma, ise rogorc udis 60 sxvadasxva gvaris 135 ojaxma,
romlebic darCnen TurqTa tyveobaSi. im dros TurqTa dampyroblebma mesxeTis
mosaxleobis uZrav-moZravi qoneba aRweres da Semdeg “ vilaieTebad”, olqebad
da raionebad dayves.
im periodisaTvis udis mosaxleobisaTvis dabegrili komlTa raodenoba
Seadgenda 135 ojaxs da sofeli ixdida gadasaxads (isfenjs) 30000 axCis
raodenobiT, rogorc naturiT ise fuladadac, maSin erTi qila xorbali
(daaxloebiT 3/5 kg) Sefasebuli yofila 12 aRCad. gadasaxadi dawesebuli
yofila soflis meurneobis produqtebzec, miqazec, wisqvilzec, yofila agreTve
saqorwilo gadasaxadic, romliTac ibegrebodnen gasaTxovari da
dasaqorwinebeli axalgazrdebi da qvrivi qalebi.
TurqTa batonobis periodSi 1959 wlidan 1828 wlamde ude did raionul
centrad ivleboda, Sedioda axalcixis “vilaieTSi”, udis raionSi am
periodisaTvis 58 sofeli Sedioda. ude, mediani, zemo da qveme orWoSani, irqa,
bolajuri, wyise, qvemo da zemo mareli, zemo zanavi eklesiiTurT, Sua zanavi
anu wina zanavi, gomaro, lelovani, qvemo farexa, arali, RorZe meore, yoraSeni,
kaxareTi, CorCani, yaraTubani, samyre, valisoni, xona, dunesi, derceli, sairmia,
CorCisi, somexTubani, xuro, xura, WobaSeni, CofaSeni, avxeri, zemo moxe, qvemo
moxe, kexovani, amxa, CanCafuri, didi mlaSe, zazalo (saZalo), ZinZe adgiliT,
utyisubani, natenaanT ubani, warbasubani, kortuxeTi, zarTa, osieTi anu osiZe,
zakuleTi, avazana, evabijvari, xerTvisi, saTleli, ialaRi Tlili, erema,
gorgamlaSe, Cairi udis rabaTTan, patra mlaSe, arzne, qvemo zanavi, gorguli,
sofel zarzmis eklesia, taZaro, flatesTan sofeli, smarza sofel zarzmasTan.
Turqul wyaroebSi vkiTxulobT: “aTabagma yvaryvare III–m yizilbaSebis
daxmarebiT moipova gamarjveba aTabagobis pretendent manuCarze, romelmac
yizilbaSebs osmalebi daupirispira yizil ahmed begis meTaurobiT. manuCari
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qarTveli yizil ahmed oRlisTan erTad, romelic sulTan seimis erTi
amiraTagani iyo rumiidan saqarTveloSi Camovida, raTa yvaryvaresaTvis qveyana
waerTmia da misTvis mieca (manuCarisaTvis). “yvaryvare maT Seeba yaraja-
ardahanSi da gaimarjva”.
cnobilia. rom yvaryvare III-is periodSi did Turqobis drosac ude did
raionuli centri yofila, romelsac ganagebda vinme aznauri “andromani”.
jer kidev osmaleTi XV saukunis meore naxevridan, samxreT saqarTveloSi
iWreba da aqedan iwyeba saqarTvelos dapyroba, ori agresiuli saxelmwifos –
TurqeTisa da iranis gauTavebeli brZolebi, xolo XVI saukunis 90-ian wlebSi
Turqebi samudamod epatronebian samxreT saqarTvelos.
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udis istoriuli Zeglebi
Cvens winaprebs jer kidev antikur periodSi soflis dasavleTiT augiaT
cixe, romlis mimdebare teritorias dResac xandakis saxeliT moixsenebs
mosaxleoba (xandakebs dResac eZaxis xalxi cixis mimdebare teritoriebs, sadac
aris amoTxrili didi ormoebi, romlebic daxuruli da Sexamebuli iyo
garemosTan, mtris Semosevebis dros mters gzas ormoebisken aZlevdnen,
ormoebSi Cacvenilebs zemodan qvebiT xocavdnen). aRniSnuli cixe miwisqveSa
gvirabebiT dakavSirebuli yofila soflis calkeul ubnebTan, raTa
Semosevebisagan mosaxleobas daecva Tavi, sofeli ude uZveles periodSi
mdidari yofila istoriuli ZeglebiT, am mxaris Zeglebi, rogorc akademikosi
vaxtang beriZe wers XIII saukunis miwurulsa da XIV saukuneebis Zeglebia. misi
azriT XII-XIV saukuneebSi saqarTvelos samxreTiT nawili damoukidebel
samTavros warmoadgenda adre pirvel bagrationTa dros (VIII-X saukuneebSi)
mTavari politikuri da kulturuli centrebi ufro samxreTiT taoSi iyo,
xolo Semdeg XIII-XIV saukuneebSi centrma CrdiloeTiT - samcxeSi
gadmoinacvla, samTavros dedaqalaqad axalcixe iqca, xolo sasulierod -
awyuri”.
udeSi eklesiebis umravlesoba XIII-XIV saukuneebs miekuTvneba, rogorc
akademikosi vaxtang beriZe varaudobs, magram eklesiebis nawili ki VII-VIII da
zogi ufro adrindeli saukuneebisa unda iyos, romelTa Sesaxebac qvemoT
visaubrebT.
Zvelad udes Svidi eklesia da erTi antikuri periodis cixe amSvenebda,
romelsac dasavleTidan sartyeliviT akravs maRali klde, xolo mis gaswvriv
“kiaTxevis” xevi Caudis, romelic saZalos cixisa da irmis Walis midamoebidan
ikrebs wyals.
soflis mkvidris, mkvlevar ivane merabiSvilis azriT cixe agebuli unda
iyos kerpTayvanismcemlobis periodSi, radgan cixis karis anayolSi qvaze
gamokveTili yofila cxoveli, cxovelis win kaci, romelsac Tavi daxrili
hqonia da xelebi gaSlili, mis ukan ori kaci mdgara gulxeldakrefili.
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mkvlevari iv. merabiSvili cxovelis winaSe Tavis moxras kerpTayvanismcemlobis
periodad miiCnevs da varaudobs, rom Tavdaxrili kaci am cixis mSenebeli,
xolo mis ukan mdgomni misi mxleblebi unda yofiliyvnen da es Tu asea, maSin
ivane merabiSvilis azrs unda daveyrdnoT da vivaraudoT, rom cixe
kerpTayanismcemlobis periodSi unda iyos agebuli.
mravalsaukunovanma seismurma da gareSe bunebrivma moqmedebebma cixis
dasavleTis cicabo kldovani mxare daangria, xolo CrdiloeTidan da Crdilo-
aRmosavleTis mxare daucurebia da igi cicabo ferdobad gadauqcevia, romlis
terasebzec dRes mosaxleobaa dasaxlebuli, xolo galavani da galavnis SigniT
mdebare nagebobani – sasaxle da eklesia JamTa siaves aRugvia pirisagan miwisa
da dRes cixis midamoebi ise gamoiyureba, TiTqos warsulSi iq araferi
yofiliyos.
Crdilo dasavleTis kldis Sverilze arsebuli burji am ramdenime wlis
win daangria iqve mcxovrebma vano gigolaSvilma, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT cixe
saidumlo miwisqvesa gvirabebiT dakavSirebuli yofila soflis centralur
ubnebTan, cixis darbazebidan gamomavali gvirabebi pavle balaxaSvilisa da
sergo yuljaniSvilis saxlebis qveS gavliT miemarTeboda erTi aRmosavleTiT,
meore Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT da eklesiebs akavSirdebda.
yuljaniSvili sergos saxli cixis sardafSi Sesasvlel gzazea
moTavsebuli, gza kiris xsnaris sqeli feniT yofila dafaruli da riyis qviT
mopirkeTebuli, warsulSi miwisZvrebis gamo Cangreula cixeSi yvela
Sesasvleli gzebi. galavnis samxreT kideSi ori ormo iyo, romlebic saxlebis
mSeneblobis dros amouvsiaT. cixis siRrmeSi arsebuli darbazebi gamoyenebuli
unda yofiliyo sursaTis Sesanaxad da SiSianobis dros mosaxleobis
TavSesafarad.
cixe saidumlo gvirabiT dakavSirebuli unda yofiliyo dasavleTiT
xevTan, saidanac mosaxleoba maragdeboda rogorc sasmeli ise cxeli bunebrivi
wyliT, romelic dabla xevis piras mamulaSvilebis baRis Tavze didi lodis
Zirze gamodioda, magram am oTxi aTeuli wlis winaT cxelma wyarom sxvadasxva
gza hpova da daikarga.
11
rogorc ivane merabiSvili Tavis werilsi wers, udis cixis galavanis
sigrZe 200, xolo sigane 500 nabiji yofila, Cvenda saubedurod, didi xania rac
cixis teritorias daepatronnen cixesTan axlos mcxovrebni da cixis
teritoriaze aaSenes sacxovrebeli binebi, ris gamoc saidumloebiT moculi
cixis midamoebi gadaTxares da rac TvaliT ixedeboda zogi daangries da zogic
miwaSi damarxes.
rogorc irkveva, cixis aRmosavleT galavnis kedels ekvroda savaWro
moedani, xolo galavnis SigniT ki yofila sasaxle da eklesia, romelic 1595
wlidan Turqebma cixis galavanSi arsebuli sasaxle gamoiyenes jaris
nawilebisaTvis, xolo eklesia TavianT salocav meCeTad gadaakeTes.
“gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTaris” II wignis 57-e gverdze vkiTxulobT:
“vakufi didebuli yuranis, sakiTxavad udis cixis wminda meCeTSi: venaxi da baRi,
sayane miwiTurT, Cairi da wisqvili saxelad gurasfa aznaurisa da udis cixeSi
mdebare saxlebi axalcixis jaris marjvena flangis moxalisis devriS aRas
mflobelobaSi myofi Tanaxmad sasamarTlos ganaCenisa axal davTarSi Caiwera,
rom mas Semdeg, rac zemoxsenebuli venaxis, baRisa da yanis yuruSi da
gamosaRebi miecema miwis patrons (danarCeni) sargo daixarjos zemoxsenebul
wminda meCeTSi yuranis mkiTxvelebze.
zemod aRniSnuli faqtebi metyvelebs, rom udis cixe didi Turqobis dros
yofila moqmedi, sadac Turqebs Cayenebuli hyoliaT cixis sasaxleSi jari,
xolo cixeSi arsebuli eklesia – meCeTad (salocavad).
uZveles periodSi qvablianis xeobaSi ude didi savaWro centri yofila.
amas adasturebs udis cixis rabaTis saxelwodebac (rabaTi sparsuli sityvaa da
niSnavs gamargebul savaWro centrs). udeSi eklesiebisa da gvarTa simravle
miviTiTebs imaze, rom igi didi vaWar-xelosanTa punqti unda yofiliyo.
1590-1595 wlebSi, roca Turq osmalebma daarbies da gaZarcves samxreT
saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, im dros mesxeTis sxva soflebis mosaxleobasTan
erTad udis mosaxleobis didma nawilma miatova mSobliuri sofeli da gaqceviT
Tavs uSvela. xolo mama-papiseuli kera ver daTmo 64 sxvadasxva gvaris 135
ojaxma da darCnen TurqTa tyveobaSi.
12
vin icis Turq moxeleTa ramdeni Cagvra, tanjva-wameba da damcireba
gadautaniaT Cvens winaprebs TiTqmis sami aseuli wlis manZilze.
Tbilisidan samxreT saqarTvelosaken momavali gzebi gadioda mtkvris,
focxovis, qvablianis xeobiT, romelic akavSirebda bizantiis qveynebTan.
udidan SavSeTisken savaWro, saqaravno da safosto gzis arsebobis utyuar
faqtad isic unda miviCnioT, rom irmisWalis samxreT dasavleTiT myudro tyian
adgilas dRemde SemorCa qvebiT gakeTebuli ramdenime xalxami (xalxami niSnavs
pirutyvis dasamwyvdev adgils). gzad mimaval Tu momaval vaWrebs Rame aq unda
gaeTiaT, jorebs ki romelTac saqoneli mihqondaT, rorgoc Cans am xalxamebSi
amwyvdevdnen, ris gamoc am adgils aqedan unda aeRo jorebis xalxamis saxeli.
jorebis xalxamidan gza saCxereze gavliT Sedioda fornis karis ReleSi,
romelic viwro xeobis daboloebaSi mdebareobs.
Zvel qarTulSi forans fardian urems eZaxdnen, xolo kari ki viwro
xeobidan gadasasvleli an Semosasvleli adgilia. unda vivaraudoT, rom udis
cixis yelidan am gziT midioda savaWro gza.
udis ori eklesia da erTi samkvidro (romelsac nasaydriebs eZaxian)
arabTa Semosevebis dros murvan yrus daungrevia. mouklavT stefane SaxburaZe
(udis batoni), SuSanqalas eklesia auSenebia baton xurciZis asuls, stefanes
meuRles SuSanas.
ivane merabiSvili wers: amiT vamtkiceb, rom es eklesia aris aSenebuli
SaxburaZeebis colisagan qmris suli Sesandobarad murvan yrus aoxrebamde.
avtoris cnobiT warweriani qva dakargula mis maxloblad saxlebis
mSeneblobis dros. Tue es asea, maSin SuSanqalas eklesia VI-VII saukuneebis
Zegli unda iyos.
SuSanqalas nangrevi eklesiis aRmosavleTiT daaxloebiT 200 metr
manZilze mdebareobs patara eklesia, romelic wminda “sertis” saxels atarebs
da dRemde daculia, Sig araviTari mxatvroba ar aris, varaudobT, rom
aRniSnuli eklesia IV-V saukubeebis unda iyos. udis I saSualo skolis
aRmosavleTis Zirs yanaSi 15 metrSi patara gorakze uZvelesi periodis eklesia
mdgara, Cveni winaprebi am adgils “nasaRdrevs” eZaxian dResac. 1983 wlis 11
13
maiss nasaRdrevis Crdilo dasavleTis ferdobze gzis gayvana-gafarToebis
dros buldozerma gamoaCina samarxi, romelic adamianTa ZvlebiT iyo mofenili.
samarxs gverdebi amoSenebuli aqvs riyis qviT, xolo zemodan daxurulia
fiqali qviT. gasuli saukunis bolos ivane merabiSvils am eklesiis nangrevebSi
unaxavs qva, romelic damtvreuli iyo, am qvaze gamoxatuli yofila jvari,
romlis qveS warwera yofila – “Saxbur”, radgan qva damtvreuli yofila.
