S o T a c x o v r e b a S v i l i

zogadi geomorfologia$ 1. geomorfologiis sagani da amocanebi

geomorfologia berZnuli sityvaa da dedamiwis saxis Seswavlas niSnavs. ufro zustad Tu vityviT, geomorfologia dedamiwis reliefis agebulebis, genezisis, formirebis gzebisa da Tanamedrove dinamikis Semswavleli mecnierebaa.

reliefis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba xmeleTis da okeaneTa fskeris uswormasworobaTa erToblioba anu liTosferos zedapiris Semadgeneli maRlobebisa da dablobebis, mTebisa da xeobebis, vakeebisa da sxvaTa TavisTavadoba an maTi krebadoba.

reliefis Semadgenali formebi* garegani niSnebisa da ganzomilebebis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos martivi, anu elementaruli da rTuli. martivi formebia: borcvi, terasa, namdinarevi. Zabrisebri an jamisebri Cadableba da sxv., xasiaTdebian mcire sididiT da xSirad erTeuladi arsebobiT. rTuli formebia: qedi, qvabuli, mTianeTi, xeoba, zegani da sxv., gamoirCevian geneturad gansxvavebuli elementaruli formebis SerwymiT, maTi krebadobiT. saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom reliefis didi Tu mcire forma Tvis mxriv, Sedgeba erTi an ramdenime elementisagan, romlebSic igulisxmeba formis nawilebi: zedapiri, nawiburi da sxva.

roca reliefis esa Tu is forma amozneqili, amoburculi saxisaa, mas dadebiTiFformis saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven, da piriqiT, Tu Cazneqilia _ uaryofiTi formis saxelwodebiT. rac Seexeba vakeebs isini neitralur fomebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, geomorfologiis kvlevis obieqts, misi Seswavlis sagans, dedamiwis reliefi warmoadgens.

* forma laTinuri sityvaa da am saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba vizualurad gansxvavebuli da sivrcobrivad gamijnuli warmonaqmni. axlo warsulSi igi mxolod xmeleTis zedapirs moicavda. mas Semdeg ki, rac axali srulyofili meTodebis gamoyenebiT, didi raodenobiT dagrovda cnobebi liTosferos wyalqveSa nawilis Sesaxeb, aseTi Seswavla okeaneebis da zRvebis fskerzec

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gavrcelda. ase rom amJamad geomorfologiis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens liTosferos rogorc subaeraluri, ise subaqvaluri, e. i. misi mTeli zedapiri.

rac Seexeba amocanebs, igi pirvel yovlisa mdgomareobs Seswavlis obieqtis struqturuli Taviseburebis, e. i. agebulebis garkvevaSi misi garegani niSnebis daxasiaTebaSi, kerZod, morfometriul da hifsometriul TaviseburebaTa aRweraSi. amasTan, garegani niSnebis aRwera, mkvlevaris TviTmizani ki araa, igi erT-erTi saSualebaa ZiriTadi amocanis gadawyvetisa, romelic Sesaswavli formis an formaTa kompleqsis genezisis axsnasa da misi ganviTarebis istoriis aRdgenas gulisxmobs. amasTan unda gvaxsovdes, rom aRniSnuli amocanis gadawyvetis saqmeSi xSirad pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs reliefis formebis garegani Taviseburebisa da maTi geologiuri pirobebis, e. i. struqturul-liTologiuri maxasiaTeblebis garkvevas.

aseTive mniSvnelobis amocanaa reliefwarmomqmneli Tanamedrove pirobebis (dinamikis) da reliefis asakis gansazRvra, agreTve, reliefis formebisa da maTi geneturi kompleqsis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa Seswavla da miRebul Sedegebze dayrdnobiT maTi klasifikaciis SemuSaveba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas i. SCukinis mier gamoyofil geomorfologiuri kompleqsebis anu landSaftebis da klimaturi zonebis urTierTdamokidebulebaze. bolos, Tanamedrove geomorfologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebis sul ufro metad gamoyeneba da danergva adamianis sameurneo saqmianobaSi.

$ 2. geomorfologiis dayofa da misi kavSiri sxva mecnierul

disciplinebTan

geomorfologia geografiisa da geologiis mijnaze formirebuli samecniero disciplinaa, romelic mkvlevarTa didi umravlesobis (u. devisi, e. martoni, k. markovi, i. SCukini da sxva) mier fizikuri geografiis erT - erT ZiriTad dargadaa miCneuli. mkvlevarTa meore jgufi (a. lobeki, i. gerasimovi, i. meSCeriakovi da sxva) ki geologiisa da geografiis momijnave dargad miiCnevs. es ukaneskneli Cvenc ufro marTebulad migvaCnia. igi SeiZleba daiyos erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul organul nawilebad, romelTa Soris umTavresia: zogadi geomorfologia, regionaluri geomorfologia da gamoyenebiTi geomorfologia.

zogadi geomorfologia swavlobs liTosferos zedapiris reliefis yvela kategoriis formaTa Taviseburebas, warmoSoba ganviTarebis gzebsa da maTi gavrcelebis kanonzomierebebs*.

regionaluri geomorfologiis amocanaa liTosferos met-naklebi sididis nawilebis, reliefis warsulis, dRevandeli Taviseburebisa da momavali ganviTarebis gzebis Seswavla. erT SemTxvevaSi aseT nawils SesaZloa kontinenti an mTagrexili warmoadgendes, sxva SemTxvevaSi ki _ mdinaris xeobis romelime monakveTi.

aRniSnul nawilebs Soris mWidro kavSiri imaSi mdgomareobs, rom zogadi geomorfologiis xaziT mopovebuli Sedegebi ganapirobebs regionuli kvlevis dros dasmuli problemebis swor gadawyvetas, da piriqiT, ukanasknelis warmatebebi amdidrebs, pirveli maTganis Teorias da misi ufro srulyofis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

ukanasknel xanebSi swrafi tempiT viTardeba zemoaRniSnuli mesame nawili, romelic gamoyenebiTi geomorfologiis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. mis mizans Seadgens reliefis morfolologiuri Seswavla ama Tu im praqtikul-sameurneo problemis gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT.

* geomorfologiis ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze zogi mkvlevari calke gamoyofs planetarul geomorfologias da mis amocanad saxavs dedamiwis zedapiris umsxvilesi, e. i. planetaruli morfologiuri erTeulebis kontinentebis da okeaneTa kalapotebis, Suaokeanuri qedebisa da sxv. warmoSoba-ganviTarebis Seswavlas.

geomorfologia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis erT-erTi dargia, igi kavSirSi imyofeba aRniSnuli mecnierebis iseT dargebTan, rogoricaa: geologia, petrografia, klimatologia, hidrologia da sxv. geomorfologia Tavisi amocanebis gadawyvetisas iyenebs ara marto monaTesave dargebidan miRebul Sedegebs, aramed Tavis mxriv samsaxurs uwevs maT ama Tu im problemis gadawyvetaSi.

geomorfologiis ganviTarebis Tanamedroe etapze aRniSnuli kavSiri geologiasa da klimatologiasTan imdenad mWidroa, rom zogierTi mkvlevari zogad geomorflogias struqturul da klimatur geomorfologiad anawilebs. ufro metic, aseTi saxelwodebis monografiebsac aqveyneben da es araa SemTxveviTi, radgan xSirad reliefis saxe, misi genezisi ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia geologiuri TaviseburebiT, kerZod ki

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adgilis struqturuli pirobebiT. igive iTqmis klimatis, kerZod ki misi ama Tu im elementis rolze geomorfologiaSi. gamofitvis siZliere da xasiaTi, mdinareTa wylianoba, qaris moqmedeba Tu myinvarTa winsvla da ukan daxeva klimatzea damokidebuli, xolo TiToeuli maTgani geomorfogenezisis agents an faqtors warmoadgens.

aseve didia kavSiri reliefsa da mis amgebel qanTa Taviseburebas anu liTologiur faqtors Soris. amis naTelsayofad sakmarisia karstuli reliefis gaxseneba, romelic, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT advilad xsnadi qanebis (kirqvebi, TabaSiri da sxv.) gavrcelebis adgilebs ukavSirdeba. Tu meti ara, igive SeiZleba iTqvas im kavSirze, romelic arsebobs geomorfologiasa da hidrologias Soris. liTosferos vertikaluri da horizontaluri danawevrebis metnakleboba, eroziul-akumulaciuri Tu abraziul-akumulaciuri reliefis ganviTareba arsebiTad mdinareebis da zRvebis moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo aseT reliefs kontinentebis calkeul nawilebSi arcTu iSviaTad dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, geomorfologiuri kvlevis warmatebiT CatarebisaTvis pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto mecnierebis am dargis Teoriuli safuZvlebis karg codnas, aramed mis monaTesave sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebSi mkvlevaris horizontis saTanado sifarToves. $ 3. geomorfologiis Teoriuli safuZvlebi

geomorfologia axalgazrda mecnierebaa, romelic Tavisi damoukidebeli arsebobis saukunenaxevars iTvlis. misi Teoriuli safuZvlebis Seqmna yvelaze metad u. devisis, v. penkis, l. kingis, da k. markovis saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

marTalia, aRniSnul mkvlevarTa mier Seqmnili koncefciebi mkveTradaa gansxvavebuli, magram maT saerTo niSani gaaCniaT, rac reliefis calkeul formaTa an formaTa kompleqsebis dinamikurobaSi anu mudmivi cvlilebebisa da ganviTarebis daSvebaSi mdgomareobs. amasTan, es cvlileba SeiZleba mimdinareobdes TandaTanobiT anu evoluciurad da naxtomiseburad. cvlilebaTa TandaTanobiTi xasiaTi ZiriTadad garedinamikuri procesebis moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo meore maTgani vulkanur da seismur procesebTan.

u. devisis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli erT-erTi pirveli da dRemde gabatonebuli Teoria, romelic geografiuli ciklebis

saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. mis mier wamoyenebuli triada _,,geologiuri struqtura” _,,egzogenuri procesi” _,,stadia” _ miCneuli iyo reliefis ganviTarebis Secnobis aucilebel pirobad. ciklSi avtori gulisxmobs mTel rig nelsa da TandaTanobiT cvlilebebs romelsac ganicdis xmeleTis zedapiris esa Tu is nawili mkveTrad gamoxatuli azevebis droidan TiTqmis vaked anu peneplenad* gadaqcevamde. amasTan, da esaa xazgasmiT aRsaniSnavi, devisis mixedviT peneplenis mdgomareobamde misvla warmoebs reliefis absoluturi da SefardebiTi simaRliTi maCveneblebis Semcirebis gziT, dadebiT orografiul erTeulTa TandaTanobiTi dadablebiT, e. i. vertikaluri mimarTulebiT (nax. 1.). vinaidan reliefis gardaqmnis

sruli cikli xangrZliv dros moiTxovs, romelic milionobiT wels Seadgens, Zneli warmosadgenia, rom reliefis nivelireba anu peneplenizacia geomorfogenezisis mxolod erTma romelime agentma, mag. mdinarem, myinvarma da sxv. warmarTos. am saqmeSi Cveulebriv procesTa da faqtorTa kompleqsebi monawileoben da amitomaa, rom avtori mas geografiuli ciklis saxelwodebiT aRniSnavs. im SemTxvevaSi, roca aRniSnul gardaqmnaSi aSkarad SeimCneva erTi romelime procesis gabatonebuli roli, maSin u. devisi laparakobs ara geografiuli, aramed eroziuli, myinvaruli, eoluri da sxva ciklebis Sesaxeb. imis gamo, rom reliefis aseTi Zireuli SecvlisaTvis, rogorc ukve iTqva, geologiuri masStabis droa saWiro, SeuZlebelia mis msvlelobaze Tvalis gadevneba. am siZnelis dasaZlevad da ciklebis Teoriis naTelsayofad devisma moxerxebulad gamoiyena kvlevis deduqciuri meTodi da TvalsCinoebis originaluri fomra blokdiagramebisa.

avtori TiToeul ciklSi gamoyofs ramdenime stadias, romelTac axalgazrdobis, momwifebulobis da moxucebulobis saxelwodebiT aRniSnavs.

eroziuli ciklis axalgazrddobis stadiaze reliefi xasiaTdeba didi vertikaluri danawevrebiT, xeobaTa cicabo, didi daqanebis qarafovani ferdobebiT. viwroZiriani da Cqerian-Woromiani kalapotebi am stadiis ZiriTadi maniSneblebia.

moxucebulobis stadiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia umniSvnelo vertikaluri danawevrebis martivi, talRobrivi zedapiris reliefi, sadac farTod gaSlili da sustad daxrili damreci

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ferdobebis mqone Walian xeobebSi SeumCnevlad miedinebian meandruli daklaknuli nakadebi.

am or, mkveTrad gansxvavebul saxeTa Soris, saSualo mdgomareobis amsaxvelia simwifis stadiaSi myofi reliefi, e. i. iseTi reliefi romlis ZiriTad niSans SedarebiT mcire vertikaluri danawevrebis maCvenebeli da gadaSlili kalTebis mqone farTo terasirebuli xeobebi warmoadgens.

varaudoben, da arcTu usafuZvlod, rom nebismieri ciklis Semadgeneli stadiebi gansxvavebuli xangrZlivobisaa. axalgazrdulobis stadia bevrad ufro xanmokle unda iyos (eroziul-denudacieri procesebis intensiuri msvlelobis gamo) moxucebulobis stadiasTan SedarebiT.

garda aRniSnulisa, cikli SeiZleba iyos sruli da arasruli. pirveli maTgani gulisxmobs stadiebis srul speqtrs. xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu ciklis msvleloba dairRva axalgazrdobis an simwifis stadiaze swarfi azevebiTi an daZirviTi teqtonikuri moZraobiT, maSin arasrul anu daumTavrebel ciklTan gveqneba saqme.

problemis rac SeiZleba naTlad gadmocemis mizniT devisma ciklebis TeoriaSi zogjer metad gamartivebuli varaudebi dauSva da, rogorc amas samarTlianad aRniSnavs ingliseli geomorfologi r. raisi, swored aseTi adgilebi gaxda kritikis obieqti. erT-erT maTganad ciklebis izolirebuli ganxilvaa miCneuli. aseTive nakladaa miCneuli azevebisa da denudaciis fazebis damoukidebeli ganxilvis daSveba, romelic gulisxmobs jer swraf teqtonikur azevebas, Semdeg ki eroziul-denudaciuri procesebis msvlelobas teqtonikuri siwynaris pirobebSi.

marTlia aRniSnuli xarvezebi devisis Teorias gaaCnia, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi dResac erT-erTi popularul Teoriadaa miCneuli.

aranakleb sayuradRebo da originaluri Teoria SeimuSava v. penkma (1924), romelic morfologiuri analizis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. am Teoriis mixedviT, mTiani mxareebis reliefis garegani (morfologiuri) niSnebis analizis safuZvelze, SeiZleba vimsjeloT teqtonikuri moZraobis xasiaTze: aRmavalia igi, daRmavali Tu neitraluri.

v. penki mTiani mxareebis daSla-dangrevis process ukavSirebda xeobaTa ferdobebis ganze gawevas _ maTi horizontuli mimarTulebiT gadaadgilebas. marTalia, amasTan erTad, is arc gamoricxavda mTebis devisiseuli, vertikaluri mimarTulebiT warmoebul nivelirebas, magram mas SesaZleblad Tvlida nivelirebis mxolod bolo etapze, roca mezoblad mdebare xeobebis ferdobebi

ganze gawevis kvalobaze imdenad miuaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, rom urTierTs gadakveTen (nax. 1).

v. penki iyo erT-erTi im pirvelTagani, romelmac yuradReba gaamaxvila ferdobebis amgebeli gamofitvis qerqis mudmivad mimdinare neli cocviT moZraobaze, rac dRes sayovelTaodaa cnobili da araerTi monaTesave terminiTaa (defluqcia, kripi, solifluqcia da sxv.) aRniSnuli.

v. penkis mixedviT reliefis evoluciaSi umTavresia is kavSiri da intesivobiTi Tanafardoba, romelic arsebobs mdinareTa siRrmiTi CaWris unarsa da teqtonikuri azevebis temps Soris.

aRniSnuli sapirispiro procesTa amgvari urTierToba reliefis ganviTarebis procesSi asaxvas poulobs mTebis ferdobTa profilis xasiaTSi.

TviT morfologiuri analizis Teoriis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: liTosferos zedapiri warmoadgens asparezs, sadac Tavs iCens rogorc garegani (egzogenuri) procesebis manivelirebeli moqmedebis Sedegebi, ise Sinagan (endogenur) procesebTan dakavSirebuli miwis qerqis teqtonikuro moZraobis _ misi rxevis Sedegebi. im SemTxvevaSi, roca garegani procesebis denudaciuri moqmedeba sWarbobs taqtonikur procesebTan dakavSirebul azevebiT moZraobas, maSin reliefi ganicdis TandaTanobiT dadablebas, anu daRmaval ganviTarebas da yovelive es, mocemuri regionis mTebis ferdobTa profilis CazneqilobaSi iCens Tavs. piriqiT, Tu denudaciuri procesebis moqmedeba Tavisi intensivobiT CamorCeba teqtonikur azevebas, maSin reliefis aRmaval ganviTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme da amis Sedegad mTebis ferdobTa profili amozneqil saxes Rebulobs. bolos SesaZloa gvqondes iseTi SemTxveva, roca aRniSnuli procesebi Tanabari ZaliT iqneba gamovlinebuli erT romelime regionSi, e. i. ar gveqneba arc aRmavali da arc daRmavali ganviTarebis niSnebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi mTebis ferdobTa profili Tanabrad daxrili saxiT warmogvidgeba. maSasadame, morfologiuri analizis TvalsazrisiT Catarebuli kvleva saSualebas iZleva davadginoT, rogoria Tanafardoba liTosferos zedapiris formorebaSi monawile geomorfogenezisis or sapirispiro procesTa Soris, romelia maTSi dominirebuli.

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es Teoria, romelic misi avtoris gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoqveynda, devisisagan gansxvavebiT, mTiani mxareebis nivelirebis process ixilavda ara teqtonikuri simSvidis pirobebSi, aramed _ aqtiuri teqtonikuri moZraobis aucilebeli daSvebis fonze. amitom iTvleba igi geologiuri sawyisis damdebad geomorfologiaSi, gansxvavebiT devisisagan, romelic mecnierebis aRniSnul dargSi geografiuli sawyisis fuZemdebladaa miCneuli.

l. kingis (1953) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli pediplenis* Teoriis Seqmna, romelmac ukanasknel xanebSi didi popularoba moipova rogorc ucxoel, ise qarTvel geomorfologebs Soris. pediplenis Teoria axleburad xsnis reliefis manivelirebeli, denudaciuri procesebis msvlelobas.

Ppedipleni, iseve rogorc penepleni, xangrZlivi denudaciiT formirebuli reliefis ganviTarebis bolo stadiaa da am mxriv, igi devisis Teorias mogvagonebs, magram principuli gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom kingis mixedviT reliefis ganviTeraba vertikaluri mimarTulebiT ki ar xdeba zemodan qvemoT, reliefis absoluturi simaRliTi maCveneblebis TandaTanobiTi Semcirebis gziT, aramed horizontaluri mimarTulebiT, mTis ferdobebis urTierTparaleluri, TandaTanobiTi ukan daxevis xarjze.

l. kingi dadebiTi orografiuli erTeulebis, kerZod ki, mTebis ferdobebSi morfologiurad gansxvavebul oTx nawils gamoyofs (nax 2).

ferdobis pirveli nawili (a) Cveulebriv amozneqili

* pedipleni, laTinuridan (pedis) da inglisuridan (plain) warmodgeba da mTispira vakes niSnavs.zedapirisaa da xasiaTdeba naSali masalis neli masiuri gadaadgilebiT. safexuri (b) warmodgenilia ra ZiriTadi qanebis gamosasvlelebiT, ukan ixevs gravitaciuli procesebis _ zvav-mewyrebis da qvaTa cvenis gziT, agreTve perioduli nakadebis eroziuli moqmedebiT da ferdobis profilis yvelaze aqtiuri elementia. profilis momdevno nawili (c) naSalis dagrovebis asparezs warmoadgens da SesamCnevad ufro mcired daqanebuli zedapirisaa. bolos, ferdobis qveda nawili (d) pedimentiTaa warmodgenili, romlis formireba ZiriTadad sibrtyiT moqmed agentebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

ferdobTa amgvar gadanacvlebas ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze Sedegad mosdevs mTispira vakeebis warmoqmna, romelTac pedimentebi ewodebaT (nax. 2), xolo ufro gviandel etapze mezoblad mdebare pedimentebis SeerTeba ganapirobebs vrcel

talRobriv vake zedapiris Seqmnas, romelsac pedipleni ewodeba.

ferdobTa ukan daxeva manmade xdeba, vidre igi ar SeuerTdeba sawinaaRmdego mxaris ferdobs da, maSasadame, vidre ar moispoba reliefis dadebiTi forma.

ferdobTa paraleluri ukan daxeva dadasturebulia ariduli klimaturi pirobebisaTvis da Tu aRmoCnda, rom igi sxva klimatis mqone mxaris reliefisaTvis Cveulebrivi movlenaa, maSin kingis Teoriam SesaZloa sayovelTao xasiaTi miiRos.

erTi SexedviT l. kingis koncefcia v. penkis Teoriis analogiuria, magram es mTlad ase araa. saqme imaSia, rom v. penks ferdobTa ukan daxeva ganxiluli aqvs rogorc kerZo SemTxveva iseTi adgilebisaTvis, romlebic didi daxrilobis arian da ris gamoc, maT zedapirze naSali masala ar rCeba, scviva da ferdobi mudam flatis saxisaa. l. kingma ki v. penkis es kerZo SemTxveva ganazogada da saerTo kanonzomierebadD gamoacxada.

ukanasknel xans Teoriul geomorfologiaSi axali sityva rusi mecnieris k. markovis (1947) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli. misi azriT, reliefwarmomqmneli endogenur da egzogenur ZalaTa Tanafardobis garkvevis ZiriTad xerxs geomorfologiuri doneebis Seswavla warmoadgens. aseT doneTa Soris igi asaxelebs: abraziul-akumulaciurs, denudaciurs, Tovlis xazis da mwvervalebisas. doneTa Seqmna garedinamikuri procesebis manivelirebel moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli da TviToeuli maTganis zRvruli gamovlineba garkveul simaRlemde SeiZleba ganxorcieldes. abraziul-akumulaciuri donis formireba zRvis moqmedebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, mas aRniSnul geomorfologiur doneTa Soris udablesi mdebareoba aqvs da nawilobriv zRvis donis qvemoT mdebareobs. denudaciuri donis vertikaluri gavrcelebis maCvenebels mdinareTa wonasworobis profili warmoadgens da Tavisi SinaarsiT igi devisiseul, TiTqmis vakes Seesabameba. Tovlis xazis donis formireba myinvarul-nivaciur procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba ukanasknels, misi arsebobis faqti dadgenilia, Tumca genezisi jer sabolood araa axsnili.

teqtonikuri siwynaris e. i. liTosferos, zedapiris simaRliTi mdebareobis stabilurobis SemTxvevaSi zemoaRniSnuli doneebi

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koncentrirebulad iqnebian ganlagebuli. magram, vinaidan amgvari stabiluroba drois aramcTu xangrZliv, mokle monakveTSic ki araa, amitom nacvlad koncentrulisa, geomorfologiur doneTa deformirebuli suraTi gvaqvs. swored am deformirebis sididisa da niSnis maCvenebeli gvaZlevs warmodgenas zemoaRniSnul sapirispiro ZalTa Tanafardobaze.

$ 4. istoriuli eqskursi

geomorfologia rogorc codnis dargi, iseTive uZvelesia rogorc geografia. iSviaTia iseTi mogzauris Sroma romelSic nanaxi qveynis bunebis aRwerisas reliefzec ar iyos raime cnoba mocemuli.

SemTxveviTi xasiaTis cnobebi reliefis Sesaxeb XVIII saukunemdeli wyaroebisTvoisaa niSandoblivi, xolo Semdeg iwyeba axali etapi, roca SemTxveviToba mizanswrafvas uTmobs adgils da vrceli regionebis geografiuli aRwerisas reliefis daxasiaTebas garkveuli adgili ukavia.

es tipi, Tavis mxriv SeiZledba orad gavyoT, XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde da mis Semdeg. pirvelSi, reliefis daxasiaTebisas, aqcenti morfografiul garegan niSnebzea gamaxvilebuli, meoreSi ki, ama Tu im regionis daxasiaTebisas, reliefis genezisis axsna, mTavar amocanad aris miCneuli.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, geomorfologia, rogorc mecniereba bevrad ufro axalgazrdaa da Tavisi arsebobis saukunenaxevars iTvlis.

geomorfologiis mecnieruli safuZvlebis momzadeba da misi Seqmna rigi qveynebis mkvlevarTa saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelTa Soris pirvel rigSi m. lomonosovia aRsaniSnavi. man erT-erTma pirvelma gamoTqva azri dedamiwis zedapirze ori sapirispiro – Sinagani da garegani Zalebis moqmedebis Sesaxeb da rom es zedapiri mudam dinamikur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom es debulebebi dResac Teoriuli geomorfologiis qvakuTxeds warmoadgenen.

aRwerilobiTi geomorfologiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelTa Soris k. ritteri, p. semionov-tianSanski da p. kropotkini SeiZleba davasaxeloT. pirvel maTgans ekuTvnis monografia aziis Sesaxeb, romelSic gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod Cans zemoaRniSnuli Tavisebureba, xolo semionov-tianSanskim da kropotkinma mogvces aziis sxvadasxva regionis analogiuri daxasiaTeba: pirvelma _ tian-

Sanis mTiani sistemisa, meorem ki _ aRmosavleT cimbiris vrceli regionisa. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom orive maTgans TavianT gamokvlevebSi morfografiasTan erTad reliefis genezisis calkeul momentebzec aqvT yuradReba gamaxvilebuli.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebidan iwyeba geneturi geomorfologiis swrafi ganviTareba. am etaps niadagi moumzada sxvadasaxva qveyanaSi Catarebulma aRwerilobiT Tu topografiuli agegmvebis gziT Sekrebilma uamravi faqtobrivi masalis dagrovebam da regionalurma geologiurma gamokvlevebma, romlebic gansakuTrebiT farTod dasavleT evropasa da aSS-is dasavleT raionebSi iqna Catarebuli.

am etapis yvelaze TvalsaCino ucxoeli warmomadgenlebidan, romelTa saxelebTanac dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove geomorfologiis safuZvlebis Seqmna, aRsaniSnavia: u. devisi, v. penki, l. kingi, a. penki, v. dokuCaevi, i. muSketovi, a. borzovi, i. SCukini, i. gerasimovi, k. markovi, i. meSCeriakovi da sxv.

u. devisma (1850_1934) da v. penkma (1888_1923) mTeli epoqa Seqmnes geomorfologiur mecnierebaSi, ufro metic isini am mecnierebis safuZvlebis SeqnaSi yvelaze cnobil mkvlevarebad iTvlebian. u. devisi, marTalia Tavisi ganaTlebiT geologi iyo, magram man, rogorc amas TviTonac aRniSnavda, saTave daudo geomorfologiis geografiul mimarTulebas da udidesi wvlili Seitana am mimarTulebis ganviTarebaSi.

rac Seexeba v. penks, man mZlavri biZgi misca geomorfologiis geologiur mimarTulebas, Tvlida ra mas fizikuri geologiis nawilad. swored es momentebi gvqonda Cven ZiriTadad mxedvelobaSi, roca geomorfologias geografiisa da geologiis momijnave mecnierebad miviCnevdiT.

sruliad marTebulad, aseTive avtoritetiT sargeblobs ingliseli geomorfologi l. kingi romlis saxelTanacaa dakavSirebuli geomorfogenezisis pediplenis Teoriis Seqmna.

rac Seexeba a. penks, mas ekuTvnis didi mniSvnelobis Sromebi dedamiwis zedapiris morfologiasa da alpebis gamyinvarebaze, romlebic XX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi gamoqveynda.

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MmarTalia, v. dokuCaevi da i. muSketovi ZiriTadad mecnierebis sxva dargebSi muSaobdnen (pirveli _ niadagmcodneobaSi, meore _ geologiaSi), magram maT bevri ram gaakeTes geomorfologiuri kvlevis xaziTac. v. dokuCaevis (1846-1903) saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli moZRvreba eroziul formaTa geneturi rigisa da reliefis absoluturi asakis Sesaxeb. igi iyi erTerTi im mkvlevarTagani, romelic sruliad samarTlianad, reliefis iseT uaryofiT formebs rogoricaa: Rrante, Rele, xrami, xevi da xeoba geneturad erTiani eroziuli jaWvis calkeul rgolebad miiCnevda. manadde ki mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesoba xeobebs Ria teqtonikur napralebad Tvlidnen, mdinareTa mier xangrZlivad warmoebul ngreviT (eroziul) moqmedebas ki TiTqmis ugulebelyofdnen.

i. muSketovs (1850-1902) ekuTvnis gamokvlevebi udabnoTa reliefis dinamikis, seismur moZraobaTa geomorfologiuri gamovlinebis, egzoteqtonikuri moZaraobebisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. misi Sroma ,,fizikuri geologia”, sadac sxva sakiTxTa Soris Tavmoyrilia geomorfologiur gamokvlevaTa Sedegebi, k. markovis TqmiT, imdroindeli geomorfologiuri codnis enciklopedias warmoadgens.

rusuli geomorfologiuri skolis Seqmnis, ganviTarebis da ganmtkicebis saqmeSi Zveli Taobis warmomadgenelTa Soris erT-erT yvelaze naTel figures a. borzovi (1874-1939) warmoadgens. mas didi damsaxureba aqvs ara marto rusi geomorfologebis momzadebasa da maT mecnierul wrTobaSi, aramed im gamokvlevebis xaziTac, romlebic vake mxareTa morfologiasa da xeobaTa asimetriis Teoriis sakiTxebs Seexeba.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas i. SCukinze (1895-1985), romlis mier daweril saxelmZRvaneloebze geomorfologebis araerTi Taobaa aRzrdili. garda amisa i. SCukins saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvs Catarebuli regionalur geomorfologiaSi da zogadi geomorfologiis calkeul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. rac Seexeba i. gerasimovs, mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli iseTi mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna rogoricaa paleogeografia da struqturuli geomorfologia. ukanaskneli maTgani, marTalia, sxva mkvlevarTa SromebSic povebda asaxvas, magram mis swraf ganviTarebasa da praqtikul amocanebTan dakavSirebis saqmes didi biZgi misca i. gerasimovis (1905-1985) da i. meSCeriakovis (1921-1970) mier am oTxi aTeuli wlis win Semotanilma cnebebma, geoteqturis, morfostruqturisa da morfoskulpturis Sesaxeb. geoteqturaSi avtorebi gulisxmoben dedamiwis reliefis udidess, planetaruli masStabis endogenuri

procesebiT miRebul elementebs kontinentebs, okeaneTa kalapotebs da sxv. morfostruqturebSi iseTi makro formebi igulisxmeba, romelTa formirebaSi wamyvani roli Sidadinamikur procesebs ekuTvnis. aseTebia mag: mTagrexilebi, vrceli vakeebi da sxv. morfoskulpturebSi _ ki egzogenuri procesebis Sedegad miRebuli formebi xeobebis, terasebis, diunebis da sxv. saxiT.

meSCeriakovis saxelTanaa egreTve dakavSirebuli dedamiwis ganviTarebis istoriaSi ,,geomrfologiuri etapis” cnebis Semotana. misi azriT dedamiwis planetaruli elementebi (kontinentebi da okeaneTa kalapotebi), ZiriTada mezozour eraSi ukve iyvnen formirebuli, Semdeg ki, warmoebda dedamiwis Tanamedrove zedapiris ZiriTadi konturebis formireba. garda amisa, i. meSCeriakovma (1964) axali sityva Tqva dedamiwis qerqis rxeviTi moZraobis TaviseburebasTan dakavSirebiT daadgina ra misi pulsaciuri moZraobis xasiaTi. am ukanasknelma saetapo mniSvneloba iqonia uaxlesi (uaxloesi) teqtonikuri moZraobis SeswavlaSi.*

k. markovis (1905-1981) kalams ekuTvnis araerTi saxelmZRvanelo da monografia Zveli gamyinvarebis, geomorfologiis ZiriTadi problemebis, regionaluri geomorfologiisa da paleogeografiis Sesaxeb. mas sayuradRebo wvlili aqvs Setanili reliefis asakis sakiTxis dazustebis saqmeSi.

qarTvel geomorfologebs Soris pirvel rigSi a. javaxiSvili (1875-1973) da l. maruaSvilia (1912-1992) aRsaniSnavi. a. javaxiSvili iTvleba mecnieruli geografiis fuZemdeblad saqarTveloSi, l. maruaSvili ki qarTvel geomorfologTa aRiarebul liderad iyo miCneuli. a. javaxiSvils ekuTvnis monografiebi saqarTvelos geomorfologiis Sesaxeb, agreTve gemokvlevebi geomorfologiuri kartirebis sakiTxebze. l. maruaSvilis saxelTan ki dakavSirebulia vrceli monografiis Sedgena saqarTvelos geomorfologiaze,** araerTi saxelmZRvanelos, maT Soris mRvimeTmcodneobis kursis dawera, agreTve Teoriuli da regionuli gamokvlevebi samxreT

* Ю. А. Мещеряков, Рельеф и современная геодинамика. Изд. ,,Наука”, М., 1981. ** mis SeqmnaSi sxva avtorebic monawileobdnen.saqarTvelos vulkanuri reliefis, gamyinvarebis, danudaciuri zedapirebisa da sxva sakiTxebze.

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aqve unda aRiniSnos qarTvel geomorfolog-speleologebis z. tataSiZis, S. yifianis (1912-1994) da sxv. farTod cnobili aRmoCena da gamokvlevebi saqarTvelos karstis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebiT, kerZod ki z. tataSiZis fundamenturi gamokvleva mRvimeebis Sesaxeb, romelSic axleburadaa gadawyvetili da ganzogadebuli mRvimeTwarmoqmnis Teoriis sakiTxebi.

saintereso gamokvlevebi aqvs Catarebuli S. cxovrebaSvils saqarTvelos calkeuli regionebis, umTavresad ki aWara-TrialeTis mTagrexilis geomorfologiuri Taviseburebebis da kvlevis meTodebis Sesaxeb. aqve unda aRiniSnos misi gamokvleva fiWiseburi (e.w. ,,moCuqurTmebuli~) zedapirebis genezisis diapazonis gafarToebaze, romelic adre aridul udabnoTa damaxasiaTebel formebad iTvleboda, amJamad ki damtkicda maTi warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba, sruliad gansxvavebuli, humiduri havis pirobebSi.

garkveul interes imsaxureben agreTve: d. wereTlis (1905-1976), e. wereTlis, n. astaxovis (1911-1993), r. gobejiSvilis, g. CangaSvilis (1919-2007), W. janeliZis, a. kiknaZis, d. tabiZis da sxv. Sromebi saqarTvelos reliefis ganviTarebis istoriis, morfostruqturebis, zRvis napirTa morfodinamikis, neoteqtonikuri moZraobebis, Tanamedrove geomorfologiuri procesebis, reliefis formebis, rogorc moculobiTi warmonaqmnebis Seswavlis, gamyinvarebisa da sxv. sakiTxebze.

$ 5. geomorfologiuri kvlevis meTodebi

miuxedavad geomorfologiuri mecnierebis siaxalgazrdavisa, dReisaTvis mas kvleva-Ziebis iseTi xerxebi aqvs, romlebic Teoriuli sakiTxebis garkvevasTan erTad praqtikul-sameurneo amocanebis gadaWris saSualebasac iZlevian. kargi meTodi ki kargi iaraRiviTaa, romlis Sesaxeb ingliseli filosofosi bekoni werda: ,,meTodi is naTuraa romelic sibneleSi gzas unaTebs mgzavrs”, meTodis mniSvnelobaze ki ambobda ,,gzazed mimaval koWlsac ki SeuZlia gauswros ugzood mimaval morbenalso”.

mecnierebis sxva dargebis msgavsad, geomorfologiaSi kvlevis dros mimarTaven rogorc zogad-sinTezur da analizur (statistikuri, eqsperimentuli, kartografiuli da sxv.), ise kerZo, mxolod misi kvleva-ZiebisTvis saWiro xerxebs, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia:

1. morfografiuli;* 2. morfogeologiuri;

3. morfoneoteqtonikuri; 4. morfofacialuri; 5. morfogeografiuli; 6. morfodinamikuri

morfografiuli meTodi gulisxmobs reliefis formebis daxasiaTebas garegani niSnebis (forma, sidide, orientireba da sxv.) mixedviT. am SemTxvevaSi mkvlevari yuradRebas amaxvilebs reliefis mxolod iseT niSnebze, romelTac aqvT raime mniSvneloba maTi genezisis gansazRvris saqmeSi, Tumca SesaZloa aseTi niSani, erTi SexedviT, umniSvnelo detals warmoadgendes. amis martiv magaliTad SeiZleba mogvetana borjomis xeobaSi, sof. yvibisTan mtkvris marjvena mxares arsebuli unagiriseburi Cadablebis mniSvneloba aq arsebuli seris genezisis dadgenisaTvis, romelic eriziis mowames warmoadgens, ufro farTo maSstabiT, e.i. rigi morfografiuli niSnebis analizis safuZvelze, saintereso daskvnebis gamotanis SesaZleblobis karg magaliTad SeiZleba mogvetana is gamokvleva, romelic borjomis reliefis ganviTarebis uaxles istorias Seexeba**. masSi bakurianidan modenili lavis Rvaris morfo-hifsometruli Taviseburebebis, borjomis CrdiloeTis mxridan damyure TeTrijvris qarafovani gaSiSvlebis konfiguraciis da adgilsamyofelis, agreTve mtkvris terasebis gavrcelebis mkveTri Taviseburebis Sejereba _ analizi, safuZvels iZleva vilaparakoT axlo geologiur warsulSi lavis Rvaris mier mtkvris dagubebaze.

morfogeologiuri meTodis arsi mdgomareobs reliefis saxisa da misi amgebeli qanebis struqturul-liTologiuri niSnebis urTierTdamokidebulebis gansazRvraSi. amasTan, sul erTia dakvirvebis Sedegebi pirdapiri kavSiris maniSnebeli iqneba Tu sawinaaRmdego. orive SemTxvevaSi miRebuli cnobebi dagvexmareba reliefis genezisis garkvevis saqmeSi. naTqvamis karg magaliTs warmoadgens Tbilisis midamoSi mdebare TeleTis qedi,

* TavsarTi ,,morfo” xazs usvams meTodis morfologiur mimarTebas. ** S. cxovrebaSvili, morfologiuri meTodis roli geomorfologiur kvleveSi. saq. mecn. akad. samecniero seria, 1988 w.

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romlis ganeduri orientireba da aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT TandaTanobiTi dadableba, misi antiklinuri struqturis da amave mimarTulebiT daZirvis pirdapiri anareklia.

reliefis analizis morfoneoteqtonikuri meTodi gulisxmobs kvlevis warmoebas imgvarad, rom miRebulma Sedegebma saSualeba mogvces vimsjeloT CvenTvis saintereso obieqtis mier axlo geologiur warsulSi gancdili dislokaciis xasiaTsa da intensivobaze. am meTodis kvlevisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva mosworebuli zedapirebisa da terasebis ganlagebas, gavrcelebas, maTi baqnebis xasiaTs, mdinareTa vardnis mrudeebs, mTebis ferdobTa profilebis Taviseburebas da sxv.

morfofacialuri meTodi, romelsac safuZvlad udevs dedamiwis qerqis amgebel SreTa da nafenTa (umTavresad korelaciuri*) Taviseburebis garkveva, saSualebas iZleva aRdgenil iqnes warsulis fizikur-geografiuli pirobebi, miwis qerqis rxeviTi moZraobis intensivoba da niSani, maSasadame, reliefis istoriis calkeuli etapis suraTebi da amgvarad, dadgindes maTi miaxloebiTi asakic. aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebiT dadgenilia, rom Sida qarTlis (tirifona-muxranis) aluviuri vakeebis safuZveli da maTi samxreTiT mdebare kvernakebis qedis amgebeli qanebi pleistocenamde erTobliv qmnidnen Sida qarTlis mTaTaSorisi teqtonikuri depresiis safuZvels. zeda pliocenSi dawyebulma sxvadasxva niSnis teqtonikurma moZraobebma, ganapiroba aRniSnuli depresiis ganeduri Sua zolis daZirva, romelic amJamad 100-200 m-mde simZlavris zemoaRniSnuli aluviuri nafenebiTaa warmodgenili, samxreT nawilma ki ganicada sinqronuli azeveba rasac Sedegad mohyva kvernakebis dabali qedis da mis gamkveT mdinareTa antecedenturi xeobebis warmoqmna. geomofrologiur kvlevaSi amave meTodis gamoyenebis karg magaliTs warmoadgens i. meSCeriakovis naSromebi.

* geneturad erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli formebi morfologiur korelaciad iwodeba, xolo nafenebi _ korelaciurad.

morfogeografiuli meTodi gulisxmobs garedinamikuri procesebis rolis Seswavlas reliefis formirebaSi da amiT igi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba morfogeologiuri meTodisagan, romelic reliefis agebulebasa da Sedgenilobaze amaxvilebs analogiur yuradRebas. aRniSnuli meTodis momarjvebiT mkvleveri cdilobs Suqi mohfinos im

kavSirs, romelic fizikur-geografiul pirobebsa da reliefs Sorisaa. aRsanisnavia, rom am gziT miRebuli Sedegebi geomorfologiuri prognozis saSualebasac iZleva. morfogeografiuli meTodis gamoyenebis magaliTad, mis ramdenadme naTelsayofad, SeiZleba mogvetana im kvlevis Sedegebi, romelic mesxeTis qedis maRali mTebis (didmaRali, sayornia, xino da sxv.) morfologiuri orsaxianobis _ maTi asimetriis faqtis dadgenisa da axsnisTvisaa momajvebuli.

morfodinamikuri meTodi erTgvar sinTezs warmoadgens morfografiuli da morfoneoteqtonikuri meTodebisas, da mkvlevaris mier misi momarjveba umetesad praqtikul-sameurneo amocanebis gadawyvetis dros xdeba.

mTian mxareebSi Tanamedrove geomorfologiuri procesebis dinamikis Seswavlis yvelaze srulyofilad, stereofotometriuli meTodia miCneuli. misi arsi mdgomareobs stereosuraTebis Sejereba-analizSi da mis safuZvelze denudaciur-akumulaciuri procesebis intensivobis gansazRvraSi. qarTvel mkvlevarTagan am mimarTulebiT r. gobejiSvils aqvs saintereso Sedegebi miRebuli myinvarebis, qvaTacvenis movlenebis da mewyrebis dinamikaze.*

igive iTqmis a. kiknaZis, e. wereTlis da S. cxovrebaSvilis samecniero-kvleviTi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, romelTac garda Teoriulisa didi praqtikul-sameurneo mniSvnelobac gaaCniaT. pirvel maTgans Savi zRvis abraziuli procesis saziano moqmedebis ramdenadme Sesusteba alagmvis TvalsazrisiT; meore maTganis naRvaws, saqarTveloSi garvitaciuli da Rvarcoful procesebis da maTi warmoqmnis agegmviTi samuSaoebis organizeba-SeswavlaSi. rac Seexeba S. cxovrebaSvilis mier geomorfologiuri meTodebis damuSavebasa da gamoyenebas, mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli mTian mxareebSi arsebuli mosworebul * Р. Г. Гобеджишвили, Изучение современных рельефообразуюших процессов в горных районах стерео-фотограмметрическими методами. Изд. ,,месниереба” ТБ. 1981.

zedapirTa raodenobis statistikuri meTodis damuSaveba, xolo zemoT CamoTvlilTagan morfografiuli, morfofacialuri da geografiuli meTodebis gamoyeneba saqarTvelos reliefis SeswavlasTan mimarTebaSi.*

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regionaluri geomorfologiuri kvlevisas ufro xSirad ramdenime meTodis, zogjer ki yvela maTganis gamo yenebaa saWiro.

ukanasknel xanebSi geomorfologiaSi mimarTaven kvlevis sistemur meTods, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxvamasStabis reliefis formebisa da maT warmomqmnel procesTa urTierTkavSiris analizs reliefis genezisis garkvevaSi.

$ 6 geomorfologia da adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba

geomorfologias rogorc mecnierebas marto SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba rodi aqvs, igi amave dros samsaxurs uwevs adamians sameurneo saqmianobis iseT sferoebSi rogoricaa: sagzao da sairigacio mSeneblobisaTvis trasebis SerCeva, niadaguri da topografiuli agegmva, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis Zebna, dasaxlebuli punqtebisaTvis an didi wyalsatevebisaTvis adgilis SerCeva, qveynis Tavdacvis saqme da sxva. SevCerdeT zogierT maTganze.

sagzao Tu sairigacio mSeneblobis daproeqtebisas, ra Tqma unda, pirvel rigSi saWiroa xelT gvqondes saTanado raionis topografiuli rukebi, magram, marto es araa sakmarisi. saqme isaa, rom trasisi SerCevisas aucilebelia winaswar gaviTvaliswinoT bunebis iseTi arasasurveli procesebis da movlenebis SesaZlo arsebobis faqti, rogoricaa; mewyrebi, kldis an Tovlis zvavebi, moqmedi Rvarcofebi, mdinareTa Warbi gverdiTi eroziis mqone ubnebis ganlagebis xasiaTi da sxv. yovelive amis garkveva ki geomorfologiis pirdapiri amocanaa. amitom trasis

* S. cxovrebaSvili, aWara-TrialeTis mTagrexilis geomorfologia. Tsu-s gamomcemloba. 1980 w.dagegmvamde saWiroa winaswar specialuri geomorfologiuri agegmvis Catareba da miRebuli Sedegebis saTanado gaTvaliswineba.

es iTqmis gansakuTrebiT mTagoriani reliefis mqone teritoriis Sesaxeb, radgan aseT adgilebSi adamiani did siZneleebs xvdeba, rogorc sagzao, ise dasaxlebuli punqtebisaTvis adgilis SerCevisas. didad Sromatevadi da ZviradRirebuli gvirabebis gayvana swored am siZneleTa daZleviTaa nakarnaxevi. alpebSi gaWrili simplonis 20 km-iani, sen-gotardis 15 km-iani da mravali sxva gvirabi naTqvamis

naTeli dadasturebaa. garda aRniSnulisa, mTagoriani reliefiT gamowveuli rkinigzaTa profilis xasiaTi did gavlenas axdens gadasatani tvirTis tonaJze. vakeze Cveulebriv elmavals 4-5 aTas tonamde tvirTis zidva SeuZlia, maSin roca 0,005 qanobisas igi 1400 tonamde Camodis, xolo 0,01 da 0,02 qanobisas Sesabamisad 800 da 400 tonamde mcirdeba.

aseve brkoldeba miwaTmoqmedeba. traqtorTa warmadoba 80-iT daxril ferdobze 15%-iT mcirdeba vakesTan SedarebiT, sawvavis xarji ki 12%-iT metia saWiro.

reliefis pirobebze didaa damokidebuli morwyvac. 0,03 qanobis SemTxvevaSi, daxramvis Tavidan asacileblad morwyva arxebiT ar SeiZleba da igi xelovnuri dawvimebiT unda Seicvalos.

sasasrgeblo wiaRiseulidan kvlevis geomorfologiuri xerxebis gamoyeneba friad sayuradRebo Sedegebs iZleva oqros meoradi (qviSrobis) sabadoebis aRmoCenis saqqmeSi, romelTa adgilsamyofeli ZiriTadad mdinareTa akumulaciur terasebTanaa dakavSirebuli, aseve iTqmis bunebrivi airis da boqsitebis, agreTve hidroTermuli genezisis mqone wiaRiseulis (tyvia, TuTia da sxv.) Sesaxeb.

hidroteqnikuri nagebobebisaTvis adgilis SerCevisas araa sakmarisi topografiuli rukebis analizi. xarjebis ekonomiuri gamoyenebisa da momavalSi zogierTi safrTxis Tavidan acilebis mizniT saWiroa aRniSnuli mSeneblobisaTvis SerCeuli teritoriis winaswari geomorfologiuri Seswavla. es pirvel rigSi saWiroa dakarstvisa da intensiuri damewyvris Tvisebebis mqone adgilebis gamovlinebisas. orive am procesis xasiaTisa da intensivobis garkveva ki geomorfologiuri kvlevis uSualo amocanaa, radgan topografiuli rukebi maTze saWiro pasuxs TiTqmis ar iZlevian.

aseve iTqmis saerTod dasaxlebuli punqtebis, kerZod ki sanavsadguro qalaqebisa da zRvispira didi nagebobebisaTvis adgilis SerCevaze. winaswar unda Catardes geomorfologiuri dakvirvebebi, rom gairkves, rogoria adgilis, danawevrebisa da substratis mdgradobis xasiaTi, rogoria rxeviTi moZraobis niSani da intensivoba. naTqvamis naTelsayofad SeiZleba aseTi magaliTi mogvetana. oTxi aTeuli wlis win kaliforniaSi agebuli iqna long-biCis sazRvao verfi (gemsaSeni) . vinaidan es adgili winaswar ar yofila Seswavlili zemoaRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT,

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mSeneblobis damTavrebisTanave safrTxe Seeqmna mis arsebobas. amis mizezi ki sanapiros intensiuri daZirva iyo. orasi milioni dolaris Rirebulebis am nagebobis garkveuli droiT SesanarCuneblad saWiro gaxda aTi milioni dolaris daxarjva zRvis Semotevisagan damcavi jebiris asagebad.

aseve saWiroa geomorfologiuri Tvalsawieris sifarTove topografiuli da niadaguri agegmvaTa ramdenadme naklebi danaxarjebiT da ufro srulyofilad CatarebisaTvis.

Tavi meore. ZiriTadi cnobebi dedamiwis Sesaxeb $ 7. dedamiwis forma da sidide

dedamiwaze, rogorc sferosebr sxeulze, warmodgena Zvel berZnebs jer kidev Cvens welTaRricxvamde oTxi-xuTi saukunis win hqondaT. zog maTgans, magaliTad, aristoteles, amis damadasturebel faqtad mohyavda mTvaris dabneleba, rasac dedamiwis CrdilSi mTvaris gavlis dros aqvs adgili. zogi maTgani aseTive daskvnamde midioda deduqciuri* msjelobis gziT, roca mzis, planetebisa da mTvaris analogiiT dedamiwasac sferosebr ciur sxeulad miiCnevda. ufro metic, am ideaze dayrdnobiT ocdasami saukunis win, aleqsandrielma swavlulma eratosTenem dedamiwis garSemowerilobac ki gansazRvra, romelic Tanamedrove, zusti gazomvis Sedegisagan sul raRac asiode kilometriTaa gansxvavebuli. saSualo saukuneebSi, religiis zegavleniT, zemoaRniSnuli mosazreba dedamiwis formaze daviwyebas mieca da mcdari SexedulebiT Seicvala, magram magelanis garsaqveyno mogzaurobis Semdeg WeSmaritebasTan axlos mdgari zemoaRniSnuli warmodgena kvlav aRsdga, xolo momdevno saukuneebSi TandaTan dazustda. warmodgena dedamiwaze, rogorc sferosebur sxeulze, mecnierul azrs 1672 wlamde akmayofilebda. am wels frangma mkvlevarma riSem dakvirvebisas moulodnelad SeniSna, rom misi saqaniani qronometri, romelic parizSi dros wamebis sizustiT uCvenebda, ekvatoruli amerikis q. kaienaSi 2 wT. da 28 wamiT

CamorCa. es SeiZleba axsniliyo sxvadasxva ganedze mdebare wertilTa moZraobis uTanabro xazobrivi siCqariT, magram CamorCenis esoden didi maCveneblis axsna am mizeziT ar SeiZleboda. marTlac, rogorc Semdgom gamoirkva, amis umTavresi mizezi dedamiwis sferoiduli forma yofila, romelsac ori radiusi hqonia mokle _ polaruli da grZeli _ ekvatoruli. amis gamo, ekvatorulze mizidulobis Zala ramdenadme mcire unda yofiliyo parizis ganedTan SedarebiT. dedamiwis sferosebuli forma, zemoaRniSnuli dakvirvebidan ori aTeuli wlis Semdeg, Teoriuladac iqna dasabuTebuli niutonisa da hiugensis mier, romelTa azriT dedamiwa mokle* deduqcia (laTin.) _ meTodi zogadi debulebidan kerZo daskvnis gamoyvanisa. (polarul) RerZis irgvliv mbrunav elifsoids unda warmoadgendes, romelic centrSi mswrafi Zalebis gavleniT Sebrtyelebulia polusebTan, xolo sapirispiro (centridanuli) ZalebiT gamozneqilia ekvatorze. zemoaRniSnuli daskvna sabolood dadasturda meridianis sxvadasxva nawilSi 10-iani kuTxis Sesabamisi rkalis sigrZeTa gazomviT, romlebic, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, umciresi aRmoCnda ekvatorze (110,6km), xolo polusebisken _ matebadi (ganedis 800-ze _ 111,7km.). gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi dedamiwis formis aRsaniSnavad listingis mier Semotanil iqna axali termini geoidi*. amis mizezi is iyo, rom dedamiwas, miuxedavad Tavisi formirebis xangrZlivi istoriisa, zusti sferoidis saxisaTvis jerac ar miuRwevia. sferoidis da geoidis zedapiri mciredaa erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli da igi sul raRac asiode metris farglebSi icvleba. miuxedavad amisa mas didi mniSvneloba aqvs geomorfologiuri TvalsazrisiT. saxeldobr, afrikis (+100m) da aziis (_ 145m) simaRliTi mdebareobis amplitudam sferoidis zedapirTan SedarebiT, dedamiwis brunvis gamo unda gamoiwvios qerqisqveSa ramdenadme blanti nivTierebis gadaadgileba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs dedamiwis figuris cvlilebasa da ganviTarebas. f. krasovskis da a. izotovis mier Catarebulma gamokvlevebma dagvanaxa, rom dedamiwa samRerZian elifsoids warmoadgens, romlis urTierTmarTobuli ekvatoruli RerZebis sxvaoba oras metrs aRemateba. am faqtis dadgeniT

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kidev ufro dazustda adamianis warmodgena dedamiwis formaze. SemdegSi gairkva, rom ara marto ekvatoruli, aramed polaruli radiusebic ar yofilan Tanabari sididis da rom maTi maCvenebeli CrdiloeT naxevasferoSi daaxloebiT 100 metriT metia samxreTisaze. yovelive amis gamo dedamiwas erTgvarad gulis forma hqonia, romelsac amJamad kardioidul elifsoids uwodeben (nax. 3).

* geoidi araa raime wesieri geometriuli figura, mis qveS igulisxmeba dedamiwis iseTi forma, romlis zedapiri yvelgan, marTobulia simZimis Zalis mimarTulebisa.

.

dedamiwis formis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba misi RerZis irgvliv brunvis siCqariTa da simkvrivis uTanabro ganawilebiTaa Sepirobebuli, rac Seexeba detalebs, igi sabolood jer kidev araa garkveuli.

f. krasovskis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli gazomvebis mixedviT dedamiwis elifsoidis elementebi Semdegi sidideebiT xasiaTdeba: didi naxevarRerZis (ekvatoruli radiusis) sigrZe (а) _ 6378,245km; mcire naxevarRerZis (polaruli radiusis) sigrZe (б) _ 6356,863km; а-б = 21,382km; dedamiwis SekumSuloba = 1/298,3 anu 21,36km; ekvatoruli diametri = 12756,5km; RerZis sigrZe = 12713,7 km; ekvatoruli garSemowiruloba = 40076 km; rac Seexeba dedamiwis zedapiris farTobs, igi cotaTi aRemateba 510 mln kv. km-s. misi moculoba Seadgens _ 1,083X1012km3-s, xolo masa _ 5,976X1021

tonas.

$ 8. dedamiwis Sinagani agebuleba da Sedgeniloba

adamianis warmodgena dedamiwis Sinagan agebulebaze arapirdapiri dakvirvebis gziT miRebul cnobebs emyareba, romlebic ZiriTadad seismuri meTodis gamoyenebiTaa miRebuli. cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva garemoSi seismuri talRebis gavrcelebis siCqare gansxvavebulia da maTi maCvenebeli imdenad metia, rac ufro mkvrivia igi. garkveulia, rom dedamiwis siRrmeSi rogorc gaswvrivi (P), ise ganivi (S) talRebis moZraobis siCqare cvlilebas ganicdis, da es cvlileba siCqaris TandaTanobiT zrdasTan erTad naxtomiseburicaa (nax. 4).

rogorc Cans, zedapridan siRrmiT gaswvrivi da ganivi talRebis siCqare zedapiris maxlobel fenebSi mcire naxtomis Semdeg, jer swrafad, Semdeg ki SedarebiT neli tempiT matulobs. 2900 km-is siRrmeze ukve mkveTrad gamoxatul naxtomisebur cvlilebasTan gvaqvs saqme, romelTagan pirvelisaTvis (P) igi siCqaris mkveTr SemcirebaSi gamoixateba (13,5km-dan _ 8km-mde wamSi), meorisaTvis (S) _ gavrcelebis srul SewyvetaSi. Semdeg manZilze gaswvrivi talRebis moZraobis siCqare kvlav matulobs da daaxloebiT 5000 km siRrmeze meore mkveTr naxtoms akeTebs, Semdeg ki TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba. seismuri talRebis gavrcelebis aseTi xasiTi safuZvels aZlevs mkvlevarebs, dedamiwa warmoidginon rogorc koncentruli garsebisagan agebuli sfero, romelTa Soris umTavresia: dedamiwis qerqi, dedamiwis mantia da dedamiwis birTvi (nax. 5).

pirvel aseT nawils dedamiwis qerqi (“A”) warmoadgens, romelsac axlo warsulSi liTosferosac* uwodebdnen. misi simZlavre 5km-dan 84km-mde icvleba, umetesad ki ramdenime aTeuli kilometria. igi mcirea okeaneTa qveS, maqsimums ki aRwevs kontinentebis mTagorian adgilebSi. qerqis zeda nawilis agebulebaSi monawileobs jer zRviuri naleqebi, romelTa simZlavre 15 kilometramdea. mas mosdevs 20km-mde sisqis granituli fena, ufro Rrmad ki fuZe qanebia warmodgenili. umetesad bazaltebi saS. 15-20km simZlavris. ukanasknel or fenaTa Soris mijnas konradis zedapiris saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven, romelic 10-30km-is siRrmeze mdebareobs.

dedamiwis qeris or ZiriTad tips ansxvaveben:** kontinenturs da okeanurs, romlebic ara marto simZlavriT, aramed SedgenilobiTac arian gansxvavebuli.

kontinenturi qerqi maqsimalur sisqesTan erTad samsarTuliani agebulebiTac xasiaTdeba (nax. 6.). sul zemoT naleqi qanebia warmodgenili, romelTac qvemoT scvlis granituli da metamorfuli qanebi, ufro Rrmad ki bazaltebis fena.

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rac Seexeba okeanur qerqs, is minimalur sisqesTan erTad (5-10km) orsarTuliani agebulebisaa: masSi granituli fena an sruliad araa, anda mcire simZlavris danaleqi qanebi uSualod bazaltebs faraven.

gaswvrivi da ganivi talRebis mkveTri, naxtomiseburi gadasvla dedamiwis qerqis da mantis mijnaze xdeba da mas “moxos”*** zedapirs uwodeben. misi siRrmiTi mdebareoba kontinentebSi 30-70 kilometria, okeaneebis qveS ki 5-10km.

dedamiwis meore ZiriTad garss mantia anu misi Sida garsi warmoadgens, romlis wilad modis dedamiwis mTeli masis 67%, xolo moculobis 87% (mis qveda sazRvrad vixert-gutenbergis zedapiria miCneuli). igi vrceldeba 2900km. siRrmemde da Sedgenilobisa da fizikuri Tvisebebis sxvadasxvaobis gamo Tavis * amJamad liTosferos ufro meti Sinaarsi aqvs da masSi gulisxmobend edamiwis qerqs da mantiis zeda (“B”) fenas.** zogierTi mkvlevari saWirod miiCnevs gamoiyos Suaokeanuri qedebis da kontinentebis okeaneebSi gardamavali zonis Sesabamisi qerqis tipebi.*** aRmoCena ekuTvnis iugoslavel geofizikoss a. moxoroviCs.mxriv iyofa zeda* (“B” da “C“-moxodan 900km-mde) da qveda (“D”) mantiebad. mantis zeda fena (“B”) 400km-mde vrceldeba da fiqroben, rom igi ultrafuZe qanebiT _ peridotitebiTaa warmodgenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom mantis es nawili, romelic uSualod moxos esazRvreba da, romelic astenosferos saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, SedarebiT naklebi simkvrivis qanebisgan Sedgeba da aqtiuri teqtonikuri procesebis garemos warmoadgens. misi siRrmiTi gavrceleba kontinentebis qveS 100-200km-is, okeanuri qerqis qveS ki _ 50-400km-is intervalSia. astenosfero plastikuri Tvisebebis mqonea da aramdgradi, amitom igi unda warmoadgendes nivTierebaTa aqtiuri moZraobis Casaxvis keras.

astenosferoSi mimdinare dinamikur procesebs udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs reliefis planetaruli formebis warmoqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi. a. vegeneris kontinentTa dreifis hipoTeziT dawyebuli da g. hesisa da r. ditcis filebis globaluri TeoriiT damTavrebuli, planetaruli formebis genezisi, axsnas astenosferoSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa aRmavali da horizontaluri gadaadgilebis daSvebaSi poulobs, romelic weliwadSi ramdenime sm-s unda Seadgendes.

mesame ZiriTadi garsi, romelic daaxloebiT 2900km. siRrmeze iwyeba da sadac gaswvrivi da ganivi talRebis mkveTr naxtomisebr

gadasvlas aqvs adgili, dedamiwis birTvia. es ukanaskneli ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: 5000km-mde gareTa (“E”), xolo mis qvemoT Sida (“G”) birTvi. gareTa birTvis gansakuTrebul niSans masSi ganivi seismuri talRebis gauvaloba warmoadgens. es faqti imaze laparakobs, rom igi raRaca TvisebebiT siTxes unda hgavdes, magram ara Cveulebrivs. saqme imaSia, rom gareTa birTvSi metad didi wnevisa (3,5 mil. atmosferomde) da maRali temperaturis (40000-mde) gamo nivTierebis siTxisebr mdgomareobaSi yofna SeuZlebelia. Sida birTvi mkvrivi unda iyos da metaluri, umTavresad rkiniT warmodgenili. mkvlevarTa nawils ki igi silikaturad aqvs miCneuli.

zemoaRniSnul garsebis gaCenas nivTierebaTa gravitaciul diferencirebas ukavSireben.

$ 9. dedamiwis qerqis nivTieri Semadgenloba

garegani procesebis moqmedebis asparezi dedamiwis qerqis zedapiria, romlis nivTier SemadgenlobaSi qimiuri elementebi, mineraleba da qanebi monawileoben.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli qimiuri elemntebidan aRsaniSnavia (tabula 1):

tabula 1

qimiuri elementebi

qimiuri elemntebis %-uli raodenoba a. vinogradovis mixedviT (1956)

Jangbadi(O) siliciumi (Si)alumini (Al)rkina (Fe)kalciumi (Ca)natriumi (Na)kaliumi (Ka) magniumi (Mg)

4729,508,054,652,962,502,501,87

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qimiuri elementebi qmnian mineralebs, romlebic bunebriv, qimiur naerTebs warmoadgenen, Tumca SesaZloa maTi Tavisufali (almasi, gogirdi) an TviTnabadi (oqro, vercxli da sxv.) saxiTac arseboba. mineralebis umetesoba myaria (kvarci, mindvris Spati, qarsi da sxv.), aris Txieric (vercxlis wyali) da airadic (gogirdwyalbadi, meTani da sxv.).

dedamiwis qerqis amgebeli qanebi umetesad sxvadasxva mineralebisgan Semdgar agregats warmoadgenen, zog SemTxvevaSi ki SesaZloa maT SemadgenlobaSi erTi romelime mineralis kristalebi monawileobdnen.

genezisis mixedviT qanebs yofen sam jgufad: magmuri, danaleqi da metamorfuli. pirvel maTganSi gacivebis pirobebis mixedviT SeiZleba gvqondes siRmis anu intruziuli (graniti, gabro da sxv.) da amoRvrili anu efuziuri (lipariti, andeziti, bazalti da sxv.) qanebi. intruziuli qanebi qmnian baToliTebs, lakoliTebs, ZarRvebs da sxv., efuzivebi ki _ lavis Rvarebs, safarebs, vulkanur mTebs da reliefis sxva formebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom magrmuri qanebi masiurobiT xasiaTdebian da garedinamikuri, damangreveli procesebis mimarT didi winaaRmdegobis unari aqvT. danaleqi qanebi miiRebian magmuri da sxva qanis daSla-daqucmacebis da daleqva-dagrovebis gziT. naSali masala warmoSobis adgilze ar rCeba da igi simZimis Zalis an romelime agentis mier ganicdis gadatanas da daleqvas. am ukanasknelisagan ki diagenezis* gziT normaluri danaleqi qani warmoiqmneba, romlis umTavres damaxasiaTebel niSans Sreebrioba warmoadgens. warmoSobis mixedviT arCeven: klastur (qviSaqva, breqCia, konglomerati), organogenul da qimiur qanebs (kirqva, dolomiti, mergeli, TabaSiri, qvamarili). rac Seexeba qanebis mesame genetur tips, romelic metamorfuladaa wodebuli, isini warmoiqmnebian rogorc magmuri, ise danaleqi qanebis Zireuli cvlilebis Sedegad, umTavresad maRali temperaturisa da didi wnevis pirobebSi. metamorful qanebs wamoadgens: marmarilo, romelic kirqvisganaa miRebuli, fiqali _ Tixisa da Tixiani qanebisagan; gneisi, kvarciti _ qviSaqvebisgan da sxv.

$ 10. liTosferos zedapiris danawevrebis ZiriTadi niSnebi

liTosferos zedapiris danawevrebaze warmodgenisaTvis ori aspeqtia sayuradRebo. erTi maTgani horizontalur danawevrebas gulisxmobs, meore ki _ vertikalurs horizontaluri danawevreba. dedamiwis zedapiri, romlis farTobi 510mln kv. km-s aRemateba, horizontuli danawevrebis niSniT or uTanabro nawilad SeiZleba gavyoT. esenia:

* diagenezi esaa bunebrivi procesebis erToblioba, romlis Sedegad naSali masala wyalsatevebSi daleqvis Semdeg danaleq qanad gadaiqceva.xmeleTiseuli da wyliT dafaruli. es ukanaskneli msoflio okeanes qmnis da 361 mln kv. km-iT ganisazRvreba, rac mTeli zedapiris 71%-s Seadgens, xolo pirveli kontinentebsa da kunZulebs aqvs dakavebuli da 149 mln kv. km-s (29%) udris.

aRniSnuli uTanabroba xmeleTisa da wylis ganlagebaSic iCens Tavs da Crdilo naxevarsferoSic ki, sadac maTi Tanafardoba ramdenadme uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, wylis farTi TiTqmis yvela ganedze aRemateba xmeleTisas. samxreT naxevarsferoSi ki es kontrasti imdenad didia, rom xmeleTis saerTo farTobi mxolod 19%-iT ganisazRvreba, wylisa ki _ 81%-iT (nax. 7).

xmeleTis udidesi nawilebi, romlebic irgvliv an TiTqmis yoveli mxridan wyliTaa garSemortymuli kontinentebad iwodeba, maTi raodenoba dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze eqvsia (tab. 2).

tabula 2

kontinenti farTobi mln kv. km-iT

evrazia afrika Crd. amerika samx. amerika avstralia antarqtida

52,1 29,2 20,3 17,6 7,6 14,8*

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kontinentebi da okeaneTa wyalsatevebi (kalapotebi), geomorfologiurad dedamiwis zedapiris udidesi ganzomilebis reliefis formebia.

mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesoba kontinentTa gamoyofis kriteriumad, maT umTavres geografiul da ganzomilebiT maxasiaTeblebs iReben mxedvelobaSi da masSi gulixmoben xmeleTis udides nawilebs, romlebic, rogorc ukve iTqva, irgvlin an TiTqmis yoveli mxridan, okeaneebiT (zRvebiT) arian garSemortymulni.

* kunZulTa saerTo farTobi 8,8 mil kv. km-ia. rogorc vxedavT, kontinentis ganmartebas, ZiriTadad,

geografiuli niSnebi udevs safuZvlad. sxva dargis mkvlevarebic ki maT aRqmas, rogorc planetaruli ganzomilebis warmonaqmnebisas, geografiuli TvalsazrisiT axdenen.

samecniero Tu saswavlo literaturaSi zogjer gaielvebs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom kontinenti eqvsi ki ara, Svidia. ufro metad es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, roca qveynis nawilebs, magaliTad, evropasa da azias damoukidebel kontinentebad miiCneven, rac samwuxaro gaugebrobaa da ara realoba. “evrazia” fizgeografiuli TvalsazrisiT, erTiani kontinentia da Tanac kontinentTagan _ udidesi. aseTive azrs gamoTqvamen iseTi gamoCenili geografebi, rogorebic arian: i. SCukini, a. spiridonovi, k. markovi, o. leontievi, k. gerenCuki, f. milkovi, i. edelSteini; geologebi: r. dici, j. holdeni, e. ziusi da sxv.

analogiuri pozicia gvikavia Cven, rac werilobiT gvaqvs gamoTqmuli 1980 da 1996 w.w. gamoqveynebul zogadi geomorfologiis saxelZRvaneloebSi. bolo xanebSi kontinentis gamoyofis kriteriumad, nacvlad zemoaRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebisa, maTSi uZvelesi baqnuri struqturis arsebobas miiCneven da am niSniT cdiloben, arasworad, evraziis kontinentis orad gayofas. aq sityva araswori SemTxveviT ar mogvitania da ai, ratom: nebismieri axali kriteriumi maSin aris faseuli, Tu igi arsebuli siZnelis, e.i raime Seusabamobis daZlevaSi gvexmareba. Tu igi, piriqiT, manamde ararsebul dabrkolebas qmnis, aba ra saWiroa?! aqac swored aseT SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme. axali kriteriumiT TiToeul kontinents, rogorc wesi, erTi baqani (birTvi) unda hqondes. evropisaTvis aseTad ruseTis (aRmosavleT evropis) baqans miiCneven, aziisaTvis ki _ Sua cimbirisas.

erTi SexedviT, aq yvelaferi, TiTqos rigzea. aba raSi mdgomareobs meTodis araTanmimdevruli gamoyeneba? saqme imaSia, rom aziaSi, garda zemoaRniSnulisa, kidev aris oTxi uZvelesi baqani: indoeTis, arabeTis, aRmosavleT CineTis da samxreT CineTis, romebic, saerTo jamSi, xuTi kontinentis gamoyofis safuZvels iZlevian. maSasadame “birTvuli principis” momxreni, bolomde Tanmimdevrulni rom iyvnen, aziaSi, nacvlad erTisa, xuT kontinents unda gamoyofdnen.…

dedamiwis zedapirze, garda kontinentebisa, xmeleTs qveynis nawilebadac hyofen, rasac, geografiulTan erTad, istoriuli Tvalsazrisic udevs safuZvlad. qveynis nawilebic vrceli regionebia, romlebic moicaven kontinents (an kontinentebs) mimdebare kunZulebTan erTad. evraziis kontinenti ori qveynis nawils qmnis (“evropasa” da “azias”), amerikis ori kontinenti ki erTi qveynis nawils. ase rom, Tanamedrove geologiur epoqaSi qveynis nawilebic eqvsia: evropa, azia, afrika, amerika, avstralia da antarqtida.

dedamiwis arsebobis, ramdenime miliardi wlis istoriaSi kontinentebis raodenoba, farTobebi da moxazuloba icvleboda. es Zalzed rTuli sakiTxia, magaliTad, daaxloebiT 350 milioni wlis winaT, e.w. “qvanaxSiris periodis” dasawyisSi dedamiwis zedapirze, ori hipoTezuri kontinenti arsebobda: CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi igi iwodeboda “lavraziad”, xolo samxreT naxevarsferoSi _ “gondvanad”. ufro adre dedamiwaze mxolod erTi vrcelze vrceli xmeleTis masivi iyo _ pangea. lavraziisa da gondvanis daSliT Tanamedrove kontinentebi warmoiqmna. kontinentebis daSoreba Tu miaxloeba amJamadac grZeldeba.

kontinentebiT msoflio okeane dayofilia 4 nawilad (tab. 3).

tabula 3

okeane farTobi mln. kv. km-iT wynari atlantis indoeTis

Crd. yinulovani

178,6 91,6 76,1

14,7

okeaneebi da maT kideebze arsebuli zRvebi metnaklebad arian xmeleTSi SeWrili da kontinentebis sanapiro xazis

15

uTanabro horizontal danawevrebas ganapirobeben. am niSniT yvelaze metad evraziis kontinentia danawevrebuli, gansakuTrebiT ki misi dasavleTi nawili, sadac naxevarkunZulebis wilad evropis farTobis TiTqmis 1/3 modis. sakmarisia aRiniSnos rom aq, magaliTad skandinaviis sanapiroze nordkapis koncxidan q. oslomde pirdapiri xaziT 1500km-ia, napiris gayolebiT ki _ 27000km. igive SeiZleba iTqvas kontinentis samxreT da nawilobriv aRmosavleT sanapiros Sesaxeb, sadac wylis SeWra xmeleTSi aseulobiT, calkeul adgilebSi ki aTasi km-iT ganisazRvreba. arabeTis, indoeTis, indoCineTis, malakis da kamCatkis naxevarkunZulebi amis kargi magaliTebia. sanapiro xazis didi danawevrebiT gamoirCeva agreTve Crdilo amerikis kontinenti, rac Seexeba danarCen kontinentebs, isini am mxriv simartiviT xasiaTdebian. garda zemoaRniSnulisa, yuradRebas iqcevs kontinentTa samkuTxedisebri forma, maTi TvalsaCino gafarToeba CrdiloeTis mxares da aranakleb mkveTri Seviwroeba samxreTis mimarTulebiT. amasTan erTad samxreT naxevarsferoSi mdebare kontinentebs dasavleTis mxareze mkveTrad Sezneqili konturi da didi ube aqvT, aRmosavleTiT ki aseve mkveTrad arian gamozneqili. kontinentTa sanapiro xazis ZiriTadi niSnebi saerTod teqtonikuri, kerZod ki im neoteqtonikuri moZraobebis Sedegia, romlebic maT axlo geologiur warsulSi ganicades da romelTa gamovlinebis xasiaTi dizunqciasTan erTad vertikalur rxeviT moZraobaSi mdgomareobs. amis damadasturebelia erTis mxriv, im vrceli Selfuri zolis arseboba, romelic CrdiloeT yinulovan okeanes da atlantis okeanis Crdilo nawils aqvs, meore mxriv ki, is didi datexvebisa da daZirvebis sartyeli, romelic aranaklebi sicxadiT SeiniSneba Crdilo da samxreT amerikas, evraziasa da afrikas, aziasa da avstralias Soris. amitomaa, rom es ukanasknelni kunZulTa arqipelagebis gavrcelebis, intensiuri vulkanizmisa da aranaklebi seismuri procesebis gamovlinebis arealebs warmoadgenen. zemoaRniSnul TaviseburebaTa mizezebze mraval mkvlevars aqvs yuradReba miqceuli. g. katerfildis (1962) da b. liCkovis (1965) gamokvlevebiT xmeleTis ramdenadme TvalsaCino farTobi Crd. naxevasferoSi, xolo wylis esoden didi gavrceleba samxreTSi, Sedegi unda iyos pirvelSi liTosferos amoweviTi (aRmavali), xolo meoreSi daZirviTi (daRmavali) moZraobisa. liTosferos vertikaluri moZraobis am Taviseburebis gamo Crdilo naxevarsferoSi azevebis kompensacia unda xdebodes polaruli auzis

fskeris daZirviT, xolo meore mxareze _ antarqtidis amoweviT (nax. 8). amasTan, mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom dedamiwis RerZis irgvliv moZraobis siCqaris cvlileba iwvevs misi eqscentrisitetis zrdas an Semcirebas, e.i. misi formis Secvlas. formis cvlileba ki dedamiwisaTvis “umtkivneulod” rodi xdeba. am dros warmoqmnili giganturi daZabulobis* Zalebi unda iyos mTavari mizezi msoflio okeanis kalapotSi ganeduri ganlagebis (transformuli) rRvevebisa da zemoaRniSnuli datexvebis sartyelis arsebobisa. vertikaluri danawevreba. liTosferos zedapiris vertikaluri danawevrebis maqsimaluri maCvenebeli, romelic TiTqmis 20km-s aRwevs, marianis RrmuliT (11022m) da jomolungmis (everestis) mwvervaliT (8848m) aris gansazRvruli.

* cnobilia rom Tanabari moculobis sferosa da elifsoids gansxvavebuli farTobi aqvT: sferos _ mcire, elifsoids ki _ didi. swored zedapiris farTis es cvlileba, misi Semcireba Tu mateba aris aRniSnuli daZabulobis mizezi.

aRniSnul diapazonSi moqceuli simaRleebisa da siRrmis maCveneblebi reliefis rTul mozaikas qmnian da Semdegnairad arian ganawilebuli (tab. 4).

tabula 4.

xmeleTis simaRle da okeanis siRrme metrobiT

farTobimln. kv.km.

% dedamiwis zedapiris saerTo farTobTan SedarebiT

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3000 m-ze meti …………………2000 - 30001000 - 2000500 - 1000200 - 5000 - 2000-ze dabali0 - 200200 - 10001000 - 20002000 - 30003000 - 40004000 - 50005000 - 60006000 m-ze Rrma

6 10 24 27 33 48,2 0,8 28 15 15 24 71 119 84 5

1,18 1,96 4,71 5,29 6,47 9,45 0,16 5,48 2,94 2,94 4,71 13,92 23,33 16,47 0,98

rogorc tabulidan Cans, kontinentebze sWarbobs dablobebi, romelTac TiTqmis 50 mln. kv. km ukaviaT. aseve vrcladaa warmodgenili 200-500 m-is da 500-1000 m-is simaRlis safexurebi. yvelaze mcire farTobi ki depresiebsa da 3000m-is maRla mdebare adgilebze modis. rac Seexeba okeaneTa siRrmis safexurebs, aq gansakuTrebiT didi sivrce 4000-dan 5000m-mde siRrmis adgilebs ukaviaT, romlebic vrceli wyalqveSa vakeebiT da borcvebiT arian warmodgenili da saerTo jamSi 120mln. kv. km-mde farTobs ikaveben. aseve didia 5-sa da 6km-s Soris mdebare safexuris gavrcelebis areali, romlec 80mln. kv. km-s aRemateba. yvelaze mcire farTobi ki Selfis (0-200m) da kontinenturi ferdobis (200-3000m) wilad modis.

calkeul kontinentTa saSualo simaRle da okeaneTa aseTive siRrmiTi maxasiaTeblebi Semdegi saxisaa (tab. 5). tabula 5.

kontinenti saS. simaRe m-iT

okeane saSualo siRrme

m-obiT evrazia afrika Crd. amerika

840 750 720

wynari atlantis indoeTis

428039403860

samx. amerika avstralia antarqtida

600 380 2100

Crd. yinulovani 1200

xmeleTis reliefi ZiriTadad qedebiTa da vakeebiT aris warmodgenili. amerikis kontinentTa dasavleT nawilSi meridianulad gaWimuli giganturi mTagrexili kordilierisa, ganeduri orientirebisa da kidev ufro didi ganzomilebis mqone alp-kavkasia-himalais mTiani sartyeli, amazonis, dasavleT cimbirisa, aRmosavleT evropisa da sxva vakeebi amis kargi magaliTebia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas okeaneTa fskeris reliefze, romelTa wyalqveSa vakeebis da qedebis ganzomilebani arcTu iSviaTad kidevac sWarboben kontinentebze arsebul Sesabamis formebs. atlantis okeanis fskerze warmodgenili giganturi sigrZis meridianuli mTagrexili, romlis calkeuli adgilebi okeanis donis zemoTac aris azevebuli (azoris, wminda elenes, amaRlebis k-bi), taimiris n-k-sa da kunZul grelands Soris mdebare, CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanis fskerze arsebuli giganturi vakeebi da qedebi zemoaRniSnulis aranaklebi TvalsaCino magaliTebia.

liTosferos zedapirze arsebuli umaRlesi da udablesi adgilebis geografiul gavrcelebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs maTi periferiuli (eqscentriuli) mdebareoba kontinentebsa da okeaneebSi. ase magaliTad, kontinentis umaRlesi mTebi: akonkagua, wm. ilia, kostiuSko, jomolungma da sxv. xmeleTis kidur nawilebSi mdebareoben. wynari okeanis fskerze arsebuli uRrmesi adgilebi: marianis, filipinis, arikas, tongas, aleutis da sxv. saxiT agreTve atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneSi arsebuli Rrmulebi (porto-rikos da iavas) eqscentriuli ganlagebis mqonenia.

liTosferos zedapiris zemoaRnisnul plastikaze saerTod, kerZod ki, xmeleTis simaRliTi da msoflio okeanis siRrmiTi safexurebis mier dakavebul farTobebze naTel warmodgenas iZleva TvalsaCinoebis saSualeba, romelsac hifsografiuli mrudi ewodeba (nax. 9). igi warmoadgens liTosferos zedapiris topografiul TaviseburebaTa ganzogadebul profils, romlis Sedgenas safuZvlad udevs simaRleebisa da siRrmeebis mravalricxovani gazomvebi da agreTve, wylisa da xmeleTis mier dakavebuli farTobebis zusti maCveneblebi. rogorc

17

naxazidan Cans, xmeleTze sWarbobs 1000 metramde simaRlis adgilebi, okeaneebSi ki _ 4000-dan 5000 m-mde siRrmis adgilebi. aqedan

Tavi mesame. reliefis Seswavlis zogierTi aspeqtebi

geomorfologiuri kvlevaZiebis dros specialistebis winaSe TiTqmis yovelTvis dgeba iseTi amocanis gadawyvetis saWiroeba, rogoricaa Sesaswavli formis an formaTa kompleqsis genezisis garkveva. amave mizans emsaxureba sakvlevi obieqtis morfologiis anu morfografiul-hifsometriuli maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla da reliefis asakis dadgena. amitom, qvemoT, TiToeuli maTganis Sesaxeb mokled iqneba yuradReba SeCerebuli.

$ 11. reliefis morfografia da morfometria

reliefi abstraqtuli cneba rodia, igi ama Tu im saxis, moculobis da ganzomilebis formaTa krebadobas warmoadgens. reliefis formis qveS ki igulisxmeba liTosferos zedapiris met-naklebi sididis da nairgvari saxis, ramdenadme „statikuri“, umetesad bunebrivi warmonaqmni. isini Cveulebriv calkeuli nawilebis anu elementebisagan Sedgeba. magaliTad, mTa an terasa, orive reliefis formaa da mave dros reliefis elementic; mTis Txemi, ferdobi, Ziri, nawiburi, terasis baqani, flate da warbi maTi elementebi anu nawilebia. maSasadame, saWiroa ganvasxvavoT reliefis elementi reliefis formaTa elementebisagan.

vinaidan reliefis formaTa ganzomilebis diapazoni metad didia (kvadratuli metridan milionobiT kv. km-mde), didi anu rTuli formebi Tavis mxriv SeiZleba araerTi rigis, e.i. dabali rangis meoradi formebisgan Sedgebodnen. aseTebia mag. kavkasioni, svaneTis qedi, mtkvris xeoba, tanas xeoba da sxv.

M morfografiuli niSnebis mixedviT reliefis formebi SeiZleba iyos: dadebiTi da uaryofiTi an sxvagvarad Tu vityviT daseril-danawevrebuli. ukanasknel xanebSi gamoyofen agreTve mesame kategoriis formebs, romelTac neitralurs uwodeben da maT miakuTvneben subhorizontuli zedapiris vake adgilebs.

vake ewodeba liTosferos zedapiris iseT vrcel monakveTs, romlis mezobel adgilTa Soris simaRliTi sxvaoba SeumCnevelia, anda metad mcire. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vakis ZiriTad niSans horizontis didi sifarTove warmoadgens.

18

vake SeiZleba iyos: swori, daxrili, Cazneqili, amozneqili, talRobrivi da sxva; amasTan erTad, vake SeiZleba iyos zRvispira dablobis (mag. kolxeTis), mTaTSorisi (Sida qarTlis) da mTianeTis (axalqalaqis). rac Seexeba daseril reliefs, mis ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSans TvalsaCino vertikaluri danawevreba warmoadgens. maT Soris SeiZleba gavarCioT: goraki, borcvi, seri, mTa, qedi, mwvervali, mTagrexili, mTianeTi, qvabuli, plato, xrami, xeoba da sxv.G goraki ewodeba gumbaTuri da mkveTrad gamoxatuli Ziris mqone izolirebulad mdebare dadebiT formas, romlis simaRle erTi-oridan ramdenime aTeul metramdea. Bborcvi gorakis msgavsad gumbaTuri formis izolirebuli warmonaqmnia, oRond _ damreci ferdobebis da sustad gamoxatuli Ziris mqone. ukanasknelis simaRle SeiZleba 200 metramde aRwevdes. seri ewodeba nazi konturebis mqone wagrZelebul dadebiT formas, romlis simaRle ar aRemateba or aseul metrs. mTis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba 200m-ze meti SefardebiTi simaRlisa da mcire horizontuli gavrcelebis, metwilad izolirebuli reliefis forma, romelsac mkveTrad gamoxatuli Ziri aqvs. Ziris nawiliT erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul da erTi mimarTulebiT orientirebul mTebis krebadobas qeds uwodeben*, xolo ori an ramdenime qedis krebadobas, danawevrebuls gaswvrivi da ganivi ganlagebis mdinareebiT _ mTagrexils. unda aRiniSnos, rom qedebs mkveTrad gamoxatuli wyalgamyofi, rTuli reliefi da aTeulobiT da aseulobiT kilometris sigrZiTi gavrceleba aqvT. garda amisa, Txemebze xSirad gvxvdeba unagirisebri Cadablebebi, romelTa nawili uReltexilebs (gadasasvlelebs) warmoadgens, da maT Soris mkveTrad gamoxatuli dadebiTi formebi, romelTac mwvervalebi ewodebaT. mwvervali SeiZleba iyos konusuri, gumbaTuri, piramidisebri, magidisebri da sxv.

* viwro gagebiT qedis saxelwodebiT SeiZleba erTi mTac aRiniSnos, Tu mas saTanado simaRlesTan erTad xazobrivad wagrZelebuli sivrciTi gamovlena aqvs (mag. uZos qedi Tbilisis midamoebSi). Tu qedebs ar emCnevaT erTi mimarTulebiT gabatonebuli orientacia da isini qmnian ramdenadme izometriul saerTo amaRlebas, mas mTianeTi anu mTiani qveyana ewodeba (saqarTvelos samxreTi mTianeTi, pamiri da sxv.). mTiani mxaris

vrceli teritoria, romelsac wyalTaSorisebis sivakeve axasiaTebs zegnad iwodeba (Sua cimbiris, tibetis da sxv.).Q qvabuli ewodeba reliefis uaryofiT formas, romelic yoveli mxriv an TiTqmis yoveli mxridan mTebis an serebis ferdobebiT aris gansazRvruli. maTi forma, sidide da hifsometriuli mdebareoba metad nairgvaria. isini Cveulebriv mTian mxareebSi gvxvdebian da reliefis rTul formebs warmoadgenen (axalcixis, TianeTis, taZrisis da sxv. qvabulebi). Mmcire ganzomilebisa da brtyeli Ziris qvabuls tafobs uwodeben; gansakuTrebiT didi ganzomilebis qvabulebs ki vardnobebis* saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven.P platos saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba metnakleb simaRleze mdebare vake, romlis ferdobTa meti nawili mkveTrad gamoxatuli CamokveTilobiT xasiaTdeba (fersaTis, borjomis da sxv. platoebi). rac Seexeba xrams da xeobas, orive maTgani, qvabulTa msgavsad reliefis uaryofiT formas warmoadgens, pirveli ramdenadme martivs, meore ki _ rTuls. xrami SedarebiT mcire horizontuli gavrcelebis da erTi mimarTulebiT daxrili viwro _ wagrZelebuli Cadablebaa, CamokveTili ferdobebiT, xeoba ki erTi mimarTulebiT daxrili Ziris mqone klaknili da wagrZelebuli vrceli (rTuli) uaryofiTi formaa, romelsc kargad gamoxatuli nairgvari ferdobebi aqvs (aragvis, enguris, TeZamis da sxv.). reliefis formaTa Seswavla maTi ganzomilebis niSnebis mixedviT morfometriad iwodeba. morfometriul niSnebad SeiZleba miviCnioT formaTa farTobuli maxasiaTebeli, simaRliTi Tu siRrmiTi gavrcelebis, danawevrebis sixSirisa da daxrilobis niSnebi da sxv. sididis (horizontaluri gavrcelebis) mixedviT reliefis formaTa dajgufeba aranaklebi pirobiTobiT xasiaTdeba. amJamad ufor gavrcelebulia reliefis formaTa iseTi kategoriebis * zogierTi avtori (i. SCukini, a. krivolucki da sxv.) am saxelwodebas okeaneTa wyalsatevebis mimarTac xmarobs.gamoyofa, rogoricaa: planetaruli, mega, makro, mezo, mikro da nano formebi.

reliefis planetarul formebs warmoadgenen kontinentebi da okeaneTa kalapotebi, e.i iseTi formebi, romelTac Svid milion kv. km-ze meti farTobi ukaviaT. maTi

19

raodenoba aTs Seadgens, romelTa Soris eqvsi kontinentia da oTxi okeanis kalapoti.

M reliefis mega formebis ganzomilebani ramdenime aseul aTasidan ramdenime milionamde kv. km farTobis mqonea. aseTebia: dablobebi (amazonis, dasavleT cimbiris, misisipis), mTagrexilebi (uralis, tian-Sanis, kavkasionis, aWara-TrialeTis), mTianeTebi (pamiris, braziliis), Suaokeanuri qedebi da sxva.

M makro formebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos iseTi geomorfologiuri erTeulebi, romelTa sidide aTasobiT kv. km farTobs Seadgens (kolxeTis dablobi, TrialeTis qedi, lombardiis dablobi, svaneTis qedi, enguris xeoba da sxv.).M reliefis mezo kategoriad miiCneven aseulobiT kv.km farTobis mqone iseT formebs, rogoricaa: mTebi da maTi Stoebi an patara qedebi (ialbuzi, myinvawveri, nigoeTis da kvernakis qedebi, did mdinareTa terasebi da sxv.).

mikro* formebad miCneulia: borcvebi, xramebi, gamozidvis konusebi, terasaTa fragmentebi, karstuli uvalebi, Walebi, barqanebi, eroziis mowameebi da sxva iseTi geomorfologiuri kategoriebi, romelTa sidide Cveulebriv aTasobiT da aTeul aTasobiT kv. metri farTobiT ganisazRvreba.

rac Seexeba nano formebs, maTi sidide aTeulobiT da aseulobiT kv. metris mqonea, romelTa magaliTebad SeiZleba dagvesaxelebina: dolinebi, fiWisebri zedapirebi, eoluri STenilebi, namdinarevebi, qaris Relvili da sxv..

rogorc ukve iTqva, reliefis formaTa dajgufeba SeiZleba movaxdinoT maTi simaRliTi mdebareobis

* k. markovi reliefis makro formaSi dedamiwis formas, mis sferosebriobas gulisxmobs, mezoSi _ kontinentebs da okeaneTa kalapotebs, xolo mikroSi reliefis plastikas (skulpturul warmonaqmnebs).

mixedviTac. am, mimarTulebiT cdebi Tumca araerT mkvlevars aqvs Catarebuli, magram saerTod miRebuli sistematika jerjerobiT araa.

amJamad ufro gavrcelebulia reliefis formaTa Semdegi hifsometriuli kategoriebis gamoyofa. pirvel safexurad miCneulia xmeleTze arsebuli okeanis donis dabla mdebare adgilebi, romelTac depresiebi ewodebaT*. depresia SeiZleba iyos Ria da faruli. pirvelis magaliTs warmoadgens kaspiis zRvis sanapiros didi nawili, romelsac sam aTeul metramde uaryofiTi niSani aqvs. aseTivea tian-Sanis

aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare turfanis depresia, romlis hifsometriuli maCvenebeli _153 metria, ghoris _400m da sxv. rac Seexeba farul anu kripto depresiebs, isini Cveulebriv tbebs aqvT dakavebuli, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: paliastomis, baikalis, ladogis, mkvdari zRvis da sxv.

momdevno safexurs z.d-dan 200 metramde simaRlis mqone adgilebi qmnian, romelTac dablobebi ewodebaT. garegani niSnis

* zogierTi avtori depresiis saxelwodebiT yovelgvar metnaklebad izolirebul dabal adgils aRniSnavs, rasac mxolod aRreva Seaqvs terminologiaSi da amitom aseTi ganukiTxavi xmareba ar migvaCnia marTebulad.mixedviT isini SeiZleba iyos vakec da borcvianic. amis karg magaliTs warmoadgens kolxeTis, mtkvris, amazonis da sxv. dablobebi. mesame hifsometriul safexurs 200-dan 500m-mde maRlobebi qmnis, romlebic SeiZleba warmodgenili iyvnen borcvebiT, serebiT, maRlobi vakeebiT da zegnebiT (alaznis vake, Siraqis zegani da sxv.). 500m-ze maRal adgilebs Cveulebriv mTebi da qedebi qmnian, calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki _ zegnebi da vakeebi. pirvel maTganSi Tavis mxriv ganasxvaveben dabal (1000m-mde), saSualo (1000m-dan 3000m-mde) da maRal mTebs (3000m-ze meti). saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom zogierTi mkvlevari maRali da saSualo mTebis gamoyofisas ufro met mniSvnelobas maT garegan, morfologiur Taviseburebas aniWebs da gulisxmobs, rom maRali mTebisaTvis arsebiTi niSani maTi zedapiris Zlieri vertikaluri danawevreba da qarafovnebaa. rac Seexeba zRvebiT da okeaneebiT dafarul reliefis siRrmiT safexurebs, aq gamoyofen: Selfis anu kontinenturi TavTxelis zols (200m-mde siRrmis), baTialurs (200-3000m), abisalurs (3000-6000) da hipabisalurs ( >6000m). reliefis danawevrebis sixSireze, siRrmeze da zedapiris daxrilobis Taviseburebaze warmodgenisTvis sdgeba specialuri daniSnulebis rukebi, romelTac did Teoriul mniSvnelobasTan erTad aranaklebi praqtikuli Rirebulebac aqvT. es iTqmis gansakuTrebiT maT rolze dasaxlebul punqtebis an didi nagebobebisaTvis adgilis SerCevis an sagzao da sairigacio mSeneblobisaTvis trasebis dagegmarebis saqmeSi.