“Saxbur”-is garda sxva veRar amoukiTxavs. mkvlevaris azriT udis batonis
dinastiis ojaxis wevrebi unda damarxuliyvnen am eklesiaSi, xolo eklesiis
garedan ferdobis irgvlis udis Zveli mosaxleobis samarxebi unda iyos. Cveni
azriT “nasaRdrevis” irgvliv aramarto amJamad aRmoCenili samarxia, aramed
amgvari samarxebi kidev bevri sxva unda iyos
es SesaniSnavi eklesiebi: “SuSanqala”, “nasaRdrevi”, bogirze
mamukaSvilebis baRSi, mis aRmosavleTiT aToSivlebis baRis terasSi, cixeSi,
verdoebSi, da amJamad arsebuli didi eklesiis adgilas mtrebis Semosevebma
aRgava pirisagam miwisa.
amJamad arsebuli kaTolikuri eklesiis adgilas yofila SedarebiT pata
marTlmadideblebis eklesia. 1900 wels udis mosaxleobas eklesia daungrevia da
mis adgilas 1901-1912 wlebSi augiaT es didebuli eklesia, romelic albaT
saqarTveloSi sididiT me-5-e Senoba iqneba da mariamis miZinebis saxels atarebs.
jemal jayelis wignSi “sfinqsi sibrZnisa” (gv. 107) vkiTxulobT Semdegs: “daiwyo
mesxeTze sabediswero Semoteva, qveynis sazRvarma aWara-mesxeTis alpur zonas
gadauara, goderZis mamis (JamTaber gujariZeis) TanxlenibiT udes Cavida
gurul-aWarelTa darCeuli razmiT – mesxeTisaken mTavari dartymis xazze udis
dasaxmareblad.
14
mamulaSvilisa da xmalaZis mier mefe giorgis
gamoxsna tyveobidan axalcixis cixidan.
mixeil kekeliZis romanidan “brwyinavle varskvlavis maZiebelni” gv. 392-394
laparakia axalcixis cixidan mefe giorgis gamoxsnaze: “ im Rames qarTvel
mecixovneebs Tvalze ruli ar mihkarebiaT. Tavi erT ganapira sakanSi moeyaraT
da Cumad TaTbirobdnen:
- rodis gadawyvita mefem stambols gamgzavreba? - ikiTxa erTma, romelic
ufrosi Canda.
- dRes ulaparakiaT faSasTan.
- mere saSiSi ra aris? mesxi didebulebic xom urCevdnen xonqTars
damegobreboda da misi wyalobiT imereTic da qarTlic daekavebina!
- xonqTarTan ver CaaRwevs, gzaSi moklaven, TviTon movismine, Cemi yuriT,
rac salimfaSam enver beis uTxra.
- ra vqnaT?
- mefe unda gavaparoT.
- kargi, SuaRamisas samxreTis kedelTan iyavi. cxenebi qalaq gareT gyavdes.
mefes samSvidobos gaiyvan.
mosaubres araferi upasuxnia. maSinve gamoemSvidoba warmosadeg Savgvreman
vaJkacs.
cixes eZina. eZina mefesac. giorgi sulac ar hqonia gamzraxuli stambols
gamgzavreba an TaTris rjulis miReba, mxolod salamis SeSineba undoda.
sabednierod mizans swrafad miaRwia. amis Semdeg faSas ufro Cqara meoSorebina
saSiSi tyve. SuaRame axlovdeboda. viRacam giorgi mefe frTxilad gaaRviZa
- vin xar? – wamoiwia giorgim da maSinve tansacmels miwvda.
- mesxi var batono! – qarTulad gasca pasuxi.
- ianiCari?
- rogor giTxraT, adamianebi yvelgan arian. Tqvens bedze me swored
qarTveli ianiCari melaparaka. mendeT da rac giTxraT SeasruleT.
15
- ra ginda? rogor vendo kacs, romlis saxelic ar vici? – kvlav ikiTxa
mefem
- getyviT, batono, magram axla Tu RmerTi gwamT gamomyeviT. salim faSam da
enver beim xumroba ar ician, roca saqme maT sicocxlesa da simdidres
exeba.
giorgi Seyoymanda
- miTxari vin xar? – hkiTxa mosuls
- dros nu kargavT, batono, mec damRupavT da Tavsac daiRupavT.
am sityvebiT stumari karisaken mitrialda. “moxdes. rac mosaxdenia, erTxel
dabadebuli erTxel mokvdeba”. – gaifiqra mefem da ucnobs fexdafex mihyva.
cixis qongurze Sedgnen. iq giorgim sagangebod danagrebul sables CasWida
xeli.
- daeSvit batono! – CurCuliT uTxra mxsnelma.
- miTxari vin xar, rom odesme madli gadagixado!
- qarTveli var!
- saxeli ar gaqvs?
- mere, batono, axla magis dro ar gaxlavT. gza damilocnia!
giorgim ufrskulSi Caixeda da frTxilad dahyva Toks. is iyo miwas fexi
daakara, rom CurCuli moesma: Cqara momyevi batonoSvilo. giorgi ukve
darwmunda, rom Ralati aRar iyo mosalodneli. da megzurs swrafi nabijiT
gayva.
erTi saaTis Semdeg qalaqs sakmaod gascildnen. megzuri ReleSi Cavida da
iqidan cxenebi amoiyvana. erTxans cxenebiT iares da miadgnen romeliRaca
sofels. megzeruma mxolod aq amoiRo xma da mefes uTxra:
- ai batono, am sofelSi maxare gulbataSvili ikiTxeT, Cemis saxeli
uTxariT da maspinZlobasac is gagiwevs. selim faSas sabrZanebels ukve
gamovcdiT!
- agre vizamdi, magram Seni saxeli rom ar giTqvams?
- me zaqaria var, sofel udidan, mamulaSvili. is viRa iyo sabolood
cixidan rom gamomiSva?
16
- isa, Seni Wirime dolenji xmalaZea, Zalian kai gulis kaci.
giorgim jibeebi moiqeqa, undoda rame samaxsovro saCuqari mieca
gamyolisaTvis, magram araferi aRmoaCnda. ganSorebis win zaqaria mamulaSvils
qudi sTxova rom daeTmo. zaqariam maSinve moixada quid da mefes miarTva.
giorgim Tavis qudi mamulaSvils daaxura, TviTon ki imisi aiRo da sTqva:
- Cemda samaxsovrod gqondeT Senc da dolenji xmalaZesac. ulvaSTan erTad
qudic patiosnebis niSania, Tu Cemi avkacobisa da qveynis Ralatisa gaigoT
raime, qudi fexqveS gaTeleT da Tqvi: RmerTo ase gaTele giorgis
vaJkacoba. da sicocxleo.
- vecdebi Tqveni Tavdadeba davafaso.
imave Rames gamTeniisas mefe giorgi sofel slesas mivida. (axalcixis raioni,
sadac daxvdnen zikiliidan mosuli dedofali xoreSan, rZali TinaTini,
Zmiswulebi: qaxosro, vaxtangi, domeniki, ise da svimoni, sulxan orbeliani, givi
amilaxvari da misi Tanamecxedre Tamar batoniSvili, mraval didebuli da
aTasamde mxedari, romelic salaSqrod iyvnen aRWurvilni.
ase ixsna mefe giorgi sikvdilisagan udelma zaqaria mamulaSvilma da
axalcixelma dolenja xmalaZem
17
arsena marabdeli udeSi
“arsenam meorejer gaaxila Tvalebi da gaocda: mas isev gaaxsenda yvelaferi,
magram Tavisi axali samyofeli ver icno. bneli sardafis magier axla sufTa
oTaxSi iyo da TavT momRimare magdana edga.
- sada var Zalo? – dabali xmiT hkiTxa marabdelma
- axalcixis maxloblad, sofel udeSi, barikaSvilis saxlSi, miugo
naqvrivalma, - axalcixes faTeraki mogveloda, gigolam raRac gaigo,
magram TamaraSvilma droze agvacdina xifaTi da aq gadmogiyvana”
mixeil javaxiSvili “arsena marabdeli” tavi XII, gv. 465 1955 weli
18
moulodneli Sexvedra
iraneli istorikosis - iskander munSis cnobiT, Sahabasma 1616 wlis
laSqrobis dros kaxeTidan iranSi 130 aTasze meti qarTveli gadaasaxla. dRes
maTi STamomavlebi iranis sxva da sxva provinciebSi cxovroben. saukuneebma
bevrs daukarga qarTvelis saxe da ieri, magram zogma dRemde SeinarCuna
mSobliuri ena da zne-Cveuleba. fereidanSi aris soflebi – martyofi,
CuRureTi, ninowminda, Telavi da sxva.
sparseTSi sofeli udec yofila. dRevandeli adigenis raionis sofel
udidan mosaxleni auyriaT da gadausaxlebiaT. maTi STamomavlebi unaxavs mefis
(ruseTis) armies yofil jariskacs adigenis raionis sofel arils mkvidrs
petre vardiZes.
1914 wels igi sparseTSi moxvedrila, masTan erTad iyvnen Tanasoflelebi:
iordane baTmanaSvili, simon baTmanaSvili da levan afriamaSvili. ai ras
gviambobs petre vardiZe.
Cven qalaq ardebilSi videqiT, iranis erT-erT savaWro-samrewvelo qalaqSi,
cxenebs sakvebi SemoakldaT da mis SesaZenad soflebSi wavediT narimanovis
meTaurobiT, romelic warmoSobiT Tbilseli iyo. man kargad icoda qarTuli,
rusuli, azerbaijanuli da somxuri enebi. qalaq ardebilidan samxreT-
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT wavediT. gaviareT ori sofeli, magram veraferi
viSoveT, da gza ganvagrZeT, mesame soflis SesasvlelSi, gzis piras wyaro iyo
da iqiT gadavuxvieT. wyarosTan qalebs moeyaraT Tavi. qarTuli laparaki rom
gavigone yurebs ar davujere, saxtad davrCi: maSinve es ambavi narimanovs
qarTulad vuTxari, Cveni laparakis gagonebaze qalebi centrisaken gaiqcnen,
aTiode wuTSi TiTqmis mTeli soflis mosaxleoba Cvensken morboda, win
mouZRoda maRal-maRali Suaxnis kaci albaT soflis Tavkaci. mosulebi
TavdaxriT mogvesalmnen, Cvens mier Tavkacad miCneulma Tqva:
- cudi ganzraxviT rodi movsulvarT, Tavs vuxriT didi saqarTvelos
warmomadgenlebs.
19
- Cveni winaprebi mesxeTidan arian tyveTa nawili Sahis laSqarSi
CauricxavT, nawili – monebad gauyidiaT iranis bazarze, nawili ki
dausaxlebiaT sxvadasxva mxares, maT Soris ardebilis olqSic. ardebilis
olqSi axlac aris bevri qarTuli sofeli, xolo Cveni soflis
dRevandeli mcxovrebelebis winaprebi sofel udidan yofilan. am
sofelsac ude davarqviT da enac SevinarCuneT.
roca maspinZelma gaigo, rom me udis mezobeli soflidan viyavi,
mRelvarebisagan Tavi ver Siekava da acremlebuli gadamexvia.
- mamakacs aseTi saqcieli ar Seferis, magram Cems mdgomareobaSi kacs bevri
ram epatieba - miTxra man. mere TiTqos ucnauri, magram mis pirobebSi
gasagebi winadadeba SemomTavaza.
- ori qaliSvili myavs, damerwmuneT, rom lamazebi arian, airCie erT-erTi da
colad SeirTe. ucolo kaci xar, ar minda samareSi ise Cavide, rom Cemi
ojaxis erTi wevri mainc samSobloSi ar megulebodeso, - marTlac
mSvenieri qaliSvilebi hyavda, magram jariskacs aba sad wameyvana coli?!
soflis Tavkacma mosawoni maspinZloba gagviwia, im Rames ar gagviSva, radgan
30 km-ze saxifaTo gza gvqonda gasavleli. meore dRes jor-aqlemebi
dagvitvirTes qeriT ufasod da gagvistumres:
Seni vaeba wina midges
sofelo ganawamebo,
saukuneebi itanje
wuTebs rad iTvli wamebo.
udis eSxiT var anamRerebi.
ra damaviwyebs pirvelad naxuls
udis midamos TiTqmis nasaxlars
da dRevandel dRes, gulebis zeims,
saxlebis mwkrivebs, Cems Tvalwin nazards
me amamRera udis mSvenebam,
20
trfobiT davdnebi rogorc sanTeli,
kulturis kera amaRlebulia
viT damelios masze saTqmeli.
albaT marTla var Seyvarebuli
am xalxis lxena aba rad maTrobs?
vdgevar, gicqeriT, ase mgonia:
xeTa Srialic Tqvenze kargs ambobs.
ver aSinebda winaparT TqvenTa
gadamTielis boroti rwmena,
amitom iyo, rom am sofelSi
mterma ver mospo qarTuli ena.
dgas oqros cixe, amayad mxedi.
gahyurebs zarzmis taZris galavans
da cocxldebian mogonebebi,
Tu ram daixsna moyvris amala.
rogorc varskvlavi uRrublo caze
ise anaTebs kulturis saxli
SexedeT, datkbiT, guilT ixareT,
daloceT Weri Senobis axlis.
momilocnia sofelo Cemo,
Senze vimRereb aw da maradis,
Senma saxelma ididos yvelgan
megzuri iyos tatos meranis SeiTniSvili
warmoTqmulia udis kulturis saxlis gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiT
1968 wels.
21
1904 wels z. WiWinaZe wers samagaliTo adamiani stefane konstantine
zubalaSvilis Sesaxeb:
“mesxeTSi, anu axalcixis bazarSi qarTvelT ricxvi erTob gasaWir
mdgomareobaSi Cavarda, xalxi gamravlda, maT ara aqvT sakmarisi miwa – mamuli,
amis gamo mraval qarTvelma glexma artaanisa da gumbrisaken iwyes gadasaxleba.
am garemoebas pativcemulma patrma don Gabriel aslaniSvilma yuradReba miaqcia
da mesxeTis sofel udidan ramdenime komli qarTveli kaTolike glexebisa
gorSi gadmoasaxla da daasaxla sabatono da eklesiis miwebze. axlad
gadmosul glexebs saqme Zlier gauWirdaT, magram ras izamdnen, garemoebas unda
Sehguebodnen, am axlad moSeneebs stefane konstantines Zem 1000 maneTi gaugzavna
da daavala, rom amiT maTTvis oTxfexi saqoneli eyidaT. saqoneli uyides, maTs
locvas da madlobis gadaxdas saZRvari ar aqvnda, yovelTvis stefanesa da mis
ymebs locavdnen”.