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eroziuli danawevrebis sixSiris rukis Sesadgenad saWiroa Sesaswavli teritoria davyoT Tanabari sididis kvadratebad da TiToeuli maTganisaTvis gavigoT ra sigrZis eroziuli forma modis farTobis erTeulze (L/P). rac ufro meti iqneba miRebuli sidide, miT ufro didi iqneba danawevrebis maxasiaTebeli da ufro muqi feriT an StrixebiT iqneba igi rukaze aRniSnuli. danawevrebis saerTo xasiaTis (siRrmec da sixSirec) garkvevisaTvis ki saWiroa rukaze gaizomos TiToeul kvadratSi moqceuli izohifsTa saerTo sigrZe. rogorc wesi, aseTi sidide im kvadratSi iqneba meti, romelic ufro danawevrebulia da piriqiT. Tu nakveTebs SevaferadebT, tonalobis gamuqeba danawevrebis siZlieris maCvenebeli iqneba. rac Seexeba reliefis daxrilobis rukas, mis Sesadgenad saWiroa winaswar SevimuSavoT daxrilobis skala, Semdeg ki topografiuli rukis qvedebulis daxmarebiT gamovyoT CvenTvis saintereso daxrilobis mqone nakveTebi da ferebiT an StrixebiT gavmijnoT isini erTmaneTisagan. rac Seexeba zemoaRniSnul morfometriuli kategoriebis ricxobriv maxasiaTeblebs, isini SeiZleba sxvadasxva iyos, ufro miRebulia Semdegi sidideebi: zedapiris daxrilobisaTvis:

gradusi tg aTiTqmis horizontuli 0,5 0_0,01*odnav daqanebuli 1-5 0,01_0,08sustad daqanebuli 5-10 0,08_0,2zomierad daxrili 10-20 > 0,2Zlier daxrili 20-30cicabo 30-45frialo 45—90

horizontaluri danawevrebis sixSirisaTvis:

sustad danawevrebuli _ 1000** m-ze metisaSualod danawevrebuli _ 500-1000m.sagrZnoblad danawevrebuli _ 100-500m.Zlier danawevrebuli _ 50-100m.metad Zlier danawevrebuli < 50m.

* yoveli asi metris manZilze simaRle matulobs 1 metriT.** manZili wyalgamyofidan talvegamde, e.i. mdinareTa kalapotis uRrmes adgilTa SemaerTebel xazamde. vertikaluri danawevrebis siRrmisaTvis:

daunawevrebeli an sustad danawevrebuli vake < 2m.saSualod danawevrebuli vake _ 2-5m.mniSvnelovnad danawevrebuli vake _ 5-10m.mTagoriani adgilebi sustad danawevrebuli _ 100-250m.mTagoriani adgilebi saSualod danawevrebuli _ 250-500m.mTagoriani adgilebi Rrmad danawevrebuli _ 500-1000m.mTagoriani adgilebi Zalian danawevrebuli _ 1000m-ze meti.

$ 12. reliefis genezisi

im amocanaTa Soris, romlis gadawyvetac mkvlevar geomorfologs evaleba, erT-erTi umTavresTagani Sesaswavli obieqtis reliefis formebis an maTi kompleqsebis genezisis garkvevaa. zemoT ganxiluli morfografiul-morfometriuli cnobebi, Teoriul aspeqtSi, arsebiTad am amocanis gadawyvetas emsaxureba. magram, arcTu iSviaTad, yovelive es, garkveul siZnelebTan aris dakavSirebuli. amis mizezi pirvel yovlisa isaa, rom reliefis formebi umetesad kompleqsuri warmonaqmnebia. isini mxolod erTi romelime agentis moqmedebis Sedegad ki ar arian miRebuli, aramed erTdroulad, ramdenime maTganis moqmedebiT. aseTi situacia ki aZnelebs erTi romelime procesisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebas. naTqvamis naTelsayofad moviyvanoT ramdenime magaliTi. aviRoT Tundac kvernaqis qedi. es qedi aris ra Sida qarTlis baris Semadgeneli nawili, gadaWimulia subganedurad da md. mtkvars mijnavs tirifona-muxranis vakeebisgan. qedi mkveTrad gamoxatuli morfologiuri asimetriiT anu orsaxovnebiT xasiaTdeba: misi Crdilo ferdobi mTels manZilze nazi zedapirisaa da struqturasTan pirdapir damokidebulebaSi imyofeba, e.i morfostruqturulia. samxreT ferdobi ki sruliad

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sxva saxisaa: igi imdenadaa mtkvris eroziuli da saerTod, denudaciuri procesebiT dangreuli, rom sruliad Secvlili aqvs pirvandeli struqturuli saxe. ras mivakuTvnoT aseT situaciaSi kvernakebi: morfostruqturul Tu morfoskulpturul warmonaqmns? ra Tqma unda marTebuli iqneba Tu vilaparakebT masze rogorc struqturul-eroziul warmonaqmnze da ara mxolod erTi romelime maTganis Sedegze. anda aviRoT romelime xeoba. cnobilia, rom es ukanaskneli, rogorc reliefis mezoforma, Cveulebriv fluvialuri genezisisaa, e.i. mdinari wylis eroziuli moqmedebis Sedegadaa miRebuli. magram advili SesaZlebelia, rom igi zogierT monakveTSi teqtonikuri genezisis iyos da naprals, grabens an sinklinis muldas gauyvebodes. maSasadame, aqac saWiroa xeobis fluvialuri da teqtonikuri genezisis mqone monakveTebis gamijvna, xolo Semdeg, ukanasknelis kidev ufro gakonkreteba. movitanoT kidev vulkanuri warmonaqmnebis magaliTi. isini rom Sinagani procesebis Sedegia, ukve garkveulad gvelaparakeba maT genezisze. magram, vulkanuri warmonaqmni SeiZleba erT SemTvevaSi akumulaciuri iyos, meore SemTxvevaSi destruqciuli, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi erTic da meorec erTdroulad, e.i destruqciul-akumulaciuri. ase magaliTad, axalqalaqis samxreT kideze mdebare amiranisgora akumulaciuri vulkanuri mTis kargi magaliTia; krakataus da bandaisanis mTebi, romelTa naxevari gazebis afeTqebis gziTaa dangreuli _ mesame genetur kategoriad CaiTvleba. amasve SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT barankosebis xSiri qseliT dafaruli vulkanuri mTebi. rac Seexeba „nekebs“, daikebs da zogierT sxva msgavs formebs, isini destruqciul vulkanur warmonaqmnebad CaiTvlebian. amJamad miRebulia rom reliefis formebi da maTi kompleqsebi geneturi niSnebis mixedviT sam did jgufad daiyos:

1. struqturuli;2. skulpturuli;3. akumulaciuri;

struqturuli formebi pirveladi saxiT bunebaSi iSviaTia. yvela maTgans metnaklebad aqvs gancdili garedinamikuri procesebis gardamqmneli zemoqmedeba, magram roca am tipis formebs gamoyofen, gulisxmoben, rom maTi ZiriTadi konturebi struqturuli pirobebiT aris gansazRvruli. isini SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyvnen

qanebis rogorc horizontul ganlagebasTan, ise naoWa da rRveviT dislokaciebTan. amis magaliTad SeiZleba mogvetana TeleTis qedi, krwanisis veli, saburTalos veli da sxv. pirveli maTganis arseboba antiklinuri naoWis Sedegia, xolo ori ukanaskneli amave saxelwodebis sinklinebiTaa Sepirobebuli. reliefis struqturuli forma SeiZleba metad didi ganzomilebisa iyos, ris magaliTsac dasavleT cimbiris dablobi warmoadgens. geneturad formaTa meore skulpturuli jgufi egzogenuri procesebis mwarmoebel agentebTanaa dakavSirebuli da im saxelwodebiT aRiniSnebian, romelTac ganmsazRvreli roli SeusrulebiT maT formirebaSi. aseTebia: 1) fluvialuri, 2) myinvaruli, 3) eoluri, 4) zRviuri (an tbiuri) 5) gravitaciuli, 6) karstuli (sufoziuri), 7) mzralobis, 8) biogenuri) 9) anTropogenuri, 10) fluvio-glaciuri. rac Seexeba akumulaciur formebs, maTi didi umravlesoba warmoqmnilia garedinamikuri procesebiT da amitom iseTive kategoriebis Semcvlelia, rogorisac skulpturuli, amasTan erTad isini SesaZloa endogenuri warmoSobisac iyvnen, rogorc magaliTad: vulkanuri mTebi, lavis Rvarebi, safarebi da sxva. zemoT, roca morfografiisa da morfometriis rolze vlaparakobdiT, reliefis formaTa genezisis garkvevis saqmeSi uneblie Secdomis Tavidan asacileblad erTi momentic unda gaviTvaliswinoT. saqme imaSia, zogjer aris SemTxveva, roca bunebaSi ori forma garegnulad msgavsia, magram geneturad gansxvavebuli. aseT formebs konvergenciuli ewodeba, xolo TviT movlenas reliefis formaTa konvergencia.

$ 13. reliefis asaki

geomorfologiuri kvlevis saqmeSi aranaklebi mniSvnelobis amocanas reliefis asakis gansazRvra warmoadgens, romelic SeiZleba orgvari Sinaarsis iyos: fardobiTi da absoluturi. fardobiTs Tavis mxriv ramodenime aspeqti gaaCnia. erT SemTxvevaSi mis qveS SeiZleba vigulisxmoT reliefis formis an formaTa kompleqsis siZvele an siaxalgazrdave masTan kontaqtSi myof geneturad an morfologiurad gansxvavebul reliefTan SedarebiT. ase magaliTad, kaspiispira dablobi,

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romelic ramdenime aTasi wlis win zRviT iyo dafaruli da geneturad pirvelad struqturul vakes warmoadgens, asakobrivad ufro Zvelia, vidre mis zedapirze mdebare subarealuri genezisis mqone akumulaciuri da eroziuli warmonaqmni diunebis, barqanebis, xramebisa da Rranteebis saxiT. meore SemTxvevaSi imave mizniT SeiZleba mxedvelobaSi iyos miRebuli reliefis ganviTarebis stadiuroba, e.i reliefis fardobiTi asakis iseTi maxasiaTebeli, romelic devisis geografiuli ciklebis Teorias udevs safuZvlad. ase magaliTad, Tu mTagoriani mxaris mdinaris xeoba V-sebria, romlis Ziri mxolod mdinaris kalapotiTaa warmodgenili, aqvs didi vardna da Cqerian-Woromiani dineba, ferdobebi ki swori da amozneqili, Tanac didi daxrilobis mqone _ axalgazrdad, e.i ganviTarebis axalgazrdul stadiaSi myof eroziul formad CaiTvleba. xolo Tu xeoba aluviuri kunZulebis da Walebis mqonea, e.i mis fskerze kalapotTan erTad fluvialur-akumulaciuri warmonaqmnebicaa Walis, Walis terasebisa da Waliszeda pirveli terasis saxiT, agreTve, ramdenadme gadaSlili ferdobebis mqonea, igi ganviTarebis ufro xangrZlivi istoriis mqone momwifebul xeobad CaiTvleba; im SemTxvevaSi ki Tu xeobis ferdobebi dasafexurebulia cikluri terasebiT, ganivkveTSi aqvs gadaSlili kalTebi, xolo dineba wynari da meandruli, igi ganviTarebis moxucebulobis stadiaSi myofad SeiZleba miviCnioT. aseve morfologiuri niSnebiT SeiZleba gavarCioT zRvis sanapiros fardobiTi asaki axalgazrdobis, momwifebulobis da moxucebulobis stadiebis TvalsazrisiT, romelTagan pirveli Cveulebriv simkveTriT, e.i napiris Zlieri danawevrebiT, sustad gamoxatuli viwro-fragmentuli plaJiT an misi sruli uqonlobiT xasiaTdeba; simwifis xanaSi _ CamokveTili sanapiro xaziT, metnaklebad ganviTarebuli fragmentuli plaJebiT da TvalSi sacemi horizontuli danawevrebiT. moxucebulobis stadiaSi ki sanapiros gaaCnia farTo plaJebi, gaSlili vrceli ubeebi da sxvadasxva saxis akumulaciuri warmonaqmni qviSrobi celebis saxiT. aris fardobiTi asakis mesame aspeqtic, romelic gulisxmobs reliefis makro formaTa Tanamedrove, ZiriTadi konturebis formirebis dros, orogenul ciklebTan an maT fazebTan dakavSirebiT (hercinuli, alpuri da sxv.). eroziul-denudaciuri genezisis mqone reliefis formaTa asakis gansazRvrisaTvis mimarTaven: facialuri gadasvlis, fiqsaciis, asakobriv mijnaTa da korelaciur meTodebs.

ase magaliTad, cikluri terasis asakis gansazRvrisas saWiroa misi amgebeli fluvialuri nafenebis paleontologiuri Seswavla da masze dayrdnobiT asakis garkveva. amave miznisTvis mimarTaven facialuri gadasvlis meTods. es im SemTxvevaSi, roca Sesaswavli regionis terasebis amgebeli fluvialuri nafenebi namarxebs ar Seicaven. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mkvlevarisTvis saintereso nafenebs Tvali gaevlos horizontuli mimarTulebiT manmade, vidre nanaxi ar iqneba am ukanasknelTa Sesabamisi nafenebi, romlebic daTariRebulia maTSi arsebul namarxTa SemweobiT. fiqsaciis meTodis gamoyeneba umTavresad denudaciuri, mosworebuli zedapirebis Seswavlisas xdeba. aRniSnuli zedapirebi Cveulebriv gamofitvis saboloo produqtebiT _ TixebiT arian xolme dafarul-damagrebuli, e.i fiqsirebuli*. da, Tu am nafenebis asaks ganvsazRvravT paleontologiuri gziT, SeiZleba gairkves mosworebuli zedapirebis asakic. korelaciuri meTodis gamoyenebisas igulisxmeba, rom esa Tu is eroziuli forma da am ukanasknelis formirebisas miRebuli naSali masala, romelic Cveulebriv mis boloze gamozidvis konuss qmnis, sinqronuli warmonaqmnebia. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu naSalis asaks gavigebT masSi arsebuli namarxebis SemweobiT, garkveuli iqneba eroziuli formis asakis sakiTxic.

* fiqsacia franguli sityvaa da damagrebas niSnavs.

rac Seexeba reliefis absoluturi asakis gansazRvras, am mizniT mimarTaven radioizotopur meTods. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom urani da Toriumi bunebriv pirobebSi gamudmebiT iSlebian da saboloo jamSi tyviaSi gadadian. dadgenilia, rom aRniSnuli daSlis Sedegad 1 tona urani weliwadSi 1/7400gr. tyvias iZleva. Tu garkveuli iqneba procentuli Tanafardoba qanSi arsebuli uranisa da tyviisa, maSin, saTanado formulaSi, aRniSnuli kanonzomierebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZloa qanis absoluturi asakis gansazRvrac. ukanasknel xans, meoTxeuli nafenebiT dafaruli reliefis formaTa absoluturi asakis garkvevis mizniT, gamoiyeneba argonuli da naxSirbadis, agreTve dendroqronologiuri

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meTodebi. ukanaskneli maTganis gamoyeneba dafuZnebulia xis wliuri rgolebis raodenobis an liqenebis zrdis siCqaris garkvevaze da umetesad, gamoiyeneba seluri nakadebis gamozidvis konusebis da mewyruli warmonaqmnebis asakis garkvevisas.

Tavi meoTxe. geomorfogenezisis procesebida faqtorebi

geomorfologiuri procesebi is berketebia, romelTa saSualebiT xdeba reliefis ama Tu im formis an formaTa kompleqsebis Camoyalibeba. procesi reliefis formirebis ganmsazRvreli dinamikuri kategoriaa. is SeiZleba iyos rogorc Sinagani (endogenuri), ise garegani (egzogenuri). aseTebia magaliTad sxvadasxva saxis teqtonikuri moZraobani, vulkanizmi, fluvialuri, eoluri, karstuli, talasogenuri, glaciogenuri, anTropogenuri da sxv. procesi.

faqtorebSi* ki umetesad unda vigulisxmoT ama Tu im geomorfologiuri procesis xelis Semwyobi, damaCqarebeli piroba. isic ori saxisaa: Sinagani da garegani. pirvels miekuTvneba adgilis amgebel qanTa struqturul-liTologiuri Tavisebureba, xolo meores _ geografiuli ganedi da masze damokidebuli havis Tavisebureba, mcenareuli da niadagsafari, cxovelebi da adamiani. aviRoT magaliTad liTologiuri Tavisebureba, raSi gamoixateba misi rogorc faqtoris Sinaarsi? saqme imaSia, rom eroziuli procesis msvlelobis met-naklebi siCqare, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, adgilis amgebel qanebis simtkicis unarze, e. i. liTologiur Taviseburebazea da -mokidebuli. magaliTad, liosebi arian ra eroziis mimarT naklebi winaaRmdegobis unaris mqone qanebi, qviSaqvebTan an kristalur qanebTan SedarebiT, maTze eroziuli procesi bevrad ufro swrafad warimarTeba, vidre qviSaqvebSi an miT ufro, kristalur qanebSi. maSasadame qanebis zemoaRniSnuli Tavisebureba geomorfogenezisis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas adgilis amgebel qanTa struqturuli niSnis, rogorc faqtoris Sesaxeb. esec erT-erTi pirobaa reliefis ama Tu im formis, magaliTad, zRvis talRebis ngreviTi moqmedebiT miRebuli abraziuli baqnis formirebis tempis saqmeSi, romelic sxvadasxva siCqariT

* mkvlevarTa nawili procesebsa da faqtorebs aigivebs, rac arasworad migvaCnia.

mimdinareobs imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria sanapiros amgebel qanTa struqturuli niSani. saxeldobr, roca qanebi napiridan xmeleTisaken arian daxrili, abraziuli baqnis formireba swrafad mimdinareobs, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca isini zRvisken arian daqanebuli. unda aRvniSnoT, magaliTad, mdinare, romelic eroziuli da akumulaciuri procesis mwarmoebeli agentia, magram misi iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa wylianoba, vardna, myari xarjis Tavisebureba da a. S. _ faqtorebs warmoadgenen, romlebzec didadaa damokidebuli eroziis Tu akumulaciis siZliere, maTi msvlelobis tempi.

calke unda aRiniSnos drois faqtori, romelic sxva Tanabar pirobebSi aucilebelia ama Tu im procesis geomorfologiuri Sedegebis metnaklebad TvalsCinod asaxvisaTvis.

$ 14. dedamiwis zedapirze moqmedi procesebis saerTo xasiaTi

dialeqtikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic ganviTarebis arsebiT pirobad dapirispirebuli Zalebis brZolas miiCnevs, araCveulebrivi sicxadiT vlindeba dedamiwis zedapirze moqmedi procesebis xasiaTSi.

rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnuli zedapiri ori erTmaneTisgan sapirispiro procesis gamovlinebis asparezs warmoadgens. procesTa erTi jgufi, romelTa mamoZravebeli miwis Sinagani siTboa da romlebsac sxvadasxva saxis teqtonikuri moZraobebi da vulkanizmi miekuTvneba, endogenuri procesebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. maT saerTo damaxasiaTebels geomorfologiuri TvalsazrisiT warmoadgens is, rom isini liTosferos zedapiris sxvadasxva rigis uswormasworobas ganapirobeben. okeaneTa kalapotebi da kontinentebi, mTagrexilebi da vrceli dablobebi swored maTi moqmedebis geomorfologiuri Sedegia.

rac Seexeba procesTa meore jgufs, romelic Tavis mamoZravebel Zalas mzis siTburi energiidan Rebulobs da romelsac egzogenuri ewodeba, cdilobs liTosferos uswormasworo zedapiris nivelirebas, arsebuli vertikaluri

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kontrastebis Semcirebas. mas miekuTvneba gamofitva, mdinareebis, myinvarebis, qaris, miwisqveSa wylis, zRvis da sxvaTa denudaciuri da akumulaciuri moqmedeba.

liTosferos zedapiris xasiaTi mocemul momentSi, migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu rogoraa aRniSnuli Zalebis Tanafardoba.

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom liTosferos plastikaSi Sinagan procesTa Sedegebi TiTqos dominirebul rols asruleben gareganTan SedarebiT, magram miaxloebiTi gaangariSebani amas ar gveubneba, magaliTad, a. penkis mixedviT denudaciuri metris* saSualo sidide mTeli dedamiwisaTvis TormetiaTas wels Seadgens. yoveli aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi xmeleTis dadablebis saSualo maCvenebeli 8 sm-ia. pirobiTad Tu davuSvebT, rom es maCvenebeli momavali geologiuri drois monakveTSi ucvleli darCeba, maSin Tanamedrove xmeleTis sruli nivelirebisTvis 30 mln weli iqneba sakmarisi.** xolo kavkasioni da alpebi, romelTa denudaciis wliuri maCvenebeli Sesabamisad 0,45 da 0,57 mm-ia, teqtonikuri siwynaris pirobebSi SeiZleba nivelirebul iqnes 10 mln wlis ganmavlobaSi. g. xmalaZis monacemebiT mdinareebis rionisa da enguris auzebis denudaciuri metris sidide, Sesabamisad 3200 da 6200 welia. amgvarad, rogorc k. markovi aRniSnavs, alpuri orogenuli moZraobiT warmoqmnili Tanamedrove reliefis erToblivoba ekvivalenturi unda iyos im reliefisa, romelic, amave periodSi, denudaciis gziT iqna nivelirebuli.

roca vlaparakobT dedamiwis zedapiris geomorfologiur procesebze, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos is roli, romelic simZimis Zalas ekuTvnis. igi mWidro kavSirSia procesebis orive jgufTan. ufro metic; garegan procesTa mwarmoebeli iseTi agentebis moqmedeba, rogoric mdinareebi da myinvarebia, simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT xorcieldeba, xolo zvavebisa da mewyrebis warmoqmna gravitaciasTan uSualod aris dakavSirebuli.

* denudaciur metrSi a. penki gulisxmobs im drois monakveTs, romelic saWiroa xmeleTis zedapiris erTi metriT dadablebisaTvis.** zogierTi avtori 13 milion wells varaudobs. $ 15. geologiuri struqturebis roli geomorfogeneziSi

reliefis amgebel SreTa struqturuli Tavisebureba anu maTi ganlagebis xasiaTi friad sayuradRebo endogenuri faqtoria, da Tu raoden didia misi roli geomorfogenezisSi, Cans Tundac iqidan, rom

igi geomorfologiis erT-erTi Stos _ morfoteqtonikis anu struqturuli geomorfologiis safuZvelia.

struqturebis morfologiuri mniSvnelobis kargi magaliTia saqarTvelos reliefis umTavresi niSani _ sami makro morfologiuri nawilis: kavkasionis, mcire kavkasionis (samxreT mTianeTis) da maT Soris mdebare dabali hifsometriuli maCveneblebis mqone baris arseboba.

struqturam SeiZleba uSualod ganapirobos reliefis saxe an Seasrulos erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba garkveuli reliefis formirebaSi. struqturuli vake, antiklinuri qedi, sinklinuri Cadableba pirveli maTganis kargi magaliTebia, kuestebi da qedebi _ ukanasknelis.

struqturuli Tavsdebureba gansxvavebuli aqvs ara marto danaleqsa da magmur qanebs, aramed TiToeul maTgansac Tavis mxriv.

danaleqi qanebis umartivesi struqturuli saxe SreTa horizontuli _ Tanmimdevruli ganlagebaa, romelic pirvel rigSi baqnuri mxarebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amave dros, igi SesaZloa gvqondes farTo kolofisebri naoWebis TaRis nawilebSi.

horizontalur struqturas, rogorc wesi, vake reiefi Seesabameba, romelic mcire absoluturi simaRlis pirobebSi erTferovani, ramdenadme martivi zedapiris mqonea. dasavleT cimbiris da Turanis dablobebi, aRmosavleT CineTis vake, misisipis dablobi da sxv. aseTi vakeebis kargi magaliTebia.

im SemTxvevaSi Tu struqturuli vake TvalsaCinodaa azevebuli, maSin igi platoebisa da magida mTebis saxiT warmogvidgeba. ukanasknelTa amgebi Sreebi iSviaTia, rom Tanabari simtkicis qanebisagan Sedgebodnen. isini Cveulebriv sxvadasxva simagris arian da amis gamo platoTa kideebi dasafexurebulia struqturuli terasebiT. amgvari platoebi farTodaa warmodgenili kolorados auzSi.

sruliad sxvagvari reliefi viTardeba monoklinuri struqturis pirobebSi, ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba erTnairi kuTxiT daxril SreTa ganlageba, romelic umetesad qedebis periferiaze gvxvdeba da kuestebsa qmnis. termini kuesti devisma Semoitana xmarebaSi. igi masSi gulisxmobda struqturiT Sepirobebul da seriseburad wagrZelebul reliefis asimetriul formas. tipiuri kuestis warmoqmnisaTvis, garda struqturisa, saWiroa agreTve, gansxvavebuli simtkicis SreTa monacvleoba.

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aseT situaciaSi mkvrivi qanebi javSnis rols asruleben subsekventuri nakadebis eroziuli moqmedebiT dasawyiss aZleven kuestis warmoqmnas (nax. 11). tipiuri kuestebi farTodaa warmodgenili yirimis mTebis samxreT ferdobze, kavkasionis Crdo ferdobze q. vladikavkazis dasavleTiT, dasavleT tian-Sanze da sxv. mcire sididis ramdenime kuesti q. Tbilisis teritoriazec SeiniSneba, md. veres marcxena sanapiros gayolebiT. universitetis maRlivi korpusi erT-erT maTganzea aSenebuli, xolo Tbilisis yofili ipodromi _ aRniSnul kuestaTa Soris mdebare movakebaze.

mTiani mxareebis erT-erT ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel struqturul niSans naoWa struqturebis arseboba warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom naoWebs yvelgan, metnaklebad aqvs gancdili denudaciuri procesebis damangreveli moqmedeba, mainc SesaZloa isini pirdapir iyvnen asaxulni reliefSi, e. i. antiklinebi qmnidnen dadebiT formebs, maT Soris moqceuli sinklinebi ki _ uaryofiT formebs, rogorc amas vamCnevT Tbilisis midamoSi, TrialeTis qedis aRmosavleT boloze. anda SesaZloa naoWebi imdenad iyvnen danawevrebuli, rom struqturasa da reliefs Soris aramcTu pirdapiri kavSiri, aramed inversiuli anu sruliad Seusabamo _ Sebrunebuli damokidebuleba arsebobdes, e. i. antiklinebis TaRebze xeobebi iyvnen gamomuSavebuli, xolo sinklinebi wyalgamyofebis rolSi gvevlinebodnen (nax. 12). ukanasknelTa karg magaliTs warmoadgens borjomis xeobaSi arsebuli lomisa da gvirgvinas mTebi, romlebic struqturulad sinklinebs warmoadgenen.

intensiuri danaoWebis SemTxvevaSi, qedis teqtonikuri RerZis zolSi, SeiZleba izoklinuri da maraosebri struqturebi ganviTardnen, romelTa amgeb Sreebs ayiravebuli, vertikaluri mdgomareoba aqvT miRebuli. aseT pirobebSi, denudaciuri procesebis zemoqmedebiT, reliefis maRali nawilebi mkveTrad dakbilul saxes iZenen da didi, vertikaluri danawevrebisaTvis xelsayrel wina pirobas qmnian.

dedamiwis qerqSi teqtonikuri procesebis Sedegad, garda danaoWebisa adgili aqvs rRvevebis warmoqmnas da maT Soris mdebare beltebis uTanabro awev-dawevas an horizontalur gadaadgilebas. aseT moZraobebs Sedegad mosdevs nasxletebis, Secocebebis, horstebis, grabenebis da sxvaTa warmoqmna.

aRniSnuli moZraobebi garda imisa rom, TavisTavad reliefis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi formebis Seqmnas apirobeben, did rols asruleben mdinareTa xeobebis da TviT, qedebis calkeuli nawilebis orientirebaSi. TeZamis xeobis zemo 15 kilometriani monakveTi, md. Savwyalas xeobis umetesi nawili Secocebebis xazebis gayolebiTaa gamomuSavebuli.

im SemTxvevaSi, roca Cndeba ramdenime teqtonikuri naprali da maT Soris moqceuli lodebi uTanabrod daiweva, reliefi dasafexurebul saxes iZens. or an ramodenime, paralelurad ganlagebul napralTa Soris mdebare lodis dawevis SemTxvevaSi vRebulobT Cadablebas, romelsac grabeni ewodeba. am ukanasknelma SeiZleba ganapirobos tafobis, tbis qvabulis an xeobis romelime monakveTis genezisi (nax. 13). horstebTan ki piriqiT, dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva morfologiuri bunebis dadebiTi formebis warmoqmna (nax. 14).

erTi sityviT, rRveviTi dislokacia SeiZleba ganicados, rogorc vake, ise mTianma mxareebma da amiT safuZveli Caeyaros loda an naoWa-loda reliefis ganviTarebas. amasTan, saWiroa agreTve, xazi gaesvas im mniSvnelobas, romelic aRniSnul movlenas aqvs zRvebis sanapiroTa konfiguraciisa da vulkanuri mTebis ganlagebaSi.

reliefis Tavisebureba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos magmur qanebTan, romelTac, rogorc wesi, masiuri struqtura aqvT.

magmuri intruzivebidan, geomorofologiurad, sayuradReboa baToliTebi, lakoliTebi, daikebi da sxvadasxva saxis ZarRvebi, romelTa nawili reliefis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas apirobebs rogorc uSualod, ise danaleqi qanebis safaris mocilebis Semdeg. baToliTebi, romelTac Cveulebriv giganturi ganzomileba aqvT kavkasionis da rigi sxva qedebis yvelaze azevebul nawilebs qmnian. lakoliTebi reliefs gumbaTisebr amoburcul saxes aZleven, ise rogor amas vamCnevT CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi m. beStaus magaliTze (nax. 15), anda yirimSi arsebul mTa medvedze,

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romelic gaSiSvlebul lakoliTs warmoadgens (nax. 16). daikebi da ZarRvebi reliefur gamosaxulebas mas Semdeg iZenen, roca denudaciis gziT naleqi qanebis safarisagan Tavisufldebian, pirvel maTgans Zlier daxrili an vertikalurad aRmarTuli kedlebis saxe aqvs (nax. 17), napralebSi magmas gacivebis gamo, xolo ukanasknels _ svetisebri Sverilebis saxe.

rac Seexeba vulkanur warmonaqmnebs, maT mier Seqmnili reliefis Tavisebureba, pirvel rigSi lavis qimiur Sedgenilobasa da amoRvris tipzea damokidebuli, amitom maT Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba laparaki (ix. Tavi VIII).

$ 16. liTologiuri faqtoris roli geomorfogenezisSi

liTologiur faqtorSi igulisxmeba is Tavisebureba, romelic qanebs aqvT reliefisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saxis micemis saqmeSi. es Tavisebureba zogierTi qanisaTvis imdenad tipiuria, rom reliefis morfografiis mixedviT SeiZleba maTi raobis garkveva. ase magaliTad, kirqvebis mZlavri wyebebiT agebuli platoTa kideebi mkveTrad gamoxatuli Sveuli qarafebis mqonea, zedapiri ki sxvadasxva sididis uaryofiTi formebiTaa warmodgenili, romlebic specialur literaturaSi dolinebis, uvalebis da sxvaTa saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. naqeralis qedis samxreTi ferdobis maRali nawili da Saoris qvabuli amis kargi magaliTebia.

sruliad sxvagvari reliefi viTardeba TixebiT, mergelebiT da TixafiqlebiT agebul adgilebSi, romelTa reliefis ZiriTadi niSani gluvi zedapiris formaTa arsebobaa. aq Cveulebriv pirobebSi ver SevxvdebiT kldovan Sverilebs an sxva saxis TvalsaCino gaSiSvlebebs. samagierod gadaSlili

kalTebis mqone xeobebi, aqa-iq mewyruli ubnebiT, aseTi adgilebisaTvis Cveulebrivi geomorfologiuri atributia. amis mizezi isaa, rom mkvriv qanebSi siRrmiT eroziul proces didad CamorCeba ferdobTa denudacia, ris gamoc xeobebs viwro, kanionisebri forma aqvT. Tixebsa da mergelebSi ki mewyrebis, zvavebisa da gruntis

mudmivi cocviTi moZraobis gamo xeobaTa ferdobebis ganze gaweva CaWrisTanave iwyeba da amitom, rogorc zemoT iTqva maT gadaSlili profili aqvvT. anda aviRoT granitebi, sienitebi da sxva magmuri qanebi, romlebic gamoirCevian masiurobiT, simtkiciT da wyalgauvali TvisebebiT. isini qmnian kirqvebisa da Tixebisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul formebs, romelTa gamocnoba, damaxasiaTebeli konturebiT da ganwevrebis niSnebiT damkvirveblis gamocdil Tvals Soridanac SeuZlia.

rogorc aRniSnulidan Cans, marTalia, liTologiuri faqtoris roli friad sayuradReboa, magram aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom masze msjelobis dros yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes ori garemoeba: mocemuli adgilis havis tipi da reliefis ganviTarebis stadia. saqme isaa, rom erTi da igive qani, sxvadasxva havis pirobebSi, ver uzrunvelyofs msgavsi formebis Camoyalibebas. amis kargi magaliTi isev TixebiT agebuli adgilebidan SeiZleba moviyvanoT, romlebic zomieri havis pirobebSi zemoaRniSnul reliefs iZlevian, aridul havaSi ki _ e. w. ,,bedlendebs“.* igive iTqmis liTologiurad msgavsi, oRond ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiaSi myofi reliefis Sesaxeb, romlebic agreTve erTmaneTisagan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebian.

reliefSi qanebis zemoaRniSnuli asaxvis mizezi maT qimiur Sedgenilobasa da fizikuri Tvisebebis sxvadasxvaobaSi mdgomareobs, rac Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs maT met-nakleb unars denudaciuri procesebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis gawevisas. qanebis aseT TvisebaTa Soris

* mSral havaSi meqanikuri gamofitva intensiurad mimdinareobs. miRebuli naSali ki perioduli nakadebis moqmedebiT irecxeba da reliefi SiSvelsa da uaRresad danawevrebul saxes atarebs, rasac bedlendi (uvargisi miwa) ewodeba.aRsaniSnavia: wyalgamtaroba, xsnadoba, napralovnoba, fiqlebrioba da ganwevreba. wyalgamtarobis morfologiuri mniSvneloba is aris, rom am Tvisebis mqone qanebis gavrcelebis adgilebSi atmosferuli naleqebis CaJonvis gamo, reliefis eroziuli formebi TiTqmis ar viTardeba. isini sustad SeiZleba iyvnen warmodgenilni mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zedapiris maxloblad wyalgauvali Sre imyofeba. piriqiT, wyalSemkavi qanebiT agebuli adgilebisaTvis

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xSiri eroziuli qseli da, maSasadame, eroziuli tipis reliefia damaxasiaTebeli. amitomaa, rom TixebiT da mergelebiT agebuli adgilebi sxva Tanabar pirobebSi adre aRweven siberis stadias.

qimiuri Semadgenlobis gavlenis naTelsayofad SeiZleba mogveyvana fuZe (bazalturi) da mJave (dacituri) lavebis magaliTi. pirveli maTgani kaJiT (SiO2) aris Raribi, advilad denadia. amoRvris adgilidan iSleba did farTobze da apirobebs vake zedapiris mqone reliefis warmoqmnas. mJave lavebi ki metwilad amoRvrisDGadgilzeve grovdeba da dasawyiss aZlevs reliefis dadebiTi formebis Seqmnas konusuri da gumbaTuri mTebis saxiT.

xsnadoba. geomorfogenezisSi qanebis xsnadobis roli imdenad didia da TvalsaCino, rom am TvisebaTa mqone iseTi qanebi, rogoricaa kirqvebi, TabaSiri da sxv. mkveTrad gansxvavebuli reliefis warmoqmnas apirobeben, rac literaturaSi karstis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi imdenad Taviseburi da nairgvaria, rom maTze qvemoT gveqneba vrclad laparaki (ix. Tavi XI). aq ki aRvniSnavT, rom karstul raionebSi reliefis zedapirul originalur formebTan erTad, kidev ufro originaluri da mravalferovani miwisqveSa formebia warmodgenili, saqarTvelos kavkasionis samxreT ferdobis kirqvuli zoli amis saucxoo magaliTia.

rac Seexeba qanebis napralovnebas da ganwevrebas, pirveli maTganis mniSvneloba is aris, rom misi arseboba xels uwyobs gamofitvis procesebis daCqarebas, xolo rogorc cnobilia, sxvadasxva sididis naprali TiTqmis yvela qans aqvs. napralTa nawili pirveladia, qanis formirebis procesSi warmoqmnili, nawili ki Semdgomi Zalebis zemoqmedebiTaa miRebuli. aRniSnul napralTa arseboba da maTSi mimdinare gamofitvis procesi ganapirobebs qanebis Tavisebur danawevrebas, rasac ganwevreba ewodeba. igi sxvadasxva qans sxvadasxva aqvs da am mxriv, metad originaluria bazaltebisa da andezitebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli svetisebri mravalwaxnaga ganwevreba (nax. 18), dioritebisaTvis _ sferuli, granitebisaTvis _ leibisebri (nax. 19).

reliefis Taviseburebaze liTologiuri faqtoris asaxvis kargi magaliTia borjomis plato, romelic meoTxeulis droindel; bakurianidan modenil vulkanur Rvars warmoadgens. igi faravs ra odesRac aq arsebul mdinaris (paleo gujareTis) platos, javSnavs mas da

Tanamadrove xanaSi inversiul wyalgamyofs qmnis md. borjomulasa da gujareTiswyals Soris.

$ 17. neoteqtonikuri moZraobebis roli geomorfogenezisSi

cneba neoteqtonikuri moZraobis Sesaxeb, v. obruCevma Semoitana. masSi igulisxmeba dedamiwis qerqis mier gancdili is moZraobebi da struqturuli Sedegebi, romelTac adgili hqondaT dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis bolo etapze. mkvlevarTa umetesoba am etaps sarmatis Semdgomad Tvlis.

rogorc mravalricxovani gamokvlevebidan Cans, aRniSnul moZraobebs friad sayuradRebo roli aqvT liTosferos zedapiris Tanamedrove reliefis formirebaSi saerTod, kerZod ki, alpuri orogenezisis mqone orografiuli erTeulebis ZiriTadi konturebis Seqmnis saqmeSi da aqtiur faqtors warmoadgenen geomorfogenezisisas.

neoteqtonikuri moZraobebi SeiZleba gamovlindes plikaturi da dizunqciuri dislokaciis an dedamiwis qerqis vrceli teritoriebis vertikalur rxevaSi, mis azevebasa an daZirvaSi. teqtonikur moZraobebs rom Tanamedrove xanaSic ar seuwyvetiaT arseboba, amis yvelaze naTeli damadasturebeli miwisZvrebia. amasTan erTad, misi arsebobis faqtis dadgena SesaZlebelia instrumentuli dakvirvebis gziT _ zusti, ganmeorebiTi nivelirebis safuZvelze.

reliefis iseTi elementaruli Tu rTuli formebi, rogoricaa mdinareuli da zRviuri terasebi, safexurebad ganlagebuli denudaciuri mosworebuli zedapirebi da gamkveTi xeobebi, marjnul nagebobaTa sxvadasxva tipi da axalgazrda mTebi, nasxletebi da miwis qerqSi ganviTarebuli napralebi, ai maTi arasruli dasaxeleba, romelTa formireba uSualodaa dakavSirebuli neoteqtonikuri moZraobebis ama Tu im saxesTan. TiToeuli maTgani sesaxeb qvemoT, yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi gveqneba laparaki. aq ki aRvniSnavT, rom maTi warmoqmna teqtonikuri moZraobaTa monawileobis gareSe TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. aviRoT, magaliTad, mdinareuli _ cikluri

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terasa. misi warmoSobis erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba mdinaris eroziul-akumulaciuri moqmedebaa, romelmac unda ganapirobos xeobis Zirze, nakadis orive mxares met-naklebi sididis nivelirebuli zedapiris _ Walis Seqmna. es zedapiri Walis stadias ver gascdeba, Tu auzma ar ganicada azevebiTi tqetonikuri moZraoba. es ukanaskneli gaaZlierebs siRrmiT erozias da kalapotis CaWras, rac saboloo jamSi ganapirobebs xeobis gaRrmavebas da mis ferdobebze Walis terasebis Waliszeda terasebad gadaqcevas.

anda viRoT, magaliTad, gamkveTi xeobis warmoqmna. am ukanasknelSi igulisxmeba mdinaris xeobis is monakveTi, romelic misi dinebis gzaze mTis, seris, qedis an sxva raime dadebiTi orografiuli erTeulis areSi aris gamomuSavebuli. aseTi xeobebis genezisis Sesaxeb arsebuli yvela Teoria (antecedenturi, epigeneturi da sxv.) neoteqtonikur moZraobaTa arsebobis aucilebel faqtis daSvebidan gamomdinareobs. mtkvris xeoba awyuridan _ taSiskaramde, romelic mesxeTis qeds ganacalkevebs TrialeTis qedisagan, aragvis xeoba mcxeTis midamoebSi da mravali sxv. antecedenturi gamkveTi xeobebis kargi magaliTebia. aseve SeiZleba iTqvas neoteqtonikuri moZraobis rolze mosworebuli zedapirebis, seterebis, fiordebisa da sxvaTa warmoqmnis saqmeSi. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ama Tu im regionis reliefis Seswavlisas neoteqtonikuri moZraobis gaTvaliswineba aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.

$ 18. havis roli geomorfogenezisSi

havis, rogorc geomorfogenezisis faqtoris didi mniSvneloba iqidanac Cans, rom zogadi geomorfologiis is nawili (dargi), romelic garedinamikur procesebsa da maT Sedegebs swavlobs, klimaturi geomorfologiis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba. unda vifiqroT, rom sxva arsebiT momentebTan erTad, havis aseTi mniSvnelobac hqonda a. penks roca mogvca klimatis ,,morfologiuri” klasifikacia, e. i. havis tipebis (nivaluri, humiduri da ariduli) gamoyofa reliefze zemoqmedebisa da asaxvis TvalsazrisiT.

havasTan uSualod an meSveobiT dakavSirebul reliefwarmoimqmnel procesebs morfoklimaturi procesebi ewodeba, xolo maT zemoqmedebiT miRebul reliefis formebs da maT kompleqsebs _ morfoskulpturuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukanaskneli zonalobis zogadgeografiuli kanonzomoierbiT xasiaTdeba da CrdiloeTidan samxreTis mimarTulebiT Semdegnairi klimatur-morfologiuri speqtris mqonea:

nivaluri zona. masSi Sedis iseTi mxareebi, sadac atmosferuli naleqebi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Tovlis saxiT modis da amasTan, misi balansi dadebiTia. mudmivi Tovli da yinuli aseT havian adgilTa landSaftis ZiriTadi komponentia. es garemoeba ganapirobebs myinvarebis formirebasa da masTan dakavSirebul reliefis iseTi egzaraciuli formebis warmoqmnas, rogoricaa: nunatakebi, karlingebi, karebi, cirkebi, trogebi da sxv. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, nivaluri havis pirobebi gabatonebulia polarul mxareebsa da maRalmTian alpur raionebSi.

mudmivi mzralobis zona tundris landSaftur zonaSia warmodgenili da taigis mniSvnelovan nawilsac moicavs. igi xasiaTdeba xangrZlivi da civi zamTariT, mokle da grili zafxuliT, Zlieri qarebiT da 300-400 mm raodenobis atmosferuli naleqebiT. solifluqciuri denudacia mzrali mxareebis umTavresi reliefwarmomqmneli procesia. reliefis iseTi formebi rogoricaa: naledebi (danayini), hidrolakolitebi, poligenuri gruntebi, golcuri terasebi da Termokarstuli qvabulebi aRniSnuli zonis mikro geomorfologiuri landSaftis damaxasiaTebeli formebia.

humiduri havis zona xasiaTdeba wvimis saxiT mosuli atmosferuli naleqebis siuxviT. aseT mxareebSi naleqebis balansi dadebiTia, hidroqseli mWidroa da mudmivmoqmedi. amis gamo aq arsebuli reliefis formebis genezisi eroziul-akumulaciuri procesebiT da atmosferuli naleqebis denudaciuri zemoqmedebiT aris Sepirobebuli. mdinareTa xeobebi, terasebi, aluviuri kunZulebi, Walebi, gamozidvis konusebi, xramebi, izolirebuli kunZula mTebi da sxv. humiduri havis adgilTa damaxasiaTebeli reliefis formebia.

ariduli havis zonisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia atmosferuli naleqebis metismeti simcire da didi dReRamuri temperaturuli amplituda, romelTa morfologiur gamovlinebas udabnos landSafti warmoadgens. es ukanaskneli xasiaTdeba silisa da qviSis sxvadasxva saxiT dagrovebiT, moCuqurTmebuli kldovani zedapirebis, ucnauri formis kldeebis, takirebis da sxvaTa arsebobiT. ariduli havis pirobebi sxvadasxva landSaftur zonaSi gvaqvs da amis Sesabamisad, ansxvaveben semiaridul da savsebiT aridul zonebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom es sxvadasxvaoba klimatur pirobebSi ufro gamoixataba, vidre maT geomorfologiur SedegebSi.