1904 wlis dasawyisSi udis eklesiis mSeneblobis komitetma gamoyo
komisia, romlsac unda SeeZina eklesiis saxuravi. komisiis Semadgenlobas
borjomSi SemTxveviT Sexvda stefane zubalaSvili, romlmac gaigo rom udelebi
eklesiis saxuravis SesaZenad midiodnen.
s. k. zubaSvils saubarSi uTqvams udelebisaTvis: “ me Tqven eklesiisaTvis
cinkis saxuravs gamogigzavniT usasyidlod, mxolod Tqven eklesiis zomebi
momeciT da bolos s. zubalaSvilma daarwmuna udelebi, rom isini male
miiRebdnen eklesiis saxuravs borjomis sadgurSi.
1904 wlis 13 aprils s. zubaSvils z. WiWinaZesTan saubarSi uTqvams: “udis
eklesiis amSenebleTa komitets vacnobe, rom Tunuqi da zari borjomis
sadgurSia da gatana SegiZliaT”. ase miiRo sofel udis mosaxleobam eklesiis
saxuravi (cinka) da didi zari saCuqrad Zmebi zubalaSvilebisagan.
aRniSnuli didi zari 1942 wels udis mkvidrma iakob saraSvilma Camoxsna
da Caabara saxelmwifos gasadnobad.
22
mesxi komunari biWis ambavi
udis mkvidri kote mRebriSvilis revoluciuri cxovreba, misis babua abel
mRebriSvili saswavleblad wasuli iyo peterburgSi, sadac daamTavra samxedro
saswalebeli da iqve darCa samxedro samsaxurSi. abelma generlobamdec ki
miaRwia. igi iyo demokrati, revolucionerebis momxre. biWi kote iyo abelis
SviliSvili, romlis mamasac aleqsanre erqva, kotes mama iyo cnobili msaxiobi
da reJisori, mas colad hyavda rusi momRerali qali viqtoria Cevani. sabWoTa
mTavrobam isini Tavis samsaxurSi gamoiyena – aleqsandre mRebriSvils daavala
Seeqmna heroikuli Teatri da samsaxuri gaewia muSaTa klasisaTvis,
revoluciisaTvis, marTlac man Seqmna Teatri, sadac mTavari moqmedi
agitatorebi iyvnen col-qmari da Svili – kote. kote uniWieresi bavSvi iyo da
zepirad icoda revoluciuri leqsebi, gamodioda dedasTan erTad TeatrSi da
xalxSi eweoda revoluciisaTvis sasargeblo agitacia-propagandas.…
TeTrgvardielebma kote tramvais qveS Caagdes da igi gardaicvala.
petrogorodis revoluciuri sabWos dadgenilebiT misi neSti wiTel droSaSi
gaaxvies da moaTavses kuboSi da damarxes marqsis sasaflaoze warweriT:
“patara artist-agitators kote mRebrov-Cekans 1913-1922”.
mamia vaSakiZis poemas (mesxi komunari biWis ambavi) wamZRvarebuli aqvs
zemoT moyvanili mTliani teqsti. ix. gazeT “ganaxlebuli mesxeTis” 1963 wlis 19
maisis nomeri
23
berobana Tu yeenoba
Zveli mesxebi, yeenobis saxeliT icnobdnen TaTar-monRolTa periodis
sanaxaobas, romelsac axla “berobanas” veZaxiT, XX saukunis dasawyisidan
TandaTan daiviwyes yeinoba da monRolTa jarebis meTauri noini – “berad”
monaTla mayurebelma Tavisi garegnuli Cacmulobisa da yelze Sebmuli
samkaulebis gamo. “berobanas” Sesaxeb bevri daiwera, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
profesor dimitri janeliZis gamokvlevebi. “ganaxlebul mesxeTSi” gamoqveynda
S. rusTavelis saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Teatraluri institutis
xelovnebaTmcodneobis kandidatis givi jaoSvilis narkvevi “udis berobanas
istoriisaTvis”.
amasTan dakavSirebiT gvinda Cveni azric gavuziaroT mkiTxvels. pirvel
yovlisa, ibadeba kiTxva, ratom sZaravs xalxs, ratom scems xarkis “urC”
gadamxdelebs beri? an ratom itaceben bavSvebs, qalebs da beris brZanebiT
jariskacebis produqtebi ratom gamoaqvT Zalad saxlidan? vfiqrobT,
“berobanas” arcerTi monawile aseT sisaZagles ar unda Cadiodes, igi raRa
beria Tu saxlis mZarcveli da amawiokebeli iqneba? Cven udaod migvaCnia, rom
xalxi faqtiurad yeinobas ansaxierebs da Cven mas “berobanas” veZaxiT.
yovelwliurad, Tebervlis TveSi “yvelieris” bolokviria adigenis,
axalcixisa da aspinZis zogierT sofelSi, kerZod udeSi, aralSi, valeSi,
xizabavraSi, vartavSi da sxvagan tardeba mterze gamarjvebis tradiciuli
dResaswauli yeinoba (berobanas saxelwodebiT), romelic asaxavs mesxeTSi
TaTar-monRolTa batonobis ukanasknel periods.
udeSi da aralSi mTeli ori kviris manZilze imarTeba Widaoba, sadac
sxvadasxva mxridan mosuli falavanebi erkinebian erTmaneTs. am dros saWidaos
ukravs meduduke, medole da salamurze damkvreli.
Tavisufali Widaobis moyvarulebi qvablianis soflebidan da Zvelad ki
focxovidanac modiodnen udeSi. Widaobis ukanaskneli dRe didmarxvis dadgomis
wina SabaTs, Widaobis Semdeg udeSi SuSanqalas nangrevi eklesiis win da
aralSi tatalaSvilebis kaloebze, ferxuls gaabamdnen da mklav-mklav
24
gadaWdobili iwyebdnen wriul saferxulo cekvas da Tan mRerodnen “mumli
muxasao”. ferxulis TamaSiT rom guls ijerebdnen, Semdeg iwyebdnen
sarTulebian cekvas “samyrelos” da Tan mRerodnen.
“samyrelo, samyrelo
Zirs Camodi samyrelo,
nugeS-nugeSinia
qveS bumbuli gigia.
rogor ar gveSinia
caSi bewviT vkidivarT
Zirs CamovalT samyrelo
monRolebi ar Canan
saqarTvelo didia.
am or sarTuliani saferxulo sacekvaos maSin erTgvari dazverviTi
mniSvneloba hqonda. Cveni winaprebi Tan cekvavdnen da Tan mters iaraRasxmuli
xvdebodnen.
Widaoba da saferxulo TamaSobebebi uxsovari droidan modis rogorc
udeSi, ise mesxeTis sxva soflebSi da amiT mTavrdeboda es gazafxulis lamazi
da SesaniSnavi tradiciuli dResaswauli, xolo laloini da orsarTuliani
cekva “samyrelo” ki monRolTa Semosevis periodidan iwyeba. amas migvaniSnebs
leqsis bolo taepi: “Zirs Camodi samyrelo, monRolebi ar sCanan”.
monRolebi mTeli sami saukunis manZilze awarmoebdnen brZolas aziisa da
dasavleT evropis qveynebis winaaRmdeg. dapyrobili qveynebis mosaxleobas
sastikad uswordebodnen da didZal gadasaxadebs axdevinebdnen: angrevdnen
cixeebs, eklesiebs, qalaqebs, soflebs da uwyalod xocavdnen udanaSaulo
adamianebs. dapyrobili qveynebis gaZarcvis Semdeg, gadadiodnen meore qveyanaSi
da ase moZraobdnen aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken.
25
“monRolTa laSqars sarlobda oTxi noini – CormaRani, CaRata, oisuri da
biCoi”. qarTveli istorikosis sityviT es noinebi “ormoci aTasiTa kaciTa da
dedawuliTa movides qveyanasa aRmosavleTisasa”. Semdeg movdinen qveynad erayisa
da moaoxres” (iv. javaxiSvilis qarTveli eris istoria t. III gv. 74, 1966).
TaTar-monRolTa batonobis periodSi, isini dapyrobil qveynebidan
axalgazrdobas, TavianT regularul armiis rigebSi Rebulobdnen, amitomaa, rom
berobanaSi munj-bermeTauris damcvelebi arian, rogorc misi mebrZolebi, ise
lazebi, romlebic maT armiaSi Caricxuli, xolo “boSebi” mosaxleobis ZarcvaSi
daxmarebas uweven, amitomaa, rom yvela eseni monRolTa interesebis damcvelni
aria, garda aWarlebisa.
“xalxis aRweris Semdeg monRolTa xelisuflebas saSualeba hqonda
gamoerkvia, ramdeni meomari unda gaoeyvana saqarTvelos brZolis velze.
TiToeul cxra sruluflebian komls monRoleTisaTvis erTi molaSqre unda
mieca da am aRricxvis kvalobaze maT gamouangariSebiaT, rom yovelwliurad
saqarTvelos unda 9 dumani kaci mxedari mieca, e.i. 90 aTasi meomari.
amitomaa, rom lazebi maT armiaSi yofilan Caricxuli. maSindel saqarTvelos
samefoSi sul 5 milioni mcxovrebi unda yofiliyo, cnobebidan Cans, Tu
ramdenad mWidro mosaxleoba iyo maSindel saqarTveloSi. imisda miuxedavad,
rom mas ukve jalaleddinis xuTi da Cingiz xanis ori Semosevis saSineleba
hqonda gamovlili da xalxic am or Semosevas sakmaod Seewira msxverplad (iv.
javaxiSvilis qarTuli eris istoria, gv. 343, t. III 1966).
rogoc zemoT avRniSneT aWareli monRolTa jarSi blu noinis gamrTobia,
magram sinamdvileSi igi cnobebs awvdis qarTvelebs monRolTa siZlieris
Sesaxeb da klavs noinis xelqveiTs, romelsac noinis amalaSi erT-erTi sakmaod
didi Tananmdeboba ukavia.
samwuxarod “berobana”-Si aWarelis rolma sul sxva cvlileba ganicada,
Semsruleblebi mas abuCad igdebdnen, TiTqos aWareli xSirad wvers ivarcxnides
da kbenarebs klavdes. es am rolis ara swori gansaxierebaa istoriuli azris
uxeSi damaxinjebaa da dRevandel scenebSi araswor warmodgenas uqmnis aWarel
qarTvels monRolebis Sesaxeb, cnobebs awvdis Tavis moZme qarTvelebs, moments
26
eZebs, rom ramdenadme Seasustos mtris Zalebi da amitomaa, rom noinis jaris
meTaurs klavs, romelsac dResac oficers eZaxian rac arasworia. aWarelma
mokla noinis xelqveiTi meTauri, rogorc maT jaris wyobaSi iyo: aseuli,
aTeulis da aTi aTaseulis meTaurebi, unda vifiqroT, rom aWarelma mokla
monRolTa aseulis meTauri, romelic dabali Tananmdebobis noini unda
yofiliyo.
udeSi Zvelad aWarelis rols kargad axorcielebdnen: stefane
WaRiaSvili, stefane parunaSvili da pavle martiaSvili.
Temur lengis sikvdilis Semdeg monRolTa jarebis narCenebi kidev idgnen
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi, rogorc Cans munj bermeTaurma Seavso
Tavisi jaris nawilebi axalgazrdebiT da Savi zRvis sanapirodan wamovida
mdinare aWaris wylis xeobiT, igi gadmodis goderZis uReltexilze, iqidan
moyveba md. ZinZesa da Semdeg qvablianis xeobis mosaxleobas gzadagza Zarcvaven,
xolo winaaRmdegobis gamwevi ki munj ber-noinTan mihyavT, ris gamoc bermeTauri
maT cemiTa da sikvilis muqariT arTmevs gadasaxads.
bermeTauris munjoba iqidanac sCans, rom igi yvela moqmedebas munjurad
asrulebs, ai Tundac masTan raRac “urCi” gadamxdeli miyavT jariskacebs. noini
ver laparakobs da gamoscems gaugebar bgerebs – “buu”, “buu” da TavSi kets
urtyams. advili SesaZlebelia, rom bermeTaurma brZolebSi dakarga ena da
amitom daarqves lal noini anu munji noini.
“lal-noini” ori sityviT Sedgeba – “lal” TaTrulad niSnavs munjs,
xolo “noini” ki monRolTa amalis, jarebis aTaseulis da aTi aTaseulis
meTaurs.
“lal-noinis” nacvlad vxmarobT “laloins”, es ki munjur cekvas niSnavs,
vfiqrobT munji bermeTauris davalebiT sruldeboda aseTi cekvebi da amitom
advili safiqrelia, TavianT munj bermeTaurs aseTi cekvebiT arTobdnen, es
iqidanac Cans, rom TamaSis yvela moqmedebas xelmZRvaneli usityvod asrulebs,
aseve usityvod unda Seasrulos yvela monawilem, amiT hbaZaven TavianT munj
noins, vinc ver mibaZavs xelmZRvanels, is munj noinis risxvas imsaxurebs.
27
pativcemul dimitri janeliZis azriT lal-oini saaqlemos niSnavs, radgan
sabas leqsikonSi “loini” ganmartebulia, rogorc mamali aqlemi da
berobanaSic, raxan kacebi aqlemebad arian gamoyvanilni “laloins” saaqlemo
TamaSad miiCnevs (sabWoTa xelovneba gv. 12, 1977weli).
cnobilia, rom monRolTa urdoebi aqlemebiTa da cxenebiT moZraobdnen
TavianTi ojaxis wevrebiT, isini romel qveyanasac Seeseodnen yvelafers
anadgurebdnen, rogorc viciT yeinobaSi anu uwindel berobanaSi kacebi
aqlemebad arian gamoyvanili, im periodisaTvis aqlemebi da cxenebi monRolTa
erT-erTi satransporto saSualeba iyo da mas yeinobaSi swored es mniSvneloba
unda hqondes.