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mdinareTa saTaveebis ukan daxeviT Sepirobebuli motacebaTa mravali magaliTi, romlebic elbrusis qedis orografiul-RerZul zolSi, kaspiis zRvisaken orientirebul nakadebs aqvT ganxorcielebuli, anda aWara-imereTis (mesxeTis) qedis orografiuli RerZis samxreTiT gadanacvleba (aq Camomaval mdinareTa regresiuli eroziis gavleniT) da sxv. reliefze havis faqtoris pirdapiri zemoqmedebis mkafio magaliaTebia. magram aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom arc reliefia Tavis mxriv valSi havis mimarT, romelic gavlenas axdens ara marto misi Semadgeneli ama Tu im elementis naleqis, temperaturis da qaris msvlelobasa da xasiaTze, aramed iwvevs havis diferencirebasac.

havisa da reliefis mWidro kavSiris karg magaliTs warmoadgens mesxeTis qedis Txemoispira zolis morfologiuri Tavisebureba. aRniSnuli qedis umaRles mTebs: didmaRals, did laborots, xinos, sayornias, nabaZirsa da sxv. romelTa absoluturi simaRle 2500 m. aRemateba, morfologiuri asimetria, anu orsaxovneba axasiaTebsT. yvela maTganis N an NO eqspoziciis Txemispira ferdobebi mkveTrad gamoxatuli qarafovania, S da SW _ is aseTive nawilebi ki gluvi zedapirisa da subalpuri mcenareebiT mosili. amis mizezi saerTod klimaturi faqtoria, kerZod ki Savi zRvis mxridan monaberi notion qarebi da eqspoziciis pirobebi. zamTrobiT gabatonebulia ra SW-is qarebi, isini ar iZlevian saSualebas zemoaRniSnuli mTebis maRal nawilebSi Seiqmnas Tovli saburveli S da S W mxareze. maSin roca N da NO-is mxare imave mizeziT inamqreba da Tovlis safari iseT sisqes aRwevs, rom zogjer agvistoSic araa damdnari. unda vifiqroT, rom axlo geologiur warsulSi, viurmis gamyinvarebis epoqaSi, am adgilebSi mcire sididis myinvarebTan gvqonda saqme da swored egzaraciulma da maT kideebze mimdinare nivaciurma procesebma ganapiroba daSla-ngrevis procesi, romelic Tanamedrove xanaSi zemoaRniSnul mTebis qarafovnebaSi gvevlineba.

$ 19. gamofitva da misi roli geomorfogenezisSi

gamofitvis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba qanebis daSla-dangrevis, daqucmacebis procesi, romelic haeris, wylis da organizmebis zemoqmedebiT mimdinareobs.

gamofitva universluri, yvelgan moqmedi procesia.am gziT xdeba dedamiwis zedapiris amgebeli qanebis

Segueba maTTvis uCveulo garemo pirobebTan. gamofitva erTiani procesia, romelSic sami saxe SeiZleba gavarCioT:* meqanikuri (fizikuri), qimiuri da organogenuli.

meqanikuri gamofitvis dros qanebis daSla-daqucmaceba mimdinareobs haeris temperaturis ryeviT da sxva Tanabar pirobebSi imdenad Zlieria, rac ufro mokle drois monakveTSi xdeba igi.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qani Sedgeba mineralebisagan, romlebic Cveulebriv erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia feriT,

* zogierTi avtori arCevs mxolod or saxes: meqanikurs da qimiurs.marcvlebis sididiT da sxva niSnebiT. am nawilakebs aqvT sxvadasxva siTbotevadobis da siTbogamtarobis Tviseba da drois Tanabar SualedSi uTanabro gafarToveba-SekumSvas ganicdian, rasac dasawyisSi maTi danapraleba mosdevs, Semdeg ki daSla.* maSasadame fizikuri gamofitvisas mTavaria ara, imdenad haeris temperaturis absoluturi maCvenebeli, aramed qanis gaxurebisa da gacivebis xarisxi.

amgvari gamofitva yvelaze intensiurad udabnoebSi mimdinareobs, sadac temperaturuli amplituda ramdenime aTeuli gradusia. amitomaa, rom udabnoTa landSaftis ZiriTad niSans silisa da qviSis sivrceebis arseboba warmoadgens.

garda amisa, meqanikuri gamofitva SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos forebsa da napralebSi moZrav, wyalSi gaxsnili marilebis dakristalebasTan, rasac Sedegad mosdevs napralTa gafarToveba da qanis daSla. es procesic umetesad udabnos havis pirobebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

meqanikuri gamofitva fardodaa agreTve warmodgenili maRalmTiansa da polarul mxareebSi, sadac igi ZiriTadad wylis gayinviT gamowveuli gafarTovebis procesebiTaa Sepirobebuli. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, imas, rom am dros napralis kedlebze ganviTarebuli wnevis sidide 1 kv sm-ze 6 tonamde aRwevs, maSin advili warmosadgenia misi ngreviTi SesaZlebloba.

naSali masala simZimis Zalis gavleniT ar rCeba warmoqmnis adgilze da amis gamo sul axal-axali Sreebi eqceva gamofitvis sferoSi. ase grZeldeba manmade, vidre gamofituli masala TviT ar daakonservebs mis qveS arsebul

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ZiriTad qanebs da amiT gzas ar dauketavs gamofitvis mwarmoebel agentebs.

qimiuri gamofitvis dros xdeba qanebis ara marto daSla, aramed maTi Sedgenilobis cvlileba wylis, haerSi arsebuli gazebis _ umTavresad Jangbadis (O2) da naxSiroJangis (CO2) agreTve organuli mJaveebis zemoqmedebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi qanebis qimiuri gardaqmna miT ufro swrafia, rac ufro

* amgvari daSlis process deskavamacias uwodeben.daqucmacebulia igi da maRalia haeris temperatura, amis mizezi ki qanis Sexebis zedapiris gazrdaSi mdgomareobs. ase, magaliTad 1 sm3 sididis natexi rom davaqucmacoT 0,01 mm nawilakebad, misi Sexebis zedapiri 6 aTas. kv. sm-s miaRwevs.

qimiuri gamofitvis dros adgili aqvs hidrataciis, daJangvis, karbonatizaciis da sxva saxis reaqciebs. rogorc cnobilia, hidratacia esaa uwylo nivTierebis mier wylis qimiuri SeerTeba, misi STanTqma. amis kargi magaliTia anhidridis gadasvla TabaSirSi (CaSO4+2H2O→CaSO4·2H2O), romlis drosac adgiliaqvs qanis moculobis zrdas, gafarTovebas da yovelive amis Sedegad, Sreebis deformirebas.

rogorc Tavisufali ise wyalSi gaxsnili Jangbadis moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli bunebaSi esoden gavrcelebuli daJangvis reaqciebi, romelTa siRrmiTi SeRweva gruntis wylabis donemdea SesaZlebeli. xsnadobis didi unariT gamoirCevian qloridebi (natriumis marili, kaliumis marili), aseve iTqmis sulfatebis (TabaSiri) Sesaxebb.SedarebiT Znelad ixsneba karbonatuli qanebi (kirqvebi, dolomiti da mergeli).

wylis gaxsniTi unari gansakuTrebiT didia, Tu masSi naxSirorJanga gazia, romlis moqmedebiT karbonatebi gadadian advilad xsnad bikarbonatebSi.

qimiuri gamofitvis intensiuri msvleloba tropikuli da subtropikuli havis mxareebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amasTan rac ufro maRalia haeris temperatura da sinotive, miT ufro mZlavrad mimdinareobs igi. temperaturis 100-iT momatebisas, reaqciis siCqare 2-3-jer matulobs.* amitomaa, rom zomierad notio havis pirobebSi qimiuri gamofitva Tixebis stadiamde aRwevs mxolod, notio-tropikuli havis pirobebSi ki _ lateritebis stadiamde.

aRwerilia SemTxveva, roca egvipteSi sienitSi gamokveTilma obeliskma ramdenime aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi dauzianeblad SeinarCuna masze amokveTili warwera, xolo niu-iorkSi obeliskis gadatanidan 30 wlis Semdeg warwera sanaxevrod CamoiSala.**

organogenuli gamofitva mcenareuli da cxoveluri organizmebis moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic meqanikur

* Олливер К., Виветривание. М., 1987.** Мартонн Э., Основы физичесой географии (геоморфология). М.; 1949.zemoqmedebaSicaa gamoxatuli da qimiurSic.

mcenareebi TavianTi fesvTa sistemiT iwveven ara marto qanSi arsebul napralTa gafarToebas (meqanikuri zemoqmedeba), aramed misgan iTviseben zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro qimiur elementebsac (kaliums, kalciums, magniums, rkinasa da sxv.) amasTan erTad, mcenare sikvdilis Semdegac Rebulobs gamofitvis procesSi monawileobas im mJavebis saSualebiT, romelic maTi xrwniT miiReba.

aseve SeiZleba iTqvas cxoveluri organizmebis _ Txunelebis, Wiayelebis, WianWvelebis da sxvaTa rolze, maTi amgvari SesaZleblobis naTelsayofad sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom 1 heqtari farTobis sul raRac ori aTeuli sm sisqis fenaSi mikro organizmTa kolosaluri raodenobaa, romelic oTx aTeul milionamde SeiZleba iyos.

gamofitvis produqtebi qmnian gamofitvis qerqs, romlis simZlavreze damokidebulia gamofitvis procesis xangrZlivobaze, qanTa Semadgenlobaze, klimatur pirobebsa da reliefze. gamofitvis produqtebi warmoSobis adgilze rom rCebodnen, maSin meqanikuri gamofitvis procesi ramdenime metris siRrmemde gavrceldeboda, qimiuri ki _ gruntis wylebis donemde.

sxvadasxva saxis gamofitvis qerqis* Seswavlam b. polinovs safuZveli misca ilaparakos gamofitvis procesis stadiebze, saxeldobr, SeiZleba gamoiyos: naSalis stadia, gakarbonatebuli, mJave sialituri da aalituri stadiebi. pirveli maTgani xasiaTdeba gamofitvis Sedegad miRebuli namsxvrevebis arsebobiT, meore Seesabameba qimiiuri gamofitvis dasawyiss (silikatebis da alumosilikatebis daSla).

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ganviTarebis mesame stadiaSi xdeba ukve Tixa-mineralebis warmarmoqmna da gamofitvis qerqSi kaolinitis zolis formireba. ukanasknel _ aalitur stadiaze ki silikatebi mTlianadaa daSlili.

didia gamofitvis qerqis geomorfologiuri mniSvneloba, radgan misi Seswavla iZleva cnobebs ara marto sasargeblo wiaRiseulis Semcvelobis Sesaxeb, aramed gvexmareba agreTve reliefis ganviTarebis istoriis

* gamofitvis qerqs regolitsac uwideben.gaSuqebisas. vakeebze gamofitvis produqtebi daSlis adgilebzeve rCeba da warmoqmnis e. w. eluvs, romlis Seswavlas didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, wiaRiseulis Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan eluvSi maTi mopoveba ufro iolia, vidre mkvriv, ZiriTad qanebSi.

gamofitva iwvevs qanebis daSlas da amiT xels uwyobs denudaciuri procesebis mwarmoebel agentTa SesaZleblobebis zrdas da maTi saSualebiT reliefis akumulaciuri formebis Seqmnas, radgan daSlis gareSe araa gadatana, xolo gadatanis gareSe _ daleqva. swored amaSia, pirvel yovlisa, gamofitvis geomorfologiuri mniSvneloba.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, udabnoebSi arsebuli silisa da qviSis dagrovebani, mTebSi arsebuli kldovani gaSiSvlebebi (nax. 20) da mZlavri Sleifebi, sxvadasxva saxis mcvivana konusebi, dakbiluli Tu gluvi zedapiris mqone mTebi da Txemebi, miwis qerqSi ganviTarebuli mRvimeebi, Zabrebisa da sxva saxis Cadablebebi, gamofitvis procesebis aqtiuri monawileobiTaa miRebuli.

$ 20. adamianis roli geomorfogenezisSi

adamianis releifze zemoqmedebas ZvelTaganve axdenda, magram ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi am zemoqmedebis masStabi araCveulebriv gaizarda.

adamianis reliefze zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos aqtiuri, e. i. mizanswrafuli, romelsac planetaruli masStabis globaluri cvlilebebi

mosdevs Sedegad. meores mxriv ki, uneblie Tu daudevrobiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba, rasac reliefis ekologiuri wonasworobis darRveva mosdevs. aTasobiT Cveulebrivi dasaxlebuli punqti Tu giganturi megapolisebi, rkinigzebi Tu gzatkecilTa aTasobiT kilometriani magistralebi, sanaosno Tu sarwyavi arxebi, romelTa sigrZis jamuri maCvenebeli aseul-aTasobiT kilometria; aTiode metris simaRlis xelovnuri borcvebi, romelTa raodenoba marto poltavas olqSi 8 aTas aRwevs (kalesniki, 1955); miwisqveSa magistralebi, Saxtebi da katakombebi Tu caTambjenebi da egviptis piramidebis odena grandiozuli nagebobebi anTropogenuri reliefis kargi magaliTebia. zogi caTambjeni, romelTa simaRle 400-500m-ia, TavianTi hifsometiuli maCvenebliT dabal mTebs utoldeba. xolo, gizas maxloblad mdebare xeofsis piramida, romlis simaRle 147m-ia, Ziris garSemoweriloba 2,5 km, rom davSaloT iseTi raodenobis masalas miviRebT, romelic sakmarisi iqneboda 3500 kilometris manZilze 2 metris simaRlis kedlis asaSeneblad. es daaxloebiT iseTi manZilia, rogorc Tbilisidan safrangetis dedaqalaq parizamde.

samwuxaro isaa, rom iseve rogorc dedamiwis sxva garsebze, liTosferos zedapirze an mis siaxloves, adamianis zemoqmedeba arc Tu iSviaTad uaryofiTi, saziano Sedegebisaa: kurskis magnituri anomaliis regionSi rkinis madnis Ria wesiT mopovebis Sedegad an kuzneckis qvanaxSiris auzSi aseTive zemoqmedebiT warmoqmnili uzarmazari karierebi naTqvamis TvalsaCino magaliTebia. saqarTveloSi, zemo imereTis platoze, zedapiris maxlobel fenebSi, manganumis mopovebis adgilebSi warmoqmnili Canaqcevebi, romlebic saerTo jamSi aTeulobiT heqtari yofil savargulebs da baR-venaxebs moicavs zemoT naTqvamis samwuxaro magaliTebia. igive iTqmis Savi zRvis sanapiroebis plaJTa gaZlierebul ngreva-warecxvaze,* romelic ZiriTadad adamianis araswor moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

. nawili meore. endogenuri procesebi da reliefi Tavi mexuTe. endogenuri procesebi da liTosferos umTavres uswormasworobaTa warmoqmna

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$ 21. endogenuri procesebis saerTo xasiaTi

rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, endogenurs iseTi procesebi miekuTvneba, romelTa energiis wyaros, maT mamoZravebel Zalas dedamiwis Sinagani siTbo warmoadgens. es energia metad didia da mas ZaluZs liTosferos iseTi giganturi nawilebis vertikaluri mimarTulebiT awev-daweva an horizontaluri gadanacvleba, rom geologiurad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi arsebiTad Seicvalos xmeleTis sanapiro xazis konfiguracia. ufro metic, Sida dinamikuri procesebi iseTi Zalebia, romelTa saSualebiT warmoqmnilia dedamiwaze arsebuli planetaruli formebi, e. i. liTosferos zedapiris pirveli rigis uswormasworobani kontinentebisa da okeaneTa kalapotebis saxiT; agreTve maTze ganlagebuli mega da makro formebi, Suaokeanuri qedebi, mTagrexilebi, maRlobebi, dablobebi, vulkanuri warmonaqmnebi da sxva.

geomorfologiuri TvalsazrisiT endogenur procesebSi ganasxvaveben dedamiwis qerqis vertikalur rxeviT moZraobebs, orogenezss, vulkanizms da miwisZvrebs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoxsenebul moZraobaTa pirveli ori saxe, gansxvavebiT vulkanizmisa da miwisZvrebisagan, imdenad nela da SeumCnevlad mimdinareobs, rom maTi arsebobis faqtis dadgena umetesad instrumentuli gazomvebiT Tu SeiZleba da isic, drois xangrZliv intervalebSi dakvirvebiT.

garda gamovlinebis siCqarisa, liTosferos moZraobebs hyofen misi gadaadgilebis mimarTulebis niSniT: radialur (vertikalur) da horizontalur moZraobebad. pirvel maTgans erTxans upirates rols akuTvnebdnen. mas Semdeg ki, rac filebis globaluri teqtonikis Teoria iqna SemuSavebuli, axali ZaliT iwyo gacocxleba a. vegeneris mier am asiode wlis win wamoyenebulma kontinenturi dreifis Teoriam. unda vifiqroT, rom am mimarTulebiT Casatarebel kvleva-ZiebaSi lazeruli teqnikis gamoyeneba am sakiTxs axlo momavalSi axali faqtebiT gaamdidrebs.

$ 22. zogadi cnobebi kontinentebisa da okeaneTa kalapotebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb

miuxedavad imisa, rom dReisaTvis kontinentebisa da okeaneTa kalapotebis anu dedamiwis zedapiris pirveli rigis uswormasworobaTa genezisis Sesaxeb mravali hipoTeza arsebobs, es problema, misi didi sirTulis gamo, jerjerobiT sabolood araa gadawyvetili.

arsebuli Teoriebi pirobiTad SeiZleba or jgufad dagveyo: erTi jgufis mixedviT dRes arsebul okeaneTa kalapotebi ZiriTadad dedamiwis zedapiris imave sivrcezea warmodgenili, rogorc Soreul geologiur warsulSi, maTi warmoSobis gariJraJze. aseTia, magaliTad, eli de bomonis, ziusis, koberis kontraqciuli Teoriebi, romelTagan pirveli ori zemoxsenebuli planetarul formaTa geneziss, dedamiwis gacivebas, mis SekumSvas da calkeuli regionebis daweva-CavardnebiT xsnis. koberi ki gulisxmobs dedamiwis SekumSvis process da ziusisagan gansxvavebiT mis arsebobas simZimis Zalis gavlenas ukavSirebs. ukanasknelis mixedviT okeaneTa fskerisa da kontinentebis zedapiris simaRliTi sxvaoba anu ori umTavresi geomorfologiuri donis arseboba izostatikuri wonasworobiT, maTi Semadgenel nivTierebaTa sxvadasxva xvedriTi woiTaa gansazRvruli.

TeoriaTa meore jgufi (v. belousovi, v. popovi, k. kropotkini da sxv.) uaryofs okeaneTa kalapotebis da kontinentebis ganlagebis ucvlelobas da Tvlis, rom maTi morfologia droTa msvlelobis kvalobaze arsebiT cvlilebas ganicdida. TeoriaTa am jgufs, romelsac o. leontievi pirobiTad okeanizaciurs uwodebs, safuZvlad udevs miwis qerqis SesaZlo gadasvla okeanuridan kontinenturSi an piriqiT, da amis Sesabamisad, maTi ganlagebis arealis da masStabebis saTanado cvlileba.

popovis (1955), agreTve kropotkinis (1956) TeoriaTa mixedviT, dedamiwis qerqs, romelsac aTeulobiT kilometric sisqe aqvs, safuZvlad udevs mantia da igi am ukanasknelis ganviTarebisa da gardaqmnis Sedegs warmoadgens. es procesi, e. i. mantiidan kontinentebis amgebi msubuqi nivTierebebis gamoyofa-amodenis, maTi diferencirebisa, amJamadac unda mimdinareobdes da, maSasadame, kontinentebis zrda da okeaneTa kalapotebis Semcireba dResac grZeldeba. amasTan fiqroben, rom diferencirebis procesi uTanabrod mimdinareobs, iq, sadac igi swrafad warimarTa da

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sadac liTosferos periferiul nawilSi didi raodenobiT dagrovda SedarebiT msubuqi granituli masa, unda warmoSobiliyo kontinentebi. wynari okeanis centraluri nawilis fskeri, romelic bazaltebiTaa agebuli, iseT regions unda warmoadgendes, sadac diferencireba sawyis stadiaSia, indoeTisa da atlantis okeaneTa fskerze ki aRniSnul process saSualedo mdgomareoba unda ekavos.

popovis birTvuli TeoriiT* kontinentebis zrda okeaneTa Semcirebis xarjze mimdinareobs centridanulad maTi uZvelesi nawilebis _ farebis (e.i. birTvebis) irgvliv naoWa sartyelebis SemoerTebis gziT**, romlis tempis saSualo maCvenebeli erTi milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi 0,75_20 kilometrs Seadgens. amasTan erTad mimdinareobs kontinenturi qarqis sisqis matebac 10_40 sm-iT drois imave monakveTSi.

aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevCerdeT germaneli meteorollogis a. vegeneris mier 1912 wels SemuSavebul kontinentTa dreifis (mobilizmis) Teoriaze, romelic erTxans didi popularobiT sargeblobda, Semdeg TiTqmis daviwyebas mieca, xolo ukanasknel xans, filebis globaluri teqtonikis Suqze, axali cxovelmyofeloba SeiZina.

atlantis okeanis mimdebare kontinentTa sanapiroebis morfologiurma Tanxvedram, misma paralelizmma, geologiuri agebulebis didma msgavsebam, floristul da zoologiur maxasiaTeblebTan erTad safuZveli misca a. vegeners daeSva odesRac erTi giganturi ganzomilebis kontinentis, e. w. pangeas arseboba, romelic SedarebiT msubuqi ,,sialuri” masiT iyo warmodgenili. mezozouris eraSi pangeas, dedamiwis RerZis irgvliv moZraobiT gamowveuli rotaciuli Zalebis da mzisa da mTvaris mizidulobis ZaliT, unda ganecada datexva da sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gadacurva-gadaadgileba, mis qveS mdebare simaturi garsis zedapirze (nax. 21), natexTa didi nawili, amerikis kontinentTa saxiT, dasavleTiT unda gadaadgilebuliyo, avstralia da antarqtida ki _ aRmosavleTiT da samxreTiT. aRniSnuli hipoTezis damadastureblad a. vegeners garda zemoaRniSnul napirTa paralelizmisa mohyavs iseTi faqtebi, rogoricaa orive amerikis dasavleT kideze gadaWimuli giganturi mTagrexilebis kordilierebis da andebis arseboba, romlebic aRniSnul kontinentTa dasavleTiT moZraobis gamo maTi mimdebare okeanis fskeris waxvetisa da danaoWebis Sedegs unda warmoadgendes. igive iTqmis samxreT amerikis aRmosavleTi da afrikis dasavleTi nawilis geologiur msgavsebaze.

mobilizmis Teoriis Tanamedrove mimdevrebi, xolmsi,

krausi da sxv. pangeis datexvisa da natexTa gadaadgilebis mizezad dedamiwis qerqis qveS, astenosferoSi mimdinare konveqciur dinebebs sTvlian. maTi azriT, aRmavali konveqciuri dinebebi qerqis datexvas iwvevs, Semdeg ki maT ganze gawevas (nax. 22), riftis warmoqmnas da gadadgilebas. xolmsis qerqisqveSa dinebaTa Teoriam axali, mZlavri impulsi misca mobilizmis ideas _ liTosferos datexil nawilTa horizontuli gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobaze, ramac Tavis mxriv mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba axali globaluri teqtonikis (filebis teqtonikis) SemuSaveba, romelic ZiriTadad g. hesis da r. dicis saxelebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

am Teoriis mixedviT riftebis warmoqmnis zonebSi xdeba liTosferos filebis* (nax. 23) ganze gaweva gadaadgileba, rasac spredingi ewodeba. spredingis process Tan sdevs filebis

nawilebis Cawova-STanTqma dedamiwis xva adgilebSi (nax. 24). hipoTezis avtorTa azriT aseT adgilebs (ubnebs) warmoadgenen

* aseT filebad miCneulia: wynari okeanis, evraziis, amerikis, indoeTis, afrikis da antarqtidis.okeaneTa Rrmulebis zonebi, sadac xdeba erTi filis Secoceba meore filis qveS. am process, romelic subduqciad iwodeba, Tan sdevs miwisZvrebis da vulkanizmis

gamovlineba da rac gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa danaoWeba, mTaTawarmoSoba da kunZulTa rkalebis kontinentze Sezrda.

$ 23. liTosferos umTavresi struqturuli erTeulebi

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dedamiwis qerqis calkeul nawilTa siRrmuli agebulebis Zireuli sxvadasxvaobis morfologiur gamovlinebas warmoadgens mis zedapirze okeaneTa kalapotebis da kontinentebis arseboba. am geoteqturebs sazRvari ar emTxveva wylis da xmeleTis Sexvedris zols da igi kontinentur ferdobze gadis. ase rom, Selfi da aRniSnuli ferdobi taqtonikuri agebulebis mixedviT kontonenturi geoteqturis Semadgeneli nawilia.

teqtonikuri moZraobebis Taviseburebisa da ganviTarebis istoriis mixedviT kontinenturi da okeanuri geoteqturebis calkeuli nawilebi Tavis mxriv mkveTrad arian gansxvavebuli, maT Soris arCeven SedarebiT stabilur ubnebs, romlebsac baqnebi ewodeba, da intensiuri teqtonikuri moZraobis unaris mqone labilur zols _ geosinklinebs. orive maTgani gaaCniaT rogorc kontinentur, ise okeanur qerqis nawilebs. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, arCeven morfostruqturebis or ZiriTad tips: geosinklinurs da baqnurs.

geosinklinuri morfostruqtura. geosinklinis cneba amerikelma mecnierma d. denam Semoitana, xolo misi Sinaarsis gaRrmaveba da gafarToveba umTavresad frangi mecnieris e. ogis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelsac ekuTvnis mTebis warmoSobis geosinklinuri Teoriis Seqmna.

geosinklinis cnebaSi igulisxmeba dedamiwis qerqis vrceli, zoliseburad wagrZelebuli nawilebi, romlebic geologiurad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, gamovlinebis did masStabTan erTad, diferencirebuli niSnis da tempis teqtonikuri moZraobiT xasiaTdebian. aqedan gamomdinare, geosinklinebi teqtonikurad da reliefuradac, e.i. morfostruqturuli maxasiaTeblebiT arsebiTad gansxvavebuli arian baqnebisagan. geosinklinis ganviTarebis srul ciklSi, romelic aTeulobiT milion wels grZeldeba, or ZiriTad etaps gamoyofen: naleqebis dagroveba-daZirvisa da azevebisas (orogenuls), rasac mTagrexilebis warmoqmna mosdevs Sedegad (nax. 25). es ukanasknelni ki SemdgomSi xangrZlivi subaeraluri denudaciis gavleniT daSla-dangrevas, met-nakleb nivelirebas ganicdian da TiTqmis peneplenis mdgomareobamde misuli baqnur struqturaSi gadadian. geosinklini ganviTarebis pirvel etapze terigenuli da vulkanogenuri naleqebis intensiuri dagrovebis asparezs warmoadgens, romelTa simZlavrem SeiZleba or aTeul kilometrsac gadaaWarbos. uaxloesi drois gamokvlevebiT, raSic v. belousovs, v. xains da sxv. mkvlevarebs didi roli ekuTvniT geosinklinebSi teqtonikuri moZraoba ganixileba, rogorc

talRuri rxeva, romelic warmoSobs azevebisa da Cazneqvis tendencies mqone sistemebs, da romlebic saboloo jamSi antiklinorebisa da sinklinorebis formirebas ganapirobeben. saWiroa aRiniSnos isic, rom geosinklinis intensiuri rxeviTi moZraobis pirobebSi datexvisa da siRrmuli rRvevebis gaCenis gamo, maTi ganviTarebis rogorc subaqvalur ise subaeralur etapze adgili aqvs vulkanizmis aqtivobas da miwisZvrebs.

Tanamedrove xanaSi gaosinklinur areebadaa miCneuli beringis, oxotis, iaponiis da sxva zRvebis auzebis Rrma nawilebi, romlebic axali globaluri teqtonikis mixedviT subduqciis zols warmoadgens.

geosinklinis mTeli zolis xmeleTad gadaqcevis Semdeg warmoiqmneba e.w. megaantiklinoriumi, romelic ramdenime antiklinoris krebadobis Sedegia. es ukanaskneli geomorfologiurad mTagrexilebsa da mTian sistemebs qmnian, romlebic intensiuri subaeraluri denudaciis asparezs warmoadgenen. amgvari mTiani mxaris Sida nawilebSi SeiZleba gvqondes teqtonikuri genezisis mTaTaSoris qvabulebi, romlebic warmoadgenen Warbi akumulaciuri procesebis asparezs da SeiZleba vake reliefisa iyvnen.

baqnuri morfostruqtura. baqnebad iwodeba dedamiwis qerqis iseTi nawilebi, romelTac axasiaTebT susti vertikaluri rxeviTi moZraoba da amis gamo topografiuli zedapiris vertikaluri danawevrebis ramdenadme susti maCvenebeli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, baqnebis umTavres damaxasiaTebel niSanTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: kristalur da dislocirebul metamorfuli wyebebis safuZvelze mcire simZlavris da sustad dislocirebuli zRviuri naleqebis ganlageba, struqturul elemntTa Soris anteklizebis da sineklizebis dominireba, mdinareTa eroziuli procesebis susti gamovlineba da reliefis ramdenadme martvi plastika.

baqnebis uZveles da mdgrad struqturul elements farebi warmoadgns. isini kontinentTa konsolidaciis areebia, romlebsac metad xangrZlivi subaeraluri denudaciis pirobebSi ganviTarebis gamo kambriumamdeli kristaluri qanebiT agebuli gaSiSvlebuli substrati aqvT. baqnebi warmodgenilia rogorc okeanur, ise kontinentur geoteqturebze. maT Soris arsebiTi

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gansxvaveba isaa, rom pirvelSi isni oriarusianobiT xasiaTdebian (zemodan naleqi qanebi, qvemoT ki bazalturi fuZe), meoreSi ki _ sami iarusis arsebobiT (naleqi qanebi _ graniti _ bazalti).

asakobrivi niSnis mixedviT arCeven Zvelsa ad axalgazrda baqnebs. pirvels miekuTvnebian isini, romlebsac kambriumamdeli kristaluri da metamorfuli qanebiT warmodgenili substrati gaaCniaT, zedapiri ki xangrZlivad mimdinare, nairgvari subaeraluri denudaciur-akumulaciuri procesebis gavleniT vakea. maT miekuTvneba: aRmosavleT evropis (ruseTis), cimbiris, kanadis, afrikis, avstraliis da sxv. baqnebi. rac Seexeba axalgazrda baqnebs, maTi safuZveli paleozouri an mezozouri dislocirebuli wyebebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo zedapiri ramdenadme nairgvari reliefis mqone vake, borcviani an dabalmTiania. aseTebia magaliTad, dasavleT cimbiris, Turanis, Sua evropis da sxv. baqnebi.

baqnebis is nawilebi, romelTa kristaluri fuZe zedapirTan axlosaa an aqaiq gaSiSvlebulic _ masivad iwodeba (mag voroneJis da sxv.). baqnebis konturebi Cveulebriv siRrmuli rRvevebiTaa gansazRvruli, romlebic SesaZloa zedapiramde aRwevdes anda fleqsuris saxiT warmogvidgebodes. ase magaliTad, kontinenturidan okeanur baqnebSi gadasvlis zoli fleqsuluri bunebisaa da igi kontinentur ferdobs gasdevs.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, baqnebis teqtonikuri ganviTarebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mcire masStabis vertikaluri rxeviTi moZraoba. amitomaa, rom anteklizebi yovelTvis mcire simaRlis xmeleTs qmnidnen da umetesad subaeralur pirobebSi viTardebodnen. sineklizebis geologiuri istoria ki ZiriTadad subaqvalur pirobebSi mimdinareobda.

Tavi meeqvse. dedamiwis qerqis vertikaluri rxeviTi moZraoba da misi geomorfologiuri Sedegebi

dedamiwis qerqis vertikaluri rxeviTi moZraobis arsebobis faqti ori saukunis win jer kidev m. lomonosovs aqvs miniSnebuli, magarm misi mecnieruli Seswavla mxolod gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi daiwyo.

teqtonikuri moZraobis es saxe, romelsac jilbertma, epirogenezisi uwoda*, rigi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis mqonea, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: 1) vertikaluri rxevis metad neli tempi, rac wlis ganmavlobaSi saSualod 0,5 sm-ia; 2) am Tu im adgilis azeveba an daZirva mimdinareobs ara uwyvetad, aramed pauzebis monacvleobiT; 3) rogorc i. meSCeriakovis ukanaskneli gamokvlevebiT dadginda, azevebis an daZirvis saerTo fonze drodadro pulsaciuri,e. i. sawinaaRmdego niSnis moZraoba (rxeva) mimdinareobs; 4) ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos epirogenezisis sayovelTao xasiaTi: dedamiwis zedapirze ar moiZebneba iseTi adgili, romelic ar ganicdides vertikalur rxevas; 5) bolos aRsaniSnavia isi, rom es Tu is regioni droTa msvlelobaSi icvlis moZraobis saerTo niSans: azeveba icvleba daZirviT da piriqiT.

gamovlinebis drois mixedviT SeiZleba sami saxis epirogenuli moZraoba gavarCioT: Tanamedrove, uaxlesi da warsuli geologiuri periodebis. pirvel maTganSi iseTi moZraoba igulisxmeba, romelsac istoriul xanaSi hqonia adgili da dResac iCens Tavs. uaxles teqtonikur moZraobad mkvlevarTa umetesi nawili iseTsa sTvlis, romelic zedamiocenis (sarmatis) Semdgom mimdinareobs da romelTanac arsebiTad dakavSirebulia axalgazrda mTiani mxareebis reliefis ZiriTadi konturebis Camoyalibeba. rac Seexeba miwis qerqis moZraobis mesame saxes is sarmatamde geologiur periodebSi aris gamovlinebuli da geologiuri Wrilebis, stratigrafiul-liTologiuri analizis safuZvelze Seiswavleba.

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*terminebi epirogenezisi da orogenezisi jilbertma Semoitana 1890 wels. orogenezisisgan gansxvavebiT epirogenezisi ar iwvevs dedamiwis qerqis struqturul cvlilebebs.

$ 24. dedamiwis qerqis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi moZraoba

dedamiwis qerqis dadebiTi moZraobis qveS misi azeveba, vartikaluri aRmasvla igulisxmeba, uaryofiTad ki misi daZirva, daRmavali moZraoba. aRniSnuli cnebebi ar unda agverios e. ziusis mier Semotanil msoflio okeanis donis evstatikur rxevasTan dakavSirebul analogiur, magram sapirispiro Sedegebis cnebebTan, sadac dadebiT moZraobad, pirobiTad msoflio okeanis donis matebaa miCneuli, xolo uaryofiTad _ misi daweva.

epirogenetul moZraobas liTosferos yoveli nawili ganicdis, magram misi arsebobis damadasturebeli faqtebi yvelaze ukeT zRvis sanapiro zolSi SeimCneva, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu azevebas hqonia adgili, am ukanasknelis damadasturebelia: farTod gavrcelebuli zRviuri terasebi; yofili navsadgurebi, romlebic amJamad dacilebuli arian zRvisagan; zRviuri naleqebis saerTod didi gavrceleba, kerZod ki maTi regresiuli ganlageba; marjnuli nagebobebis vertikaluri gavrcelebis Tavisebureba; istoriul Zeglebze SemorCenili paradoqsuli faqtebi da sxv.

rogorc cnobilia, zRviuri terasebi sanapiro zolSi met-naklebi simkveTriT da sididiT gamoxatuli safexurebia, romlebic zRvis abraziuli moqmedebisa da pauzebis Semcveli teqtonikuri azevebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegia. maTi fragmentebis umetesi nawilis agebulebaSi gvxvdeba zRvis talRebis moqmedebis Sedegad damuSavebuli naSali masala riyisa da silis saxiT, romlebSic arcTu iSviaTad zRvis binadarTa ganamarxebuli naSTebi moipovaba. yovelive es adasturebs terasebis formirebaSi zRvis aqtiur moqmedebas. aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli terasis baqani axlo geologiur warsulSi zRvis moqmedebis asparezs warmoadgenda, romelmac Semdgom ganicada azeveba. terasebis simaRliTi gavrceleba aTeuli da aseuli metrobiT ganisazRvreba. aWarisa da afxazeTis Savi zRvis sanapiroebze maTi raodenoba xuTs aRemateba da zogi 150 _ 200 m. simaRlezea. analogiuri formebi TiTqmis yvelgan SeimCneva, rac TvalnaTliv migvaniSnebs azevebiTi moZraobis metad did gavrcelebaze. magram am mxriv mainc klasikur adgilad skandinaviis naxevarkunZulia miCneuli, sadac zvirTmosevis xazebis,

e. w. seterebis da terasebis simaRliTi gavrceleba 250 m-mde aRwevs (nax. 26).

xmeleTis azevebis da yofili navsadgurebis an zRvis napirze mdebare dasaxlebuli punqtebis xmeleTis SigniT ,,gadanacvlebis” naTelsayofad SeiZleba mogvetana Sveciis q. upsalas da navsadgur torneos magaliTebi. pirveli maTgani dasawyisSi sanavsadguro qalaqs warmoadgenda, amJamad ki zRvidan 60 km aris dacilebuli, rac Seexeba navsadgur torneos, romelic botnis ubis napirze XVII saukunis dasawyisSi aSenda, XVIII saukunis damdegs baltiis zRvis am nawilis fskeris amowevis Sedegad imdenad gaTxelda, rom aRniSnul navsadgurSi aramcTu xomaldebis, navebis moZraobac ki SeuZlebeli gaxda. igive SeiZleba iTqvas samxreT safrangeTis, lionis ubis napirze mdebare yofili sanavsadguro qalaqebis _ narbonisa da egiumortis Sesaxeb, romlebic 3_4 saukunis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime kilometriT dacildnen.

SeiZleba gvefiqra, rom yovelive es msoflio okeanis donis dawevis Sedgi iyos da ara epirogenuli xasiaTis teqtonikuri moZraobisa. magram, aseTi daSvebisaTvis safuZveli araa, radgan mezoblad mdebare sxva adgilebSi, magaliTad, holandiis da belgiis sanapiroebze zRvis donis ,,matebis” niSnebTana gvaqvs saqme. garda amisa, erTi SexedviT zemoaRniSnuli procesis maniSnebeli faqti yovelTvis ar SeiZleba gamodges azevebiTi moZraobis dasadastureblad. ase, magaliTad, yofili sanavsadguro qalaqi adria, romelsac iseTive bedi ewia, rogorc zemoaRniSnul navsadgurebs da, romelic zogierT wyaroSi sanimuSo magaliTadaa motanili, Cveni azriT sanapiros azevebis ki ara, aramed md. pos mier didi raodebobiT Camotanili myari masalis dagrovebis da amis Sedegad sanapiro zolis gameCxerebis Sedegia.

geologiur warsulSi momxdar azevebiTi moZraobis utyuar damadasturebels SreTa regresiuli ganlageba warmoadgens (nax. 27). naxazze kargad Cans is kanonzomiereba, rac stratigrafiul WrilSi axalgazrda naleqebis gavrcelebis arealis TandaTanobiT SemcirebaSi gamoixateba. uZveles Sres (а) yvelaze meti farTobi aqvs dakavebuli. mis zemoT mdebare Sre (б) ufro mcire areals ikavebs; yvelaze maRla mdebare da, maSasadame, yveaze

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axalgazrda Sris gavceleba ki umciresia. yovelive es geologiur warsulSi zRvis TandaTanobiTi ukan daxevis da xmeleTis zrdis maniSnebelia.

Sors rom ar wavideT, Tbilisis midamoebSi, TiTqmis yovel nabijze, bunebriv da xelovnur gaSiSvlebebSi, SeimCneva zRviuri warmoSobis naleqi qanebis arseboba, romlebic am adgilebis azevebis utyuari maCvenbebelia.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa marjnuli nagebobebis (rifebis) vertikaluri gavrcelebis xasiaTi da zogierTi maTganis morfologiuri Tavisebureba. roca xazs vusvamT mis morfologiur interess, sxva momentebTan erTad mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is, rom es ukanaskneli migvaniSneben axlo geologiur warsulSi erTi da imave adgilis mier gancdil rogorc azevebiT, ise daZirviT moZraobaze.

marjnebi cxeli sartyelis zRvis organizmebia, romelTac aqvT Tviseba, gamoyon kirqviani nivTiereba da kldovan fskerze mimagrebul mdgomareobaSi icxovron. Cveulebriv, axalgazrda marjnebi Sezrdili arian ukve mkvdar marjnebTan da qmnian koloniebs, romelTac rifebs uwodeben. maTi arsebobisaTvis saWiro pirobebs Soris CvenTvis amjerad sayuradReboa is, rom marjnebs SeuZliaT iseT siRrmeze yofna, romelic 50 _ 80 m-s ar aRemateba. amitom, Tu maT naxuloben aseulobiT metr siRrmezec da zRvis donis zemoTac, bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom mocemul adgils sxvadasxva dros ganucdia rogorc daZirva, ise azeveba. swored amgvar suraTTan gvaqvs saqme iseT originalur marjnul nagebobebSi rogoric atolebia, romelTa genezisis Sesaxeb darvinis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas dResac ar daukargavs Tavisi mniSvneloba.

atoli Ria okeaneSi arsebuli rgolisebri kunZulia, romlis Sida nawili lagunas warmoadgens. atolebis morfologiisa da genezisis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba laparaki (ix. Tavi XV); aq ki aRvniSnavT im faqts, rom atolebis Semadgeneli polipebis siRrmiTi gavrceleba, rac gaburRvebiT aris dadgenili, calkeul SemTxvevaSi 400_500 m-s aRwevs, e. i. iseT maCvenebels, sadac marjnebis arseboba SeuZlebelia. amitom am faqtis erTaderTi axsna okeanis fskeris daZirvis daSvebaSi mdgomareobs. xolo, vinaidan aRniSnul nagebobaTa nawili zRvis donis zemoTacaa 5_10 m-ze, es ukve fskeris awevaze miuTiTebs.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas marjnuli nagebobebis meore saxis, e. w. barieruli rifebis Sesaxeb, romlebic kidev ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli. avstraliis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare da misgan ramdenime aTeuli kilometriT dacilebuli didi barieruli rifis sigrZe 2000 km-s aRemateba.

istoriul xanaSi erTi da imave adgilis mier gancdili vertikaluri rxeviTi moZraobis karg magaliTs warmoadgens neapolis CrdiloeTiT, q. pocuolis maxloblad arsebuli serapisis taZris istoria, romelic mis marmarilos svetebzea SemorCenili (nax. 28). saqme isaa, rom taZris 12 metri simaRlis gluvi zedapiris svetebi, ZiriTadad 3,5 m-is zemoT, daaxloebiT 2,5 m-is zolSi, daRarulia xmelTaSua zRvis binadari mburRavi moluskebiT, romelTa araerTi niJara dResacaa maTze msxlisebri formis siRruveebSi SemorCenili. aRniSnuli faqtis erTaderTi swori axsna am adgilebis daZirvasa da mis Semdgom azevebaSi mdgomareobs. taZari Cvens eramde iqna aSenebuli zRvis napirze. Semdeg mas ganucdia daZirva da wyals daufaravs 6 m-is simaRlemde. XV saukunidan dawyebula taZris mimdebare adgilebis azeveba da XVIII saukunisTvis wylisagan ganTavisuflebula. momdevno xanebSi ki aRniSnuli svetebis qveda nawili 2,5 m-mde kvlav zRvis qveS moqceula.

aRniSnuli faqtis detalurma Seswavlam i. meSCeriakovs safuZveli misca gamoeTqva friad sayuradRebo Teoriuli mosazreba epirogenuli moZraobis pulsaciuri xasiaTis Sesaxeb, rasac SeiZleba adgili hqondes rogorc azevebis, ise daZirvis saerTo tendenciis mqone regionebSi.

aranakleb sainteresoa epirogenuli moZraobis damadasturebeli faqtebis is jgufi, romlebic am Tu im regionis daRmaval moZraobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: daZiruli sanavsadguro nagebobebi, mdinareTa wyalqveSaxeobebi, daZiruli tyeebi, SreTa transgresiuli ganlageba da sxv. soxumis mimdebare Savi zRvis sanapiro zolSi aTiode metr siRrmeze nanaxi antikuri qalaqis, dioskuriis nagebobaTa naSTebi, pirveli maTganis karg magaliTs warmoadgens.

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asevea kunZul grenlandis samreT nawilSi 1777 wels mogzarebis mier nanaxi mitovebuli saxli, romelTanac maSin daubrkoleblad SeiZleboda misvla, SemdegSi ki grenlandis am nawils TandaTan daZirvis gamo aRniSnuli nageboba okeanis wyalma dafara.

farTodaa gavrcelebuli iseTi faqtebi, rogoricaa mdinareTa wyalqveSa xeobebi. rogorc cnobilia, xeoba mdinaris xazobrivi ngreviTi moqmedebiT miRebuli reliefis uaryofiTi formaa da roca subaeralur pirobebSi wamoSobil aseT formebs zRvebisa da okeaneebis fskerze vxvdebiT aseulobiT km manZilze Tanamedrove mdinareTa SesarTavebis gagrZelebaze unda davuSvaT maTi daZirva axlo geologiur warsulSi. amis karg magaliTs warmoadgens Crdilo-dasavleT evropis mimdebare atlantis okeanis fskerze md. md. elbas, reinis, senas, luarasa da sxvaTa Zveli, amJamad wyalqveS moqceul xeobebi (nax. 29).

rogorc naxazidan Cans, md. reini elba da temza warsulSi erT sistemas qmnidnen, CrdiloeTis zRviT dafarul teritorias kveTdnen da Semdeg erTvodnen atlantis okeanes. aSkaraa, rom CrdiloeTis zRva axlo geologiur warsulSi daZirul xmeleTzedaa warmodgenili. amas, sxvaTaSoris, misi Selfuri bunebac adasturebs. daZirvebi aq axlac grZeldeba da amitomaa, rom holandiis napirebi 15 m-mde simaRlis dambebiTaa daculi, romelTa mSenebloba am aTiode saukunis winaa dawyebuli da dResac grZeldeba. aseve iTqmis safrangeTis, blgiis da samxreT inglisis napirebis Sesaxeb. analogiuri magaliTebis motana sxv akontinentebidanac SeiZleba. md. md. kongos da hudsonis SesarTavebis gagrZelebaze, oxotis zRvis fskerze da sxv. SeiniSneba aseulobiT km sigrZis daZiruli xeobebi, romelTagan zogi aTasobiT metr siRrmeze kontinenturi ferdobis areSia warmodgenili. mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom am ukanasknelTa genezisSi wamyvani roli subaqvalur gravitaciul procesebs unda ekuTvnodes da ara odesRac mimdinare subaeralur erozias.*

okeaneTa wyliT dafaruli tyis mcenareuli safaris naSTebi, rac naTlad SeiniSneba aSS-is samxreT-aRmosavleT napirebTan, Crd. amerikis kontinentis, am nawilis teqtonikuri daZirvis maCvenebelia. isic unda SevniSnoT, rom amgvari faqtebi vertikaluri rxeviTi

moZraobis damadastureblad im SemTxvevaSi gamogvadgeba, Tu isini

* did siRrmeze mdebare xeobebis (kanionebis) warmoSobis Sesaxeb XVI TavSi gveqneba laparakidablobi napirebis mezobladaa warmodgenili. saqme isaa rom mTagoriani napirebis siaxloves analogiuri suraTi SeiZleba sruliad sxva, graviatciulma procesebma ganapirobos, rasac CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxTan uSualo kavSiri ara aqvs.

Soreul geologiur warsulSi momxdar daRmavali moZraobis damadasturebel faqtTa Soris aranakleb sayuradReboa SreTa transgresiuli ganlageba (nax. 30). rogorc naxazidan Cans, rac ufro axalgazrdaa Sre, e. i. zemoTmdebareobs, miT ufro met sivrecezea warmodgenili. maSasadame, am adgils warsulSi TandaTanobiTi daZirva da zRvis wylis Semoseva anu transgresia ganucdia.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ZiriTadi meTodebi romelTa saSualebiTac dgindeba geologiur warsulSi rxeviTi moZraobis faqti, mdgomareobs geologiuri Wrilis analizSi.

$ 25. rxeviTi teqtonikuri moZraobis Seswavlis meTodebi

rogorc zemoT iTqva, gamovlinebis drois mixedviT ansxvaveben Tanamedrove, uaxles (neogenurs) da neogenamdel teqtonikur moZraobebs. aseve gansxvavebulia maTi Seswavlis meTodebic. es iTqmis gansakuTrebiT pirvelisa da ukanaskkelis Sesaxeb.

Tanamedrove teqtonikuri moZraobis Semswavlel meTodTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: istoriul-arqeologiuri, geomorfologiuri, geodeziuri da wyalsazomi.

istoriul-arqeologiur meTods safuZvlad udevs dakvirveba materialuri kulturis Zeglebze. aseTi dakvirvebis karg magaliTze zemoTac iyo laparaki, roca serapisis taZris nangrevebis

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Taviseburebaze iyo yuradReba SeCerebuli. amave mizans emsaxureba zRvis napiris siaxloves, mis orove mxares, iseT sagnebze dakvirveba romlebic warsulSi navebis dasamagreblad yofila dadgmuli, dRes ki maTi am mizniT gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, napiridan daSorebis anda sagrZnob simaRleze azevebis gamo. igive iTqmis zRvis wyliT dafarul nagebobebis Seswavlis Sesaxeb, romlis karg magaliTs Cveni sinamdvilidan, soxumis buxtis farglebSi mdebare antikuri drois qalaqi dioskuria warmoadgens.

Tanamedrove teqtonikuri moZraobis Semswavlel geomorfologiuri meTodebidan, pirvel rigSi, i. meSCeriakovis meTodia aRsaniSnavi, romelsac mdinareTa xeobebSi arsebuli Walebis morfofacialuri analizi udevs safuZvlad. am meTodiT Catarebuli kvleva saSualebas iZleva aramarto gavigoT teqtonikuri moZraobis niSani _ azevebasTan gvaqvs saqme Tu daZirvasTan, aramed misi raodenobrivi maCvenebelic.*

igive iTqmis geodeziur meTodzec, romelic gulisxmobs erTxel agegmil teritoriaze ganmeorebiTi nivelirebis Catarebis da miRebuli Sedegebis Sedarebis safuZvelze teqtonikuri moZraobis mimarTulebis da tempis dadgenas. amave mizniT gamoiyeneba zRvis donis cvlilebis mqoni fukStokebi da TviTmweri xelsawyo _ mariografi. maTi Canawerebis anliziT arkveven jer doneTa cvlilebis saSualo dRe-Ramur sidides, xolo ukanasknelTa safuZvelze saSualo wliur maCvenebels.

epirogenuli moZrobis niSnisa da sididis gansazRvrisas, igi ar unda agverios msoflio okeanis doniT cvalebadobiT gamowveul SedegebSi. maTi gamijvna SeiZleba zRvis napirze moniSnul reperebze dakvirvebiT. ase, magaliTad, Tu reperi misi damagrebidan ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg zRvis donis zemoT iqneba gadaadgilebuli,

* Мещеряков Ю. А. Избранные труди. Рельеф и современная геодинамика. Изд. ,,Наука”, М., 1981.xolo meore niSnuli, romelic ramdenime aTeuli kilometriTaa daSorebuli pirvelisgan, isev zRvis doneze, es faqti teqtonikuri moZraobis Sedegad unda miviCnioT; xolo Tu reperebi Tanabrad arian gadaadgilebuli zemoT an qvemoT, es ukve evstatikuri moZraobis maniSnebelia.

rac Seexeba rxeviTi xasiaTis uaxles (neogenur) teqtonikur moZraobebs, maTi garkvevisaTvis, garda zemoaRniSnulisa,

geomorfologiuri meTodebis mTeli jgufi gamoiyeneba, romlis drosac xdeba mosworebuli zedapirebis, mdinareuli da zRviuri terasebis, sakvlevi regionis oro-hidrografiuli Taviseburebebis, marjnis nagebobebis da sxv. Seswavla. aviRoT magaliTad, cxeli sartylis binadari marjnis polipi, rogorc cnobilia isini zRvis cxovelebia, romlebic fskerze mimagrebul koloniebs qmnian ara umetes 80 m-is siRrmeze. miuxedavad amisa aRwerilia iseTi adgilebi, sadac maTi naSTebi, rogorc zemoT iTqva aseulobiT metris siRrmezec unaxavT. aseTi ram ki mxolod fskeris daZirvis daSvebiT aixsneba. amasTan erTad marjnis polipebi mraval adgilze, zRvis zonis zemoTacaa aRwerili, rac Tavis mxriv zRvis fskeris azevebaze migvaniSnebs.

bolos ramdenime sityviT Zveli geologiuri periodebis, e. i. neogenamdel rxeviTi teqtonikuro moZraobebis Seswavlis Sesaxeb. am mizniT, kvlevis zemoaRniSnuli geomorfologiuri meTodebi ar gamoiyeneba, reliefis fiziografiaSi maTi Sedegebis TiTqmis ausaxvelobis gamo. samagierod farTod gamoiyeneba saerTod geologiuri, kerZod ki facialuri analizis da naleqTa simZlavris gansazRvris meTodebi.

rogorc cnobilia geologiaSi faciesis qveS igulisxmeba erTgvarovani liTologiis da msgavsi namarxebis Semcveli naleqebi, daleqili erTgvarovan fizikur-geografiul pirobebSi. aqedan gamomdinare gansxavebul faciesebs qmnian aramarto zRviuri, tbiuri, mdinareuli, da sxva naleqebi, aramed TviT zRviuri naleqebic imis da mixedviT, Tu sad arian isini daleqili _ sanapiro zolSi, mcire siRrmis Tu didi siRrmis areebSi. magaliTad, konglomerati, sila, Tixa, kirqva sxvadasxva siRrmis pirobebSi ileqeba. aqedan gamomdinare, gaSiSvlebaTa Seswavlis rdos, imis da mixedviT, Tu rogoria liTologiurad da granilometriulad gansxvavebuli naleqebis monacvleoba, SeiZleba vilaparakoT maTi warmomqmneli wyalsatevis fskeris aRmaval Tu daRmaval moZraobaze. naTqvamze naTel warmodgenas iZleva zemoT mocemuli naxazi (nax. 31), romelic gviCvenebs geologiurad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mocemuli regionis mier gancdil sxvadasxva niSnis rxeviT moZraobis monacvleobas.

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$ 26. epirogenuli moZraobis mizezi

zemoT motanili faqtebis gacnobis Semdeg ibadeba kiTxva, ra unda iyos yovelive amis mizezi, zRvis wylis donis cvalebadoba, misi awev-daweva Tu dedamiwis qerqis vertikaluri rxeviTi moZraoba.

pirvel xanebSi aseT mizezad zRvas miiCnevdnen da aRniSnavdnen, rom Tu dedamiwaze gaizarda atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba, an okeaneTa fskerze dagrovda nafenebis mZlavri wyebebi, anda moxda giganturi ganzomilebis horstebis warmoSoba, amas Sedegad mohyveba msoflio okeanis donis momateba. piriqiT, Tu atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirdeba nafenebis dagroveba moiklebs da okeaneTa fskerze didi ganzomilebis grabenebi gaCndeba, donis saerTo dawevasTan gveqneba saqme.* am mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, dedamiwis zedapirze, sanapiro zolSi, yvelgan erTdroulad unda xdebodes wylis donis momateba an dakleba, rasac Tanamedrove epoqaSi adgili ar aqvs. magram, naTqvami is ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos msoflio okeanis evstatikur moZraobas adgili ar hqondes. ra Tqma unda, igi araa gamoricxuli, kontinenturi myinvarebis im giganturi masebis warmoqmna, romlebic antarqtidasa da grenlands hfaravs, Tavis droze okeaneTa donis saerTo dawevas gamoiwvevda aTeulobiT metriT, xolo maTi gadnobis SemTxvevaSi msoflio okeanis donis isev saerTo momatebasTan gveqneba saqme.

aRniSnul moZraobaSi ar SeiZleba ar gaviTvaliswinoT safarovan myinvarTa simZimiT gamowveuli daZirva Tu azeveba. mkvlevarTa azriT, am mizeziT, antarqtida amJamad daaxloebiT 700 metriT unda iyos CaZiruli. fenoskandia da kanada ki safarovan yinulisagan ganTavisuflebiT gamowveul Semsubuqebis gamo, amotivtivebis kargi magaliTia, romelic amJamadac mimdinareobs weliwadSi 1 sm-iT. fiqroben, rom wonasworobis sruli aRdgenisaTvis fenoskandiam 100-150 metriT unda amoiwios kidev. baltiis zRva da hudsonis ube, rogorc myinvarTa dawoliT CaRunuli narCenebi, momavalSi ramdenime aTeuli aTasi wlis Semdeg gaqreba.

zogierTi mkvlevari zemoaRniSnul movlenas, dedamiwis RerZis irgvliv brunvis siCqaris cvalebadobas ukavSirebs da aRniSnavs, rom

siCqaris gazrdam unda gamoiwvios ekvatorul sartyelSi wylis donis momateba, polarul mxareebSi ki _ dakleba. piriqiT, Tu brunvis siCqare Semcirda, sawinaaRmdego suraTTan gveqneba saqme. Teoriulad yovelive es dasaSvebia, magram Tanamedrove monacemebiT mkvlevarTa Soris gabatonebulia azri, rom napirebis gadanacvleba ZiriTadad liTosferos vertikaluri rxeviTi moZraobis Sedegi unda iyos.

rac Seexeba problemis meore mxares, e. i. sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra unda iwvevdes qerqis rxevas, sxvasasxva mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, igi Sedegi unda iyos dedamiwis qerqis Semadgenel nivTierebaTa gravitaciuli diferenciaciisa. iq, sadac mZime nivTierebebi

* msoflio okeanis donis aseT cvalebadobas e. ziusma evstatikuri uwodasiRrmiT gadaagilebas ganicdian, liTisferos zedapirze daZirva iCens Tavs, xolo iq, sadac msubuqi nivTierebebi periferiisaken moZraoben, dedamiwis zedapirze azevebas eqneba adgili. sxva SexedulebiT, magaliTad, konveqciur dinebaTa TeoriiT (a. xolmsi, e. krausi da sxv.) igulisxmeba, rom dedamiwis qerqis qveS, astenosferoSi radiaqtiul nivTierebaTa uTanabro ganawilebiT gamowveul gaxurebis sxvadasxvaobis gamo, mimdinareobs nivTierebaTa neli vertikaluri da horizontaluri dineba, romlebic liTosferoSi ganapirobeben azeveba-daZirviT moZraobebs da horizontalur gadaadgilebas.

rac Seexeba rxeviTi moZraobis Sedegad miRebul reliefis formebs, maT miekuTvneba kontinentebi da okeaneTa kalapotebis garkveuli nawilebi, e.i. liTosferos udidesi e.w. pirveli rigis uswormasworobani, romlebic or geomorfologiur dones qmnian. amave moZraobasTanaa dakavSirebuli vrceli struqturuli vakeebis warmoqmna, romelTa karg magaliTs warmoadgens dasavleT cimbiris dablobi, aRmosavleT evropis vake, amazonis dablobi da sxv. rxeviTi teqtonikuri moZraoba erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa mosworebuli zedapirebis, cikluri terasebisa da sxvaTa warmoqmnis saqmeSi, romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT calke gveqneba laparaki.

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Tavi meSvide. mTaTawarmomSobi teqtonikuri moZraobebi da mTebis morfologia

$ 27. teqtonikuri dislokacia da misi ZiriTadi saxeebi.

mTaTawarmomSob teqtonikur moZraobas orogenezisis saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven, Tumca maTi nawilis genezisi sxva saxis procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

epirogenezisTan SedarebiT, orogenezisis umTavres ganmasxvavebel niSans drosa da sivrceSi misi gamovlinebis SezRuduloba warmoadgens. igi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom orogenezisis aqtiuri gamovlinebis cikls dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi ramdenjerme hqonda adgili, sxva dros ki TiTqmis siwynanre sufevda da amaSia misi SezRuduloba drois TvalsazrisiT. rac Seexeba SezRudulobis meore niSans, misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom orogenezisi liTosferos garkveul regionebTanaa dakavSirebuli da mravali aTeuli milioni wlis intervalebiT erTgvar migracias ganicdida baqnebis periferiaze eqscentriuli mimarTulebiT.

roca laparakoben teqtonikuri dislokaciis rolze mTebis warmoqmnaSi, mxedvelobaSi aqvT is gadaadgilebebi, romelTac ganicdis dedamiwis qerqis amgebeli qanebi, mantiis zeda nawilSi, astenosferoSi mimdinare siTburi da dinamikuri procesebis Sedegad.

aseTi gadaadgilebebisa da cvlilebebis gancdamde zRvis fskerze daleqil Sreebs Cveulebriv horizontuli ganlageba aqvT, rac umetesad baqnuri struqturis mqone vrcel vakeebze SeimCneva,

mTebSi SreTa ganlagebis suraTi Zireuladaa Secvlili maTi danaoWebisa da dawyvetis gamo.

dislokacia ori saxisaa: plikaturi anu naoWa, romlis drosac xdeba SreTa gaRunva, oRond mTlianobis SenarCuneba da dizunqciuri anu wyvetiTi, roca Sreebis mTlianoba darRveulia.

PLplikaturi dislokaciis umartivesi saxe naoWia, romelic antiklinisa da sinklinisagan Sedgeba. pirvelSi SreTa gaRunva zemoTaa mimarTuli, meoreSi ki qvemoT.

naoWi SeiZleba iyos swori anu simetriuli, daxrili da dawolili (nax. 32).

antiklinebi da sinklinebi ganiv WrilSi aseuli metrobiT da kilometrobiT ganisazRvreba, sigrZiT ki _ umetesad aTeuli da aseuli kilometrobiT. ase magaliTad, TrialeTis qedis agebulebaSi monawile erT-erTi naoWi, romelic mcxeTis antiklinis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, q. mcxeTidan axalcixis qvabulamde vrceldeba, xolo amave qedis agebulebaSi monawile lisis antiklini mxolod aTiode kilometris sigrZisaa, romlis gavrcelebis are Tbilisis midamoTia gansazRvruli.

iseT naoWs, romlis sigrZe didad ar gansxvavdeba siganisagan da gegmaSi elifsuri forma aqvs, braqi* naoWi ewodeba.

saxiT iSviaTia, ufro xSirad maT jgufebs vxvdebiT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTmaneTis paralelurad ganlagebul naoWebs saerTo amozneqiloba emCnevaT, antiklinoriums uwodeben, xolo saerTo CaRunvis SemTxvevaSi _ sinklinoriums (nax. 33). pirvelis karg magaliTs TrialeTis da mesxeTis qedebi warmoadgens, xolo meorisas _ mtkvris dablobi.

araCveulebrivad farTod gaSlil da metad sustad daxrili frTebis mqone naoWebs, romelTa sigane aTeuli kilometriT ganisazRvreba, anteklizebs da sineklizebs uwodeben. rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, es ukanasknelni baqnuri struqturis mxareebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, antiklinorebi da sinklinorebi ki _ geosinklinuri zolebisaTvis.

teqtonikuri Zalebis zemoqmedebiT Sreebi, garda danaoWebisa, SeiZleba dawydnen da dakargon mTlianoba, e. i. ganicadon dizunqcia. dislokaciis zemoaRniSnul saxeTa Soris

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gardamavals warmoadgens muxlisebri naoWi, romelsac fleqsura ewodeba (nax. 34).

teqtonikuri napralebis gaswvriv SreTa gadaadgilebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba safexurisebri CarRveva, Secoceba, horsti, grabeni, SariaJi da sxv.

SreTa gawyvetisa da horizontaluri mimarTulebiT gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba Secocebebi da SariaJebi (nax. 35), maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba gamovlinebis masStabSi mdgomareobs. ukanasknelSi SreTa gadaadgilebis maCvenebeli aTeuli da aseuli kilometriT ganisazRvreba. SariaJuli struqturis klasikur mxres alpebi warmoadgens, sadac SreTa gadaadgileba samxreTidan CrdiloeTiT aris mimarTuli.

zemoaRniSnuli dizunqciis movlenebi dedamiwis qerqis zeda nawilSi iCenen Tavs, magram rogorc a. peives, v. xainis da sxv. gamokvlevebma dagvanaxa, arsebobs iseTi rRvevebi, romlebic aseulobiT kilometris siRrmeze da aTasobiT kilometris sigrZeze vrceldebian, maT siRrmuli rRvevebi ewodebaT. teqtonikuri rRvevebis am gansakuTrebuli tipisaTvis, garda didi vertikaluri da horizontuli gamovlinebisa, damaxasiaTebelia xangrZlivi ,,sicocxle”, rac aseuli milionobiT wliT ganisazRvreba, es rRvevebi dedamiwis qerqs did blokebad anawileben, romelTa gaswvrivad xdeba calkeuli blokis aRmavali an daRmavali moZraoba, amasTan es moZraoba araa erTnairi Zalis da geologiurad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba niSanic Seicvalos. SemCneulia, rom arsebobs kavSiri rRvevis xazebsa da Zlier miwisZvrebs Soris. magaliTad, kopetdaRis qedze, tian-Sanis qedze da sxv. calkeul SemTxvevaSi (gansakuTrebiT wynari okeanis sanapiroze) kontinentebsa da okeaneTa Soris sazRvari siRrmul rRvevebs gauyveba, romelic, rogorc zemoT iTqva, subduqciis vrcel zols warmoadgens.

$ 28. umTavresi orogenetuli epoqebi

zemoT ukvve aRiniSna, rom epirogenezisis da orogenezisis erT-erTerT arsebiT ganmasxvavebel niSans ukanaskneli maTganis drosa da sivrceSi gamovlinebis SezRuduloba warmoadgens. es imas

niSnavs, rom dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi adgili hqonia rogorc mis intensiur, ise susti gamovlinebis xangrZliv periodebs. amasTan, erT romelime orogenetul cikls ganicdida ara liTosferos mTeli zedapiri, aramed misi calkeuli, kargad gansazRvruli nawili.

danaoWebisa da maSasadame, masTan organulad dakavSirebuli orogenetuli ciklebi, romelTa raodenoba, frangi mecnieris m. bertranis mixedviT, kambriulis Semdgom droSi sams Seadgens (nax. 36), gamovlinebis intensivobis niSniT, Tavis mxriv, calkeuli fazebisagan Sedgebian. uZvelesi maTgani qveda paleozourSi mimdinareobda da kaledonur orogenezisadaa cnobili. igi ori fazisagan Sedgeba: takoniuri (qveda da zeda silurs Soris) da ardenuli (zeda silurSi).

zeda paleozourSi adgili hqonda momdevno hercinul orogenetul cikls, romelic sami mTavari fazisagan Sedgeboda: bretonuli (devonsa da karbons Soris), sudeturi (qveda da Sua karbons Soris) da asturiuli (Sua karbonsa da qveda permuls Soris). bolos, mesame, alpuri orogenetuli cikli iwyeba zeda triasidan da grZeldeba dRevandlamde. misi uZvelasi faza, romelic kimeriuladaa cnobili, triasulsa da qveda iuruls Soris gamovlinda. mas mohyva avstriuli fazisi (q. carculi _ z. carculi), laramuli (zeda carcul-eoceni), pireneuli (eoceni-oligoceni) da savuruli (oligocen-mioceni). miocenis Semdgom gamovlinebul orofazisebidan ki aRsaniSnavia: atikuri, rodanuli, valaxuri da pasadenuri.

kaledonur orogenezTan dakavSirebulia iseTi qedebis warmoSoba, rogoricaa skandinaviis, Sotlandiis da sxv. hercinuls miekuTvneba bretanisa da kornuelis mTebi, vogezebi, Svarcvaldi, urali da sxv. rac Seexeba alpur cikls, misi Sedegia alpebis, kavkasionis, pireneis, karpatabis da sxvaTa warmoSoba.

rusi mkvlevaris n. Satskis mier 1932 wels danaoWebis (orogenezisis) axali cikli iqna dadgenili _ baikaluri romelic mimdinareobda proterozoulsa da paleozour eraTa mijnaze. misi gamovlineba SemCneulia, ara marto cimbiris Zveli baqnis samxreTis da dasavleTi kidis mosazRvre raionebSi (imier da amier baikalis mTebi, aRmosavleT saiani, eniseis kriaJi),

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aramed arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, samxreT amerikaSi da sxva adgilebSic.

aRniSnul ciklebTan dakavSirebuli mTebi mkveTrad arian gansxvavebuli morfologiurad da hifsometriuli maCveneblebiT, xolo Tu raSi mdgomareobs es sxvaoba, amas qvemoT, momdevno paragrafSi davinaxavT.

$ 29. mTebis simaRliTi gavrcelebis kanonzomiereba

mTebi da mTiani mxareebi dedamiwis yvela kontinentzea warmodgenili. maT Soris umaRlesi himalais aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare everestia (jomolungma), romlis absoluturi simaRle 8848 .m aRwevs.

marTalia, himalaisa da yarayorumis mTagrexilebze kidevaa sxva rvaaTasiani mwvervali (kanCenjanga _ 8585 m, makalu _ 8470 m, Cagori _ 8611 m, xideni _ 8086 m, da sxv.)*, magram mTebis umetesobis simaRle oriode kilometris farglebSi Tu icvleba.

garda am niSnisa SemCneulia, rom erT romelime qedze, an mTagrexilze, orogrefiuli RerZis zolSi mezoblad mdebare mTebis simaRle imdenad axlosaa erTneTTan, rom Soridan, vizualuri dakvirvebisas, maT Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis ar SeimCneva. aseTi STabeWdilebis miReba SeiZleba, magaliTad, mowmendil amindSi, aWara-imereTis qedis romelime maRali mTidan kavkasionis qedis mwvervalebze dakvirvebisas. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan ialbuzsa da myinvarwvers Soris mdebare mwvervalTa simaRle 4-5 km-is farglebSia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas sxva qedebzec.

am faqts pirvelad yuradReba miaqcia a. penkma, romelmac amasTan dakavSirebiT Semoitana cneba ,,zeda denudaciis donis” Sesaxeb, romelic SemdegSi ,,mwvervalTa donis” terminiTac iqna aRniSnuli (tabula 6).

cxadia, erT romelime qedze simaRleTa saSualo maCvenebeli ramdenime faqtorzea damokidebuli, pirvel rigSi igi maTi asakiTaa gapirobebuli. Zveli mTabi, rogorc wesi, bevrad ufro mcire simaRlisaa axalgazeda orografiul erTeulebTan SedarebiT. ase magaliTad, skandinaviis, uralis, apalaCis qedebis mcire, saSualo da absoluturi simaRle, didi geologiuri xnovanebis gamo, xangrZlivi subaeraluri

denudaciis Sedegia, romelTac, umetesad mogluvebuli Txemi gaaCniaT; xolo alpebis, kavkasionis, himalais da sxvaTa didi simaRle, piriqiT, _ maTi siaxalgazrdavisa. ukanasknelTa Txemi Cveulebriv dakbilulia (nax. 37).

garda amisa, mTebis simaRlis met-naklebobaze maTi liTologiuri Taviseburebac axdens gavlenas. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi mkvrivi kristaluri qanebiT agebuli orografiuli erTeulebi met simaRles inarCuneben.

ibadeba kiTxva: mainc ratomaa, rom axalgazrda mTebic ki gansakuTrebul did simaRles ver aRweven da rogorc zemoT

* msoflioSi 14 rvaaTas metrze meti simaRlis mTaa, romelTagan 9 _ himalais qedzea, 5 ki _ yarayorumze.

t a b u l a 6

mTagrexili umTavresi mwvervalebi

absolut. simaRle m-biT

himalai

kavkasioni

mesxeT-TrialeTi

everestikanCenjangalxoczemakalu

ialbuzidixTauSxaramyinvarwveri

mefiswyaroSavikldesayveloarjevanisayorniasanislo

8848858585018470

5633520350685047

285028502808275927552748

iTqva, 8_9 km maTi vertikaluri gavrcelebis zRvaria. amasTan, ra mosazrebebi arsebobs mezoblad mdebare mTebis TiTqmis Tanabari simaRlis Sesaxeb?

44

pirveli maTganis mizezi, rogorc amas a. penki aRniSnavs da rac, Cveni azriT, friad sayuradReboa, isaa, rom simaRlis zrdasTan erTad ara marto matulobs denudaciuri procesebis saerTo siZliere da, maSasadame, maTi damangreveli Zala, aramed masTan erTad izrdeba aRniSnul procesTa palitra. mTebSi garda imisa, rom didia dReRamuri temperaturuli amplituda, garkveuli simaRlis Semdeg yinviani gamofitvis procesic mimdinareobs. amas Tan erTvis didi Zalis qarebis moqmedeba da saerTod gravitaciuli procesebis, kerZod ki Tovlis, kldezvavebisa da sxvaTa gamovlinebis farTo masStabebi. aqedan gamomdinare rac ufro didi simaRlisaa mTa, miT ufro intensiur ngrevas ganicdis da mezoblad mdebare erTnairi liTologiisa da struqturis pirobebSi myofi mTebi, dasawyisSi Tundac gansxvavebuli vertikaluri gavrcelebisa iyvnen, uTanabro denudaciis gavleniT, TiTqmis Tanabar simaRles Rebuloben.

sxva SexedulebaTa mixedviT mwvervalTa donis arsebobis mizezi isaa, rom odesRac mocemuli mTiani mxaris adgilze penepleni unda gvqonoda, romelmac ganicada datexva, azeveba da eroziuli danawevreba, yovelive amas unda ganepirobebina mezoblad mdebare mTebis simaRleTa siaxlove.

qedebis orografiuli RerZis zolSi mTebis meti simaRliTi maCvenebeli maT periferiasTan SedarebiT, mkvlevarTa azriT, TaRuri azevebis Sedegi unda iyos. i. SCukini aRniSnul faqts klimatur faqtors, kerZod naleqebis met-naklebobas ukavSirebs da aRniSnavs, rom ganapira mTebsa da qedebze, Tu isini notio qarebis qrolis gzaze dabrkolebas qmnian, ufro meti naleqi Camoedineba, vidre maT momdevno, e. i. SigniT mdebare orografiul erTeulebze. es ki iwvevs uTanabro denudacias, periferiuli mTebis aqtiur destruqcias. am mizezTa Soris teqtonikuri faqtori ganmsazRvreli unda iyos, klimaturi ki _ daqvemdebarebuli.

is, rac zemoT iTqva, teqtonikuri procesebis Sedegad miRebul mTebs Seexeba. ra Tqma unda, isini mniSvnelovanwilad SeiZleba gavavrceloT vulkanuri warmoSobis mTebis mimarT. Tumca ukanasknelTa simaRliTi gavrcelebis zRvarze rigi sxva damatebiTi faqtorebic axdens gavlenas, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: 1) afeTqebiTi movlenebi, rac mravali moqmedi vulkanis

damaxasiaTebeli niSania, iwvevs vulkanuri mTis zeda nawilis ngrevas. 2) vulkanuri mTis simaRliT zrdasTan erTad vulkanis mkvebav sadinarSi (yelSi) lavis meti SemWidrovebis gamo, sul uro da ufro Znelad xdeba am ukanasknelis krateramde miRweva da gadmodena. mTavari sadinaris amgvari daxSoba iwvevs misi simaRliTi zrdis SeCerebas, radgan lavis gadmodena am SemTxvevaSi mTis ferdobze gaCenili napralebidan momdinareobs. 3) vulkanTa amofrqvevas wylis orTqlis didi raodenobiT gamoyofis gamo Tan sdevs Tavsxma wvimebi, rasac Sedegad mosdevs ferflovani da sxva fxvieri produqtebis gaZlierebuli denudacia.

Tundac, rom gamovricxoT mTebis simaRlis matebis, maTi zrdis zemoaRniSnuli damabrkolebeli faqtorebi, maT mainc ar SeuZliaT aTeuli kilometrebiT simaRleze aRmarTva. amis saerTo mizezi, qarTuli mecnieruli geologiis fuZemdeblis al. janeliZis azriT,* SemdegSi mdgomareobs: dedamiwaze mcire maRlobebis SemTxvevaSi maTi wonac mcirea da amitom maRlobis amgebeli masalis simtkice am wonas uZlebs da uswormasworo reliefi ucvleli rCeba. magram mTis simaRlem Tu nametani moimata, gaizrdeba misi wonac da bolos saqme iqamde miva, rom masalis simtkice mTis wonas ver gauZlebs da daiwyeba mTis Ziridan masalis gamoweva. amitomaa, rom miwaze mxolod garkveuli simaRlis mTebia SesaZlebali.

$ 30. qedebis horizontaluri danawevrebis tipebi

mTian mxareebSi moqmed geomorfologiur procesTa Soris erT-erTi umTavresi mimdinare wylebis moqmedebaa. maT Sesaxeb calke, garedinamikuri procesebisadmi gankuTvnil TavSi gveqneba laparaki, aq ki mkiTxvelis yuradRebas SevaCerebT imaze, Tu rogori horizontuli danawevrebis ZiriTadi saxeebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes struqturuli pirobebiT da aRniSnul agentTa moqmedebiT.

horizontul danawevrebaSi igulisxmeba is damaxasiaTebeli suraTi, romelic gegmaSi gaaCnia mTian mxares qedebisa da maTze Camomaval mdinareebs ganlagebis TvalsazrisiT. am sakiTxs garda

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*al. janeliZe, zogadi geologiis mokle kursi, Tbilisi, 1968.Teoriulisa, praqtikuli mniSvnelobac aqvs, radgan masze mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia mTiani mxaris gamavlobis xarisxi, misi siZnele Tu siadvile.

horizontaluri danawevrebis sakiTxs pirvelad yuradReba a. penkma miaqcia da misi sami tipi gamoyo, romelic Semdeg sxva mkvlevarebma xuTamde aiyvanes. esenia: radialuri anu sxivosnuri, frTisebri anu gardigardmo, hisosisebri, kulisisebri da virgaciuli (nax. 39).

.

radialuri danawevrebis dros raime orografiuli kvanZidan, romelsac gabatonebuli simaRle aqvs, gamoiyofa yoveli mimarTulebiT orientirebuli mTis Stoebi da maTi ganmacalkevebeli nakadebi. amis kargi magaliTebia: didmaRlis, borbalos da nabaZiris mTebis midamoebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom radialuri danawevrebis mqone adgilebi saerTod Zneli gamavlobiT xasiaTdeba.

frTisebri danawevrebis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSani isaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi qedis orografiuli RerZis orive mxares warmodgenilia metnaklebad urTierTparaleluri Stoebi da maTi gamyofi nakadebi, romlebic saTaves aRniSnuli RerZidan iReben. Tu qedis sawinaaRmdego eqspoziciis ferdobebze Camomaval nakadTa wyvilebis saTaveebi erT xazze mdebareobs, maSin orografiuli RerZi sworxazovania da piriqiT, araTanxvedris SemTxvevaSi _ klaknili. ukanasknelis mizezi mdinareTa ukusvliTi erozia da masTan dakavSirebiT wyalgamyofis gadanacvlebaa. danawevrebis am tipis magaliTebia: kavkasionis Crdilo-dasavleTi nawili, nigoeTis qedi da sxv.

hisosisebri danawevrebis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs geologiuri struqturebis mimarT ramdenadme paralelurad ganlagebul mdinareTa gaswvriv da gardigardmo monakveTebis morigeobasTan. aq, gaswvrivi, SedarebiT farTo ubnebis warmoSoba teqtonikiTaa gapirobebuli, gardigardmo da amave dros viwro monakveTebi ki _ mdinareTa eroziuli moqmedebiT. hisosisebri danawevrebis bevri magaliTia sixote-alinis da uralis qedebze.

kulisisebri danawevreba xasiaTdeba imiT, rom mTavar qeds erTi mxridan gamoeyofa mis mimarT iribad ganlagebuli Stoqedebi. aseTi danawevrebis kargi magaliTia, kavkasionis samxreT ferdobis is nawili, romelic raWis, svaneTis, kodoris da bzifis qedebiTaa warmodgenili. aseTive danawevrebis Tavisebur saxes warmoadgens garkveuli mimarTulebiT orientirebuli da urTierTparaleluri Stoebis ganlageba.

virgacia danawevrebis iseTi tipia, roca qedis boloze adgili aqvs orografiuli elementebis maraosebr gaSlas. aseTi suraTis miReba umetesad teqtonikur-struqturul pirobebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca SesaZloa sxva mizezebmac ganapirobos. virgacis karg magaliTs TrialeTis qedis aRmosavleTi nawili warmoadgens, sadac virgacia didgoris mTis midamoSi iwyeba da mTavrdeba Tbilisis teritoriaze TeleTis, uZos, lisis da sawkepela-saTovles Stos saxiT. interesmoklebuli araa aRiniSnos isic, rom moyvanili magaliTis SemTxvevaSi ormag virgaciasTan gvaqvs saqme, radgan igi Tavs iCens ara marto TrialeTis qedis orografiaSi, aramed mis struqturaSic. grandiozuli virgaciis magaliTad ki SeiZleba pamiro-alais sistemis dasavleTi nawili mogvetana, sadac ufro rTul e. w. dixotomikur virgaciasTan gvaqvs saqme.

yvela qedis Txemi mTebis, mwvervalebisa da maT Soris mdebare Cadablebebis krebadobas warmoadgens. mkveTrad gamoxatul Cadablebebs Cveulebriv unagirisebri forma aqvT, romelTac uReltexilebi ewodebaT. ukanasknelTa warmoqmna SeiZleba sxvadasxva procesTan iyos dakavSirebuli. erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba igi teqtonikuri procesebis Saedegs warmoadgendes, meore SemTxvevaSi mdinareTa ukusvliTi eroziis Sedegs, rogorc magaliTad zekaris uReltexili mesxeTis qedze. bolos SesaZloa gvqondes myinvarTa ngreviTi moqmedebiT miRebuli e. w. transfluenturi uReltexili.

$ 31. mTebis geneturi tipebi

mTebis dajgufeba sxvadasxva safuZvelze SeiZleba Catardes. erT SemTxvevaSi aseT safuZv;lad simaRliTi

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gavrcelebis niSans iReben, sxva SemTxvevaSi _ asaks an geneziss da a. S.

amJamad yvelaze ufro miRebulia mTebis iseTi klasifikacia, romelsac warmoSoba anu genezisi udevs safuZvlad. am TvalsazrisiT mTebis sami jgufi gamoiyofa: teqtonikuri, vulkanuri da eroziuli.1. teqtonikuri mTebi iseTs ewodeba, romelTa warmoqmna dedamiwis qerqSi mimdinare teqtonikur procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. aseTi procesebi ki ganapirobeben plikatursa da dizunqciur dislokaciebs, e. i. naoWa da narRvevi struqturebis formebs. maT metad didi gavrceleba aqvT (90%-mde). Tavis mxriv isini Sedgebian: naoWa, belturi anu narRvevi da safarovani mTebisagan.

naoWa mTebis struqturaSi plikaturi dislokaciis Sedegs dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT.

aseTi mTebi SeiZleba erT SemTxvevaSi didi ganzomilebis naoWis (megaantiklinis) areSi iyvnen gamomuSavebulni da maSin mas monoantiklinuri qedi ewodeba. ukanasknelis karg magaliTs warmoadgens aSS-Si arsebuli Savi mTebi (blek-hilsi), romlis sidide 200X100 km sigrZe-siganisa da 2,5 km-mde simaRliT ganisazRvreba; yazaxeTis teritoriaze aseTive tipisaa centralur mangiSlayze arsebuli yaratausa da aktaus mTebi, romelTagan pirveli monoklinis maRal, Sua nawilSia warmodgenili, meore ki _ mis CrdiloeT da samxreT kideze, aRniSnuli tipi bunebaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. samagierod farTodaa gavrcelebuli mravalnaoWa qedebi. es ukanasknelni naoWTa mTeli konisagan Sedgebian, romelTac SeiZleba gancdili hqondeT dizunqcia, magram mTebis morfologiaSi daqvemdebarebuli roli ukaviaT. roca mxolod naleqi qanebisagan agebuli paralelurad ganlagebuli martivi naoWebi gvaqvs, romlebic reliefSi pirdapir arian asaxuli, iuris tips uwodeben (nax. 40). es ukanasknelni zewrul naoWa struqturis arian, e. i. danaoWeba mxolod naleq safars saqvs gancdili da ara fuZes. Tu mravalnaoWa qedis orografiuli RerZis umaRles nawilSi magmuri intruzivebia warmodgenili, maSin rTul naoWa qedebTan gveqneba saqme, romlis karg magaliTs kavkasioni warmoadgens.

geosinklinis danaoWebis da zRvidan amozidvis Sedegad mTiani mxare eqceva ra subaeralur pirobebSi, geologiurad xangrZlivi

drois Semdeg SesaZloa denudaciis sruli cikli gaiaros da peneplenis mdgomareobamde mivides, SemdgomSi peneplenizirebuli regioni, axal teqtonikur moZraobebs, e. i. meorad epibaqnur orogeneziss, datexvebiT da uTanabro azevebiT pasuxobs, rasac Sedegad mosdevs naoWa-belturi mTebisa da qedebis warmoSoba. aseT mTebs v. obruCevma aRorZinebuli uwoda, sxvagvarad ki epikontinentur mTebsac uwodeben. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aRorZinebuli mTebi ganviTarebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT orcikliani arian.

belturi mTebi da qedebi teqtonikuri formebis iseTi kategoriaa, romelTa struqturaSi siRrmul rRvevebs gabatonebuli mdgomareoba aqvT. am tipSi arCeven magida-beltur da naoWa-beltur mTebsa da qedebs. pirveli maTganisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zedapiris ramdenadme simartive. amasTan reliefis formaTa belturi buneba dizunqciis rTuli mozaikiT aris ganpirobebuli, sadac calkeul belts uTanabro aweva aqvs gancdili da, amgvarad, horstebs warmoadgenen. SesaZloa magida-belturi mTebis Txemis sivakeve struqturiTac iyos ganpirobebuli.

saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom belturi qedebi or an ramdenime cikliania, e.i. maT adgilze adre peneplenizirebuli mTiani mxare unda gvqonoda, romelmac ganviTarebis meore ciklSi SeiZina belturi buneba. aseTi mTebis magaliTebi yazaxeTSi gvaqvs, sadac paleozourSi naoWa sistemebi gvqonda, belturi buneba ki alpuri orogenezisis Sedegad miiRo.

rac Seexeba naoWa-beltur mTebs da qedebs, isini warmoiSobian ara martivi struqturis mqone adgilebSi, aramed naoWa struqturis yofili mTiani mxaris areze, romelsac SesaZloa peneplenizacia hqondes gancdili, Semdeg ki datexva da beltebis uTanabro azeveba. ukanasknelis magaliTs tian-Sanis mTiani sistema warmoadgens.

safarovani mTebi geologiuri agebulebis mixedviT naoWebisa da SariaJuli struqturis gamovlinebis asparezs warmoadgenen. aq izoklinur, maraosebr da sxva naoWa struqturebTan erTad didi masStabis SariaJebica gvaqvs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseT qedebs garedinamikuri procesebis zemoqmedebiT metad rTuli plastika axasiaTebT, rogorc es alpebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

47

2. vulkanuri mTebi mTebis meore genetur jgufs qmnian, romlebic saerTod vulkanuri produqtebis, kerZod ki blanti lavis amoRvris adgilze dagrovebiT miiRebian. isini xSirad calkeuli izolirebuli dadebiTi formebis saxiT gvxvdebian bunebaSi, romelTac konusismagvari an gumbaTuri forma aqvT. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki SesaZloa erTi romelime mimarTulebiT iyvnen orientirebulni da qedebs qmnidnen. ukanasknelis magaliTs samxreT saqarTveloSi mdebare abul-samsarisa da javaxeTis qedebi warmoadgenen.

3. rac Seexeba eroziul mTebs da qedebs, maTi warmoqmna mdinareTa ngreviTi moqmedebiT, adgilis danawevrebis Sedegad xdeba. maT ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSans warmoadgens mdinareTa Soris mdebare wyalgamyofTa mimarTulebis, amgebel naoWebsa da narRvevebTan sruli Seusabamoba. eroziuli mTebi naoWa mTiani mxaris danawevrebiT miiReba, romlis magaliTad kavkasionis samxreTi ferdobis Sua nawili SeiZleba mogvetana, romelic md. md. ioris, iltos, aragvis, qsnisa da sxva meridianuli orientirebis mqone nakadebis eroziuli moqmedebis Rrma kvals atarebs.

$ 32. mTebSi mimdinare geomorfologiuri procesebis zogadi xasiaTi

mTiani mxareebi nairgvari da amasTan ufro intensiurad mimdinare Sida da garedinamikuri geomorfogeneturi procesebis asparezs warmoadgenen. aq teqtonikur moZraobaTa tempi da amplituda denudaciuri procesebis analogiurad gacilebiT ufro Zlieri da SesamCnevia vrcel vakeebTan SedarebiT. teqtonikuri moZraobebi apirobeben mTebis did hifsometriul ganviTarebas da Tavis mxriv gansazRvrvaen denudaciuri procesebis aseTive didi ZaliT gamovlinebas.

Sinagani procesebidan umTavresi orogenezisia, romelic alpuri ciklis axalgazrda mTebSi dResac mimdinareobs da maT aRmaval ganviTarebas ganapirobebs. amgvari moZraobis tempi Tanamedrove xanaSi kavkasionis qedis RerZuli zolisaTvis wliurad 10-15 mm-s Seadgens. lixis (suramis) qedis Txemuri nawilisaTvis ki _ 5-6 mm-s. maSasadame,. orive maTgani aRmavali ganviTarebis mdgomareobaSi imyofebian.

aseve sayuradReboa miwisZvrebi da nawilobriv vulkanuri amofrqvevebi. pirvelni ZiriTadad siRrmuli rRvevis xazebis gavrcelebasTan arian Tanxvedrili, romlebic Tavis mxriv, qedebis kideebze arsebuli daZirvis tendenciis qvabulebis mijnaze mdebareoben. amis kargi magaliTebia aWara-TrialeTis mTagrexilisa da mis CrdiloeTiT mdebare baris mijnaze gamavali rRveva, romelic reliefurad gansakuTrebiT kargad sof. qviSxeTis midamoSi SeimCneva, mesxeTis qedis aRmosavleT boloze mdebare mTawmindis Stos Crdilo ferdobze da, romelic aseulobiT metris simaRleze didi CamokveTilobiT iqcevs yuradRebas. aq arsebuli nunisis uReltexili, aRniSnuli Secocebis* xazze mdebareobs. metad TavlsaCino da didi masStabis mqonea, zailis alaTausa da ferganis qvabulis Soris arsebuli rRveva.

nawilobriv aseve SeiZleba iTqvas vulkanuri procesebis Sesaxeb, romlebic axalgazrda mTian mxareebTan arian dakavSirebulni da romelTa karg magaliTs ruseTis sinamdvilidan, kamCatkaze arsebuli vulkanebi warmoadgenen. aseTi mTebis simaRle ori-sami aseuli metridan ramdenime kilometramdea. samxreTi naxevarsferos umaRlesi mTa akonkagua, romlis absoluturi simaRle TiTqmis Svidi kilometria, Camqral vulkans warmoadgens, xolo havais kunZulze mdebare moqmedi vulkanuri mTbis wyalqveSa da wyalzeda nawilebis jamuri maCvenebeli, rogorc zemoT iTqva, rva kilometrze metia.

rac Seexeba mTebSi mimdinare garedinamikur procesebs, maT Soris gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa wvimisa da Tovlis dnobis Sedegad miRebuli wylebis sibrtyisebri moqmedeba, sxvadasxva saxis nakadTa xazobrivi ngreviTi muSaoba, gamofitvis procesTa nairgvaroba da siZliere, gravitaciuli procesebi kldis, Tovlis zvavebisa da mewyrebis saxiT, nivaciur-egzaraciuli, Rvarcofuli (seluri), solifluqciuri procesebi da a. S.

roca vlaparakobT mTebSi mimdinare denudaciuri procesebis palitris sifarToveze, ar unda dagvaviwydes is, rom maTi Sedegebis nairsaxeoba mniSvnelovanwilad amgebeli qanebis liTologiur-struqturul sxvadasxvaobazecaa damokidebuli. amitomaa, rom mTiani mxareebi mxolod saerTo

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niSnebiT gvanan erTmaneTs, detalebiT ki mkvaTrad gansxvavdebian.