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT am munjur cekvaSi gansakuTrebiT
ganviTarebulia noinis mtacebluri politika sadac xdeba bavSvebis, qalebis,
Zvirfasi nivTebisa da sursaTis motaceba. motacebul bavSvebSi da qalebSi
monRolTa ber meTaur noinisaTvis gansazRvruli gadasaxadi unda miecaT, rom
motacebuli bavSvi an qali daebrunebinaT ukan.
XV saukunis dasawyisidan TaTar-monRolTa Zliereba ukve Seryeuliyo,
amas daerTo isic rom 1405 wlis 18 Tebervals cxelebiT gardaicvala Temur-
lengi, xolo am dros saqarTveloSi jer kidev darCenili iyvnen monRolTa
jaris nawilebi, romelTa gandevnac warmoebda Cvens sazRvrebTan.
rogorc irkveva, albaT monRolTa noinma winaswar gaiTvaliswina, rom 1405
wels, Tebervlis bolo ricxvebsi religiuri dResaswaulis “aRebRames”
qarTvelebi nasvamni iqnebodnen da amitom mcire amaliT ganizraxes kidev
erTxel ukanasknelad daerbiaT mesxi mosaxleoba, magram Tavdasxmis dros
damarcxdnen, ai swored am dabneulobiT isargebla mosaxleobam da gaqceul
monRolTa ber noinsa da mis amalas, samarcxvinod, saxlis binidan WuWyian
wyals tanze asxamdenen da monRolTa meomrebis motacebasac axerxebdnen, ris
gamoc monRolebi iZulebulni iyvnen miecaT gamosasyidi gatacebulTa
sanacvlod.
Cveni winaprebi xalxur sanaxaobas - yeinobas roca asrulebdnen, maSin
srulebiTac ar iyo moqmedi pirebi “eSmaki” da “mefe-patarZali”, aRniSnuli
28
moqmedi pirebi “berobinaSi” Tbilisidan movlinebulma reJisorma, alaviZem
Caamata 1947 wels, es imis gamo gaakeTa, rom am xalxur sanaxaobis inscenirebas
erTgavri silamaze micemoda, magram man amiT istoriul sinamdviles Crdili
miayena.
safiqrelia isic, rom SesaZlebelia monRolTa noini, romelmac mesxeTi
daarbia, xanSiSesuli iyo, amitom xalxma moxuci noini “ber” noinad monaTla am
xuTi aTeuli wlis manZilze, amis gamo yeinoba gandevna “berobanam” da dRes
berobinis saxeliT icnobs mosaxleoba am warmodgenas. misi Sida wreebi,
saTaveebi ki rogorc vTqviT yeenobaSia.
cnobilia, rom monRolebi pirvelad 1220 wels gamoCndnen saqarTveloSi,
xolo meored 1235 wels. manmade saqarTvelos xuTjer Semoesia xvarazm Sahis
Svili jalal ed dinni, ris gamoc dasustebul saqarTvelos advilad
imorCilebs Temur lengi.
1386 wlidan 1403 wlebis periodSi Temur lengma Tavisi laSqari
saqarTvelos rvajer Semousia. am laSqrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSi gauqmebuli
soflebis ricxvi 700-s aRwevda.
“monRoluri wesiT” yvela ymadnafici saxelmwifoebi da samTavroebi
valdebulni iyvnen maTTan erTad salaSqrod gasuliyvnen, amitomac dapyrobili
qveynis qoneba da simdidre aseT laSqrobaSi monawile sxvadasxva erovnebis
jariskacebsac uvardebodaT xelSi. aseT qonebas nasisxli ewodeboda, radgan
misi SeZena mxolod sisxlis daRvriT SeiZleboda. zemoT aRniSnuli gziT
qonebis dagroveba, monRolebTan erTad mebrZol sxvadasxva xalxebis
warmomadgenlebisaTvisac imdenad mimzidveli Seiqmna, rom isini amgvari
saxsrebiT cxovrobas mieCvnien. monRolTa maSindel sabrZaneblebSi Semaval
sxvadasxva samefo – samTavroebis SeTxelebuli qonebis Sesavsebad es erTad-
erTi wyaro iyo, magram aseTi gziT gamdidrebas umTavresad maRali samxedro
pirebis xvedri iyo. Cveulebriv molaSqres, rasakvirvelia, im nadavlidan
mxolod mcire nawili Tu Cauvardeboda, samagierod yoveli aseTi laSqroba
xalxis sicocxlis ganwirvasTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
29
es istoriuli faqti migvaniSnebs imaze, rom yeinobaSi romelsac
“berobanas” veZaxiT, lazebi beris damcvelebi arian, romlebic sami saukunis
manZilze aseT avbedobaSi imyofebodnen, monRolTa armiaSi Caricxuli
qarTvelebis tyve jariskacTa nawili sabolood indoeTSi dausaxlebiaT
monRolebs, romlebsac indoeli mosaxleoba gujarebs anu gurjebs eZaxian
dResac.
“udis berobanas istoriisaTvis”, narkvevebSi givi jaoSvils miaCnia, rom
yvela xalxuri Tqmuleba da leqsi, romelic sofel udeSia gamoTqmuli, misi
azriT berobasTan kavSirSi unda iyos – “daTvisa da biWis” gabaaseba, “kameCi da
meurme” da saSairo sxva kupletebi.
magaliTisaTvis momaqvs is xalxuri Tqmulebebis nawili, romelic sofel
udis mosaxleobas gamouTqvams odesRac.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom qvemoT moyvanil leqs araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs arc
“berobanasTan” da arc “yeenobasTan”.
daRamda da dasca binda
coleulTan midis biWi,
daTvi win Seomeyara
yel-qedana, metad didi.
biWi:
- daje daTvo vWamoT,
Rvino maqvs da kaTxa didi.
daTvi:
- me Seni Rvino rad minda
exla vWame Walas Sindi,
wreulobiT gamiSvixar,
samermisod damiSindi.
da sxva….
givi jaoSvils miaCnia, rom “udis berobanaSi’ cxovelTa kultis
gadmonaSTis Sesaxeb migvaniSnebs kameCisa da meurmis gabaaseba:
30
meurme – hoi, Tvu kameCo naibao
ra dagemarTa, ra iyo?
kameCi _ sicxeman guli wamTuTqa,,
sigrile Cemi Zma iyo.
udis berobinaSi ar aris cxovelTa kulti mocemuli, rasac mkvlevari
SeniSnavs. advili safiqrelia “berikaobasTan” hqondes kavSiri, radgan
berikaobaSi: daTvis, Rorisa da sxva cxovelebis niRbebiT gamodian adamianebi
inscenirebis dros. udis e.w. berobana ki rogorc vTqviT arsebiTad igive
yeenobis gansaxierebaa.
monRolebis gandevnis, albaT wlis Tavze mesxeTis soflebSi, ferxulis,
samyrelos, laloinis am sanaxaobis meore dRes e.i. religiur dResaswaul
“aRebRames” – diliT moirTobodnen yeinobis gansaxierebis monawileni da
SuadRidan iwyebdnen inscenirebis Sesrulebas.
am ukanasknel wlebSi TavianT rolebs ise ver anxorcieleben berobanas
monawileni, rogorc es sinamdvileSi iyo.
Tumca Cven imiTac madlierni varT, rasac asruleben, radgan es xalxuri
Semoqmedebis Senaxvis tradiciaa. miuxedavad amisa saWiroa meti sizustis dacva,
yovel detalSi istoria ikveTeba, istoriis sunTqva igrZnoba.
kargi iqneba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imasac, rom Zvelad beris rolSi
gamoyavdaT iseTi pirovneba, romelic fizikurad Zlieri, maRali da
xanSiSesuli iyo.
beri CacmulobiTac gansxvavdeboda sxva monawileebisagan, romelsac Tavze
exura batis frTebiT morTuli kasri da yelze hqonda simindis fuCeCisagan
damzadebuli mZivi. faqtiurad bevr noins eqneboda Zvirfasi qarvis mZivebi.
bers moedanze, sadac am TamaSis gansaxiereba xdeboda edga taxti. jariskacebs
berTan mihyavdaT mxolod xarkis “urCi” gadamxdelebi.
beri iSviaTad Tu wamodgeboda “taxtidan”, misi wamodgomisas mosaxleoba
garboda.
Zvelad aRniSnul TamaSobaTa gansaxierebas kargad da didxans
xelmZRvanelobdnen udeSi konstantine (kosto) kopaZe da ioseb balaxaSvili.
31
maTi sikvdilis Semdeg es tradiciuli TamaSobani yovelwliurad tardeboda
stefane balaxaSvilis (lehkaos) xelmZRvanelobiT, xolo Semdeg ki simon
balaxaSvilisa. didad sasixaruloa, rom udis am saxalxo dResaswauls
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia cnobilma mecnierma d. janeliZem.
sanaxaoba safuZveli gaxda Seqmniliyo saxalxo universiteti, romelsac
saqarTveloSi S. rusTavelis saxelobis Teatraluri instituti meTaurobs.
yovelwliurad imarTeba sxvadasxva RonisZiebani, samecniero sesia da sxva.
mesxeTis ZvelTa Zvel soflebSi SemorCenili xalxuri sanaxaobis movla
da misi zusti aRdgena saSviliSvilo saqmea. iqneb Cvenma zogierTma
mosazrebamac xeli Seuwyos am saSvliSvilo saqmis SenarCunebas.
32
udis gvarebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
Zvelad adamianTa gvarebi ar arsebobda. es imitom, rom Cveni planetis
zedapirze Zalze mcire mosaxleoba yofila dasaxlebuli da isini cxovrobdnen
calkeul tomebad, tomebs yavdaT TavianTi beladebi.
tomis mcxovreblebs yvelas Tavisi saxeli erqva da isini advilad
arCevdnen erTmaneTs. droTa msvlelobaSi, roca tomebi mravldeboda, maSin
saWiro daxda erTnairi saxeliani pirovnebis garCeva, ris gamoc ukve saxelis
gverdiT gaCnda kidev meore damatebiTi saxeli, romelic azustebda pirovnebis
vinaobas, ai swored am damatebiT saxelisagan droTa ganmavlobaSi warmoiSva
gvari.
maresizmis klasikosebi gvaswavlian, rom gvarebi warmoiSva ganviTarebul
klasobriv sazogadoebaSi da amitom mas socialuri gansxvavebis gamoxatvac
daekisra, ris gamoc Zvelad gvarebis mixedviT gansxvavdebodnen maRali,
saSualo da dabali wodebis xalxs.
gvarebi umetesad warmoebulia saxelebisagan. cxadia aseT SemTxvevebSi
aRebulia winapris saxelebi da metsaxelebi, garda amisa gvarebi warmoebulia
ojaxuri mdgomareobisa, adamianis fizikuri naklis aRmniSvneli sityvebisa,
cxovelebisa, frinvelebisa, adgilmdebareobisa da sxva.
winaprebis saxelebisagan an metsaxelebisagan udeSi warmoebuli gvarebia:
afriasagan – afriamaSvilebi, baRdosagan – baRdoSvilebi, gabosagan –
gaboSvilebi, gigolasagan - gigolaSvilebi, dido – diqosagan – giqoSvilebi,
zazasagan – zazaSvilebi, TaTeozisagan – TaTenaSvilebi da TaToSvilebi,
kakosagan – kakoSvilebi, mamukasagan – mamukaSvilebi, petasagan – petaSvilebi,
sarasagan – saraSvilebi.
ojaxuri mdgomareobis gamomxatveli gvarebia: obolaSvili da
yuljaniSvili.
fizikuri naklis aRmniSvneli sityvebidan miRebuli gavrebia: kiknaZe da
CilaSvili.
33
sityva “kikna” berZnuli sityvaa da mcires niSnavs, xolo nayvavileb –
Cilisagan warmoiSva CilaSvilebis gvari.
udeSi xelobisa da Tananmdebobis aRmniSvneli gvarebia: mRebavisagan –
mRebriSvili, gzirosagan – gziriSvili, merabisagan – merabiSvili,
mamasaxlisisagan – mamasaxlisaSvili da xucesisagan - xuciSvili.
wodebrivi warmoSobis gvaria – aRoSaSvili
mcenareebis da cxovelebisagan warmoSobili gvarebis: balaxaSvili,
gelaZe – gelaSvili.
zogi gvari warmoebulia drois aRmniSvneli sityvebidan: martisagan –
martiaSvili, maisisagan – maisuraZe.
XVI saukunis bolos, Turqma dampyroblebma, samxreT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis aRwerisas gvarebi aRar Seitanes da siebi Seadgines saxelisa da
mamis saxelis mixedviT.
1595 wels “gurjistanis vilaieTis did davTarSi”: Cawerilia, rom sofel
udis 135 ojaxis uforsi, Turq mosaxleebs yovelwliurad uxdida 30,000 “axCas”.
amJamad CvenTvis gaurkvevelia, Tu gadasaxadis gadamxdeli 135 ojaxis ufrosebi
ra gvariT iyvnen, romelTa nawilis saxelebic mogvyavs qvemoT:
1. zurab Zma misi
2. batata Ze misi
3. paruna Ze misi
4. iona Zma misi
5. elia Zma misi
6. daviT Zma misi
7. mamuka Ze misi
8. amiran aridanis Ze
9. masur Ze misi
10. paruna Zma misi
11. mRvdeli Zma misi
12. masura gelabaris Ze
13. biZina Ze misi
14. gelazaris Svilis Svili
15. giorgi Zma misi
16. iakob Zma misi
17. Rariba Zma misi
da ase Semdeg sul 135 kacia dabegrili.
34
samxreT saqarTvelos didma umravlesobam, dampyrobelTa did
gadasaxadebs veRar gauZlo da iZulebuli gaxda mieRo mahmadianoba, ris
Semdegadac maTma umravlesobam dakarga qarTveloba, sarwmunoeba, ena, gvari da
saxeli.
vaxuSti batoniSvili samcxis Sesaxeb wers: “jayeli, ese ars aw aTabagi da
faSa axalcixisa, SalikaSvili, TavdgiraZe, diasamiZe, qobulis Ze, gogebaSvili,
amilaxvari, avaliSvili, sumbatiSvili, gogoriSvili, Tuxareli, RaRaniZe da
sxvani, aRar iwodebian gvariTa, aramed faSad, begad da sanjaxad da aznaurica
egreTve.”
qarTvel mahmadianTa Soris bevrma dakarga Tavisi namdvili gvari da
gadavida Zvel gvarze, ase rom Taobidan Taobaze erTi da igive gvari ki ar
gadadioda, aramed icvleboda mamis saxelis mixedviT, eseTi wesi gansakuTrebiT
mahmadianuri warmoSobis xalxSi dResacaa daculi.
marTlac gvaris aseTi cvla iwvevs did siZneleebs, amitom msoflios
umravlesobam irCia, rom erTxelve SemuSavebuli gvari damkvidrdes da gadaeces
Taobidan Taobas.
1944 wlis 14 noembramde udeSi sul 64 gvaris xalxi cxovrobda, xolo
amave wlis 14 noembris Semdeg gvarTa raodebnoba Semcirda imis gamo, rom
udidan qarTveli mahmadianebi Sua aziaSi gadaasaxles. amJamad udeSi sul 59
sxvadasxva gvari cxovrobs. aqedan yvelaze gavrcelebuli gvarebia: merabiSvili,
balaxaSvili, abulaZe, giqoSvili (kiknaZe), TaToSvili, gigolaSvili,
yuljaniSvili, petaSvili, gelaZe da sxva.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg udes Seemata eqvsi sxvadasxva gvaris ojaxi –
akofiani, SaSikiani, karakaSiani, adeiSvili da suxmani (axalcixis, axalqalaqis,
aspinZis raionebidan da aseve belorusiidan).
udeSi Zvel mosulebad iTvlebian – TaToSvilebis nawili (zavzakianTebis
Sto) da mamukaSvilebi (aspinZis raioni sofeli xizabavra).
1830 wlidan udeSi cxovrobdnen davidovebi da stanCikovebi, rogorc
irkveva isini mefis ruseTis jariskacebi iyvnen (1828-1830) da samxreT
35
saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis ibrZodnen da sabolood udeSi darCnen
sacxovreblad.
jer kidev XVI saukunis bolos da XX saukunis 20-ian wlebamde udidan
SiSianobis gamo gadaixvewa saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi abulaZeebis,
balaxaSvilebis, merabiSvilebis, kiknaZeebis, babunaSvilebis, barikaSvilebis,
xuciSvilebis, xojvanaSvilebis, TamaraSvilebis da sxva gvarebi…
udeSi amJamad 59 gvaria 1190 ojaxi 3380 suli (1980 wlis monacemebiT),
udidan Zvelad sxvadasxva dros gadasaxlebulan saqarTvelos Sida raionebSi
SiSianobis gamo, xolo sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi samsaxurebrivi
movaleobis Sesrulebis gamo darCnen sacxovreblad Cveni samSoblos qalaqebsa
da soflebSi, romelTa Sesaxebac dawvrilebiT cnobebs vaTavsebT qvemoT.
#
gadavidnen sacxovreblad
rodis
gadasaxldnen
ramdeni
komli
amJamad
komlTa
raodenoba
SeniSvna
1 q. axalcixe 150 250 sxvadasxva dros
2 sof. ivlita (axalcixis r-ni) 1910 3 21
3 sof. axalSeni (wulukiZis r-ni) 1910 15 58
4 q. gori 1900 8 20
5 q. Tbilisi da rusTavi 200 350 sxvadasxva dros
6 sof. sanavardo (yvarelis r-ni) 1910 20 70
7 Sua aziis qveynebSi udeli mahmadianebi 1944 133 300
8 adigenis raionul centrSi cxovroben 20 30
9 kur. abasTumani (adigenis r-ni) 12 25
10 sof. varxani (adigenis r-ni) 2 4
11 sof. abasTumani (adigenis r-ni) 3 6
12 sof. umwa (adigenis r-ni) 7 12
13 sof. fxero (adigenis r-ni)
1945 wlidan 1992 wlamde
3 6
36
14 sof. kaxareTi (adigenis r-ni) 6 7
15 sof. wre (adigenis r-ni) 1 1
16 sof. gorguli (adigenis r-ni) 5 7
17 sof. waxani (adigenis r-ni) 1 3
18 sof. bolajuri (adigenis r-ni) 2 2
aqedan gamomdinare sul wasuli aris 491 ojaxi da amJamad maTi STamomavlebi
Seadgenen sul 952 ojaxs (1992 wlis monacemebiT).
37
Sina mrewveloba
Zvelad udeSi, Sina mrewvelobis bevri sxvadasxva dagri yofila
ganviTarebuli, jer 1925-1930 wlebSi daaxloebiT TxuTmetamde samWedlo iyo,
romelic jer kerZo pirebis sakuTrebad iTvleboda, samWedloebs Soris
gansakuTrebiT cnobili iyo martiaSvilebis, balaxaSvilebisa da
narimaniSvilebis mier damzadebuli iaraRebi. mWedlebi amzadebdnen sasoflo
sameurneo iaraRebs: Toxebs, barebs, weraqvebs, uroebs, culebs, waldebs,
xeleCoebs, fexeCoebs da sxva.
udeSi Zvelad muSaobda “yvinCad” (oqromWedeli) rabaTeli anton girgiZe,
romelic Rramd moxucebuli iyo da mainc Cveuli energiiT igi oqros,
vercxlisa da TiTberisagan amzadebda beWdebs, qamrebs, JiR-JiRebs (yelsabami),
samajurebs, jvrebs da sxva.
xeze momuSave xelosnebi amzadebdnen xis guTnebs, jilRebs, kavebs,
kevrebs, uRelebs, urmis Tvlebs, karadebs, magidebs; aSenebdnen saxlebs da sxva…
sofel xuroSi dasaxlebulni unda yofiliyvnen xuroebi.
udeSi 1930 wlamde SemorCa sxvadasxva saxis qsovilebis damzadebis wesi.
Zvelad am dargis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda adgilobrivi nedleulis arseboba.
kerZod mecxvareoba, ris gamoc mosaxleobis nawili sakuTari nawarmiT
ikmayofilebda moTxovnilebas.
sofelSi nawil mosaxleobisas Salis saqsovi dazgebi hqondaT, romlebic
mosaxleobasac uqsovdnen Salis qsovilebs, aseve qalebi qsovdnen Salis
Tavsaxuravebs, beWebze mosasxmel did Salebs, windebs, paiWebs, winsafrebs,
xelTaTmnebs.
Txis balnisagan qsovdnen tomrebs, grexdnen urmis dasakoW Tokebs,
apevrebs (mamasaxlisaSvili ako da misi Svili).
narTis damzadebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo matylis garecxva. garecxili
matyli, rom sufTa yofiliyo gobidan dambal matyls amoiRebdnen brtyel qvaze,
dadebdnen da satyepeliT gatyepavdnen, amas imeorebdnen manam, sanam matyli
mTlianad ar gairecxeboda. Semdeg matyls gaaSrobdnen, gamSral matyls
38
gawewavdnen, gapetavdnen da Semdeg saCeCelze gaCeCavdnen, gaCeCil matyls
xeltarze daarTavdnen, Semdeg orwver narTs grexdnen Waxrakze, romelsac
qselad iyenebdnen.
sxvadasxva qsovilebis damzadebisaTvis aucilebeli iyo sxvadasxva
xarisxis narTis darTva, radgan Sals wminda narTi esaWiroeboda, rom qsovili
uxeSi ar gamosuliyo, windebisaTvis rogorc msxvili, ise wminda narTi iyo
saWiro, xolo Salis qsovilisaTvis qselis garda saWiro iyo ufro xarisxovani
wminda sadedao narTi.
Salis qsovilis xarisxi damokidebuli iyo narTis xarisxze,
romlisaganac keravdnen: Coxebs, axaluxebs, Sarvlebs, yabalaxebs.
SemodgomiT mosaxleobas mohqonda mTidan Waobis mcenare – Wili, xolo
simindis taros TeTr fuCeCs inaxavdnen. zamTarSi, roca qalebs saqme
gamoeleodaT, gansakuTrebiT did marxvaSi rogorc Wilisagan, ise Calis
fuCeCisagan grexdnen imdens, ramdenis qsovisTvis iyo saWiro. Semdeg specialur
dazgaze daqselavdnen, daqselvis Semdeg qalebi iwyebdnen Wilobis qsovas,
rogorc Wilisgan, ise simindis fuCeCisagan.
1897 wels Jurnal “kvalSi” iv. merabiSvili werda: “aq bevri xelobaa
gavrcelebuli, arian xazarebi, kalatozebi, mWedlebi, nalbandebi, xarebisa da
cxenebis mWedlebi, romelTa xeloba qebulia, ara marto qvablianSi da
focxovSi, aramed TviT q. axalcixis aRmosavleT mxaresac”.
es ki migvaniSnebs imaze, rom qvablianis xeobaSi ude iTvleboda
xelosanTa da vaWarTa centrad, sadac maxlobeli soflebidan da focxovidan
modiodnen da yidulobdnen sas. sam. iaraRebs, aqve TerZebTan ikeravdnen
tansacmels, “barbar xanaSi” iparsavdnen wvers da “adolaT hasanas yavanaSi”
atarebdnen dros.
focxovisa da qvablianis soflebidan mohyavdaT pirutyvi mohqondaT erbo-
yveli, karaqi, qaTami, kvercxi da sxva.
zamTrobiT RorZidan, wyisidan, zazalodan da maxlobel soflebidan
marxilebiT Semodioda udeSi SeSa, Tiva da sxva gasayidad.
39
udeSi aRmoCenili ganZeulis Sesaxeb
1959 wlis Jurnal “sabWoTa xelovnebis” 4 Si xelovnebaT mcodneobis
kandidati aleqsandre javaxiSvili da tariel CubinaSvili udis ganZis Sesaxeb
werdnen Semdegs: “erT-erTi aseTi uaxloesi aRmoCena moxda sofel udeSi, sadac
napovni iqna brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebis didi ganZi, romelis 100-ze meti
erTeulisagan Sedgeboda da Seicavda brinjaos culebs, xelSubebs, brinjaos
rgolebs, pincetebs, farTo furclian sartyelebs da bolos sartyelebis
Sesakrav abzindebs, CamoTvlili nivTebis didi nawili Semkulia sxvadasxva
mxatvruli xerxebiTa da TviTac warmoadgens mxatvrul samkauls, amitom udis
ganZi did interess iwvevs ara marto istoriul – arqeologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
aramed xelovnebis TvalsazrisiTac, ude istoriuli da arqeologiuri
TvalsazrisiT metad sainterso adgilia, igi mdebareobda uZveles savaWro
gzaze, romelic akavSirebda saqarTvelos aRmosavleT da dasavleT mxareebs”.
udis ganZi aRmoCenili iqna SemTxveviT 1956 wlis gazafxulze levan
maqandaraSvilis saxlTan 1-2 metris siRrmeze. brinjaosa da rkinis
mravalricxovani nivTebi gaxveuli iyo brinjaos furclovan sartyelebSi.
mkvlevarebi udeSi napovn nivTebs sam jgufad yofen:
1. sabrZolo iaraRebi brinjaos 4 kolxuri culi, 12 brinjaos Subisa da
xelSubis piri, amdenive brinjaos yunwiani isris piri, brinjaos 4 laxtis
Tavi: rkinis satevris piri, laxtis Tavi da 2 Subis piri.
2. samkaulebi da maTi msgavsi nivTebi: brinjaos erTi rgolaki, 2 pinceti, 12
msxvili rgoli da brinjaosa da rkinis nivTebis calkeuli naxatebi.
3. tansacmelTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi: brinjaos 3 sakinZi, brinjaos
sxvadasxva sagnis furclovani 4 sartyelis fragmenti da brinjaos
sartyelis Sesakravi e.w. yubanuri tipis 8 abzinda.
a. javaxiSvili da t. CubiniSvili udis ganZs miakuTvneben Zveli
welTaRricxvis XI-X saukuneebs.
udis ganZis brinjaos nivTebis erTi nawili uxvad aris Semkuli sxvadasxva
ornamentebiT.
40
udis cixesTan 1939 wels saxlebis mSeneblobis drosac miwis siRrmeSi
napovnia Wurebi, monetebi, krinisa da oqros zodebi. yvela es aRmocenili
nivTebi kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imaze, rom ude erT-erTi vaWar-xelosanTa
uZvelesi da udidesi dasaxlebuli punqti unda yofiliyo.
dRes ude samcxis erT-erTi yvelaze didi da mWidrod dasaxlebuli,
Ronieri sofelia, misi Zeglebi, arqeologiuri nivTebi, SemorCenili uZvelesi
xalxuri sanaxaobani da Tqmulebebis, ara marto am soflis aramed saerTod
Cveni xalxis gmiruli brZolisa da Sromis naTeli furcelia.
41
mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba da kaTolikeobis miReba
samcxeSi
1628 wels “sulTanTan mipatiJebuli da saaTabagos sanaTesaoze
gajavrebuli beqa stambulSi muslimanad inaTleboda da aia sofias
samlocveloze muxlebze idga, locvilobda, xolo roca mesxeTSi
dabrundeboda manuCars moswamlavda da aTabagobas Tu ar eRirsa, gaerTianebul
vilaieTis faSad dajdeboda. afsus, odesRac berZnul taZarSi, romlis
saxelwodebac iyo wminda sofia, amJamad Turqebis mier warmoTqmul muslimanur
“aia sofiad” gadakeTebul samlocveloSi aTabagobas danatrulma faSobis
wodebaze gahyida erovneba da sarwmunoeba, suli da namusi aRuTqva sulTans,
rom dReidan ibrZolebda aWara-mesxeTis gamahmadianebisaTvis, ase gaSavebuli
piriT gamoemgzavra iqidan da arTvinTan axlos sofel svetSi dasaxlda
manuCaris winaaRmdeg axali politikuri manevrebisaTvis” (jemal jayelis
“finqsi sibrZnisa” gv. 107, baTumi 1971 w.).
beqa estumra biZas – manuCars, mowamla da manuCaris sikvdilis Semdeg
sulTanma daniSna axalcixis faSad da monaTles safar faSad. romelmac
samxreT saqarTvelosa da maT Soris udis mosaxleobis nawils iZulebiT
miaRebines mahmadianuri sarwmunoeba – abulaZeebis, kiknaZeebis, CilaSvilebisa da
petaSvilebis nawils, xolo baqraZeebis, baraTaSvilebis, beriZeebisa da
kanWaZeebis gvaris yvela wevri gamahmadianda. ufro gvian mahmadianoba miiRe
petaSvilebis erTma Stom, romlebsac “iSiR oRlebi” Searqves.
rogorc Zveli gadmocemebi adasturebs, ojaxis ufross Semohkvdomia
Turqi moxele, amis gamo daiWires mkvleli da TurqTa sasamarTlos ganaCeniT
mkvlel – petaSvils miusajes gaxurerbuli rkinis Tasis Tavze daxureba da ase
tanjviT sikvdili.