*es Secoceba samecniero literaturaSi gori-saxularis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, romelic aWara-TrialeTis mTagrexilis did nawils Crdilo kideze gauyveba subganeduri mimarTulebiT.

mTebSi mimdinare erT-erT yvelaze gavrcelebul process gamofitva warmoadgens, romelic upiratesad insolaciuri (temperaturuli) da yinviTi gamofitvis saxiT gvevlineba. maRali mTebis zedapiri haeris gaiSviaTebis, mtvris nawilakebis simcirisa da sxvaTa gamo dRisiT Zlier xurdeba, RamiT ki mkveTrad ganicdis gacivebas, ase rom, arcTu iSviaTad temperaturuli amplituda ramdenime aTeul graduss aRwevs. Tu temperaturis maCvenebeli 0-ze dabla Camodis, maSin procesi yinviT gamofitvaSi gadadis da kidev ufro met Zalas iZens.

gamofitvis Sedegad miRebuli naSali iSviaTad Tu rCeba warmoqmnis adgilze. umetes SemTxvevaSu uSualo an meSveobiTi gravitaciuli procesebis gavleniT ganicdis gadaadgilebas. mTis ferdobebi Tu susti daxrilobisaa, SesaZloa lodnari masala mis vrcel zedapirze qaoturad iyos mimobneuli da warmoqmnas e. w. ,,qvis zRvebi“, romlis magaliTsac javaxeTis zeganis zogierTi adgili warmoadgens. ufro daqanebuli ferdobebis pirobebSi qanebis natexebi SeiZleba ferdobis daxrilobis Sesabamisad xazobrivad iyvnen ganlagebuli da qmnidnen ,,qvis nakadebs“, romlebic dReRamuri temperaturuli cvalebadobis gavleniT ganicdian SeumCnevel daRmaval moZraobas, rasac deserbcias uwodeben. garda amisa, SesaZloa wvrilmarcvlovani naSali masala mTis Zirze grovdebodes mcvivana konusebis saxiT, rac esoden kargad SeimCneva kavkasionis RerZul zolSi, mag. xoteuras xeobaSi.

mTian mxareebSi yvelaze gabatonebuli procesi gamofitvis qerqis mudmivi neli moZraobaa, romelsac kripi ewodeba. v. penkis azriT ferdobTa 80%-ze meti amgvari moZraobis gavlenis qveS imyofba da denudaciis umTavresi mwarmoebelia. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom rac ufro maRalia mTiani mxare, miT ufro intensiuria misi amgebeli qanebis ngrevisa da naSalis mocilebis procesi. amitomaa, rom aseTi adgilebi Tu TovliT araa dafaruli, mxolod da mxolod gaSiSvlebuli kldovani zedapirebiT gvevlinebian.

iseT maRalmTian raionebSi, sadac mudmivi Tovlisa da myinvarebis safaria, geomorfogenezisis procesTa Soris nivaciasa da Tovlis zvavebs gabatonebuli mdgomareoba aqvT. maT Sedegad

mosdevs erTis mxriv, reliefis uaryofiTi formebis simkveTris zrda, maTi gafarToveba-gaRrmaveba, xolo meores mxriv reliefis egzaraciis gziT, nivelireba e. w. altiplanacia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi warmoebs Tovlis dnobisa da gayinvis monacvleobis Sedegad gamowveuli meqnikuri Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ mowyvetili da amoZravebuli masebis ferdobis kldovan zedapirze xaxuniT.

mTebSi mimdinare geomorfologiur procesTa Soris wylis moqmedebas metad TvalsaCino roli miekuTvneba da igi sxvadasxva saxiT iCens Tavs. pirvel yovlisa esaa wvimisa da Tovlis dnobiT miRebuli wyliT sibrtyisebri gadarecxva _ maTi meqanikuri moqmedeba, meore SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs wylis CaJonvis Sedegad ferdobTa amgebeli masalis gravitaciuli wonasworobidan gamoyvanas da maT gadaadgilebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba atmosferulma naleqebma warmoqmnas perioduli nakadebi, romlebis arcTu iSviaTad seluri bunebis arian da awarmoeben eroziul-akumulaciur moqmedebas.

calke unda aRiniSnos mudmivi nakadebis, e. i. mdinareebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac mTebSi mimdinare geomorfologiur procesTa Soris, ariduli mxareebis gamoklebiT, wamyvani roli ukaviaT. is didi reliefuri kotrastebi , romlebic qedebze maT vertikalur danawevrebaSi SeimCneva, teqtonikuri Zalebisa da mdinareTa eroziuli procesebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegia.

rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, mTian mxareebSi ZiriTadad qanebis daSla-dangreva, maTi mocileba da gadatana mimdinareobs. calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki miRebuli naSalis akumulaciasac aqvs adgili, rac gamozidvis an mcvivana konusebis, deluviuri Sleifebisa da mcire ganzomilebis aluviuri vakeebis warmoqmnaSi gamoixateba.

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Tavi merve. vulkanuri procesebi da reliefi $ 33. cneba vulkanizmis Sesaxeb

vulkanizmis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba dedamiwis SigneTidan mis periferiul wyebebSi an uSualod zedapirze, maRali temperaturis mqone sxvadasxva saxis magmuri produqtebis SemoWra da amodena.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli procesi mxolod magmis SemoWriT damTavrda da zedapiramde ver miaRwia, saqme gveqneba siRrmul anu intruziul vulkanizmTan. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki _ efuziur vulkanizmTan, romelsac Cveulebriv vulkanur amofrqvevas uwodeben. is adgili ki saidanaC aRniSnuli amofrqveva mimdinareobs, vulkanad iwodeba.*

magmis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba dedamiwis siRrmeSi arsebuli maRali tamperaturis mqone gazebis Semcveli comisebri masa. igi zedapirze amodenis SemTxvevaSi, dabali wnevis pirobebis gamo, kargavs airebs, xdeba ramdenadme forovani da warmoSobs lavas. maSasadame, lava igive magmaa, oRond zedapirze amoRvrili da gazebisagan (airebisagan) Tavisufali.

magmis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa Soris saerTo azri araa. kant-laplasis kosmogoniuri Teoriidan gamomdinare, romelic gulisxmobs, rom magma odesRac arsebuli gavarvarebul dedamiwis jer kidev gaucivebeli garsis saxiT warmodgenili masis nawilia, amJamad uaryofilia. o. Smidtis Teoriidan gamomdinare, magmis warmoqmna dedamiwis qerqSi da mantiaSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa gravitaciuli diferencirebis dros gamoyofili maRali temperaturis Sedegi unda iyos. SeiZleba amave dros igi dakavSirebulia liTosferoSi mimdinare radiaqtiul nivTierebaTa daSlis procesTan. am gziT dagrovili siTbo droTa ganmavlobaSi miaRwevs iseT maCvenebels, rom igi ganapirobebs, liTosferos amgebeli qanebis gadnobas da magmuri kerebis Seqmnas.

bolos SesaZloa magmis warmoSoba dakavSirebuli iyos egzoTermul reaqciebTan, e. i. iseT qimiur procesebTan, romelTa drosac xdeba siTbos didi raodenobiT gamoyofa.

amJamd gabatonebuli SexedulebiT igulisxmeba, rom

*vulkani berZnul miTologiaSi cecxlis RmeRTs ewodeba

dedamiwis siRrmeSi arsebobs ramdenime aTeulidan 600-700 km-mde izolirebuli magmuri kerebi, romlebic xvrelebiT an napralebiT aRweven zedapiramde da SeiZleba kvebavdnen rogorc erT romelime vulkans, ise mTel vulkanur raions.*

izolirebuli magmuri kerebis arsebobis sasargeblod laparakobs rigi faqtebi, romelTa Soris SeiZleba aRiniSnos mezoblad mdebare vulkanTa moqmedebis asinqronuloba, amoRvrili produqtebis gansxvavebuli fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebi da a. S. rac Seexeba TviT magmis amodenis mizezs, amasTan dakavSirebiTac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. e. ziusis mixedviT, magmas am saqmeSi araviTari roli ar unda ekuTvnodes da misi amoRvra Sedegi unda iyos mxolod kontraqciiT liTosferos calkeuli nawilis daZirvis dros warmoSobili wnevisa.

amJamad gabatonebuli SexedulebebiT, magmas TviT Seswevs unari zedapirze amoRvrisa, Tuki mkveTrad Seicvala wnevis pirobebi, rasac Cveulebriv teqtonikuri moZraobis dros aqvs adgili. wnevis Semcireba magmur keraze iwvevs gadaxurebuli produqtebis gafarToebas, airebis didi raodenobiT gamoyofas da periferiisaken moZraobis dawyebas. b. eSeris azriT, magmis kristalizaciis dros gamoiyofa gazebis didi raodenoba, romlebic qmnian did daZabulobas da siRrmuli rRvevebis gaswvriv iwyeben magmis amodenas. Tumca SesaZloa sadinarebi airovanma produqtebma TviTonve Seqmnan.

$ 34. vulkanuri produqtebi

vulkanis moqmedeba, Cveulebriv, sxvadasxva agregatuli da fizikur-qimiuri Tvisebebis mqone produqtebis met-naklebi raodenobiT gamoyofaSi gamoixateba, romelTa Soris arCeven: Txiers, myars da airovans.

Txier produqtTa Soris aRsaniSnavia lava, romelic rogorc qimiuri SedgenilobiT saerTod, ise fizikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis iyos. umetesad ganasxvaveben mJave (andezitur) lavas, romlis kaJis (SiO2) Semcveloba 60-70%-ia da fuZe (bazaltur) lavas, romelSic aRniSnuli nivTierebis raodenoba 45-55%-ia.

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geomorfologiuri TvalsazrisiT lavis qimiur Sedgenilobas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan maszea damokidebuli reliefis vulkanuri formebis morfologia. mJave lava, rogorc zemoT iTqva, blantia da nela moZravi, ris gamoc amoRvris adgilidan Sors ar miedineba da warmoqmnis vulkanur mTebs. TviT lava umetesad beltovani zedapirisaa. fuZe lava ki, piriqiT, advilad moZravia, Sors vrceldeba amoRvris adgilidan da SeuZlia warmoqmnas vulkanuri Rvarebi da safarebi, rasac uswormasworo reliefis nivelireba mosdevs Sedegad. aseT lavas gacivebis Semdeg talRobrivi, nawlavisebri saxe aqvs, Tumca SesaZloa erTi da imave lavis zedapiri amoRvris adgilis siaxloves da misgan daSorebiT airebisagan ganTavisuflebis kvalobaze jer beltovani iyos, Semdeg ki _ talRobrivi.

bazalturi lava amoRvrisas 1100-12000 temperaturisaa da 6000

gacivebamde moZraobis unars inarCunebs. andezituri lava ki SedarebiT ufro maRal temperaturaze (daaxloebiT 7500) wyvets moZraobas. aseve gansxvavebulia maTi moZraobis siCqarec, romlis sidide ferdobis daxrilobazecaa damokidebuli. am mxriv yvelaze didi siCqare mauna-loas lavas axasiaTebs, romelic 300iiT daxril ferdobze erT erTi amoRvrisas wuTSi 900 metri siCqariT miedineboda, e. i. wamSi 15 metri siCqare hqonda, krateridan daSorebul sustad daqanebul ferdobze ki mxolod _ 5 m. wuTSi.

myari produqtebi. am ukanasknelTa warmoqmna xdeba vulkanis airovani produqtebis amodenisas mimdinare afeTqebaTa gamo, erTi mxriv, krateris amgebeli qanebis daSlis gziT, meore mxriv ki, lavis amotyorcnisa da maTi daqucmacebis xarjze. maSasadame, myari produqtebis gamoyofa umetesad iseT vulkanebs axasiaTebT, romelTa moqmedeba afeTqebiTi xasiaTisaa.

ganzomilebaTa da formis mixedviTaRniSnuli piroklasturi masala SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos vulaknuri ferflis, silis, lapilebis, vulkanuri yumbarebisa da beltebis saxiT.

vulkanuri ferfli, lavis upataravesi nawilakebi, Cveulebriv ferfls an mtvers mogvagonebs. igi SeiZleba amofrqvevis adgilidan did manZilze iyos gadatanili atmosferoSi mimdinare dinamikuri procesebis gavleniT. aRwerilia SemTxvevebi, roca islandis vulkan hekladan amosrolili ferflis nawilakebi norvegiis dedaqalaq osloSi daleqila, xolo 1883 wels krakataus amofrqvevis dros warmoSobilma ferflma dedamiwis TiTqmis yvela kontinents miaRwia, e. i. mTel dedamiwaze gavrcelda, TviT vulkanis midamoSi ki misi sisqe 16 metrs aRwevda.

lapilebi daaxloebiT 1-3 sm-is sididis myari nawilakebia, romelic Cveneburi kaklis nayofis odenaa. maTi zedapiri forovania da am niSniT koqss mogvagonebs.

vulkanuri yumbarebis sidide umetesad ramdenime aTeuli sm-iT ganisazRvreba. maTi forma (nax. 41) SeiZleba msxlisebri an TiTistarisebri iyos, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom isini Txieri magmis xarjze arian warmoqmnili, romelTac amotyorcnis dros haerSi brunviTi moZraoba ganucdiaT. rac Seexeba vulkanur beltebs, isini didi ganzomilebis uformo natexebia, romelTa warmoqmna adre amoRvrili da gacivebuli lavis xarjze xdeba.

zogierTi vulkani aTeulobiT kuburi kilometris moculobis piroklastur produqtebs amoisvris, rogorc, magaliTad, amas adgili hqonda 1815 wels vulkan tamboroze, sadac aseTi masalis moculobam 150 kubur kilometrs miaRwia. ufro xSirad ki es maCvenebeli mcirea.

vulkanuri amofrqvevis myari produqtebi droTa msvlelobaSi, aerodinamikuri procesebis gavleniT cementdebian, mkvrivdebian da warmoqmnian vulkanu tufs.

airoveni produqtebi yvela moqmedi vulkanis damaxasiaTebeli atributia, isini SeiZleba warmodgeni;li iyvnen: H2O, HCI, SO2, CO2, H2S. airovan produqtebs garkveuli morfologiuri mniSvneloba aqvT, maTi moqmedebis xasiaTze xSirad damokidebulia krateris Tavisebureba, maarebis arseboba, maTi sidide da sxv. rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, produqtebis aRniSnuli saxe gansakuTrebiT mon-pelesa da vezuvis tipis vulkanebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

$ 35. zogierTi katastrofuli amofrqvevis xasiaTi da Sedegi

kacobriobis istoriaSi vulkanTa amofrqvevis araerTi faqtia cnobili, romelTa Soris Tavisi saSineli SedegebiT mon-peles, krakataus da vezuvis amofrqvevebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia.

samxreT amerikis Crdilo sanapiros maxloblad mcire antiliis kunZulTa rkalia gadaWimuli. maT Soris erTi patara, martinikis kunZulia, romelzec aRmarTulia 1,5 km simaRlis

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vulkani mon-pele. am ukanasknelis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli 1902 wlis maisSi momxdari katastrofa, ramac masze mdebare q. san-pieris sruli ganadgureba gamoiwvia. ormocdaTerTmeti wlis miZinebulma vulkanma kvlav daiwyo moqmedeba da igi vulkanis krateridan jer moTeTro, Semdeg ki moSavo kvamlis da ferflis TandaTanobiT gaZlierebuli gamoyofiT gamovlinda. ramdenime dRes qalaqis mosaxleoba mon-peles moqmedebis ganaxlebas seriozul yuradRebas ar aqcevda, magram mas Semdeg rac RamiT gogirdis suniT Sewuxebulma mcxovreblebma gaiRviZes da qalaqis quCebSi vulkanuri ferflis sqeli fena SeniSnes, ukve SiSma Seipyro isini. momdevno dReebSi miwisqveSa gugunma da mxrColavi gazebis gamoyofam ufro imata, magram es Turme preludia iyo imisa rac ramdenime dReSi datrialda da ramac aTiode wuTSi aRniSnuli qalaqis sruli (30 000 mosaxlis) ganadgureba gamoiwvia.

mon-peles am maofrqvevis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb mkvlevarebi fiqroben, rom vulkanis mier erTbaSad iqna amosrolili uaRresad didi raodenobis ferfli, ris gamoc orTqls aRar SeeZlo maRla aezida svetiseburad es gavarvarebuli nivTiereba da amitom, am ukanasknelma, simZimis ZaliT mTis kalTaze, niaRvariviT daiwyo daSveba* qalaqis mimarTulebiTY da gadawva igi.

aRniSnuli amofrqveva morfologiurad imiT iyo sayuradRebo, rom amodenili lava nametani siblantis gamo,

*fiqroben, rom 700-8000temperaturis mqone airebis aseT daSvebas, albaT xeli Seuwyo vulkanis yelis (sadinaris) ramdenadme daxrilma mdebareobamac.nacvlad ferdobze gadmoRvrisa, obeliskis saxiT amoiCara krateris zemoT, 350 metris simaRleze. droTa msvlelobaSi es ,,obeliski“ garedinamikuri procesebiT TandaTan daiSala da amJamad mTlianadaa dangreuli.

zondis sruteSi (indoneziaSi), Tavisi mrisxane moqmedebiT vulkani krakataua cnobili. mas moqmedebis gamovlenis giganturi ZaliT msoflios verc erTi vulkani ver Seedreba. 1883 wlis maisSi momxdar amofrqvevamde, TiTqmis orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, krakatau mSvid mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. 20 maiss vulkanis zemoT aTiode kilometris simaRlis airebis veeba sveti aRimarTa. gazebisa da ferflis amodena ramdenadme Sesustebuli saxiT momdevno dReebSic mimdinareobda. amasTan erTad Zlier miwisqveSa biZgebsac hqonda adgili, romelic vulkanidan as kilometramde radiusSic SeigrZnoboda. momdevno Tvenaxevris

ganmavlobaSi vulkani drodadro yuCdeboda, Semdeg ki moxda misi afeTqeba. afeTqebamde erTi dRiT adre vulkanis irgvliv, orasi km-is radiusSi, yru guguni ismoda, krateris zemoT ki 30 km-mde simaRlis amotyorcnili airebis da ferflis sveti warmoiqmna. afeTqebam gamoiwvia 35 kv. km-mde sididis kunZulis da TviT vulkanis Suaze gapoba da misi naxevris daZirva (nax. 42). yovelive amis gamo zRvaze sazareli qariSxali amovarda. 40 metramde simaRlis talRebma mimdebare kunZulTa (iava-sumatra) sanapiroze mdebare dasaxlebuli adgilebis ganadgureba gamoiwvia. 12 saaTSi talRebma miaRwies afrikas, 17 saaTSi samxreT amerikas, xolo erTi dRe-Ramis Semdeg safrangeTis sanapiroebs.

aTeulobiT km-s simaRleze haerSi atyorcnilma

uwvrilesma nawilakebma mTel dedamiwas Semouares da gamoiwvies cis siwiTle, romelic amonTxevis Semdegac ki, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, yvelgan iyo SesamCnevi.

rac Seexeba vulkan vezuvs, mas kacobriobis istoriaSi, bevrjer SeuSfoTebia mis midamoSi mcxovrebi adamianebi da sagrZnobi zarali da ubedureba moutania maTTvis, magram is tragedia, romelic axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneSi datrialda, Tavisi SedegebiT, zemoaRweril katastrofebs ar Camouvardeba...

vezuvis es amofrqveva 79 wels moxda. manamde misi moqmedebis Sesaxeb araferi icodnen. vezuvis mTa da misi midamo subtropikuli mcenareebiT da baRebiT iyo dafaruli, xolo misi kalTebis ZirSi ramdenime qalaqi iyo gaSenebuli. adamianebs azradac ar mosdiodaT, rom miZinebul vulkanze cxovrobdnen, romelic odesme maT daRupvas gamoiwvevda. es amofrqveva sam dRes mimdinareobda, romlis Sewyvetis Semdeg vezuvis midamoebma TiTqmis mTlianad dahkarges pirvandeli saxe. TviT vulkanuri mTac ki Secvliliyo garegnulad. Zveli simetriuli konusis adgilze naxevarze cota meti iyo darCenili, romelic nalsa hgavda. mis SigniT ki, axali, urfo mcire sididis konusi aRmarTuliyo. ferflisa da talaxis Rvarebs waelekaT an mTlianad daefaraT vezuvis ferdobebze da mis midamoSi arsebuli zeTis xilis baRebi da venaxebi, xolo ramdenime sofeli da qalaqi, maT Soris pompei, herkulanumi da stabia ferflis qveS iyvnen mTlianad damarxuli.

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am amofrqvevidan mravalma saukunem ganvlo da igi Tavisi tragikuli SedegebiT didi xnis daviwyebas iyo micemuli, rom 1748 wels SemTxveviT, Wis amoTxrisas marmarilos qandakeba ar enaxaT, romelmac dasabami misca gaTxrebis dawyebas da dRes pompeis didi nawili mzis sinaTlezea gamotanili.

analogiuri SemTxvevebi SeiZleba kidev mogveyvana sxva vulkanTa moqmedebis istoriidan. Tundac, magaliTad vulkan mitakes amofrqveva, romlis drosac mis kalTebze mdebare ramdenime sofeli haerSi iqna atyorcnili; magram vfiqrobT, saerTo suraTis misaRebad zemoaRniSnulic sakmarisia.

$ 36. vulkanTa tipebi

es sakiTxi geomorfologiurad im mxrivaa sayuradRebo, rom amofrqvevis xasiaTi da misi Tavisebureba did rols asrulebs vulkanuri mTis morfologiaSi, erT SemTxvevaSi man SeiZleba ganapirobos fariseburad an gumbaTiseburad amozneqili reliefis Seqmna, rogorc amas vamCnevT havais vulkanTa magaliTze. sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mas Sedegad mohyves kliuCevskis vulkanis magvari simaRlis konusuri mTis warmoqmna an mkveTrad gamoxatuli asimetriuli mTis formireba, rogorc es krakatausTvisaa niSandoblivi da a.S.

geologiuri istoriis TvalsazrisiT vulkanuri amofrqvevis sam kategorias ganasxvaveben: farTobuls, napralovans da centralurs. pirvel maTgans adreul geologiur epoqaSi hqonda adgili da xasiaTdeboda metad didi raodenobis Txieri produqtebis amoRvriT, rac vrceli vulkanuri zegnebis warmoqmnas ganapirobebda. Tanamedrove xanaSi TiTqmis yvelgan centraluri amofrqvevaa gabatonebuli, e. i. iseTi, roca vulkanuri produqtebis erTi romelime sadinari zedapirze aseTivi erTi mTiT bolovdeba.

amofrqvevis xasiTisa da Sedegebis struqturul-morfologiuri Taviseburebebis mixedviT centraluri amofrqvevis sxvadasxva tipTan gvaq saqme, romlebic or jgufad iyofa;

monogenuri, e. i. procesis erTjeradi gamovlinebiT wamoqmnili formebi da poligenuri anu procesis mravaljeradi gamovlinabiT miRebuli vulkanuri nagebobani. pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba maari da eqstruziuli gumbaTebi, xolo poligenurs: havais, vezuvis (vulkanos), peles, stombolis da bandais tipis centraluri vulkanebi.

maari vulkanuri procesebis gamovlnebis umartivesi saxea, romelTac zogjer afeTqebis milebs da embrionalur vulkanebsac uwodeben. morfologiurad igi Zabriseburad CaRrmavebul adgils warmoadgens, romelic warmoiSoba maSin, roc avulkanis erTjeradi moqmedeba mxolod gazebis amotyorcniT mTavrdeba. ukanasknelTa afeTqebis adgilze Cndeba CaRrmaveba irgvliv 2-3 aTeul metramde simaRlis naSali masalis zRuderiT gansazRvruli, igi SeiZleba wyalma amoavsos da warmoqmnas maaruli tba. maarebis ganzomileba ramdenime aTeuli metridan samas metramdea da maTi vulkanuri genezisi gavrcelebis xasiaTiT da struqturul-geologiuri pirobebiT dasturdeba. maarebs vxvdebiT: overnSi, iavaze, axal zelandiaSi. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom samxreT afrikis (kimberlis) da Sua cimbiris zogierTi almasis sabado zemoaRniSnul milebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

eqstruziuli gumbaTebi warmoiqmnebian blanti, gazebiT Raribi lavis erTjeradi amodenis Sedegad. maTi simaRle 100-200 metriT ganisazRvreba. aRniSnuli tipis vulkanis karg magaliTs warmoadgens axalqalaqis maxloblad mdebare amiranisgora (193 m), agreTve kavkasioze arsebuli xorisari da wiTelimTa.

havais tipi. es saxelwodeba havais arqipelagis yvelaze didi kunZulisagan warmodgeba, romelzec ori moqmedi vulkania: mauna-loa da mauna-kea, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia metad Txieri, advilad denadi bazalturi lavis amoRvra. amodenili masala Sors vrceldeba da vulkanis aparats fariseburad amozneqil saxes aZlevs. amitomaa, rom miuxedavad zemoaRniSnul vulkanTa didi simaRlisa (mauna-loa 4160 m), maTi ferdobebi saerTod susti daqanebisaa da krateramde asvla siZneles ar warmoadgens.

mauna-loas 2,5 km-is diametris mqone kraterSi arsebuli lava mowiTalo feris gavarvarebul tbas mogvagonebs, romelzec aqa-iq ramdenime aTeuli metris simaRleze aRmarTulia wynarad amomavali airovani produqtebis ,,Sadrevnebi“.

moqmedebis dawyebisas am ukanasknelTa gamoyofa ramdenadme Zlierdeba, gamdnari lavis done TandaTan maRla iwevs da gadmoedineba didi siCqaris mqone nakadebis saxiT, romelTa sigane kilometrs aRwevs, sigrZe ki _ 60-80 km-s. vulkanis kraterSi SeimCneva lavuri terasebi, romelTa Seqmna

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lavis donis intervalebiT dawevasTan aris dakavSirebuli. havais tipis vulkanebi didi raodenobiT gvxvdeba islandze da kunZul samoaze.

vezuvis (vulkanos) tipi. am ukanasknelisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ramdenadme blanti andezitur-traxituli lavis amodena, romelic uxvad Seicavs airovan produqtebs da moqmedebis dawyebisas, vulkanis yelSi gaCenili lavis sacobis gamo, Zlieri afeTqebiT da didi raodenobiT myari produqtebis amotyorcniT xasiaTdeba. yovelive es morfologiurad im mxrivaa sayuradRebo, rom mas Sedegad mosdevs vulkanuri mTis zeda nawilis TvalsaCino cvlileba, agreTve airebiT mdidari lavis amoRvra (nax. 43).

amgvari lavis nakadis axali Txeli qerqis qveS arsebuli mdnari masidan alag-alag gazebis intensiuri amodenis gziT SeiZleba gaCndes oriode metri simaRlis widiani konusebi, romelTac hornitosebi ewodebaT.

vezuvis tipis vulkanTa agebulebaSi kargad SeiniSneba ferflovani da lavis produqtebis Sreobrivi ganlageba, ris gamoc maT strato vulkanebsac uwodeben.

aRniSnuli tipis vulkanisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve ferdobze e. w. paraziti konusebis arseboba, romlebic dakavSirebuli arian mTis ferdobze arsebul napralebTan da xazobrivi ganlageba axasiaTebT. maTi raodenoba kliuCevskaiaze 60-s aRwevs, xolo etnaze _ 2000-mde.

peles tipi. saxelwodeba mcire antiliis arqipelagSi kunZul martinikze mdebare vulkanisagan warmodgeba, romelsac mon-peles uwodeben. igi sruliad sxva niSnebis mqonea zemoaRniSnul havais tipTan SedarebiT. es gansxvaveba pirvel rigSi misi lavis metismet siblanteSi da ferflis da gazebis didi raodenobiT gamoyofaSi mdgomareobs, ris gamoc peles moqmedebas katastrofuli xasiaTi aqvs. zogjer krateridan metad blanti lavis obeliskisebr aRmarTvas aqvs svetis adgili.

peles tipis vulkanuri mTa, marTalia, konusuri formisaa, magram stratovulkanebisagan gansxvavebiT, TiTqmis mTlianad natexebiT aris agebuli.

stromboli siciliis CrdiloeTiT mdebare 900 m. simaRlis konusur mTas ewodeba, romlis moqmedebis damaxasiaTebel niSans drois mokle monakveTSi warmoebuli mcire Zalis afeTqeba warmoadgens.

yoveli amgvari afeTqebis dros, romelic ramdenime wuTis intervaliT meordeba, krateris zemoT cecxlis ali Cndeba da lapilebis da vulkanuri yumbarebis amofrqveva mimdinareobs. amis gamoa, rom vulkani stromboli tirenis zRvaSi mogzaurTa karg bunebriv Suquras warmoadgens. am tipisaa centralur amerikaSi mdebare vulakni isalko.

bandais tipi. igi iaponiaSia, katastrofuli ZaliT feTqdeba, rasac Sedegad mosdevs vulkanuri mTis morfologiuri niSnebis Zireuli cvlileba. ase magaliTad, 1808 wels momxdari amofrqvevisas, romelic mxolod gazebis gamoyofiT gamoixata, vulkanis konusuri mTa afeTqda da 640 metriT dadablda. aseTive bunebisaa zondis sruteSi mdebare vulkani krakatau: 1883 wels misi ufro meti ZaliT afeTqebis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli. aq damatebiT SeiZleba, isic aRiniSnos, rom afeTqebiT gamowveulma mgvrgvinavma xmam, aTasobiT kilometris daSorebiT, avstarliisa da kunZul ceilonis napirebs miaRwia, xolo amotyorcnili ferfli stratosferos maRal fenebSic SeiWra. bandais msgavsad krakataus amofrqvevis drosac lava ar amodenila.

centraluri amofrqvevis zemoaRniSnulma tipebma droTa msvlelobaSi SeiZleba ganicadon cvlileba. amis kargi magaliTia vezuvi, romelmac axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneSi momxdari amofrqvevisas Tavisi xasiaTiT bandais tipi ganasaxiera, amJamad ki sruliad sxvagvaria.

napralovan amofrqvevasac axlo geologiur warsulSi hqonda adgili. Tanamedrove xanaSi ki Zalze iSviaTia da igi islandze, axal zelandiaze da kanaris kunZulebze iCens Tavs. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia vrceli Ria teqtonikuri napralidan fuZe-Txieri lavis amodena, romelic Cveulebriv vulkanur safars qmnis. islandSi mdebare vulkanma lakim 1783 wels 32 kilometri sigrZis napralidan 12,5 km3 lava gadmoadina, romelmac dafara 577 kv. km. teritoria. warsulSi aseTi amofrqvevebi farTod iyo warmodgenili somxeTSi, cimbirSi, Crd. amerikaSi da sxv.

$ 37. vulkanuri mTebis morfologia da morfometria

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rogorc vnaxeT vulkanuri nagebobani akumulaciuri warmonaqmnebia, romelTa forma mniSvnelovanwilad vulkanis moqmedebis xasiaTzea damokidebuli, magram maTSi saerTod konusuri formis mTebia gabatonebuli (nax. 44).

garda amisa aseTi genezisis mqone mTis ZiriTad niSans warmoadgens mis umaRles nawilSi wakveTili da Zabriseburad CaRrmavebuli uaryofiTi formis arseboba, romelsac krateri* ewodeba (nax. 45). es ukanaskneli gegmaSi metwilad wriuli an elifsuria, romlis diametri aseuli metrobiT da kilometrobiTac ki ganisazRvreba. ase magaliTad, vezuvis krateris sigane daaxloebiT 600 m., etnasi _ 530 m-mde, mauna-loasi ki _ 2500 metramde. unda aRiniSnos, rom krateris sigane araa damokidebuli vulkanis simaRleze. did vulkanebs xSirad mcire siganis kraterebi aqvT da, piriqiT. aseve iTqmis maTi siRrmis Sesaxeb, romelic 100-200 metramde aRwevs. krateris ferdobebi Cveulebriv didi daqanebisaa da Zirze im cilindrul sadinarSi dagadis, saidanac warmoebs vulkanuri produqrebis amoRvra.

*krateri berZnulad Tass niSnavs.

.

gamoxatuli krateriT.krateri Zirze SeiZleba Txieri laviT iyos dafaruli, rogorc es

mauna-loazea. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki didi lodnariTaa mofenili. amasTan, Tu vulkani mxolod lavas amoadens, misi Sida ferdobebi cicaboa da krateri _ cilindruli. Zabrisebri formis krateri strato vulkanebs aqvT.

SesaZloa Tanamedrove moqmedi vulkanuri mTa adre moqmed giganturi vulkanis kraterSi iyos warmodgenili. ai am didi ganzomilebis mqone kraterebs, romelTa diametri kilometrobiT (zogjer ki ramdenime aTeuli kilometriTac) ganisazRvreba, kalderas* saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven. kalderebis genezisi SeiZleba ramdenime mizezma ganapirobos. erT SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa is gazebis afeTqebis Sedegi iyos, rogorc amas adgili hqonda vulkan katmais 1912 wels momxdari amofrqvevisas, meore SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba warmoiSvas Txieri lavis mqone vulkanis periferiuli magmas rezervuaris daclis kvalobaze, mis zemoT mdebare vulkanis nawilis Cangrevis gziT. aseT kalderebs CaqceviTi ewodeba da fiqroben, rom aseTi genezisis unda iyos oregonSi arsebul vulkanTa mazamis,

agreTve mauna-loas kaldera. bolos SesaZloa zemoaRniSnuli forma zedapiruli wylebis moqmedebasTanac iyos dakavSirebuli da maT eroziul kalderebs uwodeben. es ukanaskneli bunebaSi metad iSviaTad gvxvdeba (ma. vulkanur kunZul palmas kaldera).

zemoaRniSnuli afeTqebis gziT warmoqmnil kalderaSi, vulkanis moqmedebis ganaxlebisas, SeiZleba axali konusuri mTa amoimarTos, romelsac kideze Zveli krateris naSTi met-naklebi sididis fragmentis saxiT hqondes SemorCenili. aseT fragments soma ewodeba, xolo manZils somasa da axal konuss Soris _ atrio.

vulkanuri mTebis vertikaluri ganviTareba anu maTi simaRle farTo diapazonis mqonea da aseuli metridan ramdenime kilometramde SeiZleba aRwevdes. maTi sidide pirvel rigSi amoRvrili prodeqtebis raodenobasa da maT fizikur-qimiur Tvisebazea damokidebuli. Cveulebriv, fxvieri masaliT agebuli konusebi mcire simaRlisaa, stratovulkanebi ki _ bevrad ufro didi, Tumca ukanasknelTa ferdobebis daxriloba ufro mcire maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba.

*kaldera espanurad qvabs niSnavsroca vlaparakobT vulkanuri mTebis vertikalur

gavrcelebaze da mivuTiTebT maT akumulaciur genezisze, bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ratomaa, rom isini bevrad ufro did simaRles ver aRweven da cveulebriv 4-5 km-s ar aWarbeben.

vulkanTa simaRliTi gavrcelebis gansazRvruloba, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna (ix. 29-e paragrafi), ramdenime mizezis Sedegia, saxeldobr: kraterSi gacivebuli da SemWidrovebuli lavis mier Taviseburi sacobis warmoSobis; amofrqvevis dros warmoebuli afeTqebiTi movlenebisa da wylis orTqlis intensiur amodenasTan dakavSirebuli Tavsxma wvimebisa.

vulkanTa ganlageba SeiZleba iyos erTeuladi, xazobrivi an jgufuri, roca ramdenime maTgani erTadaa warmodgenili vulkanuri masivis saxiT.

xazobrivi ganlageba gansakuTrebiT parazit konusebs axasiaTebT, romelTa raodenoba, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, zogierT vulkanze SeiZleba aTeulobiT da aseulobiT iyos. isini umetesad vulanur mTisZira nawilSi gvxvdeba, romelTa sidide

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calkeul SemTxvevaSi 150-200 metramde aRwevs, xolo krateris diametric _ ramdenime aTeuli metridan 100 metramde.

$ 38. lavis Rvarebi da safarebi

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, lavis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da aqedan gamomdinare, misi fizikuri Tvisebebi gansazRvravs arsebiTad reliefis vulkanuri formebis morfologiis ZiriTad niSnebs. roca amoRvrili produqtebi Raribia SiO2-iT, maSin isini jer avseben amoRvris adgilis, maxloblad mdebare reliefis uswomasworobebs, Semdeg ki Sors vrceldebian da axdenen pirveladi topografiuli zedapiris nivelirebas.

ra Tqma unda, lavebi blanti lavis mqone vulkanebsac aqvT, magram isini bevrad ufro mcire ganzomilebis arian da, rogorc wesi, vulkanuri mTis ferdobebze bolovdebian da arsebiTad mis struqturul elements warmoadgenen.

Rvarebis sidide ramdenime faqtorzea damokidebuli. pirvel yovlisa masze gavlenas axdenen: lavis siblantis xarisxi, vulkanis mTis midamos topografiuli zedapiris Tavisebureba da amodenili produqtebis raodenoba. amitomaa, rom maTi sigrZe oriode metridan ramdenime kilometris, zogjer ki ramdenime aTeuli kilometris diapazonSi icvleba. rac Seexeba maT siganesa da sisqes, aqac imave faqtorebis gavleniT, sxvadasxva maCveneblebTan gvaqvs saqme, sigane SeiZleba iyos ramdenime aseuli metri. magaliTad vezuvis erT-erTi amofrqvevis dros warmoSobili Rvaris sigrZem 6 km-mde miaRwia, xolo siganisa da sisqis saSualo maCvenebelma Sesabamisad _ 650 da 13 metrs.

zeda meoTxeulSi, bakurianis teritoriaze mdebare vulakn muxeridan amoRvrilma ramdenime aTeuli metri sisqis Rvarma 20 km-mde imoZrava, q. borjomamde miaRwia da mtkvris droebiTi Segubeba gamoiwvia. daaxloebiT aseTive ganzomilebis Rvari warmoiSva gujareTiswylis xeobaSi, sof. mitarbis maxloblad mdebare vulkan sarRavis amofrqvevis dros, romelsac muxeris msgavsad, am ramdenime aTeuli aTasi wlis win hqonda adgili.

rac Seexeba vulkanur safarebs, isini adreul geologiur epoqebSi moqmed vulkanebs bevrad ufro didi ganzomilebisa aqvT da maTi

farTobi aseuli aTasi kv. km-obiT ganisazRvreba, ufro axalgazrda vulkanebs ki _ SedarebiT mcire ganzomilebis.

vrceli vulkanuri platos karg magaliTs warmoadgens aSS-is teritoriaze kldovan da kaskadovan qedebs Soris mdebare kolumbiis plato, romlis farTobi 0,5 mln. kv km-s aRemateba, xolo lavis safaris sisqe TiTqmis _ 1800 metrs. aseve vrcel, oRond Zlier danawevrebul vulkanur platos argentinis aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare patagoniis teritoria warmoadgens, romelic rio-grandedan magelanis srutemde vrceldeba da, romlis warmoSoba mesameulis droindel napralovan amofrqvevasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

vulkanur platos warmoadgens agreTve dekanis zegnis Crdilo dasavleTi nawilis 0,5 mln. kv. km. farTobis mqone teritoria da sxv.

axalgazrda lavuri platoebi farTodaa warmodgenili amierkavkasiaSi, gansakuTrebiT, saqarTvelos samxreT mTianeTsa da somxeTSi. TrialeTis qedis samxreTiT mimdebare javaxeTisa da walkis zegnebi neogenuri drois vulkanebis: abulis, samsaris, TavkveTilis da sxvaTa moqmedebis Sedegia.

$ 39. vulkanuri reliefis destruqcia

reliefis vulkanuri formis cvlileba da gardaqmna maTi wamoqmnis dRidanve iwyeba subaeralur pirobebSi mimdinare gamofitvis, eroziul-denudaciuri da abraziuli procesebis zemoqmedebiT. am procesTa Sedegebis simkveTre damokidebulia ara marto maTi moqmedebis xangrZlivobaze, aramed TviT vulkanuri warmonaqmnebis Sedgenilobaze. vulkanuri genezisis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul destruqciul formaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: barankosebi, nekebi, mezebi, daikebi da gaiotebi.

barankosebis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba vulkanuri mTis ferdobze radialurad ganlagebuli eroziul gravitaciuli formebi, romlebic TaviaanTi morfologiuri niSnebiT Rranteebsa da xramebs mogvagoneben da umetesad iseTi

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vulkanebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romelTa agebulebaSi ferflis didi raidenoba monawileobs.

barankosebis warmoSobaSi, ufro sworad maT CasaxvaSi, did rols asrulebs jer kidev Seucementebeli ferflis fenebze vulkanuri yumbaris dacemiT an miwisqveSa biZgebiT gamowveuli gravitaciuli wonasworobis darRveva da ferdobze maTi Camocurebis zolSi Raris datoveba. maTi Semdgomi ganviTareba atmosferul;i naleqebiT warmoqmnili perioduli nakadebis eroziuli moqmedebiT mimdinareobs, romelnic gansakuTrebiT did Zalas vulkanis moqmedebis dros iCenen. amodenili wylis orTqlis intensiuri kondensaciis gamo, TavsxmiTi wvimebis mosvlasTan dakavSirebiT barankosebis ganivi profili viwro ,,V”-seburia da maTi raodenoba, rogorc wesi, vulkanis maRali nawilidan Zirisaken matulobs.

saerTod yvela vulkanis, pirvel rigSi ki piroklasturi masalis didi raodenobiT agebul mTis xangrZlivi denudaciis Sedegad SeiZleba mis adgilze darCes produqtebis yofili sadinari lavis svetis saxiT, romelsac neki ewodeba (nax. 46). amis mizezi vulkanis yelis amgebeli masalis didi simkvrivea, romelic gazebis didi wnevis zemoqmedebiTaa miRebuli.

droTa msvlelobaSi nekic iSleba da yofili mTis adgilze SeiZleba umniSvnelo simaRlis fariseburad amozneqili reliefi darCes, romelmac humiduri havis pirobebSi radialuri hidroqselis arseboba ganapirobos.

analogiuri genezisis mqonea kedliseburad ganlagebuli vulkanuri warmoSobis formebi, e. w. daikebi, es ukanasknelni vulkanuri mTis ferdobis areSi arsebul napralebSi gacivebuli da didi wnevis gavleniT SemWidroebuli laviT arian agebuli, romlebic mfaravi produqtebis mocilebis Semdeg eqcevian subaeralur pirobebSi da, rogorc ukve iTqva, morfologiurad odnav daxril an vertikalurad aRmarTul kedlebs mogvagoneben.

rogorc cnobilia, vulkanur procesebs okeaneebSic aqvT adgili da am gziT ara erTi da ori kunZuli da maTi arqipelagia warmoqmnili. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vulkanuri kunZuli mcire ganzomilebisaa da okeanis donidan mcired amaRlebuli, misi ngrevis procesSi mTavar faqtorad zRvis talRebis abraziuli moqmedeba gvevlineba. droTa msvlelobaSi abraziam kunZuli SeiZleba imdenad daangrios, rom igi mTlianad wyliT daifaros. aseTi genezisis submarinul formebs

reliefisas, romlebic gansakuTrebiT bevria wynar okeaneSi da romelTa nawilis wamoSobaSi dedamiwis qerqis rxeviT moZraobasac garkveuli roli ekuTvnis gaiotebis* saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven. o. leontievis azriT gaiotebis Txemis brtyeli zedapiri SeiZleba Sedegia Zlieri wyalqveSa dinebis wamrecxavi moqmedebisa. sxva mkvlevarTa (ditci, menardi) azriT ki igi SesaZloa wyalqveSa vulkanis pirvelad struqturasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

sruliad sxva morfologiuri bunebis formaTa warmoqmna mimdinareobs laviani safarebis da Rvarebis gardaqmnis Sedegad. ukanasknelTa danawevreba mimdinare wylebis eroziuli moqmedebiT ganapirobebs mezebis (magidisebri izolirebuli dadebiTi formebis warmoqmnas da saerTod reliefis inversiuli formebis ganviTarebas.

*amerikeli geografis da geologis a. gaios gvaris mixedviT, vinc pirvelma miaqcia maT yuradReba.

$ 40. geizerebi

vulkanuri procesi araa usasrulo. masac aqvs Tavisi dasawyisi, ganviTarebis xana da dasasruli. vulkanur mxareebSi saerTod, umTavresad ki iseTSi sadac aRniSnuli procesi Caqrobis stadiaSi imyofeba, adgili aqvs rig movlenebs, romelTac postvulkanuri ewodebaT. maT Soris yvelaze met yuradRebas geizerebi imsaxureben.

geizerebs uwodeben cxeli wyaroebis gansakuTrebul tips, romlebic periodulad mduRare wylis da orTqlis Sadrevans amoisvrian.

geizerebi yvelaze uxvad warmodgenilia kunZul islandze, axali zelandiis Crdilo kunZulze da aSS-Si ieloustonis nacionalur parkSi. ukanasknelSi 3500-mde cxeli wyaroa, romelTagan 100-ze meti geizeria.