Turq moxeleTa brZanebiT sofelSi centralur moedanze Tavi mouyares
sxvadasxva soflebidan mosul xalxs imis gamo, rom ayurebinon qarTveli kacis
wamebiT sikvdili, meodnis TvalsaCino adgilas jami xurdeboda, danTebul
koconze da iqve axlos boZze mikruli huoliaT TavianTi msxverpli, Turqi
42
moxeleebi gaxurebul jams, roca TavTan miitandnen, maSin damnaSave petaSvils
eubnebodnen: Tu miiReb mahmadianobas yvela danaSauli gepatieba, Tu ara aseT
tanjvaSi amogxdeba sulio.. aseT tanjvas rasakvirvelia arCia mieRo
mahmadianuri sarwmunoeba, roca Tanxmoba ganucxada Turq moxeleebs, maSin
monaTlul iqna mahmadianurad, ris gamoc saxeli da gvari gamoucvales Turqma
xojebma – “dasvinaTebis” e.i. Turqul wesze monaTvlis dros uwodes “maxmudi”
da uTqvamT – “exla Sen “iSiRSi” Sexvalo, rac sinaTles niSnavs.
XVII saukuneSi Turq dampyroblebma jer samcxeSi da Semdeg aWaraSi,
mosaxleobis masiurad gamuslimanebis saqmeSi farTod gamoiyenes cecxli da
maxvili.
mcxeTaSi SemorCenil qarTvelobas am mdros mfarvelobas safrangeTi
uwevda.
jer kidev 1535 wels safrangeTsa da osmaleTs Soris daido pirveli
xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac gaTvaliswinebuli iyo safrangeTis
mfarvelobis gaweva, jer sakuTar qveSermdomebze. romlebic osmaleTSi
imyofebodnen da Semdeg ki safrangeTma calmxrivad ganaxorciela mfarvelobis
gaweva osmaleTSi yvela sxva kaTolikur qristianobis maRiareblebze.
jer kidev XV saukuneSi aTabagebi kavSirs amyarebdnen safrangeTis
saxelmwifosTan, raTa maT kaTolikobis gavrcelebiT daecvaT islamis
moZalebisagan Tavi.
romis papTan da safrangeTTan aTabagebis damokidebulebaze dawvrilebiT
cnobebs gvawvdis mixeil TumaniSvili. igi 1902 wlis 3 oqtombers romidan
gamogzavnil werilSi wers: “yvaryvare meore da giorgi mefe 1459 wels
safrangeTSi burboo dukas weren, rom dasavleTSi aRmosavleTelebs
daxmarebodnen, raTa osmaleTi daamarcxon. amis gamo elCebs ugzavnian, elCebi
jer papTan misulan, TavianTi mTavrebis erTguleba da morCileba gamoucxades,
Semdgom safrangeTSi wavidnen:.
1546 wels romis papi Tavis werilSi wers, rom sxva mTavrebTan erTad
yvaryvare (meoTxe) romis eklesiis erTguli yofila da papTan SesaerTeblad
momzadebuli. es utyuari faqtebi metyvelebs imaze, rom samcxeSi erTeulma
43
soflebma da q. axalcixis mosaxleobam kaTolikeoba miiRo da amiT TuqTa
ganadgulebisagan Tavi daicves.
samcxis adgilobrivi qarTveli mosaxleoba rom ganesxvavebinaT
mahmadianebisagan, axalcixis faSas ubrZanebia, rom “qarTvel mamakacebs Tavze
cisferi mosaxvevi da welze amave feris sartyeli etarebinaT, xolo
mahmadianebs – TeTri Tavsaxvevi (Calma) da TeTri sartyeli”.
aseTi gansxvavebuli Cacmuloba SemorCa mesxeTSi 1930 wlamde, romlsac
Rrmad moxucebuli qarTveli mamakacebi atarebdnen.
230 wlis tyveobis Semdeg 1828 wlis 15 agvistos mefis nacval general
paskeviCis xelmZRvanelobiT rusma da qarTvel jarma samxreT saqarTvelodan
gandevna Turqi dampyroblebi. mravalgziT aoxrebuli da ganawamebi mesxeT-
javaxeTis mosaxleoba aRar dabrunebia Tavis gapartaxebul mSobliur keras,
ris gamoc mefis nacvalma paskeviCma arTvinidan somexi mosaxleoba Camoasaxla
mesxeT javaxeTis dacarielebul soflebsa da qalaqebSi.
carizmis batonobis periodSi qarTuli ena qvablianis xeobaSi da
mTlianad mesxeT javaxeTSi dakninda. qarTuli enis daqveiTebas xeli Seuwyo
rusuli da Turquli enebis gabatonebam am mxareSi. rusi moxeleebi cdilobdnen
qarTveli mosaxleobis garusebas, amitom skolebSi rusuli enaze iswavleboda
yvela sagani. im dros dabadebis mowmobaSi qarTuli gvarebi somxurad
gadakeTebuli iqna – abulaZeebs abulovebad, merabiSvilebs – merabovebad,
balaxaSvilebis – balaxovebad da sxva, rac gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mesxeTis
umravels eklesiaSi somexi mRvdlebi batonobdnen da naTlobisas somxur
gvarebs atarebdnen wignSi.
44
ude menSevikebis batonobis periodSi da gaqceva
mesxeTis ganTavisuflebis 90 wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi menSevikebis
batonobis periodSi erTxel kidev swveviaT didi ubedureba am tanjul
mosaxleobas. qarTveloba kidev mtris garemocvaSi moeqca. qarTveli mosaxleoba
ganicdida TurqTa velur urdoebisa da adgilobrivi bandebis ganuwyvetel
Tavdasxmebs, xolo meore mxriv siRatake, SimSili da sicive stanjavdaT.
TurqeTis mTavrobis davalebiT axalcixis gavlenian pirebma sarvel begma
(jayelTa gvaris ukanasknelma warmomadgenelma), samcxis adgilobrivi mahmadiani
mosaxleobisagan, TiToeul sofelSi Seqmna moxaliseTa bandebi, romlTa mizani
iyo mesxeTSi qarTvelobis mospoba, amis gamo 1918 wlis ianvridan mesxeTis
nawili samcxe xelaxla moswyvites saqarTvelos, ris gamoc samxreT dasavleTiT
saqarTvelo aRmoCnda mtris garemocvaSi. am periodSi qemal-faSam Tavis
regularul armias SeuerTa begis mier samcxis soflebSi Seqmnili
adgilobrivi bandebi, ramac didad gazarda mtris Zalebi.
samcxis qarTveloba kargad iyo darwmunebuli, rom mas ganadgureba da
gadagvareba moeloda, amitom raime unda eRona. im dros soflebs udesa da
arals bevri Wkviani da mefis armiaSi kargad gawvrTnili axalgazrdoba hyavda:
udeSi – petre merabiSvilis, aralSi – Salva vardiZisa da sxvaTa saxiT.
soflis Tavkacebis xelmZRvanelobiT sofel udeSi da aralSi Seiqmna 800
kacisagan Semdgari armia, raTa daecva mosaxleoba moZalade bandebis
Tavdasxmisagan.
imJamad, dRevandel adigenis raionis teritoriaze sul 72 sofeli iyo,
aqedan mxolod ori qarTuli sofeli iyo – ude da arali.
udisa da arils mosaxleoba medgar winaaRmdegobs uwevda Tavdamsxmelebs,
magram Zalze uTanasworo iyo da mosaxleobis nawili iZulebuli iyo
gaxiznuliyo q. axalcixeSi.
moTareSe bandebis sawinaaRmdegod sofelSi Sesasvleli yvela gza da xev-
Rele Caketili iyo. soflis samxreTiT da dasavleTiT mowyobili iyo
45
saTvalTvalo punqtebi, rac xel-fexs uborkavda mters, soflebSi udesa da
aralSi SeRwevas.
im dros TurqeTSi xmebi dadioda, TiTqos udisa da arils soflebis
sazRvrebi ise iyo gamagrebuli, rom soflis samxreTiT da dasavleTiT
aRmarTuli kldeebsa da gorebze qvemexebi da tyviamfrqvevebi idga. sinamdvileSi
udis cixesTan erTi qvemexi iyo, xolo samxreT gorebze qvemexis msgavsad
mowyobili iyo Rumelis milebi, romlebic Soridan marTlac qvemexebs waagavda.
amda sxva gonivrulma RonisZiebebma mters droebiT aaRebina xeli veragul
zraxvebis ganxorcielebaze, magram rogorRa icavdnen udeli da arleli
meomrebi am saidumloebas? es ki ase xdeboda: rodesac mezobel soflebidan an
TurqeTidan delegatebi sayaraulo punqtebs miuaxlovdebodnen, razmelebi
Tvalebs auxvevdnen, rom ar SeeniSnaT moxerxebulad SeniRbuli Rumelis
milebi, an razmis siZliere ar gaegoT, roca delegatebs StabSi Seiyvandnen
auxsnidnen Tvalebs, xolo molaparakebis Semdeg isev auxvevdnen Tvalebs da
imave wesiT gaacilebdnen sayaraulo punqtamde da gauSvebdnen.
mamakacebi mindorSi samuSaoze iaraRasxmuli midiodnen, sayaraulo da
saTvalTvalo punqtebze morigeobdnen dRe da Rame. ai aseT wvalebaSi erTi
weliwadi gaatares.
qarTuli andazaa: “cixe Signidan gatydebao”, marTlac Cveni soflis
siZliere gacemul iqna qarTveli mahmadianebis mier, romlebic udeSi
cxovrobdnen, kerZod aRniSnuli saidumloeba gasces amirxan da maxsun
baraTaSvilebma (ukanaskneli RatifSa baraTaSvilis mamaa).
1919 wlis ianvarSi samxreTidan Savi RrubeliviT wamovida TurqTa
bandebis uricxvi jari – zogi irmis Walidan saZalos cixes Camohyva, zogi
xonasa da marelze gadmovida, zogic mdinare focxovis xeobiT Semovida,
romlebic udisa da arils soflebis samxreTis sazRvrebs moefinnen da jguf-
jgufebad ganaxorcieles Semoteva.
udisa da arils qarTveli mosaxleoba TavganwirviT icavda soflebis
samxreTisa da dasavleTis sazRvrebs, magram ras gaawyobdnen uricxv qemal
46
faSas jaris winaaRmdeg, roca maT mxardamxar mohyvebodnen sarval begis mier
Seqmnili adgilobrivi bandebi.
udelma da arlelma meomrebma mters gza gadauRobes da moZalebul
mters lomebiviT ekveTnen. am uTanasworo brZolaSi bevri axalgazrda daiRupa,
magram mters soflebSi Sesvlas ar aZlevdnen.
1919 wlis ianvarSi sofel arils mosaxleobam Tavi Seafara sofel valesa
da axalcixes. xolo ude darCa qemal faSas armisaa da sarvel begis bandebis
pirispir, ude kunZuliviT rkalSi aRmoCnda. rogorc grigol abaSiZe wers:
arc galavani hqonia zRuded,
arc iyo ude wyliT mozRuduli,
TaTris soflebis tyves gavda ude,
gza miwyvetili rogorc kunZuli.
marTlac gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda sofel udis mosaxleoba, amis
gamo udis Tavkacobam saswrafod mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis q. axalcixis qalqis
Tavs general maRlakeliZes da genereal makaevs – mayaSvils raTa iaraRiT da
cocxali ZaliT daxmareba gaewiaT, maTi gankargulebiT udis sazRvrebze
general gelovanisa da polkovnik kereseliZis meTaurobiT, axalcixis samxedro
nawilidan gamogzavne jari.
samxedro nawilis mosvlam gaamxneva udeli momrebi, romlebmac
jariskacebTan erTad ganaxorcieles mterze axali Seteva da mters piri
adrekines. brZolis xazze moxucebi da bavSvebi Rebulobdnen monawileobas,
mihqondaT saWmeli da brZolis xazidan daWrilebi gamohyavdaT.
Turqma askiarebma soflebs wyiseebsa da marelis midamoebSi moaxerxes
sabrZolo xazis gamagreba, aseT viTarebaSi dRiTi dRe maSveli ZalebiT ivsebda
TurqTa bandebi.
am brZolebSi bevri udeli vaJkacis gverdiT daiRupa sofel wyisis
midamoebSi 19 wlis jariskaci poeti grigol megreliSvili (mTis niavi),
romelic Tavis amxanagebTan erTad dasaflavebulia udis patare eklesiis ezoSi
(wamebulTa sasaflaoze).
47
general gelovanma da polkovnik kereseliZem gadawyvites, rom aseT
uTanasworo brZolaSi udisa da maTi jaris mcire nawilebi TurqTa jaris
nawilebTan verafers gaxdebodnen, amitom maT miatoves brZolis veli da
TavianTi jaris nawilebi abasTumanze gavliT zekaris gadasasvleliT
quTaisisaken gaemarTnen. brZolaSi bedis anabarad darCenili udeli meomrebi
ieriSze gadmosul moZalade mters win wasvlis saSualebas ar aZlevdnen.
miuxedavad udelTa vaJkacobisa, saswori TurqTa mxareze gadaixara. TurqTa
uricxv armiasTan brZolis gagrZeleba uazroba iyo. am momentSi soflis
Tavkacebis yvelaze didi sazrunavi iyo soflis mosaxleobis gadarCena.
udes yovel mxridan mteri uaxlovdeboda. umweo mdgomareobaSi
Cavardnili mosaxleoba gasaqcev gzebs eZebda. udis Tavkacobam gadawyvita imave
Rames sofeli daetovebina da gaxiznuliyvnen axalcixeSi. gadawyvetileba
swrafad iqna sisruleSi moyvanili. sanam sofeli daicleboda, manam meomrebs
brZoliT mozRvavebuli mteri unda SeeCerebina. daRamda da sibneleSi brZolis
xazze Tofis srolis xma aRar ismoda.
RamiT sofeli dacarielda, xolo brZolis veli sabolood datoves
udelma meomrebma da axalcixisken mimaval soflis mosaxleobas sofel farexis
midamoebSi wamoewivnen.
sofelSi samasamde adamiani darCa, romlebsac susxian zamTarSi fexiT
axalcixemde Casvla ar SeeZloT, ris gamoc sofelSi bedis anabara darCnen
moxucebi, avadmyofebi, usinaTloebi da nawili axalgazrdoba, romlebmac
TavianTi qoneba ver miatoves.
gaqceuli mosaxleoba gzaSi vin vis aswrebda ar icodnen, am arevdarevaSi
zogi Svils daeZebda gzaSi, zogi cols da zogi ki dedas. gaTenebisas daRlil-
daqanculebma Zlivs CaaRwies axalcixeSi.
soflidan gaxiznuli mosaxleoba jer kidev soflis mijnas ar iyvnen
gacilebulni, rom sofels cecxli waukides da sofelSi darCenil qonebas
daepatronnen adgilobrivi qarTveli mahmadianebi, aseTive bedi ewvia kurort
abasTumans da erTi TviT adre sofel arals.
48
sofelSi darCenil 300-mde sicocxles mowyurebuli adamiani SiSiT
saxlidan gareT wylis asaRebadac ver gamodiodnen.
raki umweo mosaxleoba naxes sofelSi RatifSa baraTaSvilis deidas
qmarma, romelic focxovidan iyo gadmosuli Tavisi bandisa da Zmebi amirxana da
maxsuda baraTaSvilebis daxmarebiT daiwyes upatrono saxlebis Zarcva,
pirutyvis garekva, binebis dawva da umweod darCenili mosaxleobis wameba da
xocva.
axalcixis samcxe javaxeTis isotiuli muzeumis xelnawerTa fondis #
3428 gv. 65-73 eqim ivane gabrielis Ze asaTians naCenebi aqvs, rom 1918-19 wlebSi
TurqeTis Semosevebis dro sofel udeSi adgilobrivma mahamdianebma udeSi
awames da mokles 240 adamiani, xolo aralSi – 30, rogorc zemoT avRniSneT
mkvlelobaSi mTavar moqmed pirebad iTvlebodnen Zmebi amirxana da maxsuda
baraTaSvilebi da maxsudas qvisli laCina – TurqeTdan gadmosuli.
zogierT daxocilTa sia:
1. merabiSvili giorgi
2. merabiSvili ana (col-qmari awames)
3. petriaSvili pavle
4. petriaSvili sabedo (col-qmari)
5. petriaSvili qristine (Svili)
6. petriaSvili ana (Svili)
7. giqoSvili ivane
8. giqoSvili besarion
9. giqoSvili petre
10. yuljaniSvili pavle
11. yuljaniSvili Terezina (col-qmari, cecxlSi dawves)
12. balaxaSvili SuSana
13. balaxaSvili aleqsi
14. obolasvili stefane
15. aToSvili iosebi
16. martiaSvili stefane
49
17. petaSvili pavle
18. petaSvili mixeil (Zmebi)
da sxvebi.
gaxiznuli mosaxleoba 1919 wlis 2 Tebervlidan 25 aprilamde Tavs
afarebda axalcixes, axalcixeSi orTve naxevars udisa da samTveze met xans
arils mosaxleoba ganicdida SimSils, ramac gamoiwvia mosaxleobis maisuri
daavadeba, aseT viTarebaSi myof mosaxleobas lukmapuris Sovnis saSualeba ar
hqonda, SimSilis niadagze gavrcelebulma epidemiam (tifi) bevri adamianis
sicocxle Siewira.
1919 wlis aprilis pirvel naxevarSi qarTveli jaris nawilebi Semovidnen
axalcixeSi , romelTa meSeveobiT gaTavisuflebul iqna qvablianis teritoria
da Cvens mosaxleobas saSualeba mieca 15-dan 25 aprilamde dabruneboda TavianT
gaparataxebul keras.
daaxloebiT aprilis dasawyisSi qarTveli jaris Semosvlis dros
qvablianis qarTveli mahmadianebi ojaxebiT garbodnen, zogi aWaraSi da zogic
TurqeTSi, sarval begis mama feizula begi (aTabag qoblianski) Tavis sofel
benaraSi qarTvel jars purmariliT Seegeba da amiT sisxlisRvra Sewyda.
gaqceuli mahmadiani mosaxleoba gzida daabrunes.
50
sasoflo sabWo da maTi xelmZRvaneloba
jer kidev 1828 wels, roca iqna TurqTa batonobisagan gaTavisuflda
samcxe, maSin dRevandel adigenis teritoria axalcixis mazraSi Sevida. am
teritoriaze sami samamasaxliso yofila – adigenis, varxnisa da udis. ude maSin
axalcixis mazraSi yvelaze didi samamasaxliso yofila, xolo sabWoTa
xelisuflebis wlebSi ki jer revkomebi iyo, xolo Semdeg TemsabWo, romlebSic
Sedioda arali, orWoSani, warbasTumani, mareli, xona, qvemo da zemo wyise,
zazalo, xuro, RorZe, amxeri, samyre, kaxareTi da lelovani. aRniSnul soflebs
ganagebda kargazans udis revkomi, xolo Semdeg TemsabWo.
udis sasoflo kooperativi aRniSnul soflebs uwevda momsaxurebas.
droTa msvlelobaSi revkomebi gadakeTda TemsabWoebad da bolos TemsabWoebi
Seicvala sasoflo sabWoebad.
1929-1930 wlebSi axalcixis mazras adigeni gamoeyo calke raionad da
sasoflo sabWoebis ricxvi gaizarda raionSi. Tu udis TemsabWos
SemadgenlobaSi Zvelad Sedioda 14 sofeli, sasoflo sabWoebis gardaqmnis
dros, udis sasoflo sabWos SemadgenlobaSi darCa – ude, arali da xuro,
xolo 1945 wlidan ki - ude, arali da warbastumani.
udis TemsabWoSi Semavali 14 sofeli, Semdeg 4 sasoflo sabWod
ganawilda: udis, marelis, zazalosa da lelovanis sasoflo sabWoebad, raTa
xelmZRvaneloba da marTva advili yofiliyo. aseTive bedi ewviaT adigenisa da
varxanis TemsabWoebs.
sabWoTa xelisuflebis dapyrobis dRidan udeSi revkomis Tavjdomared
muSaobda merabiSvili petre grigolis Ze, Semdeg niSnaven mamulaSvili giorgi
petres Zes, xolo TemsabWos Tavjdomared Toma grigolis Ze merabiSvils,
romelsac Semdeg cvlis zazaSvili simon stefanes Ze, saraSvili eduard
iosebis Ze, CilaSvili mixa antonis Ze, maisuraZe gigla iordanes Ze, zazaSvili
simon stefanes Ze, gigolaSvili petre avetisis Ze, yuljaniSvili levan
aruTenis Ze, saraSvili eduard iosebis Ze, saaniSvili giorgi (Jora) pavles Ze,
maisuraZe simon iosebis Ze, gigolaSvili amiran stefanes Ze, TaTenaSvili osiko
aleqsandres Ze, abulaZe giorgi ivanes Ze, TumaniSvili levan stefanes Ze,
51
merabiSvili avTandil giglas Ze, balaxaSvili SoTa moses Ze da 1991 wlis 31
marts Catarda sof udis sakrebulos arCevnebi. 17 aprils airCies sakrebulos
mdivani pavle mixeilis Ze mRebriSvili.
1991 wlis 24 aprils airCies sofel udis sakrebulos gamgebeli anton
pavles Ze parunaSvili xolo Semdeg guram stefanes Ze boCikaSvili.
udis sasoflo sabWo raionSi yvelaze did sasoflo sabWod iTvleboda, romlis
SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda arali da warbasTumani.
mimdinare 1983 wlis 19 ianvars mTavrobis dadgenilebiT soflebi arali da
warbasTumani udes gamoeyvnen da aralSi sabWo Seiqmna.
udeSi aris sami saSualo skolaa – udis #1, #2 da udis axalgazrdobis
saSualo skola.
udeSi 5 biblioTekaa, xolo sSualo skolebs aqvT TavianTi biblioTekebi.
aris musikaluri skola, romelsac aqvs Tavisi biblioTeka.
soflis axalgazrdobas momsaxurebas uwevs kulturis saxli, romelsac
aqvs farTo ekraniani kino danadgari.
udeSi aris ori baga baRi, fosta, telegrafi, ateesi, Semnaxveli salaro,
sasursaTo da samrewvelo, tansacmlis, fexsacmlis, trikotaJisa da sxva
seqciebi.
sofelSi garda univermaRisa aris sami Sereuli, avejis, wignebis maRazia,
sasadilo da sayofacxovrebo momsaxureobis obieqtebi.
Tu winaT soflis mosaxleoba moklebuli iyo samedicino momsaxurebas,
dRes udis sasoflo sabWos momsaxurebas uwevs ambolatoria, saavadmyofo 35
sawolze, samSobiaro saxli, afTiaqi da vet samkurnalo dawesebuleba.
1977 wels daiwyo soflis centraluri gzis gafarToeba – moasfalteba.
1958 wlidan udis yvela mosaxlem gaiSena orsarTuliani oda saxli,
romelic naTurebiT aris gaCiraRdnebuli.
52
kulakoba da kolmeurneobis Camoyalibeba
rogorc saqarTvelos sxvasaxva kuTxeebSi, ise adigenis raionis sofel
udeSic daiwyo kulakobis – am samarcxvino moqmedebis ganxorcieleba,
gaakulakes – CamoarTves pirutyvi, marcvleuli, saxnavi da baRis farTobebi
iseT ojaxebs, romlebic SedarebiT sxvebze maZRarni iyvnen da SeZlebulad
cxovrobdnen, aRniSnulis safuZvelze daiwyo kolmeurneebis Camoyalibeba.
kolmeurneobaSi pirvelad Sevidnen is ojaxebi, romlebic ZiriTadad
SimSilobdnen da mcire saxnav-saTesi miwebi gaaCndaT, maT daiwyes sxva
glexebis maRal mosavliani saxnavi miwebis dapatroneba da kolmeurneobaSi
gaerTianeba, xolo gakulakebulebs ki ukrZalavdnen kolmeurneobaSi Sesvlas,
ZiriTadad aRniSnuli sakiTxebi TviTneburad wyvetdnen komkavSirelebi da maTi
mimdevrebi.
zemo aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sofelSi Seiqmna urTierT dapirispireba,
Suri da mtroba.
1930 wlis gazafxulze kolmeurneobam iwyo daSla, glexobam daiwyo ukan
gamosvla, xolo kolmeurneobaSi darCnen komkavSirelebi da umiwawyalo
glexoba. 1931 wlidan mTavrobis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis (daSineba)
Sedegad daiwyo mosaxleobis masiuri Sesvla kolmeurneobaSi.
kolmeurneobis Camoyalibebis pirvel dReebSi Tavjdomared irCeven vano
serafimis Ze merabiSvils, xolo ori wlis Semdeg sarqis simonies Ze
martiaSvils.
1939 wels kolmeurneobis Tavjdomared irCeven maisuraZe gigla iordanis
Zes da am periodisaTvis sofelSi koleqtivizacia damTavrda. 1942 wlidan
kolmeurneobas saTaveSi simon iakobis Ze petaSvili.
1939-45 wlebSi udidan 505-ze meti axalgazrda iqna gawveuli samxedro
saswavlebelSi, swored am periodSi kolmeurneobis mTliani saqmianoba daawvaT
moxucebs, qalebsa da bavSvebs, romlebic SimSilisa da sicivis miuxedavad
Sromas ar gaurbodnen, maSin roca kolmeurneobaSi yvela saxis sasoflo
sameurneo samuSao xeliT sruldeboda.
53
1944 wlis 14-15 noembers mTavrobis dadgenilebiT sazRvris zonaSi
mcxovrebi mahmadianebi, qurTebi da Turqebi gaasaxles Sua aziis respublikaSi,
maT Soris sofel udidan 133 ojaxi.
maTi gasaxlebis ZiriTadi mizezi Cveni azriT iyo TurqeTis
saxelmwifosTan (dazvervis) saidumlo kavSiri, mesxeTis qarTvel mosaxleobaze
omis periodSi TiTis qneva, rom male dadgeba Cveni dro da mogivliTo, rom
borjomis zemodan qarTulad “gamarjveba” aRar unda iyoso.
1942 wels adigenis raionis sofel xonaSi 22 axalwveulma (mahmadianma)
miiRo gasawvevi furclebi da amave ricxvmi SuadRisas SearCa SemTxveva da
mavTulxlarTebze miadges ficrebi da gadavidnen TurqeTSi.
1942 wlis SemodgomiT adigenis raionis sof. moxis tyeSi 300-ze metma
mahmadianma TurqeTis mTavrobis xelSewyobiT SeiaraRebulni dabanakdnen tyeSi
im mizniT, rom gaexsna viTomda meore fronti da im tyidan imuqrebodnen sofel
udisa da arils mosaxleobaze, rom male TurqeTic Caebmeboda omSi da am or
soflis mosaxleobas amowyvitavdnen.
1945 wlis 1 ianvrisaTvis raionSi darCa 884 ojaxi 3888 suliT da kerZo
mesakuTre 10 ojaxi 42 suliT. sul 894 ojaxi 3930 suliT (1945 wlis aRweraSi
Sedis udis, arils, kikibos, kurort abastumanis. bolajurisa da benaris
mosaxleoba). am dros iwyeba saqarvelos sxvadasxva raionebidan qarTveli
mosaxleobis Camosaxleba.
1948 wels udis S. rusTavelis sax. kolmeurneoba zemdgomi organoebis
dadgenilebiT gaiyo orad – rusTavelisa da CxubianaSvilebis saxelobis.
CxubianaSvilebis sax. kolmeurneobis gamgeobis Tavjdomared airCies
(daniSnes) pavle parunaSvili, xolo rusTavelis sax. kolmeurneobaSi gaagrZela
muSaoba simon petaSvilma. kolmeurneobis gayofa maSin da dResac ar migvaCnia
gamarTlebulad, magram ras izam, xalxs vin ekiTxeboda. xolo 1950 wels ki isev
gaerTianda kolmeurneoba.
1951 wlidan kolmeurneobas saTaveSi udgeba merab petres Ze merabiSvili,
Semdgom periodSi kolmeurneobas xelmZRvanelobdnen: gigolaSvili petre
avetisis Ze, merabiSvili vaxtang serafimes Ze, petaSvili petre iosebis Ze,
54
merabiSvili pavle antonis Ze, obolaSvili anton grigolis Ze, abulaZe giorgi
ivanes Ze, inasariZe aleqsandre konstantines Ze, merabiSvili pavle antonis Ze
(meored), xolo 1987 wlidan kolmeurneobis gauqmebamde 1990 wlamde
Tavjdomared SoTa moses Ze balaxaSvilia.