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ruseTSi geizerebi cnobilia kamCatkis naxevarkunZulis samxreT nawilSi koronickis nakrZalis teritoriaze, aq maTi ricxvi or aTeuls aRemateba da jgufurad arian ganlagebuli: maT Soris yvelaze mZlavria e. w. goliaTi, romelic yovel 5,5 saaTSi 20-30 metris simaRlis Sadrevans amoisvris.

geizeris umartives saxes warmoadgens wyliT avsebuli auzi, romlis kedlebi agebulia wylis gacivebis dros gamonayofi kaJisagan, e. w. geizeritisagan. moqmedebis dawyebamde gaizeris auzi mSvid mdgomareobaSia. wylis nawilakebi masSi qvemodan gaTbobis gamo, vertikalurad moZraobs. temperaturis zrdas Tan sdevs orTqlis meti raodenobiT gamoyofa, ris Sedegadac auzis zedapiri iwyebs Relvas. bolos ki iwyeba wylis da orTqlis svetis amotyorcna.

svetis simaRle sxvadasxva geizers gansxvavebuli aqvs. zogi maTgani ramdenime aTeuli sm. simaRlisaa, zogi ki aTeuli da aseuli metric.

unda aRiniSnos, rom simSvidis periodi sxvadasxva geizers metwilad gansxvavebuli aqvs. arian geizerebi, romlebic ramdenime wuTSi an yovel saaTSi erTxel moqmedeben, magram arian iseTebic, romelTa pauza dReebiT da TveebiT ganisazRvreba. ase magaliTad, kamCatkis naxevarkunZulze arsebuli e. w. mcire Rumelis geizeri yovel oTx wuTSi erTxel moqmedebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi geizerebis moqmedeba TandaTanobiT neldeba da bolos, sruliad wydeba. kunZul islandze arsebuli didi geizeri 1722 w. yovel 30 wuTSi moqmedebda, 1805 w. _ 6 saaTSi, 1860 w. _ 4 dReSi, 1883 wels ki _ mxolod 20 dReSi.

zogierTi geizeri iseTi sizustiT moqmedebs, rogorc kargi saaTis meqanizmi. gamonaklisis saxiT arian iseTebic, romelTac araTanabari pauza gaaCniaT.

geizerebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebobs ramdenime Teoria. unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi umetesoba nawilobriv xsnis sakiTxis bunebas. amJamad yvelaze ufro miRebulia t. ustinovis Teoria, romelsac safuZvlad udevs geizeris arxSi sxvadasxva siRrmeze wylis temperaturaze dakvirvebis Sedegebi. es Sedegebi aseTia: 1) wylis svetis temperatura mcirdeba qvemodan zemo mimarTulebiT (maSasadame, igulisxmeba, rom siTbos wyaro magmaturi keris saxiT, wyalsatevi xvrelis qvemoTaa, ukanasknelis siaxloves); 2) wylis svetis yovel nawilSi temperatura imdenad metia, ramdenadac meti dro aris gasuli ukanaskneli amofrqvevidan; 3) amofrqvevamde ramdenime wuTis winac ki wyali ver aRwevs duRilis stemperaturas,

romelic Seesabameba wylis svetis dawolas dakvirvebis siRrmeze.

im adgilas, sadac siTbos nakadi yvelaze intensiuria, wylis svetis dawola ufro adre gadailaxeba, vidre geizeris arxis sxva nawilSi da wylis garkveuli raodenoba orTqlad iqceva. warmoqmnili orTqlis buStebi miiswrafis zemoT, iwvevs xmaurs da wylis zedapiris amozneqas. amas Sedegad mosdevs siRrmeSi wnevis swrafad Semcireba, ris gamoc gadaxurebuli wyali (zogjer 1200-ze meti) uecrad orTqlad iqceva da iwvevs amofrqvevas. amofrqveuli wylis is nawili, romelic ramdenadme gacivebuli saxiT ukanve eSveba geizeris arxSi, geizeris sadinaris zeda nawilis siaxloves iwvevs temperaturis dawevas da garkveuli xniT ayovnebs wylis gadaxurebas. amis Semdeg geizeri kvlav TandaTan ivseba vadozuri wyliT da procesi meordeba.

ramdenadac amomavali wylis raodenoba da temperatura, agreTve arxis sigrZe da auzis zedapiris farTobi sxvadasxva geizers gansxvavebuli aqvs, amitom maTi amofrqvevis siZliere da siwynaris periodi TiToeulisaTvisa sxvadasxva unda iyos. t. ustinovi geizeris moqmedebaSi oTx stadias gamoyofs da Semdegnairad warmoadgens maT (nax. 47).

$ 41. cru vulkanebi anu salzebi

es ukanasknelni TavianTi morfologiuri niSnebiT miniaturul an mcire sididis ,,vulkanebs“ mogvagoneben, Tumca maT umetes nawils vulkanizmTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs.

cru vulkanebi garegnulad erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mcire sididis (erTeuli metri diametriT) CaRrmavebuil, zRuderiT garSemortymul adgils warmoadgendnen. masSi arsebuli Txieri talaxisebri masisi zedapiri gazebis amodenis gamo mSfoTvare mdgomareobaSia da Taviseburad buybuyebs. im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu atalaxebuli masa blantia, masis nafleTebis amosrolasac aqvs adgili da swored eseni qmnian zemoaRniSnul zvinuls. gazebis intensiuri gamoyofisas ki cru vulkanebi aTeulobiT da zogjer aseuli metri simaRlis konusisebr borcvs an dabal

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mTasac ki qmnian kraterisebri CaRrmavebuli adgiliT dabolovebuls. bolos SesaZloa erTi vrceli talaxiani ,,vulkanis“ fonze mravali meoradi konusi iyos warmodgenili.

cru vulkanebi Cveulebriv navTobisa da gazis sabadoebis mqone antiklinuri stuqturebis TaRis zolSi gvxvdebian, anda amave struqturebze arsebuli rRvevis xazebis gayolebiT. maTi warmoqmnis xelis Semwyob sxva pirobaTa Soris aucilebelia Tixiani da siliani wyebebis arseboba da gruntis wylebis siuxve.

cru vulkanebi farTod arian warmodgenili kavkasiis teritoriaze _ afSeronis, tamanis, agreTve qerCis naxevarkunZulze; maT Soris SeiZleba davasaxeloT: Temriuki (74 m), bog-bogi (87 m) da sxv. saqarTveloSi msgavsi warmonaqmnebi gvxvdeba q. gurjaanis (axtala), nas. bakanasTan axmetis raionSi da sxv.

vulkanur raionebTan dakavSirebuli salzebi zemoaRniSnulTagan gansxvavebiT ramdenadme sxva Sedgenilobis gazebs gamoyofen da amave dros maT mier amodenili Txieri masis temperatura ramdenime aTeuli gradusis mqonea. ukanasknelebs vxvdebiT kamCatkaze, siciliaze, iavaze, da sxv adgilebSi.

$ 42. vulkanTa geografiuli gavrcelebis kanonzomiereba

1970 wlis monacemeboT dedamiwis zedapirze 661 moqmedi vulkania cnobili, Camqrali vulkanebi ki bevrad ufro meti, maT vxvdebiT rogorc xmeleTze, ise wyalqveS. am ukanasknelSi moqmed vulkanTa raodenoda samocs aRemateba da isini atlantis, indoeTis, umTavresad ki wynari okeanis akvatoriaSia warmodgenili.

Tvals Tu gadavavlebT dedamiwis fizikur rukas, advilad SevniSnavT, rom vulkanebi metad uTanabrod arian ganlagebuli. magaliTad, isini didi raodenobiTaa Tavmoyrili kamCatkis samxreT nawilSi, kuriliisa da aleutis kunZulebze, kunZul iavaze, magram gvxvdeba iseTi adgilebi, sadac sruliad ar arian; magaliTad, dasavleT cimbiris dablobi, aRmosavleT evropis vake. skandinavia, Crdilo aRmosavleT kanada da sxv. e. i. iseT teritoriaze romelTac baqnuri struqtura aqvs.

vulkanTa gavrcelebis amgvari Taviseburebis analizma mkvlevarebi im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom maTi arseboba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli alpuri orogenezisis gamovlinebis adgilebTan, e. i. iseT sartyelebTan, sadac dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriis ukanasknel etapze dawyebul did mTaTawarmomSob teqtonikur moZraobebs (orogeneziss)

danaoWebisa Tu datexvebisa da daZirvebis saxiT dResac ar SeuwyvetiaT arseboba. dedamiwaze ori aseTi vrceli sartyelia warmodgenili, romelTagan erTi wynari okeanis periferiasa da mis mimdebare kontinentis kidur zols moicavs, meore ki ramdenadme ganeduradaa gaWimuli xmelTaSua zRvidan kavkasiaze gavliT zondis arqipelagis mimarTulebiT. aRniSnul sartyelTa gareSe mdebare vulkanTa gamovlinebis adgilebidan islandia da havais kunZulebia aRsaniSnavi.

wynari okeonis irgvliv mdebare zemoaRniSnul cecxlovani rkalis wilad modis moqmed vulkanTa ori mesamedi. kamCatkis naxevarkunZulze maTi raodenoba TiTqmis ocdaaTs aRwevs, kuriliis kunZulebze ormocdaaTamdea, kidev ufro metia iaponiis kunZulebze, samxreT amerikaSi ki samocs Seadgens. meore cecxlovani sartylidan, romelic alp-kavkasia-zondis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, gansakuTrebiT bevri moqmedi vulkani iavas rkalze modis, sadac maTi raodenoba ormocdaaTamdea.

yvelaze cnobili moqmedi vulkanebis gavrcelebasa da sidideze warmodgenas qvemoT mocemuli tabula iZleva.

t a b u l a 7

vulkani absoluturi simaRle m-iT

geografiuli mdebareoba

1 2 3

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apeninis n. k. tirenis zRva,,_,,_k. siciliazondis srutek. iava,,_,,_,,_,,_k. sumbavakamCatkis n. k. ,,_,,_,,_,,_,,_,,_k. xonsiufilipinebis k-bialaskaaSSmeqsika,,_,,_,,_,,_centr. amerikak. martinikiekvadori,,_,,_antarqtidaaxali zelandiak. havai,,_,,_k. islandiaafrika

$ 43. vulkanTa amofrqvevis prognozireba

vulkanuri procesebi Tavisi ucnauri gamovlinebis gamo katastroful movlenebs miekuTvneba. kacobriobis istoriaSi ara erTsa da or amofrqvevas hqonda adgili, romelTac aseulobiT adamianis sicocxle Suwiravs. amis naTelsayofad sakmarisia gavixsenoT vezuvis

amofrqveva, romelsac adgili hqonda axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneSi da rasac imdroindeli qalaqebis _ pompeis, herkulanumis, stabiasa da sxvaTa daRupva mohyva Sedegad, an mon-peles, krakataus, bandais da sxvaTa amofrqvevebi, romlebic sul axlo warsulSi moxda da romlebmac aranaklebi ziani moutana maT axlomaxlo mdebare dasaxlebul adgilebs. yovelive amis gamo, bunebrivia mkvlevarTa cdebi, gamonaxon bunebis am arasasurveli movlenis prognozirebis gzebi, raTa amiT ramdenadme dacul iqnes adamianTa sicocxle mosalodneli vulkanuri katastrofebisagan.

ukanasknel xanebSi am mimarTulebiT grkveuli Sedegebia miRebuli, Tumca problema jer kidev Sorsaa saboloo gadawyvetisagan.

raSi mdgomareobs maTi arsi? dakvirvebiT dadgenilia, rom vulkanTa amofrqvevas win uswrebs zogierTi iseTi movlena romelic prognozirebisaTvis SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli. ase magaliTad, vulkanis midamoSi miwisqveSa gugunis dawyeba amofrqvevis winamorbed friad sayuradRebo simptomad aris miCneuli. vulkan vezuvis 1906 wels momxdar amofrqvevas amgvari guguni aTi dRis win daewyo da uwyvetad grZeldeboda amofrqvevis momentamde. aseve sayuradRebo somptomadaa miCneuli temperaturis mkveTri momateba vulkanuri aparatis amgebel qanebSi, gruntsa da fumarolebSi.* temperaturis momatebis kargi maniSnebelia Tovlis swrafi dnoba vulkanis mwvervalzea maxloblad mdebare Webis daSroba, wyaroebis gaqroba da sxv.

vulkanis siTbur mdgomareobas Tvalyurs adevneben specialuri aparaturiT da miRebuli masalebis safuZvelze adgenen vulkanis midamoebis Termo rukebs. fumarolebis temperaturis matebasTan erTad vulkanis moqmedebis dawyebas gvaniSnebs agreTve gamoyofili gazebis Semadgenlobis cvlileba da maTi gamoyofis mkveTri gaZliereba.

*fumarolebis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba is adgilebi vulkanze an mis midamoSi, saidanac warmoebs sxvadasxva saxis airovani produqtebis amodena

prognozirebisaTvis yvelaze ufro saimedoa seismuri procesebis fiqsireba, romelsac adgili aqvs vulkanis midamoSi amofrqvevis dawyebamde, karga xnis win.

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jerjerobiT arcTu ise iSviaTad vulkanuri amofrqvevis prognozireba ar marTldeba. es arcaa gasakviri, radgan am mimarTulebiT kvleva-Zieba sul raRac ramdenime aTeu;li welia mimdinareobs, problema ki metad rTulia da dakvirvebaTa mTeli kompleqsis gaTvaliswinebas saWiroebs.

Tavi mecxre. miwisZvra da misi roli geomorfogenezisSi $ 44. miwisZvris arsi da misi siZliere

miwisZvra endogenuri procesebis erT-erTi saxea da Tanamedrove teqtonikuri moZraobis yvelaze aSkara gamovlineba. mas swavlobs mecnierebis dargi romelsac seismologia* ewodeba.

miwisZvris saxelwodebiT dedamiwis qerqis iseTi uecari Seryeva aRiniSneba, romlis gamomwvevi mizezi bunebrivi Zalebia, umetesad ki Sinagani. Tu raoden xSiria bunebis es movlena sCans iqidan, rom yovelwliurad dedamiwaze erT milionamde miwisqveSa niZgi aRiricxeba, rac wuTSi ors Seadgens. sabednierod maTi umetesi nawili mxolod instrumentuli dakvirvebiT SeiniSneba da saziano araa. magram asamde damangrevelic gamoereva xolme, erTi ki _ katastrofuli.

iseTi regionebi sadac miwisZvra adamianebisaTvis TiTqmis araa cnobili da mxolod saTanado xelsawyo iaraRebiT aRiricxeba aseismuradaa wodebuli. isini rogorc wesi farebTan da saerTod Zvel baqnebTan arian dakavSirebuli.

miwisZvris Casaxvis kera, romelic hipocentrad iwodeba sxvadasxva siRrmeze iCens Tavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom rac ufro Rrma fokusiania miwisZvra miT ufro iSviaTia igi. hipocentris siRrmiTi mdebareobis mixedviT miwisZvrebs yofen: zedapirul _ araumetes 10 kilometrisa, normalur _ 60 kilometramde, Sualedur _ 300 kilometramde da Rrma fokusian _ 700 kilometramde. am ukanasknelis arseboba XX saukuneSi iqna dadgenili da ZiriTadad wynari okeanis kideebzea SeniSnuli. aRniSnulTagan ruseTis yofili imperiis teritoriaze normalurfokusian miwisZvrebis wilad modis 46%, zedapirulze _ 36%, xolo Sualedurze _ 18%.

hipocentridan uaxloes adgils dedamiwis zedapirze epicentri ewodeba. aq vlindeba yvelaze mZlavri biZgebi da sagnebi. rogorc wesi vertikalurad moZraoben, e. i. wydebian sayrdenebs da zemoT aityorcnebian. amitomaa, rom miwisZvris yvelaze saziano gamovlinebas epicentrSi aqvs adgili.

miwisZvris dros sami saxis talRa warmoiqmneba: zedapiruli, gaswvrivi da gardigardmo.

*seismos berZnulad ryevas, miwisZvras niSnavs

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pirveli maTganis moZraoba mogvagonebs puris yanis zedapirs qarian amindSi. gaswvrivi talRebi metad didi siCqaris arian (5,5-dan 13,5 km. wamSi) da yovelgvar garemoSi vrceldebian, Tanac miT ufro swrafad rac ufro mkvrivia igi. gardigardmo talRebis gavrcelebis siCqare daaxloebiT orjer ufro naklebia, Tanac maT mxolod mkvriv garemoSi SeuZliaT gavrceleba. sxvaTaSoris seismuri talRebis zemoaRniSnuli Taviseburebebi udevs safuZvlad dedamiwis Sinagani geosferoebis Seswavlis saqmes.

zedapiri romlis yovel wertilSi erTnairi Zalis miwisZvra vlindeba izoseismurad iwodeba, xolo aseT wertilTa damakavSirebeli xazebi _ izoseistebad. es ukanaskneli koncentruladaa ganlagebuli daxSul mrudeebs warmoadgenen da miwis zedapiris araerTgvarovnebis gamo nairgvari konfiguracia aqvT. erTdrouli miwisZvris gamovlinebis da adgilTa damakavSirebel xazebs ki homoseistebi ewodeba. es ukanasknelnic, izoseistebis msgavsad, nairgvari konfiguraciis daxSul mrudeebs warmoadgenen (nax. 48).

epicentris irgvliv mdebare are, romelic yvelaze Zlieri izoseistiTaa gansazRvruli pleistoseisturad iwodeba. miwisZvris Zalas balebSi zomaven da epicentrs usadageben. saqarTveloSi miRebulia 12 baliani seismuri skala, romelic ramdenadme Sekvecili maxasiaTeblebiT Semdegi saxisaa:

1. SeumCneveli anu mikroseismuri. SeigrZnoba seismuri iaraRebiT.

2. Zlier susti. SeimCneva maRali nagebobebis zemo sarTulze mSvid mdgomareobaSi myof zogi adamianis mier.

3. susti. SeiniSneba mosaxleobis mcire nawilis mier. 4. zomieri. gareT myof adamianTa mcire nawili amCnevs. Sin

myofni amCneven dakidebuli sagnebis qanaobiT da WurWlis wkrialiT.5. sakmaod Zlieri. mZinareni iRviZeben. SeimCneva

nagebobis ryeva. xis totebi irxevian ise, rogorc zomieri qarisas. 6. Zlieri. yvela SeigrZnobs SeSinebulebi saxlidan gareT

garbian. WerSi Cndeba bzarebi da cviva baTqaSi, Taroebidan cviva wignebi.

7. metad Zlieri. Zveli sakvamuri milebi ingreva, mdinaris da damdgari wyali imRvreva, Cndeba mewyrebi. sagrZnoblad ziandeba Senobebi, garda antiseismuri da xis nagebobebisa.

8. damangreveli. didi daqanebis ferdobebze Cndeba napralebi. ziandeba kargad nagebi qvis Senobebic. ingreva qarxnebis kvamlsaden milTa nawilebi.

9. gamanadgurebeli. Zlier ziandeba qviTa da aguriT nagebi Senobebi.

10. amaoxrebeli. miwis zedapirze Cndeba napralebi, warmoiqmneba zvavebi da mewyrebi. ingreva mtkiced nagebi Senobebic.

11. _ 12. katastrofuli da Zlier katastrofuli. miwis zedapirze Cndeba farTo, horizontuli da vertikaluri mimarTulebis didi ganzomilebis napralebi, nasxletebi, zvavebi da mewyrebi. vercerTi nageboba ver uZlebs. roca miwisZvris zemoaRniSnul skalaze laparakoben mxedvelobaSi aqvT is Zala, romelic mas epicentrSi gaaCnia. aqedan daSorebis kvalobaze, miwisZvris Zalac susteba.

$ 45. miwisZvris tipebi

genezisis (warmoSobis) mixedviT miwisZvraTa sam tips gamoyofen: teqtonikurs, vulkanurs da denudaciurs.

pirveli maTgani dedamiwis qerqSi an mantis zeda da Sua nawilebSi warmoiqmneba da gamovlinebis ZaliTac da sixSiriTac gabatonebuli mdgomareobs aqvs danarCenebTan SedarebiT.

teqtonikuri miwisZvris wilad modis 95%, isini ZiriTadad axalgazrda mTiani mxareebis mkveTrad gamoxatul hifsometriuli kontrastis mqone ferdobTa kidur zolSi SeiniSneba qedebis orientirebis Tanxvedrilad, zogjer ki marTobulad.

rogorc gamoirkva, aRniSnul zolSi didi rRvevis xazebia warmodgenili da miwisZvrebic am ukanasknelTa arsebobiT gapirobebul blokebis gadaadgilebasTan arian dakavSirebuli.* amis kargi magaliTia: kavkasionis samxreTi ferdobi Semaxis raionSi, yirimis mTebis samxreTi ferdobis zRvispira zoli, aWara-TrialeTis mTagrexilis mTaTaSorisi baris mosazRvre ferdobis Sua da dasavleTi nawilebi gori-saxularis rRvevis xazis

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gayolebiT da sxv. 1920 wels momxdari goris miwisZvra am ukanasknelTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

miwisZvraTa meore genetur tips vulkanuri warmoadgens, romelic Tanamedrove moqmed vulaknur kerebTan aris dakavSirebuli. imis gamo, rom vulkanTa moqmedeba da teqtonikuri procesebi mWidro urTierTobaSi arian, Znelia maTi gamijvna. am sakiTxis garkvevis karg kriteriums warmoadgens vulkanuri miwisZvris mcire farTze gamovlineba da misi izoseistebis koncentruli ganlageba vulkanuri mTis garSemo. agreTve epicentris kraterTan siaxlove da hipocentris SedarebiT mcire siRrmeze mdebareoba. vulkanuri mowisZvrebis gamovlinebis areali mcirea da umetesad ramdenime aTeuli kv. km-iT ganisazRvreba. magram, aris zogierTi gamonaklisi, rogorc magaliTad krakataus amofrqveva, romlis drosac momxdarmagazebis afeTqebam, rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna vulkanuri

* aris iSviaTi gamonaklisebic, roca teqtonikur miwisZvrasa da rRvevis xazTa Soris kavSiri ara Cans.kunZulis naxevris wyalqveS daZirva gamoiwvia.

vulkanTa moqmedebis gaaqtiureba da masTan dakavSirebuli miwisZvris movlenebis Taviseburebani kargadaa Seswavlili kamCatkaze arsebul SiveliuCis, kliuCevskaias da sxva vulkanTa magaliTze. 1951 wels ukanasknelis maTganis Zlieri amofrqvevisas vulkanis mimdebare teritoriaze ramdenime aseuli miwisZvris biZgi iqna registrirebuli.

denudaciuri miwisZvra. miwisZvraTa mesame genetur kategoriadaa miCneuli, Tumca faqtobrivad egzoteqtonikuri movlenaa, radgan garedinamikur procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli

denudaciuri miwisZvra Sedegia miwis qerqis zedapiris maxlobel fenaTa siRruveebSi gamovlenili gravitaciuli movlenebisa, rasac umeteswilad karstul mxareebSi aqvs adgili.

aseT raionebSi mRvimeTa arseboba Cveulebrivi movlenaa sadac ngreviT warmoqmnili Camonazvavi iwvevs miwisZvris biZgebs. amitom aseTi miwisZvris siZliere damokidebuli aris Camongreuli masis raodenobasa da vardnis simaRleze. denudaciuri miwisZvrebi aramarto susti Zalisaa da amitom mcire farTobze SeimCneva, aramed iSviaTic, romlis wilad miwisZvraTa mxolod 1% modis. ukanasknelis kargi magaliTia xarkovis olqSi 1915 wels momxdari miwisZvra, romelmac aTiode kv. km. teritoria moicva.

$ 46. miwisZvris Sedegebi

Zlier miwisZvrebs rigi Sedegebi axlavs Tan. erT SemTxvevaSi isini SeiZleba dedamiwis qerqSi napralebis gaCeniT da maT Soris mdebare blokTa vertikaluri gaadgilebiT, agreTve nairgvari gravitaciuli procesebiT gamoixatos, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs reliefis plastikis Secvlas: horstebis, grabenebis, napralebis, kldezvavebis, mewyrebis, mdinareTa xeobebSi tbebis warmoqmnas (nax. 49). sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mas Tan axldes gazebis amotyorcna da masTan dakavSirebuli wylisa da atalaxebuli masis amodena, xolo im SemTxvevaSi Tu miwisZvram dasaxlebuli raionebi moicva ngrevasa da adamianTa msxverplsac aqvs adgili.

niadagSi da saerTod miwis qerqSi napralebis warmoqmna Zlieri miwisZvris mudmivi Tanamgzavria. napralTa ganlageba xSirad uwesrigoa, zogjer ki radialuri an koncentruli, romelTa raodenoba mcirdeba epicentridan daSorebis kvalobaze. gansxvavebulia maTi sididec _ ramdenime metridan mraval aTeul metramde.

.

moviyvanoT zogierTi magaliTi. italiaSi, kalabriis erT-erTi miwisZvris dros 1,5 km. sigrZisa da 2 m-mde siganis Ria naprali warmoiqmna. kunZul hokaidoze, 1891 wels momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad 100 km sigrZis naprali gaCnda, romlis erTma mxarem alag-alag 4-7 metriT daiwia. gasuli saukunis ocian wlebSi momxdarma Ciles miwisZvram sanapiro zolis erTi metriT azeveba gamoiwvia 400 km-is manZilze. 1755 wels lisabonis katastrofuli miwisZvris dros, romelmac aTeul aTasobiT adamianis sicicxle Seiwira, safexurisebri CarRvevis gamo, qalaqis sanapiro 20 m-is siRrmis wyalma dafara.

kidev ufro didi masStabis sanapiro da zRvispira zolis gadanacvlebas hqonda adgili tokios 1923 wlis miwisZvris dros, roca qalaqis mimdebare zRvis fskeris nawili ramdenime aTeuli

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metriT gaRrmavda, xolo meore naxevarma daaxloebiT amdenive metriT amoiwia.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, Zlieri miwisZvris dros napralTa Soris moqceuli blokebis awevas Tu daZirvas aqvs adgili, rasac Sedegad mosdevs horstebis da grabenebis ganviTareba. pirveli maTganis karg magaliTs warmoadgens gasuli saukunis ormocdaaTian wlebSi altais miwisZvris dros kargad gamoxatuli morfologiuri niSnebis mqone horstis gaCena, romlis sigrZe-sigane 2,7X8 km. aRwevda, xolo napralTa Soris moqceuli blokebis amplituda 4 metrs. sapirispiro morfologiuri suraTi warmoiqmna 1862 wlis baikalis miwisZvrisas, roca md. selengis deltaze 260 kv. km. farTobis grabeni ganviTarda, daZiruli blokis adgili ki 8 metri siRrmis wylis fenam dafara.

Zlieri miwisZvrebiT gamowveuli giganturi zvavebis damagubebel moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli araerTi gamdinare tbis genezisi. axlo geologiur warsulSi erTi aseTi gravitaciuli procesi gamovlinda gagris qedis Crd. aRm. nawilSi, ramac gamoiwvia md. laSifses xeobis gadaketva da riwis tbis gaCena.

analogiuri, oRond bevrad ufro didi masStabis zvav-mewyeri, warmoiqmna tajiketSi 1911 wels momxdari miwisZvris dros romelmac gadaketa md. murRabis xeoba da warmoqmna sarezis tba. tbis sigrZem 70 km-s gadaaWarba, siRrmem 500 m-s, xolo Camonazvavma 5 km siganes da 600 m-mde simaRles.

im SemTxvevaSi roca miwisZvris kera zRvis fskerze anda sanapiro zolSia mas Sedegad mosdevs zRvis Zvra, xolo am ukanasknels giganturi talRebis warmoqmna, romelic cunamis* saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. aseT talRebs ara marto didi ziani moaqvT okeanis binadarTaTvis, aramed napirebis formirebis sayuradRebo faqtoradac gvevlinebian. cunamis talRis warmoSobis win zRvis napiri jer ukan ixevs, Semdeg ki ori sami

* cunami iaponuri sityvaa da did talRas niSnavs.aTeuli metri simaRlis gamanadgurebeli wylis talRad awydeba napirebs.

napiris zemoaRniSnuli ukan daxeva, umetesad ramdenime wuTidan oTx aTeul wuTamde grZeldeba. lisabonis 1755 wlis warmoqmnili talRis simaRle 26 metrs aRwevda, xolo xmeleTSi misi SeWris manZili _ 15 km-s.

$ 47. miwisZvrebis gavrceleba da maTi warmoqmnis mizezebi

vulkanebis msgavsad miwisZvrebic uTanabrodaa ganlagebuli. amasTan sayuradRebo isaa rom sadac moqmed, an Camqral vulkanTa kerebia, miwisZvrebic imave regionebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

dedamiwaze miwisZvraTa intensiuri gamovlinebis ori aSkara gamoxatuli zoli SeiniSneba. erTi maTgani subganedurad aris orientirebuli gibraltaridan zondis arqipelagamde da moicavs xmelTaSua zRvis mimdebare kontinentTa sanapiro mTian mxareebs, kavkasias, irans, Sua azias, kuen-lun_himalais da zondis kunZulebis CaTvliT. maT sxvagvarad xmelTaSua zRva _ transaziur seismur sartyelsac uwodeben. mis wilad 15% modis.

bevrad ufro mZlavri da xSiri miwisZvrebiT xasiaTdeba wynari okeanis kiduri nawilebi dam is irgvliv mdebare mTani mxareebi, romelic wynar okeanur seismur sartyeladaa wodebuli. ukanasknelis wilad miwisZvraTa 85%-ia. ramdenadme aqtiuriYseismurobiT xasiaTdeba agreTve Suaokeanuri qedebi da aRmosavleT afrikis garbenuli zoli.

vulkanuri da denudaciuri miwisZvrebis mizezebis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli, rom pirveli maTgani vulkanis amofrqvevasTan xolo meore miwisqveSa siRruveebis TaRebis CamongrevasTan da saerTod maTSi mimdinare garvitaciul procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

rac Seexeba teqtonikurs misi meqanizmi bolomde araa kargad gaSuqebuli. magram aSkaraa, rom maTi genezisi siRrmuli rRvevebiT gansazRvrul blokebis gadaadgilebasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. es gansakuTrebiT TvalaCinodD filebis kideebze _ subduqciis zolebSi SeimCneva. hipocentrebis damaxasiaTebeli ganlagebiT, romelic beniofma daadgina da misi saxeliTaa cnobili (nax. 50).

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nawili mesame. egzogenuri procesebi da reliefi

Tavi meaTe. egzogenuri procesebis saerTo xasiaTi. mdinare wylebis moqmedeba da maTi geomorfologiuri Sedegebi

§ 48. egzogenuri procesebis adgili da roli

geomorfogenezisSi

rogorc cnobilia, egzogenuri procesebis energiis wyaros mzis siTbo warmoadgens. igi uSualoT an meSveobiT warmarTavs reliefis formirebaSi monawile iseT morfodinamikur procesebs, rogoricaa: mdinareTa eroziul-akumulaciuri moqmedeba, myinvarebis egzaraciul-akumulaciuri procesi, zRvis mier sanapiroze wamoebuli abrazia da akumulacia, qaris koraziuli da akumulaciuri moqmedeba, gamofitva, karstuli procesi da sxv. xolo Tu ra sididisaa erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwis mier miRebuli am energiis raodenoba, Cans iqidan, rom igi ekvivalenturia im siTbosi, romelic gamoiyofa 200X109 tona qvanaxSirisagan.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna (ix. § 14), garedinamikuri anu egzogenuri geomorfologiuri procesebis saerTo niSani isaa, rom TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke da yvela erTad awarmoeben amgebeli qanebis ngerevas, miRebuli naSali masalis gadaadgilebas da dagrovebas, cdiloben moaxdinon im didi uswormasworobebis nivelireba, romlebic Sinagani procesebis Sedegadaa miRebuli. i. gerasimovis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT isini askulptureben dedamiwis zedapiris reliefs. aseTi moqmedebiT TandaTanobiT mcirdeba is reliefuri kontrastebi, romlebic teqtonikiTaa ganpirobebuli. mTa-goriani adgilebi ganicdian denudacias da dadablebas. daSlis Sedegad miRebuli produqtebi gadaitaneba da mTaTaSoris qvabulebSi an okeaneTa fskerze ileqeba, da Tu teqtonikuri moZraoba Sesustebulia, maSin am gziT droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiT mcirdeba liTosferos zedapiris vertikaluri danawevrebis maCvenebeli.

garedinamikuri procesebis intensivoba marto maT mwarmoebel agentebze araa damokidebuli da mniSvnelovanwilad teqtonikuri moZraobis niSaniTa da intensivobiT ganisazRvreba. ukanasknelT ZaluZT garegan procesebis ara marto aqtivobis gaZliereba, an Sesusteba, aramed maTi mimarTulebis Zireuli Secvlac, dagrovebis anu akumulaciis adgilze eroziul-denudaciuri procesebis dawyeba da, piriqiT. rac Seexeba liTologiuri faqtoris adgils amave saqmeSi, mis Sesaxeb zemoT iyo naTqvami da aq aRar SevCerdebiT, aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom qanebis Taviseburebebs, maT fizikur-qimiur Tvisebebs aranaklebi

65

mniSvneloba aqvs reliefis mezo da makro formebis warmoqmnis saqmeSi.

§ 49. sibtyiTi gadarecxva

reliefis formirebaSi monawile zedapiruli wylis nakadebi ramdenime saxisaa. nakadTa erTi saxe, romelsac garkveuli sadinari e. i. kalapoti ar aqvs sibrtyiT gadarecxvas awarmoebs. meore maTgans perioduli Rvarebi miekuTvneba, romelTa moqmedeba, ariduli klimaturi pirobebis anda maT mier gamomuSavebuli eroziuli formis mcire ganzomilebaTa gamo, didi SezRudulobiT xasiaTdeba. bolos arsebobs mudmivmoqmedi mdinareebi, romelTa rolsac geomorfogenezisSi dominirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia. maSasadame, zedapiruli wylis nakadebi awarmoeben rogorc sibrtyiT, ise xazobriv gadarecxvisa da ngrevis process.

sibrtyiTi gadarecxva mimdinareobs dadebiT orografiul erTeulTa ferdobebze wvimisa da Tovlis dnobis Sedegad miRebuli wylis saSualebiT, romelTac, rogorc wesi, kalapoti ar aqvT. mis intensivobaze gavlenas axdens iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa: qanebis simtkice da maTi struqturuli niSani, mcenareuli safaris xasiaTi da sixSire, mosul naleqTa intensivoba, eqspoziciis pirobebi da sxv.

rogorc n. makaveevi (1953) aRniSnavs, ukalapoto nakadi, romelic Cveulebriv wvimis Semdeg warmoiqmneba, xasiaTdeba imiT, rom mis mier gruntis gadarecxvis Zala imdenad dinebis siCqareze ar aris damokidebuli, ramdenadac nakadebis warmomqmnel wvimis wveTebis dartymis Zalaze da amitom is intensiur gadarecxvas ferdobTa maRal nawilebSi awarmoebs, sadac nakadis siRrme (wylis fenis sisqe) umciresia. amitom eroziac mZlavrad am maRal nawilebSi mimdinareobs.

liTologiuri da struqturuli pirobebis rolis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve gvqonda laparaki, aq aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom qanebis met-naklebi simtkice sxva Tanabar pirobebSi pirdapir gavlenas axdens maTi gadarecxvis masStabze. aseve mWidro kavSiria ferdobTa gadarecxvis siZlieresa da maTi daxrilobis maCvenebels Soris. rac Seexeba mcenareuli safaris rols, igi icavs zedapirs, xolo Tu adgili xSiri tyiTaa dafaruli, maSin ferdobis gadarecxva minimumamde mcirdeba. amitomaa, rom mTiani mxareebis mcnareuli safaris ara

marto dacva, aramed misi aRdgena da ganaxleba mraval qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT Cvens samSobloSi, saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saqmedaa miCneuli.

sibrtyiTi gadercxvis dros wylis mier atacebuli nawilakebi ferdobis Ziris mimdebare zolSi, an arsebul CadablebebSi grovdeba da warmoSobs deluviur nafens, romelTa ZiriTad struqturul niSans naSali masalis dauxarisxebloba da nawilakTa dakuTxuloba warmoadgens.

deluviuri nafenebis simZlavre zog SemTxvevaSi aTeulobiT metrs aRwevs da Tu misi safari sakmaod vrcel teritorias moicavs, ganapirobebs Sleifebis warmoqmnas.

sibrtyiTi gadarecxvis morfologiuri mniSvneloba is aris, rom misi gavleniT mTebis ferdobebidan, gamofitviT miRebuli naSalis sistematuri mocilebis gamo, orografiuli erTeulebi TandaTan dabldeba, xolo mTispira zolSi safuZveli eyreba pedimentebisa da pediplenis Casaxvas da maT Semdgom ganviTarebas.

roca vlaparakobT sibrtyiT gadarecxvaze, xazi unda gaesvas am procesis saziano moqmedebas, rac daqanebuli zedapiris mqone saxnav–saTes adgilebze niadagis eroziis Casaxvisa da maTi daxramvis stimulirebaSi mdgomareobs. amasTan erTad igi xels uwyobs iseTi arasasurveli procesebis ganviTarebas, rogoricaa seluri Rvarebi.. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom perioduli nakadebis moqmedebiT deluvionis mZlavri wyebebis areSi, maTi struqturuli Taviseburebebis gamo, safuZveli eyreba miwis piramidebis warmoqmnas, Tumca ukanasknelTa genezisi myinvaruli nafenebis eroziul danawevrebasTanac aris dakavSirebuli.

§ 50. droebiTi nakadebis morfologouri mniSvneloba

droebiTi nakadebis anu Rvarebis moqmedebiT warmoqmnili reliefis formebi, rogorc es pirvelad siurelma SeniSna, sami kargad gamoxatuli morfologiuri nawilisagan Sedgeba (nax. 51): saTavis wyalSemkrebi Zabri, Rariseburad

66

wagrZelebuli nakadis sadinari da gamozidvis konusi, agebuli sustad damuSavebuli da dauxarisxebeli e. w. proluviuri nafenebiT.

droebiTi nakadi SeiZleba iyos rogorc wylis, ise Tovlis zvavis. es ukanaskneli erTi da imave gziT, mravaljeradi moZraobis gamo, iwvevs ferdobis xazobriv ngreviT process rogorc Tovlis masis, ise atacebuli naSali masalis meqanikuri zemoqmedebiT, am gziT warmoqmnili eroziuli Rarebi SemdgomSi wylis sadinarebis rolSi gvevlinebian.

droebiTi nakadebis moqmedebasTan dakavSirebulia selebis da xramebis formireba, romelTagan, pirvelni gansakuTrebiT mTiani mxareebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, meoreni ki stepebis zonis talRobrivi vake maRlobebisaTvis.

seluri Rvarebi. selis anu Rvarcofis* saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba mTian mxareebSi arsebuli iseTi nakadebi, romlebSic myari masalis raodenoba metwilad Warbobs mis SemadgenlobaSi myof wyals da qvatalaxian Rvarebs warmoadgens.

ansxvaveben selebis or ZiriTad tips: struqturuls, romelSic myari masala aSkarad aRemateba wylis masas (zogjer 80%) da amitom didi ngreviTi Zala aqvs, da turbulenturs, romelic wylis sagrZnobi siWarbis gamo

*termini Rvarcofi qarTul samecniero literaturaSi b. yavriSvilis mieraa Semotanili, seli ki iranuli warmoSobis sityvaamdinareTa hidrodinamikuri niSnebis mqonea. ukanasknelTa ngreviTi Zala SedarebiT mcirea, magram _ zianis motanis aranaklebi potenciuri SesaZleblobis mqone.

Rvarcofebis moqmedeba drodadro xdeba. g. CangaSvilis

monacemebiT, Sida kaxeTSi, struqturuli Rvarcofi 5-14 welSi meordeba, turbulenturi ki _ 3-10 welSi. maTi formirebisaTvis, xelis Semwyobi pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba gameordnen ufro mokle intervalebiT. amgvar pirobaTa Soris umTavresia: advilad Sladi qanebis arseboba, ferdobTa didi daqaneba, mSrali hava, mcenareuli safaris uqonloba an simcire da Tavsxma wvimebi.

fxvieri qanebiT agebul didi daqanebis mqone adgilebSi seluri Rvarebi ufro xSiria da TiTqmis yovel wels, zogjer ki weliwadSi ramdenjerme icis.

seluri Rvari didi gamozidvis konusiT bolovdeba. ukanasknelis warmoSoba vakeze gamosvlisas nakadis cocxali Zalis mkveTr SemcirebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Sida kaxeTSi, alaznis vakeze aseTi formebi gaaCniaT md. md. kabals, avans, Turdos, durujs da sxv., romelTagan kabalis gamozidvis konusi 12 km. sigrZis, 5,5 km. siganis, da 45 m. simaRlis mqonea. gamozidvis konusis zedapiris Tavisebureba, misi morfologiuri niSnebi da mosilobis xasiaTi saSualebas iZleva gavarkvioT, Tu rogoria Rvarcofis aqtivobis mdgomareoba. ase magaliTad, borjomis xeobaSi cofianixevis Rvarcofi ufro aqtiuri da potenciurad saSiSroebis mqonea did da patara naRvarevTan SedarebiT (nax. 52.)

selebs SeuZliaT daangrion an daazianon nagebobebi, gzebi, arxebi, baR-venaxebi da saerTod meurneobisaTvis vargisi adgilebi. isini ki arcTu ise mcirea iseT raionebSi, rogoricaa Sida kaxeTi, mesxeTi, yirgizeTi, uzbekeTi da yazaxeTi. ukanaskneli asiode wlis ganmavlobaSi md. durujma TxuTmetjer daaziana q. yvareli da milionobiT maneTis Rirebulebis materialur zaralTan erTad adamianTa msxverplsac qonda adgili.* Rvarcofebis ramdenadme Sesustebis mizniT saWiroa maTi formirebis kerebis gatyeveba, kaSxalebis da jebirebis mSenebloba, saZovrebis gonivruli gamoyeneba da a.S.

xramebi. rogorc v. dokuCaevi aRniSnavda xramebi eroziul warmonaqmnTa geneturi rigis erT-erT sawyis

* g. CangaSvili. Rvarcofuli procesebi kaxeTSi da maTTan brZolis RonisZiebebi, ,,mecniereba“, Tbilisi, 1983.rgols warmoadgens, romelTa formireba droebiTi nakadebis moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. isini farTod viTardebian advilad Sladi qanebiT agebul vake maRlobebis kideebze an xeobis ferdobTa mkveTri gardatexis areebSi. amasTan erTad, maT Casaxvas xels uwyobs moqmed mewyerTa arseboba, sufozia, mcenareTa uqonloba, adamianis araswori sameurneo saqmianoba, rac SeiZleba gamoixatos mcenareulobis mospobaSi, ferdobebis gardigardmo xvnaSi da a. S.

didi xramebis umravlesoba ramdenime km sigrZisa da aTeulobiT metri siRrme-siganisaa. romelTa profilebi tipobrivad

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V-sebria. aqvT cicabo SiSveli kalTebi da dasafexurebul Ziri. xramebis formireba swrafi tempiT mimdinareobs regresiuli eroziisa da datotvis gziT yoveli Tavsxma wvimisa da gazafxulis Tovlis dnobisas warmoqmnili wylis nakadebis moqmedebiT. vinaidan zemoaRniSnuli pirobebi yvelaze kargad stepebisa da tye-stepis zonisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, xramebis qselic iqaa farTod warmodgenili. xramis zrda grZeldeba manmde, vidre masSi mimdinare droebiT nakads Zala Seswevs xramis saTavis an sxva adgilebSi CamoSvavebuli masalis transportirebisaTvis. Semdeg ki misi konturebi simkveTres kargavs, gluvdeba, mcenareulobiT ifareba da TandaTan gadadis ReleSi. amasTan es gadasvla Cveulebriv xramis boloSi iwyeba da vrceldeba saTavisaken. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xrami Tavisi ganviTarebisas Reles stadiis gauvlelad SeiZleba pirdapir gadavides xeobaSi. amas adgili aqvs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xramis Ziri gaRrmavebis Sedegad davida gruntis wylebis donemde da masSi mudmivma nakadma iwyo dineba.

xramebs didi ziani moaqvT saxalxo meurneobisaTvis, rac savargulebis da saxnav-saTesi adgilebis SemcirebaSi da maT ganadgurebaSi gamoixateba. stepebSi aris iseTi raionebi sadac aseTi adgilebis TiTqmis 30% xramebs ukaviaT. amasTan erTad, xramebi zrdis procesSi arcTu iSviaTad saSiSroebas uqmnian dasaxlebul adgilebs nagebobaTa dangrevis gziT. amitom, xramuli eroziis winaaRmdeg brZolas udidesi sameurzeo mniSvneloba aqvs, igi SeiZleba iyos rogorc profilaqtikuri, ise maTi Semdgomi zrdis SemzRudveli. pirvel maTgans miekuTvneba, iseTi RonisZiebebis gatareba, rogoricaa xvnis warmoeba ferdobis paralelurad, ferdobTa dateraseba da maTi mcenareuliT dafarva da sxv. yovelive amis mizani xramuli eroziis SesustebaSi mdgomareobs, rac Seexeba arsebul xramTa Semdgomi zrdis SemaCerebel RoniZiebebs, maT Soris aRsaniSnavia, xramebis Zirze alag-alag fiCxebis Cawyoba, rac xels uwyobs atacebuli nawilakebis dakaveba-molamvas da amiT xarmuli eroziis Sesustebas, anda xramis gardigardmod martivi sagubarebis Seqmna, mTavari xramisa da mis gantotebaTa saTaveebTan 2-3 aTeuli metris daSorebiT ovaluri formis zRudeebis gakeTeba, xramis mimdebare aTiode metris siganis zolis miwaTmoqmedebidan gamoTiSva maTze balaxis kordis seqmniT da a. S.

§ 51. mdinareTa moqmedebis ZiriTadi saxeebi da maTi

gamovlenis kanonzomiereba

reliefis skulpturul formaTa SeqmnaSi zedapirul wylebs saerTod, kerZod ki mdinareebs upirvelesi adgili miekTvneba. iSviaTia iseTi regioni, sadac maTi moqmedebis nakvalevi ar SeiniSnebodes. TviT udabnoebic ki, sadac ariduli havis pirobebia gabatonebuli, ar arian am mxriv gamonaklisi.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mdinareebi umniSvnelovanes geomorfologiur agentebs warmoadgenen, romelTa moqmedebasTan dakavSirebulia reliefis nairgvari formebis Camoyalibeba. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom geologiurad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi maT unari SeswevT mTiani mxare peneplenis mdgomareobamde miiyvanon, e. i. moaxdinon misi nivelireba. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu maTi moqmedeba regionis azevebis fonze mimdinareobs, SeiZleba vakes jer borcviani da dabalmTiani saxe misces, xolo Semdeg, eroziuli ciklis dasasruls, kvlav aRdges pirvandelTan miaxloebuli suraTi.

mdinareTa moqmedebis tempi da masStabi damokidebuliawylis masis odenobaze (m) da misi dinebis siCqareze (v), rac gamoixateba formuliT F = m v 2 . aqedan

2

gamomdinare, nakadis cocxali Zala imdenad metia, rac ufro didia misi wylis Semcveloba da vardnis sidide. mdinaris vardna, rogorc wesi, mcirdeba saTavidan SesarTavisaken. Tanc igi didi aqvT mTagoriani mxaris mdinareebs da bevrad ufro mcire vake regionebisas. magaliTad, md. volgis vardnis maCvenebeli saTavidan q. tveramde yovel 100 km-ze 17 m-s Seadgens, q. novgorodidan q. yazanamde _ 5 m-s, q. volgogradidan q. astraxanamde ki _ 2 m-s imave manZilze.

mdinareebi sxva saxis nakadebis masgavsad 3 saxis moqmedebas awarmoeben: erozias, naSali masalis gadatanas da mis dagrovebas anu akumulacias.