1973-79 wlebSi udis kolmeurneobasTan SeerTebulni iyvnen lelovnis,
kaxareTis, samyurisa da RorZis soflebi, romelTa bankis saxelmwifo valebi
dafara udis kolmeurneobam da Semdeg isev gayves da Camoayalibes lelovnis
kolmeurneobad.
1980 wlisaTvis udis kolmeurneobas ericxeboda 5280 heqtari savarguli,
maT Soris saxnavi 510, xexilis baRi 80, saTibi 390, saZovari 2800, sxva danarCeni
1506 heqtari, xolo kolmeurneTa sakarmidamo gansazRvruli iyo 0.15 heqtaridan
0.30 heqtaramde, rac Seadgenda 192 heqtars.
imis gamo, rom sof. udisa da arils savargulebis didi nawili ZiriTadi
nawili iyo urwyavi, mosavlianobis gadidebis mizniT gayvanil iqna gorgul
aralis sarwyavi arxi, romelic 14 km manZilze mets moicavs.
xolo 1977-78 wlebSi mowyobil iqna udis Tavze xelovnuri wyalsacavi,
romlis adgilas patara moculobis tba iyo. misi zedapiris sarke 14 heqtaramdea
da 2,5 milioni kuburi metris tevadobisaa, Sig gaSvebulia samrewvelo xasiaTis
Tevzi, aRniSnuli tbidan irwyveba sezonze udisa da arils ZiriTadi sasoflo
sameurneo savargulebi.
1937 weli rogorc mTliani saqarTvelosaTvis, ise Cveni soflisTvisac did
tragediad iTvleba, am droisaTvis sofelSi Seiqmna e.w. sameuli (troika),
romelnic TavianT survilisamebr qmnidnen yalb masalebs ama Tu im pirovnebebze
da apatirebdnen. ZiriTadad siaSi iyvnen im ojaxebis ufrosebi, romlebic kargad
cxovrobdnen.
am didi tragediss msxverplni arian:
1. obolaSvili ivane
2. afriamaSvili mirza
3. kiknaze simon
4. maisuraZe iordane
55
5. balaxaSvili stefane
6. merabiSvili petre
7. merabiSvili Toma
8. merabiSvili aleqsandre
9. petaSvili iosebi
10. aziraSvili Tedore
11. gelaZe stefane
12. boCikaSvili mose
13. giqosvili iordane
14. boCikaSvili franci
da sxva
am periodisaTvis udeSi dapatimrebulni iyvnen 30 pirze meti, romelTa
umravlesoba mSobliur keras veRar daubrunda. am adamianTa wamebasa da
sikvdilSi xeli aqvT gasvrili zemoT naxseneb sameulis wevrebs, romelTa
gvarebs Segnebulad ar vasaxelebT, radgan ar gvinda wyena mivayenoT maT
STamomavlobas.
56
kolmeurneobis warmoebis ZiriTadi dargebis
ganviTareba
memindvreoba
1968 wlidan ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebiT kolmeurneobas Seumcirda
marcvleuli kulturebis warmoeba da mis xarjze gaizarda kartofilis,
bostneulis, sakvebi Warxalis, Svriis (erTwliani balaxis) naTesebi,
mesaqonleobis sakvebi bazis ganmtkicebis mizniT.
Zvelad sofel udeSi marcvlovan kulturebs Soris wamyvani adgili ekava:
TeTr da wiTeli dolis purs, javaxeTis dikas (sagazafxulo). Savfexas, Wvavs,
maxobela xorbals, Semodgomisa da gazafxulis qers, fetvs, siminds da sxva.
rac Seexeba parkosani mcenareebidan ZiriTadad gavrcelebuli iyo lobios
mindvris da saris saxeobebi da selis kultura.
bostneul-baRCeul kulturebidan ZiriTadad iTeseboda da irgveboda:
kitri – lanta da gilanis jiSis, sazamTro, nesvi, xaxvi, niori, kombosto,
pomidori, boloki da sxva.
mexileoba
mexileoba rogorc mesxeTisaTvis, ise udis mosaxleobisTvisac uZvelesi
erT-erTi sisxlorceuli da saamayo dargia, romelzedac miuTiTebs Tundac is
faqti, rom dRes udeSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebTan SedarebiT yvelaze
meti xilis aborigenuli (adgilbrivi) jisebia gavrcelebuli. saxeldobr,
vaSli: abilauri, mefis vaSli, bostnis vaSli, msuqana, qona, rZe vaSli, mixakis,
maxara, mamulo, rkina vaSili da sxva. msxali: nazaziri, gogra, kacis tava,
kviristava, mixriki, Tavrejuli, sesela, nene msxali, boqSua, grZeli msxali da
sxva. aRniSnuli jiSebi gamoirCevian sicocxlis xangrZlivobiT, yinvisa da
daavadebebis meti amtanobiT, maRalimsxmoiarobiT, nayofis didi aromatulobiTa
da gamZleobiT, aseve sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli WanWuris, qliavis, tyemlis,
57
kaklis, Sindis, komSis sxvadasxva jiSebi, am ukanasknel periodSi mosaxleobam
farTod daiwyo venaxis sxvadasxva jiSis gaSeneba da Rvinis dayeneba sakuTari
moxmarebisTvis.
mesaqonleoba
udis kolmeurneobas hqonda msxvilfexarqiani pirutyvis mZlavri ferma,
1585 suliT, aqedan mewvelia 520 suli, Rori 450 suli, qaTami 7400 frTa, aqvs
inkubatori, yovelive zemoT dasaxelebuli did Semosavals aZlevs udis
kolmeurneobas.
kolmeurneobas aqvs saxerxi qarxana, eleqtro wisqvili, abano, sakvebis
Semamzadebeli saamqro da sxva nagebobani.
58
udeli axalgazrdoba did samamulo omSi
samaradiso dideba Cvens Tanasoflelebs, romlebic
gmirulad Seewirnen did samamulo oms
1941-1945 wlebSi
43 wlis win, 1941 wlis 22 ivniss dilis 4 saaTze Cvens qveyanas veragulad
Tavs daesxa faSisturi germania.
samSoblos dasacavad aRsdga mTeli sabWoTa xalxi veragi mtris
winaaRmdeg. Cveni respublikidan 700 aTasamde kacma miiRo aqtiuri monawileoba
samkvdro –sasicocxlo brZolebSi, maT Soris 16 aTasze meti qali, 23 aTasi
oficeri, 48 aTasi generali da admirali Rebulobda monawileobas. maTgan
mTavrobis maRali jildo daimsaxura 244760 kacma, sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris
wodeba mieniWa 155 kacs, romlebmac gviCvenes gmirobisa da mamacobis arnaxuli
magaliTebi.
bevrma axalgazrdam Tavisi lamazi sicocxle Seswira Cvens Zvirfas
samSoblos. isini Sin ver dabrundnen, romlebsac Sinmousvlelebs veZaxiT, diax,
marTlac isini ver dabrundnen magram maTma vaJkacurma gmirobam gvamcno
germaniaze gamarjveba, maT TavianTi mkerdiT daicves Cveni samSoblos Rirseba
da damoukidebloba.
saqarTvelos arcerT kuTxeSi araa ojaxi, rom ar ganecados omis mware
xvedri.
samamulo omis qarcecxlian dReebSi mesxeTidan frontze wavida 12 aTasi
kaci, aqedan daiRupa TiTqmis naxevari, 12 aTasian mebrZolTa rigebSi Sedioda
sofel udidan 505 axalgazrda, maT ricxvebSi 40 oficeri. 243 rigiTma da 20
oficerma veRar miaRwia Tavis mSobliur soflamde, isini gmirulad daecnen
mterTan brZolaSi samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis.
sabWoTa armies meomrebTan erTad sofel udis axalgazrdobis naxevarze
metma samamulo omis qariSxlian dReebSi samudamod hpova civi samare, rogorc
sabWoTa miwaze, ise evropisa da aRmosavleT aziis vrcel, Tvaluwvdenel
sxvadasxva qveynis teritoriaze, xolo zogs ki SavdReebSi samarec ki ar
Rirsebia.
Sin mousvleli axalgazrda poeti g. nafetvariZe mSoblebisadmi miweril
werilSi wers:
Tu moadgeba mteri tramalebs,
gmirebis gverdiT unda meZeboT
visac frontebze ergos samara
imisi iyos es sadRegrZelo!
g. nafetvariZem rogorc poetma da samSoblos erTgulma jariskacma,
Tavisi sityva saqmed aqcia, iseve rogorc 263 udelma Sinomusvlelma, maTac
gmirebis gverdiT hpoves samudamo samara, romelTa saxelebs arasodes
daiviwyebs momavali Taoba.
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udidan omSi monawileTa Soris 40 oficeri iyo, aqedan samwyobro dargSi maiori
1, kapitani 2, uforsi leitenanti 3, leitenanti 18, umcrosi leintenanti 6,
medicines samsaxuris maiori 4, kapitani 2, xolo veterinari 4.
omSi darupul meomarTa ukvdavsayofelad kulturis saxlSi, gakeTebulia
stendi, isini stendidan cocxlad iyurebian, ris gamoc maT Sinmousvlelebs
veZaxiT, maTgan umetesobas ar hyavda Svili da coli da arc STamomavloba
dauteovebiaT, amitom isini Cvens mexsierebaSi darCnen rogorc axalgazrdebi,
xolo daRupulTa nawils darCaT Svilebi, romlebic tkbilad igoneben mamebs.
60
meTaurTa Semadgenloba romlebic Sin dabrundenen
# gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli dabadebis
weli
samxedro wodeba SeniSvna
1 giqoSvili ioseb giorgis Ze 1912 ufr. leitenanti gardaicvala 1979
2 balaxaSvili anton iosebis Ze 1915 ufr. leitenanti gardaicvala 1984
3 merabiSvili SoTa petres Ze 1922 kapitani gardaicvala
4 maisuraZe simon iosebis Ze 1921 amJamad maiori
5 gigolaSvili petre avetis Ze 1907 leitenanti gardaicvala 1993
6 gigolaSvili aleqsandre avetis Ze 1909 leitenant veterinari
7 CilaSvili stefane ivanes Ze 1913 medicinis kapitani gardaicvala 1980
8 petaSvili artem ivanes Ze 1917 leitenanti gardaicvala 1979
9 petaSvili ioseb ivanes Ze 1915 medicinis maiori
10 petaSvili simon iosebis Ze 1902 medicinis samsaxuri gardaicvala 1993
11 zazaSvili simon stefanes Ze 1902 leitenanti gardaicvala 1991
12 merabiSvili mixeil aleqsanres Ze 1920 medicinis samsaxuri gardaicvala 1992
13 merabiSvili mirian petres Ze 1914 medicinis maiori
14 TumaniSvili stefane simonies Ze 1910 leitenant veterinari
15 mamasaxlisaSvili ivane stefanes Ze 1914 leitenant veterinari
16 suxmani lazare simonies Ze 1919 umcr. leitenanti
17 parunaSvili SoTa francis Ze 1916 umcr. leitenanti
18 TaTenaSvili ioseb aruTenis Ze 1914 umcr. leitenanti
19 aRlemaSvili efrem mixeilis Ze 1922 amJamad maiori
20 yuljaniSvili petre iokimis Ze 1922 kapitani
61
omSi daRupul meTaurTa Semadgenloba
# gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli dabadebis
weli
samxedro wodeba SeniSvna
1 mamulaSvili artem petres Ze 1914 maiori
2 merabiSvili pavle petres Ze 1920 medicinis kapitani
3 merabiSvili anton petres Ze 1918 leitenanti
4 narimanaSvili anton stefanes Ze 1916 kapitani
5 aRoSaSvili vaniko artemis Ze 1919 leitenanti
6 abulaZe giorgi stefanes Ze 1907 leitenanti
7 boCikaSvili petre moses Ze 1904 leitenant veterinari
8 boCikaSvili anton stefanes Ze 1915 leitenanti
9 gigolaSvili giorgi stefanes Ze 1914 ufr. leitenanti
10 gigolaSvili simon melqonis Ze 1915 leitenanti
11 giqoSvili lazare petres Ze 1916 leitenanti
12 giqoSvili iordane mixas Ze 1920 leitenanti
13 TaToSvili simon ambrosis Ze 1910 leitenanti
14 merabiSvili vaso ivanes Ze 1919 leitenanti
15 merabiSvili alioz antonis Ze 1914 leitenanti
16 merabiSvili ivane aruTenis Ze 1917 leitenanti
17 WaRiaSvili pavle antonis Ze 1908 leitenanti
18 azirasvili sandre stefanes Ze 1910 umcr. leitenanti
19 barbliSvili ivane pavles Ze 1910 umcr. leitenanti
20 giqoSvili iordane petres Ze 1920 umcr. leitenanti
62
omSi daRupul jariskacTa sia
# gvari, saxeli, mamis saxeli dabadebis
weli
daRupvis weli SeniSvna
1 abulaZe ioseb Tomas Ze 1908 1942
2 abulaZe pavle Tomas Ze 1913 1942
3 abulaZe simon Tomas Ze 1921 1942
4 abulaZe anton fanCos Ze 1918 1944
5 abulaZe vasil ivanes Ze 1923 1942
6 abulaZe ioseb petres Ze 1924 1942
7 abulaZe petre Tomas Ze 1914 1944
8 abulaZe anton levanis Ze 1903 1941
9 abulaZe petre stefanes Ze 1914 1942
10 abulaZe ivane stefanes Ze 1906 1943
11 abulaZe aleqsi fanCos Ze 1923 1941
12 abulaZe stefane pavles Ze 1906 1942
13 abulaZe anton Tomas Ze 1923 1945
14 abulaZe giorig stefanes Ze 1908 1942
15 aziraSvili simon Tedores Ze 1922 1943
16 aziraSvili anton iosebis Ze 1918 1942
17 aziraSvili simon stefanes Ze 1914 1943
18 aziraSvili anton stefanes Ze 1922 1942
19 aziraSvili petre stefanes Ze 1907 1942
20 aziraSvili sandre stefanes Ze 1910 1942
21 aziraSvili simon iakobis Ze 1912 1944
22 afriamaSvili pavle ivanes Ze 1919 1943
23 afriamaSvili levan iordanes Ze 1907 1941
24 afriamaSvili petre iordanes Ze 1910 1944
P.S. danarCeni aklia