68

erozia esaa mdinaris mier dinebis gzaze warmoebuli xazobrivi ngreviTi moqmedeba, rasac Sedegad mosdevs kalapotis CaWra da xeobis TandaTanobiT gaRmaveba-gafarToeba e.i. reliefis esoden gavrcelebuli ,,uaryofiTi“ formis waroqmna.

erozia warmoebs sxvadasxva saSualebiT. pirvel yovlisa igi fskerze mcocavi myari nawilakebis meqanikuri moqmedebis Sedegia, da rac metia aseTi moZravi masala miT ufro SesamCnevia kalapotis amgebeli qanebis ngreva. maSasadame, naSali masala, romelic sxva procesebTan, magaliTad, gamofitvasTan erTad uSualod eroziis gziT miiReba, Semdeg TviTon xdeba eroziuli procesis mwarmoebeli aqtiuri iaraRi. amave saqmeSi garkveul rols asrulebs ativnarebuli nawilakebis da TviT wylis masis meqanikuri da qimiuri moqmedeba. aseT nawilakTa raodenoba ki mTagorian adgilebSi da udabnoebze gamavali mdinareebisaTvis sakmaod didia. md. nilosSi igi 1 m3-Si 1 kg-ia, amurdariaSi _ 4 kg., xolo xuan-xe Si _ 34 kg.

amgvarad, saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom mdinaris cocxali Zala mTlianad rodi ixarjeba kalapotis gaRrmavebaze, energiis nawili xmardeba fskerTan da haerTan wylis nawilakebis xaxunis daZlevas, ativnarebul da fskerze moZravi masalis gadatanas. aqedan gamomdinare, kalapotis CaWras im SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili, Tu cocxali Zalis namatTan gvaqvs saqme. amasTan unda aRiniSnos is, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi CaWra ufro aqtiurad mimdinareobs mdinaris Cqerian-CanCqerebian ubnebSi da iq, sadac kalapotSi morevebia ganviTarebuli.

gamovlinebis xasiaTisa da morfologiuri Sedegebis mixedviT asxvaveben eroziis sam saxes: siRrmiTs, gverdiTs da saTaviTs anu ukusvliTs.

eroziis pirveli ori saxe met naklebad mdinaris yvela monakveTSi iCens Tavs. siRmiTi erozia iqaa gabatonebuli, sadac didia mdinaris vardna. aseTi ram ki pirvel yovlisa, mdinaris zemo nawilSi da nawilobriv Sua monakveTSi SeiniSneba. amitomaa, rom mTiani mxaris mdinareTa zemoaRniSnuli monakveTebi Rrmad CaWrili xeobebiT arian warmodgenili da sxva Tanabar pirobebSi didi vertikaluri danawevrebis mqone reliefis arsebobas apirobeben.

gverdiTi erozia, gansakuTrebiT intensiurad, mdinareTa bolo monakveTSi SeiniSneba. e. i. iq sadac nakadis vardnis sidide mcirea. aseT pirobebSi mdinares ar SeuZlia Tavisi moZraobis gzaze arsebuli seriozuli winaaRnmdegobebis daZleva da igi iZulebulia gverdi auaros maT. zogjer uaRresad mkveTri morkalvis gziT. yovelive amas ki

Sedegad mosdevs mdinaris daklakna, rasac meandrireba ewodeba.* gverdiTi eroziis morfologiuri mniSvneloba xeobis Ziris TandaTanobiT gaganierebaSi mdgomareobs (nax. 53).

meandrebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, zogjer eroziis mowame warmoiqmneba; ufro xSirad ki meandruli zolis gafarTovebas Sedegad mosdevs klaknilTa Sverilebis ngreva da moxetiele meandrebis mqone Waliani xeobis wamoqmna (nax. 53).

gafarTovebis es procesi usazRvro araa da Tavisi zRvari gaaCnia. rogorc rigi mdinareebis (misisipi, reini, dunai da sxv.) meandrebze dakvirvebiT gamoirkva, meandruli zolis (anu meandris kalapotis) sigane daaxloebiT ise Seefardeba erTmaneTs rogorc 1/18.

mdinaris meandris warmoqmnas dasawyisSi pirveladi reliefis Tavisebureba gansazRvravs Semdeg ki nakadis dinamika. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba vilaparakoT pirvelad da meorad meandrebze. ukanasknelSi Tavis mxriv arCeven: or tips: CaWris da moxetiales. pirveli maTganis damaxasiaTebel niSans mdinaris xveulebisa da xeobis ferdobTa orientirebis Tanxvedra warmoadgens. amis TvalsaCino magaliTi gvaqvs md. veres xeobaSi

* meandra TurqeTSi arsebuli mdinaris saxelwodebaa.universitetis maRlivi korpusis siaxloves. rac Seexeba moxetiele tipis meandrebs, isini farTo Ziris mqone xeobebSi viTardebian da xasiaTdebian imiT, rom yoveli wyaldidobis Semdeg mkveTrad icvlian konfiguracias.

.

eroziis mesame saxes saTavis erozia warmoadgens, romelsac mdinaris ukusvlis gamo wyalgamyofis TandaTanobiTi gadakveTa da arcTu iSviaTad mdinaris motaceba mosdevs Sedegad.

mdinares siRmiTi eroziis warmoeba Cveulebriv SesarTavis donemde SeuZlia da amitom am adgils eroziis bazisi ewodeba.

arCeven eroziis bazisis or saxes: mudmivs da droebiTs. pirveli maTgani aqvT iseT mdinareebs, romlebic

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zRvaSi Caedineba, meore ki _ sxva danarCen nakadebs, romlebic erTmaneTs uerTdebian zRvis donidan met nakleb simaRleze. droebiTi bazisi mdinares SeiZleba sxvadasxva nawilSi hqondes dakavSirebuli kalapotSi mkvrivi qanebis gamosasvlelTan, romelTac adgilobrivi eroziis bazisebi ewodeba.

zRvaSi Camavali mdinaris eroziis bazisis cvlileba SeiZleba gamoiwvios zRvis donis awev-dawevam. axlo warsulSi mkvlevarTa Soris gabatonebuli iyo azri, romlis mixedviT wyalsatevis donis dawevis SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis mdinaris auzSi unda gaZlierebuliyo erozia da aqedan gamomdinare kalapotis CaWra, xolo misi awevis SemTxvevaSi _ mdinaris vardnis Semcirebis gamo cocxali Zalis Sesusteba da akumulacia. ukanaskneli drois eqspermentuli gamokvlevebiT, romelic n. makaveevma Caatara* gairkva, rom zemoaRniSnuli mosazreba safuZvels moklebulia da rom eroziis gaZliereba da CaWra mudmivi bazisis dawevisas im SemTxvevaSi moxdeba, Tu wyalsatevis safarisagan ganTavisuflebuli teritoriis, e. i. yofil fskeris daxriloba 2-3-jer aRemateba mdinaris Sua monakveTis daxris maCvenebels.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs erTi sayuradRebo kanonzomiereba, romlis arsi is aris, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi mdinare eroziis gziT TandaTan aRrmavebs kalapots da amiT amcirebs vardnis saSualo maCvenebels, saboloo jamSi miiswrafvis wonasworobis anu normaluri vardnis mrudis Seqmnisaken, romlis drosac

* Маккавеев Н. И. Русло реки и эрозия в ее бассейне. М., 1995.myardeba wonasworoba mdinaris cocxal Zalasa da mis dasaZlev winaaRmdegobaTa Soris.

aRniSnuli mrudis gamomuSavebis Semdeg mdinares aRar SeuZlia kalapotis CaWra da maSasadame, xeobis gaRrmaveba. i. SCukinis mixedviT zemoaRniSnuli profilis ganviTarebaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos sami stadia. pirvel stadiaze gamoumuSavebel profilTan gvaqvs saqme, romelic metnaklebi sididis safexurebiT da saerTod didi daqanebiT xasiaTdeba, meore stadia gamomuSavebuli profilis arsebobas gulisxmobs, xolo mesame esaa _ zRvruli profili anu, s. ivanoviCis terminologiiT rom vTqvaT, idealuri wonasworibis profili. am stadiaze, mdinaris kalapotSi misi gavrcelebis mTel manZilze, arc CaWra xdeba, arc akumulacia da nakadis mTeli energia sakuTari masis gadatanaze ixarjeba.

aq unda SevniSnoT, rom idealuri profilis gamomuSavebisaTvis geologiurad xangrZlivi droa saWiro, magram marto es araa sakmarisi. saWiroa mocemul auzSi teqtonikuri siwynare, liTologiuri erTgvarovneba da arsebiTad ucvleli klimaturi pirobebi; vinaidan bunebaSiSi aseTi situacia saerTod araa, amitom zRvruli profilis mqone mdinareebi bunebaSi faqtobrivad ar arseboben da amdenad igi Teoriul, ganyenebul cnebas warmoadgens.

erozia da akumulacia xSirad cvlian erTmaneTs drosa da sivrceSi gamovlinebis intensivobis TvalsazrisiT. magram, araa iseTi geomorfologiuri kompleqsi sadac mxolod eroziuli an mxolod akumulaciuri formebi iyos warmodgenili. amitom ufro marTebulia Tu vilaparakebT Warbi eroziis an Warbi akumulaciis mxareebze.

naSalis gadatana anu transportireba mdinaris moqmedebis meore ZiriTadi saxea. gadatana SeiZleba xdebodes rogorc naSalis meqanikuri gadaadgilebiT, ise qimiurad gaxsnili saxiT. miaxloebiT gamoangariSebulia rom erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwis zedapirze arsebul mdinareebs, zRvebsa da okeaneebSi CaaqvT 2,7 miliardi tona gaxsnili nivTiereba, xolo naSali inertuli masalis raodenoba 23-27 miliardi tona.

zogierTi mdinaris amgvar SesaZleblobaze warmodgenas merve tabula iZleva.

gamoangariSebulia, rom mdinarem fskerze Tixisa da lamis nawilakebi rom gadaadgilos, saWiroa dinebis siCqare wamSi 0,075 m-ze naklebi ar iyos. silis gadatanisaTvis aseTi siCqare 0,15 m-s unda Seadgendes. 2 sm-mde diametris kenWebisaTvis _ 1,7 m-s, xolo 1,5 tona lodebisaTvis _ 4,4 m. wamSi.

tabula 8 mdinare saSualo wliuri Camonadeni (mln. tona) jami erTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi auzSi gadarecxili fenis sisqe mm-Si

ativnarebuli natani

atacebuli natani

gaxsnili nivTiere-ba

Tergiyubani

25,811,0

4,01,26

5,52,2

53,514,4

0,5380,157

70

nevavolga

0,8225,7

0,081,3

2,8745,0

63,3772,0

0,0090,035

mdinaris transportuli moqmedebis Zala umTavresad dinebis siCqariT ganisazRvreba da eris kanonis mixedviT, aRniSnuli Zala wylis nakadis dinebis siCqaris meeqvse xarisxis proporciulia. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu siCqare gaizrdeba orjer, myari xarjis Sesabamisad 64-jer momimatebs, 3-jer gazrdis SemTxvevaSi 729-jer da a.S.

akumulacia. mdinaris moqmedebis mesame ZiriTad saxes naSali masalis akumulacia warmoadgens, romelsac umetesad dinebis Sua da qvemo nawilebSi aqvs adgili.

mdinaris akumulaciuri moqmedebis morfologiuri mniSvneloba isaa, rom igi ganapirobebs aluviuri vakeebis, Walebis, gamozidvis konusebis, deltebisa da sxvaTa formirebas.

naSali masalis dagrovebis aucilebal pirobas mdinaris cocxali Zalis Sesusteba warmoadgens. es ki Tavis mxriv SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizeziT iyos gapirobebuli. pirvel yovlisa, igi xdeba imis gamo, rom mTis mSfoTvare mdinare vakeze gamosvlisas ganicdis datotvas an farTo kalapotSi dinebas, cocxali Zala mcirdeba da Sedegad manamde moZraobaSi myofi masalis akumulacia mosdevs. igive SeiZleba gamoiwvios mdinareSi xeobis ferdobidan daSvebulma mewyris an zvavis Camowolam, anda Rvarcofuli bunebis Senakadma. samive SemTxveaSi adgili aqvs mdinaris mocemul ubanze myari xarjis mkveTr gazrdas, romelTa gadatanis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi iwyeba dagrovebis procesi.

bolos SesaZloa akumulacia ganapirobos eroziis bazisis awevam. aqve unda SevniSnoT am sakiTxSi mkvlevarebs Soris arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba. magaliTad, p. makeevs* miaCnia, rom mudmivi bazisis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi akumulaciuri procesi SeiZleba mxolod SesarTavis midamoTi Semoifarglos e. i. ar gamoiwvios mdinaris reJimis raime cvloleba. magram mkvlevarTa umravlesoba ( m. velikanovi, i. SCukini da sxv.) sapirispiro poziciaze imyofebian da TaviaanTi mosazrebis dasadastureblad eqsperimentebsac iSvelieben. maTi azriT zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi akumulacia daiwyeba da gavrceldeba mdinaris Sua da zemo nawilebisaken TandaTani SesustebiT, Tu, ra Tqma unda, am process kalapotSi raime dabrkoleba ar gadaeRoba. amasTan aRniSnuli procesi gavrceldeba ara mTel auzSi, aramed im manZilze,

romelic dagubebuli wylis qveS moqceuli mrudis sigrZes 6-7-jer ar gadaaWarbebs.

aluvionis akumulacia Cveulebriv kalapotSi da Walebze mimdinareobs. ukanasknel maTganze naSalis dagrovebis ZiriTadi mizezi mdinaris donis ryevaa. wyaldidobisas kalapotidan gadasuli wylis Txeli fena faravs Walas da masze awarmoebs ativnarebuli da atacebuli naSalis daleqvas. aseTi gziT dagrovili aluvionis simZlavre did mdinareebze Cveulebriv erT-or aTeul metrs ar aRemateba. amitom iseTi adgilebi, sadac aluvionis sisqe aTeulobiT an ramdebime aseul metrs aRwevs sxva procesis Sedegia da mocemuli regionis teqtonikur daZirvasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

*Макеeв П. С. К вопросу об образовании речных аккумулятивных террас. ,,изв. Всес. геогр. об-ва”, 1941. т 73, №2.

§ 52. mdinaris motaceba

hidroqselis ganviTarebis ama Tu im etapze rogorc mTagorian, ise vake reliefis pirobebSi, ukusvliTi da gverdiTi eroziis Sedegad SeiZleba adgili hqondes bunebis iseT saintereso movlenas, romelic mdinaris motacebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

mdinaris motacebis ganxorcielebisaTvis rigi xelSemwyobi pirobebia saWiro, romelTa Soris umTavresia ori mezoblad mdebare nakadis eroziis bazisis gansxvavebuli simaRliTi mdebareoba. rogorc wesi sxva Tanabar pirobebSi is mdinare axorcielebs motacebas romlis eroziis bazisi ufro dabli hifsometriuli maCveneblis mqonea. am procesSi aranakleb mniSvnelovania mdinaris wylianoba. did nakads am mxriv motacebis meti SeasaZlebloba gaaCnia. bolos amave proceSi

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garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs mdinaris aqtiur ukusvliT an gverdiT erozias, misi msvlelobis siZlieres, ufro aqtiur nakads aRniSnuli movlenis ganxorcielebis meti SesaZlebloba aqvs.

motacebis procesi sakmaod xangrZlivi dros moicavs da amitom damkvirvebels bunebaSi TiTqmis yovelTvis an misi ganxorcielebis Sedegi xvdeba, anda motacebis wina stadia, amitom, aRniSnuli movlenis arsebobis dasadgenad rigi faqtebi SeiZleba moiZebnos. erTi maTgani esaa raime orografiuli mizezis e. i. dabrkolebis uqonlobis pirobebSi mdinaris dinebis mimarTulebis uecari Secvla, misi mkveTri morkaleba. ganxorcielebuli motacebis meore mniSvnelovani faqtidan gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa dinebis zemoaRniSnuli mkveTri cvlilebis midamoSi morkalebamde mimarTulebis gagrZelebaze ,,mkvdari” xeobis naSTis arseboba, sadac reliefis eroziuli formis genezisi garda topografiuli Taviseburebisa SeiZleba aluvionis arsebobam da misma Sedgenilobam migvaniSnos. bolos zemoaRniSnuli faqtis maniSnebelia mdinaris mkveTri morkalebis areSi wylis dinebis Cqerian-Woromiani xasiaTi, e. i. mdinaris vardnis profiles aSkara gamoumuSavebeli saxe mimdebare nawilebTan SedarebiT. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT naTlad im SemTxvevaSi SeiniSneba Tu motacebidan didi dro araa gasuli.

ansxvaveben mdinaris motacebis or tips: saTaviTs* da SexebiTs. saTaviTi motaceba (nax. 54) mdinaris regresuli eroziis Sedegad xdeba. mdinaris am ukusvlas, mis TandaTanobiT zrdas, dasawyisSi wyalgamyofis gadanacvleba-gamrudeba mosdevs, bolos ki misi gakveTa da seris an qedis meore ferdobze arsebuli nakadis SemoerTeba. motacebis am tipis karg magaliTs warmoadgens aWra-imereTis (mesxeTis) qedis Crdilo ferdobze md. sakraulas mier ganxorcielebuli vaniswylis motacebis faqti (nax. 55).

SexebiTi motacebis tipi mdinaris gverdiTi eroziis Sedegia. am SemTxvevaSic momtacebeli nakadis auzis farTi matulobs mezoblad mdebare auzis xarjze.

SexebiTi motacebis SemTxvevaSi wylovanebis faqtors mniSvneloba ara aqvs. SeiZleba didi mdinaris motaceba patara nakadma ganaxorcielos, rogorc es a. boligs* aqvs miniSnebuli da igi umetesad vake mxareebis mdinareebze SeiniSneba.

§ 52. xeobis Ziris morfologia

Ziri xeobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi morfologiuri nawilia, romlis Semadgenel elementarul formaTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: kalapoti, aluviuri kunZulebi, Walebi da kalapotispira zvinulebi.

garda aRniSnulisa, xeobis Zirze da mis dasafexurebul ferdobebze SeiZleba Segvxvdes gamozidvis konusebi, eroziis mowameebi da namdinarevebi.

kalapoti xeobis Ziris is nawilia, romelic mdinaris mier aris dakavebuli da mis sadinars warmoadgens. imis mixedviT Tu rogoria mdinaris dineba _ klaknili Tu swori, kalapotis ganivi profili SeiZleba iyos simetriuli an asimetriuli. aseTi ram gansakuTrebiT kargad CaWrili tipis meandrebis gavrcelebis adgilebSi SeimCneva: igi cicabo da Rrmaa eroziul napirTan, damreci da Txeli akumulaciurTan. maT Soris ki fonia warmodgenili, romelic simetriulobiT xasiaTdeba.

*Болиг А., речные перехваты и переливание рек. Сб. ,,Очерки по геоморфологии”. М., 1956, ст. 190.

SesaZloa xeobis Zirs mxlodod kalapoti qmnides, rac umetesad viwrobisa da kanionis tipis xeobebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. arcTu iSviaTad, kalapotSi gvxvdeba morevebis moqmedebiT warmoqmnili CaRrmavebuli adgilebi anda lodnaris arsebobis gamo SeiZleba gaaCndes mqiseobis didi maCvenebeli da wylis dena Cqerian-Woromiani iyos. SesaZloa struqturul-liTologiuri an sxva raime mizezis, magaliTad vulkanuri Rvaris damagubebeli moqmedebis, anda pirveladi reliefis uswormasworobis gavleniT, kalapoti iyos dasafexurebuli da aqedan gamomdinare _ CanCqerebis mqone. saqarTveloSi maT vxvdebiT martvilis raionSi (oCxamuris, abaSis da tobas CanCqerebi) afxazeTSi _ md. md. gegas da kodoris saTaveebSi, darialis xeobaSi (gveleTis CanCqeri) da sxv.

imisda mixedviT Tu rogoria kalapotis da vardnili wylis simaRliTi Tanafardoba ganasxvaveben niagarisa (nax. 56) da iosemitis tipis CanCqerebs, romelTac Cveni azriT umjobesia Sesabamisad farTo da maRali tipis CanCqerebi ewodos, radgan pirvel maTganSi kalapotis sigane sWarbobs CanCqeris

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simaRles, meoreSi ki piriqiT _ vardnili wylis simaRliTi maCvenebeli metia mdinaris siganeze*.

kalpoti mdinaris eroziuli da akumulaciuri moqmedebis asparezs warmoadgens. akumulacias Sedegad mosdevs aluviuri masalis dagroveba da kunZulebis, Walebis, kalapotispira zvinulebis da gamozidvis konusebis formireba.

aluviur kunZulebis damaxasiaTebel niSanTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: wylis dinebis mimarTulebiT wagrZelebuli elifsuri forma, mdinaris saSualo donidan umniSvnelo amaRleba, mcenareuli safaris uqonloba da ,,moZraoba”. isini rogorc wesi, droTa msvlelobaSi mdinaris dinebis mimarTulebiT TandaTanobiT gadaadgilebas ganicdian, rac ufro xSiria wyaldidoba, miT ufro SesamCnevia maTi gadaadgilebis maCvenebeli.

Walebi anu mereebi mcenareuliT mosili da formirebis stadiaSi myofi kalapotispira terasebia, romlebic sezonuri wyaldidobis anda wyalmovardnis dros ifarebian da kalapotisa

* niagaris CanCqeris saerTo sigane 1200 m-s aRwevs. vardnili wylis simaRle ki saSualod 50 m-ia. iosemitis CanCqerSi ki mcire siganis mdinare 792 m-is simaRlidan eSveba sam safexurad, romelTagan erTi 435 m-is sididisaa. Tbilisis teritoriaze aseTive tipis CanCqeria leRvTaxevSi.da aluviuri kunZulebis msgavsad, naSali masalis dagrovebis asparezs warmoadgenen. oRons aq arsebuli naSalis damaxasiaTebeli niSani misi amgebeli nawilakebis mcire sidide da saerTod, wvrilfraqciuli Sedgenilobaa (nax. 57). Walebi Cveulebriv xeobis gafarToebul nawilSi SeiniSneba, sadac siRmiT erozias gverdiTi erozia sWarbobs da saerTod mdinares meandrebi gaaCnia. zogierTi didi mdinaris (obis, eniseis da sxv.) Walebi aTeulobiT kilometris siganis mqonea.

Walis topografiisa da agebulebis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebidan aRsaniSnavia mis Zira nawilSi msxvili naSali masalis arseboba, romelic kalapotis aluvis analogiuria*. mas zemoT faravs e. w. Walis aluvioni, romelic siliTa da lamiTaa warmodgenili da

* vakis mdinareebze igi umetesad riyiT da kanWebiTaa warmodgenili, mTis mdinareebSi ki Walis aRniSnul nawilSi riyesTan erTad sustad damuSavebuli lodnaric gvxvdeba.

wyaldidobis dros kalapotidan gadadenil mcire siRrmis da SedarebiT neli dinebis mqone wylis mieraa daleqili. Walaze daleqvis procesi ramdenadme uTanabrod mimdinareobs da amitom ara aqvs mTlad swori zedapiri. am zedapiris Semadgenel mikro formaTa anu Walis elementebs Soris SeiZleba gavarCioT kalapotispira mcired SemaRlebuli zoli, romelic zvinuls mogvagonebs da SesaZloa Siga da Sig diunebiTac iyos warmodgenili. aRniSnuli zvinuli Sedegia kalapotidan gadmosuli wylis dinebis mkveTri SemcirebiT gamowveuli naSali masalis meti raodenobiT dagrovebisa. mas mosdevs Walis Sua, bevrad ufro vrceli nawili, romelic zvinulTan SedarebiT ufro wvrilmarcvlovani masaliTaa agebuli. bolos, xeobis ferdobTan kontaqtis zolSi, Walis kideze gvaqvs misi yvelaze ufro dabali nawili, romelic Cveulebriv namdinarevis naSTs warmoadgens. ukanasknelTa analogiuri elementebi rkalisebri formis uswormasworobaTa saxiT, SeiZleba Walis zemoaRniSnul Sua nawilSic SeiniSnos.

n. makaveevi vake mxaris mdinareTa WalebSi 4 tips ganasxvavebs: 1) gverdiTi eroziis adgilTa Walebi, 2) Semdiareebis SesarTavis adgilTa Walebi, 3) Warbi siRmiTi eroziis adgilTa Walebi, 4) delturi SesarTavebis Walebi.

pirvel tipSi ganasxvaveben ormxriv da calmxriv Walas. ormxrivi Wala xasiaTdeba imiT, rom igi farTo meandruli nakadis xan erT xan meore mxarezea warmodgenili da maT zemoaRniSnul mikro formaTa garda kidev aqvT movakeba da mis ukan mdebare flate. calmxrivi Wala rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs mdinaris erT romelime mxarezea warmodgenili da calkeul SemTxvevaSi metad didi, aTeuli da aseuli kilometri sigrZis SeiZleba iyos. aseT Walas zogierT SemTxvevaSi kideze arsebuli namdinarevis naSTi ara aqvs da misi es nawili deluvis dagrovebis gamo xSirad meti simaRlis mqonea.

SemdinareTa SesarTavis Walebi, arcTu iSviaTad, xasiaTdebian orsafexuriani zedapiriT, romelTagan zeda Wala mdinaris dinebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiTaa daxrili, qveda ki _ dinebis Sesabamisad. pirveli maTganis daxrilobis paradoqsuli xasiaTi mTavari mdinarisa da Senakadis

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wyaldidobis asinqronulobis Sedegia. wyaldidobisas mTavari mdinaris wyali iWreba Semdinaris SesarTavSi da am ukanasknelis jer Segubebas, Semdeg ki ukudinebasac iwvevs da amgvarad zeda Walis arseboba da misi erTi SexedviT ucnauri daxriloba mTavari nakadis moqmedebis Sedegia.

Warbi sirrmiTi eroziis adgilebSi mdebare Walebi xasiaTdebian ramdenadme meti SefardebiTi simaRliT da imiT, rom isini safuZvelSi ZiriTadi qanebiT arian agebuli da amis gamo ufro mdgradobiT gamoirCevian. amgvari Walebi SeiZleba gvqondes mdinaris rogorc erTi ise meore napiris gayolebiT.

rogorc es i. meSCeriakovis gamokvlevebma dagvanaxa Walebis geomorfologiuri da facialuri Seswavla saintereso cnobebs iZleva ama Tu im regionis Tanamedrove teqtonikuri moZraobis siZlierisa da niSnis garkvevis saqmeSi. rasac ara marto Teoriuli, aramed praqtikuli mniSvnelobac aqvs.* unda aRiniSnos, rom mdinaris xeobis fskerze dagrovili aluviuri masalis simZlavre

* S. cxovrebaSvili, j. xaritonaSvili, masalebi meSCeriakovis meTodiT aragvis xeobis bolo monakveTis Tanamedrove teqtonikur moZraobaTa daxasiaTebisaTvis. saq. mecn. akademiis moambe, 67, #1, 1972.Cveulebriv pirobebSi did mdinareebzec ar aRemateba erT or aTeul metrs. amitom iseTi vake adgilebi romlebic didi sisqis (aseulobiT metris) aluviuri masaliT arian agebuli, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, teqtonikuri daZirvis mqone adgilebs unda warmoadgendnen. Cven amis magaliTad muxranis vake SeiZleba mogvetana sadac aluvis sisqe 100 m-s aremateba, xolo volgas JigulebTan da mekongis bolo monakveTSi Sesabamisad 200 da 400 m simZlavris aluviuri nafenebia.

vake mxareebis iseT mdinareebs romelTac didi raodenobis naSali masala gadaaqvT da doneebis mkveTri ryeva axasiaTebT garemomcvel adgilebTan SedarebiT maRla mdebare kalapoti aqvT da napirebis gayolebiT aTeulobiT km manZilze zolad gasdevT bunebrivi zRudari mkveTrad gamoxatuli zvinulebis saxiT. maTi warmoSoba iseTivea rogorc zemoaRniSnuli, analogiuri, oRond mcire ganzomilebis mikro formebis. maT vxvdebiT md. md. mtkvris, Tergis, yubanisa da sxv. bolo monakveTebSi. gansakuTrebiT didi bunebrivi zvinulebi md. misisipisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amitomaa rom q. axali orleani da misi midamoebi romlebic am mdinaris

SesarTavTanaa, misisipis kalapotze ufro dabla mdebareobs da daWaobebulia.

rac Seexeba eroziis mowameebs, isini reliefis dadebiTi formebia da Walis an Waliszeda terasebis msgavsad xeobis ferdobebis dabal zolSi mdebareoben. maTi genezisi mdinaris siRrmiTi da gverdiTi eroziis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegia da garegnulad elifsuri an wriuli formis gorakebs warmoadgnen. ukanasknelTa kargi magaliTia q. goris teritoriaze arsebuli goraki, romelzec istoriulad cnobili cixis nangrevebia SemorCenili. ufro didi ganzomilebis analogiuri forma gvaqvs borjomis xeobaSi, md. mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze, sof. yvibisis maxloblad (nax. 58).

§ 54. xeobis ferdobebi

ferdobebi xeobis meore ZiriTadi morfologiuri nawilia, romlis Taviseburebaze bevradaa damokidebuli xeobis saerTo xasiaTi. es Tavisebureba ganisazRvreba ara marto ferdobTa topografiuli zedapiris niSnebiT, aramed misi genezisiT da hifsometriuli gavrcelebis maCveneblebiTac. amitom, vidre ferdobTa Semadgenel iseT mezo da mikro, magram esoden sayuradRebo formebs ganvixilavdeT rogoric terasebi da zvav-mewyrebia, manamde oriode sityviT TviT ferdobTa genetur da morfologiur kategoriebze unda SevaCeroT yuradReba. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom ferdobTa simaRliTi ganviTarebis mixedviT asxvaveben did da mcire siRrmeze CaWril xeobebs. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi ferdobTa simaRle naklebia xeobis Ziris siganeze, anda mciredaa misgan gansxvavebuli.*

* zogierTi avtoris mosazreba imaze, rom ferdobaT CaiTvalos yvela zedapiri romelTa daxriloba 20-ze metia, gaumarTleblad migvaCnia, Tundac imitom, rom samiode gradusis daxriloba vakeebsac aqvs da gana vakes SeiZleba ferdobi hqondes ?!

xeobis ferdobTa formirebaSi mTavar rols eroziul-denudaciuri da saerTod garedinamikuri procesebi asruleben. magram maTTan erTad garkveuli mniSvneloba struqturul da liTologiur faqtorebsac miekuTvneba.

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ukanasknel xans mkvlevarTa erTi nawili (i. simonovi, a. spiridonovi da sxv.) ansxvavebs ferdobwarmomqmnel da ferdobze mimdinare procesebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT ferdobis genezisi SeiZleba erT romelime Sinagan an garegan procesebTan iyos dakavSirebuli, amJamad ki sruliad sxva procesis gamovlinebis asparezs warmoadgens.

ferdobebze mimdinare procesebis mixedviT s. voskresenski ganasxvavebs Semdeg tipebs:

1) uSualo gravitaciuli ferdobi, romelic xasiaTdeba didi daxrilobiT, gamofitvis aqtiuri monawileobiT, kldisa da Tovlis zvavebis, qvaTa cvenis gabatonebuli mdgomareobiT.

2) blokuri moZraobis ferdobi. aseT ferdobebze uSualo gravitaciasTan erTad miwisqveSa wylebsac aqtiuri roli gaaCniaT, ris gamoc maTze nairgvari mewyeri SeiniSneba. daxriloba 20-400-mde.

3) naSali safaris masiuri gadaadgilebis ferdobi (kripi), xasiaTdeba iseTi procesebiT, rogoricaa solifluqcia defluqcia da sxv.

4) deluviuri (sibrtyiTi gadarecxvis) ferdobi. gvxvdeba rogorc did, ise odnav daqanebur zedapirze, sadac SeiZleba meSveobiTi denudaciis gamovlena.

praqtikuli da Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT ramdenadme ufro srulyofili ferdobTa is genetur-morfologiuri klasifikaciaa, romelic n. baSeninam da m. piotrovskim mogvca. imisda mixedviT Tu romeli procesia dominirebuli mTeli xeobis an misi ama Tu im monakveTis formirebaSi, ferdobTa or uTanabro genetur jgufs ganasxvaveben: 1) pirveladi endogenuri ferdobTa jgufi da 2) eroziul_denudaciuri ferdobTa jgufi. pirvel maTganSi gamoiyofa:

pirveladi teqtonikuri _ anu iseTi ferdobebi romelTa morfologiuri Tavisebureba arsebiTad dizunqciuri an plikaturi dislokaciiT aris Sepirobebuli.

pirveladi vulkanuri, e. i. iseTi ferdobebi romlebic lavisa safrebiT da sxva vulkanuri warmonaqmnebiT aris warmodgenili.

eroziul-denudaciur ferdobTa jgufi ufro mravalferovania da igi Semdegi ZiriTadi tipebiTaa warmodgenili:

ferdobebi, romelTa formirebaSi dominirebuli mdgomareoba gravitaciul (mewyrebi, kldezvavebi da sxv.) procesebs ekuTvnis.

fluvialuri procesebiT formirebuli ferdobebi, romelTa Soris SeiZleba gavarCioT: sakuTriv fluvialuri, fluvialur-defluqciuri da fluvialur-solifluqciuri ferdobebi.

myinvarul-nivaluri (sakuTriv myinvaruli, myinvarul-solifluqciuri, nivaluri da sxv.).

abraziul-akumulaciuri; karstuli; biogenuri da anTropogenuri ferdobebi.calkea gamoyofili struqturul-denudaciuri ferdobebi, e.

i. iseTi ferdobebi romelTa morfologiaSi Sinagan da garegan faqtorebsa da procesebs ramdenadme Tanabari roli aqvT Sesrulebuli.

xeobis ferdobebze arsebul morfologiur warmonaqmnTa Soris, rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT mdinareuli terasebi iqceven gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. amitom pirvel rigSi maTze SevCerdebiT.

§ 55. mdinareuli terasebi

terasis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba xeobis ferdobebze arsebuli nairgvari genezisis mqone reliefis met-naklebad vrceli safexurisebri forma.

mkvlevarTa umetesoba mdinareuli terasis Semadgenel elementarul nawilTa Soris aRniSnavs: a) erT an orive mxareze sustad daxril vake zedapirs, romelsac baqani ewodeba, b) am ukanasknelis win mdinaris kalapotis mxares arsebul falates, g) am ori elementis Sexebis zolSi warmodgenil e. w. terasis warbs, da d) terasis zurgis mxares, romelic baqanis ukana kides gauyveba. aqve unda aRiniSnos is sxvadasxvaoba, romelic mdinareuli terasis Sinaars Seexeba. ase magaliTad, terasebis erT-erTi pirveli mkvlevari i. heimi (1791) masSi mxlod baqans _ vake zedapirs gulisxmobs. cnobili rusi geomorfologi i. SCukini Tvlis, rom terasaSi unda vigulisxmoT baqani da mis win mdebare flate. s. Sulci ki piriqiT, iqidan gamomdinare, rom terasis formireba iwyeba CaWriT, e. i. siRrmiTi eroziiT, romlis drosac xdeba flatis gamomuSaveba, xolo Semdeg gverdiTi

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eroziiT, rasac baqnis formireba mosdevs, terasad miiCnevs baqans da mis ukan mdebare flates erToblivad.

terasaTa raodenoba SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos ara marto sxva-dasxva mdinaris xeobebSi, aramed erTi romelime xeobis sxvadasxva monakveTSic. magaliTad, mkvlevarTa umetesoba mtkvris xeobaSi q. TbilisiTan 5 terasas gamoyofs, romelTa simaRliTi gavrcelebis zoli mdinaris kalapotidan 250-300 m-is farglebSia moqceuli.* umaRless maTgan maxaTas mTis brtyeli Txemi warmnoadgens, romelic mdinaris donidan 210-260 m. simaRleze mdebareobs, mas mosdevs lotkinisgoris terasa _ 150-170 m. simaRlis, arsenalis terasa _ 60-80 m., vake-avlabris 30-40 m., da udablesi e. w. didubis terasa, romlis SefardebiTi simaRle 6-10 m-ia da romelzec daviT aRmaSeneblis da wereTlis prospeqtebi, agreTve diRmis masivis umetesi nawilia gaSenebuli.

terasaTa aTvla SeiZleba ornairad vawarmooT: qvemodan, e. i. udablesidan zemoT da piriqiT, xeobis ferdobze mdebare umaRlesi terasidan qvemoT. orive am xerxs Tavisi safuZveli gaaCnia. avtorTa is nawili, romelic pirvels iyenebs fiqrobs, rom dabla mdebare terasa aris axalgazrda, igi ukeTaa SemorCenili, vidre maRla mdebareni, romelTa nawili xandazmulobis gamo SeiZleba gadarecxilic iyos. xolo is mkvlevarebi, romlebic asakobrivi maCveneblebidan gamomdinareoben, pirvel terasad umaRles terasas miiCneven da aTvlasac zemodan qvemoT awarmoeben.

*laparakia Waliszeda terasebze, e. i. iseT safexurebze, romlebic mdinaris wyaldidobisas ar ifareba, dabla mdebare terasa ki, romelic aRniSnuli movlenis dros dafarvas ganicdis, Walis terasis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.

roca vlaparakobT terasis simaRliT gavrcelebaze, aq ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos iseTi kanonzomiereba, rogoric zemodan qvemoT maTi simaRliTi maCveneblebis TandaTan SemcirebaSi gamoixateba. magaliTad, pirveli terasis simaRle umetesad oriode metria, meore terasis SeiZleba iyos 10 m-dan 30 m-mde, mesame terasis ufro meti intervalisa da a. S.

Sedgenilobis mixedviT ganasxvaveben mdinareuli terasis 3 tips: skulpturuls, akumulaciurs da Sereuls. anu kvarcxlbekians (nax. 59). pirveli maTganis agebulebaSi mxolod ZiriTadi qanebi monawileoben. meore tipis ganmasxvavebeli niSani agebulebaSi mxolod aluviuri masalis monawileobaa, xolo mesame tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia orive maTganis e. w. warecxili ZiriTadi qanebis da maT zemodan mfaravi aluviuri masalis arseboba. aRniSnuli niSnebis

mixedviT Tbilisis midamoebSi arsebuli mtkvris xuTive terasa Sereuli tipisaa. xolo, mdinare aragvis erTi terasa muxranis vakis zolSi akumulaciuri. skulpturuli terasebis meti nawili Cveulebriv intensiuri azevebis zolSi arsebuli mdinareebis xeobebs aqvT. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom skulpturuli terasa SeiZleba iyos pirveladi an meoradi, e. i. odesRac Sereuli terasis mfaravi aluvionis gadarecxvis gziT miRebuli.

xeobebSi arsebuli terasebi genezisis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos: 1. cikluri anu sakuTriv mdinareuli, 2. struqturuli, da 3. fsevdo anu cru terasebi.

cikluri terasebis formirebaSi wamyvan rols mdinaris erozoziul-akumulaciuri procesebi asruleben da esaa maTTvis arsebiTi niSani. isini rogorc wesi, Tumca fragmentuli, magram farTo gavrcelebiT xasiaTdebian xeobis orive kalTaze da Tu orografiuli pirobebi xelsayrelia, maSin calkeuli fragmentis sidide iseT mdinareebze rogoric volgaa, aseulobiT kilometri sigrZiT da aTeulobiT km. siganiT ganisazRvreba. mdinare mtkvrisaTvis ki maTi sidide, magaliTad, Sida qrTlis farglebSi mdinaris marcxena mxrareze, 1-2 km siganisa da 10 km-mde sigrZes aRweven.

.

garda amisa erTi romelime cikluri terasis simaRliTi maCvenebeli sakmaod did manZilze SesaZloa Tanabari iyos an mcired ganicdides cvlilebas misi momatebis da Semcirebis niSniT. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba SevniSnoT, rom imisda mixedviT rogoria mocemuli mdinaris auzSi, teqtonikuri moZraobis intensivoba da xasiaTi, SesaZloa terasebis SefardebiTi simaRle matulobdes saTavis mimarTulebiT, anda (Tumca iSviaTad) SesarTavisaken. aWara-imereTis qedze Camomaval iseT mdinareTa terasebs, romlebic qedis struqturuli RerZis gadrigardmod arian orientirebuli, aSkarad emCnevaT gaSla saTavisaken da daxriloba SesarTavis mimarTulebiT. cikluri terasebis umetesobisaTvisa aseve damaxasiaTebelia maT SemadgenlobaSi aluvionis arseboba.

aris SemTxveva, roca wylis mkveTri xangrZlivi momatebis gamo mdinaris Sua nawilSi CaWriTi eroziu7li procesi Warbobs, zemo da qvemo monakveTebTan SedarebiT,

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rasac Sedegad mosdevs e. w. qorduli terasebis ganviTareba, romlis damaxasiTebeli niSania SefardebiTi simaRlis Semcireba xeobis zemo da qvemo nawilebis mimarTulebiT.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, cikluri terasebis genezisi mdinaris auzSi drois xangrZliv pariodSi mimdinare ama Tu im saxis ciklur cvlilebebTanaa dakavSirebuli, aseTi cvlileba ki erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba iyos mocemuli mdinaris auzSi teqtonikuri azevebiTi moZraobis mkveTri gaZlierebis da Sesustebis monacvleoba, an havis mkveTri Secvla da masTan dakavSirebuli mdianris wylis masis cvlileba misi momatebis an Semcirebis niSniT. ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv SesaZloa gamyinvarebisa da gamyinvarebaTaSoris daTbobis anda mSrali da fluvialuri peridebis monacvleobasTan iyos dakavSirebuli.

rac Seexeba cikluri terasebis formirebis TviT meqanizms, mkvlevarTa umetesoba fiqrobs, rom roca mdinaris auzSi intensiur azevebiT moZrabas aqvs adgili, amas Sedegad mosdevs misi vardnis momateba, rac Tavis mxriv siRrmiT erozias da, maSasadame, kalapotis CaWra-gaRrmavebas ganapirobebs, e. i. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, yovelive zemoaRniSnuls Sedeged mosdevs terasis im nawilis Seqmna, romelsac flate ewodeba. SemdgomSi teqtonikuri moZraobis Sesustebisa da SesaZlo pauzis SemTxvevaSi wonasworobis profilis gamomuSavebis kvalobaze, mdinaris vardna TandaTan mcirdeba da siRrmiTi eroziis nacvlad gabatonebul mdgomareobas gverdiTi eroziuli procesi ikavebs. es ki iwvevs meandrebis ganviTarebas, xeobis ferdobTa ganze gawevas da terasis im nawilis gamomuSavebas romelsac baqani ewodeba. rogorc vxedavT, cikluri terasa sxva araferia Tu ara mdinaris Zveli kalapotis naSTi, romelic warsulSi mis sadinars warmoadgenda.

zemoaRniSnuli gziT terasebis wamoqmna ufro swrafi tempiT warimarTeba, Tu azevebis process am Tu im mizeziT mdinaris wylovanebis zrdac Tan daerTo, radgan am SemTxvevaSi CaWris procesi aSkarad ufro TvalsaCino iqneba.

aRniSnuli procesebis (azeveba-CaWris da pauza-gafarTovebis) monacvleobas Sedegad mosdevs ciklur terasaTa iseTi safexurebrivi ganlageba, romelic zemoT iyo aRniSnuli.

terasaTa formirebis es procesi eqsperimentuladac daadastura n. makaveevma. saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom devisi, magaliTad, terasaTa formirebas SesaZleblad Tvlda teqtonikuri moZraobis gareSec da maT

wylis turbulenturi xasiaTiT TviT mdinaris dinamikis Taviseburebis Sedegad miiCnevda.

terasebis meore genetur tips struqturuli terasebi warmoadgens, romelTa arseboba struqturul-liTologiuri pirobebis Sedegia, mdinareTa moqmedebas ki umniSvnelo roli miekuTvneba. aseTi terasis warmoqmnisaTvis saWiroa ori piroba: horizontuli an sustad daxrili struqturis arseboba da amgebel qanTa Soris rbili da magari Sreebis morigeoba. mdinaris xeobaSi aseTi pirobebi sakmarisia, raTa maTze denudaciuri procesebis gavleniT (gamofitva, wvimis wylebis, qarisa da sxva moqmedeba) warmoiqmnas terasebi, romelTa flate mkvrivi qanebis gamosasvlelebs Seesabameba, xolo baqani rbili qanebisas (nax. 60). struqturuli terasebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia bevrad ufro mcire sivrciTi gamovlena, SefardebiTi simaRlis swrafi cvlileba erTi romelime mimarTulebiT, maT zedapirze (baqanze) aluviuri masalis uqonloba da sxv. mcire sididis struqturuli terasebi SeiniSneba md. leRvTaxevSi Tbilisis teritoriaze. klasikur mxares aseTi terasebis gavrcelebisas koloradis xeoba warmoadgens.

rac Seexeba terasebis mesame jgufs, maT cru anu fsevdo terasebi miekuTvneba. ukanasknelT saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSnebidan aRsaniSnavia: gavrcelebis metismeti SezRuduloba, e. i. lokaluri xasiaTi, terasaTa baqnebze aluviuri masalis uqonloba, baqanTa zedapiris daxrilobis paradoqsuloba (ara xeobis Ziris mimarTulebiT, aramed mis sawinaaRmdegod).

fsevdoterasebis genezisi SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos iseT procesebTan, rogoricaa: damewyvra, vulkanis Rvaris mier mdinaris dagubeba, gamozidvis konusis bolos wakveTa mTavari mdinaris mier da sxv. mewyruli warmoSobis fsevdo tarasebi kargadaa warmodgenili mtkvris xeobaSi sof. sof. TagoeT-xcisis monakveTze, agreTe aWariswylis auzis im nawilSi romelic Rorjomis qvabuls ukavia.

vulaknuri Rvaris arsebobiT Sepirobebuli cru terasis kargi magaliTi gvaqvs gujareTiswylis xeobaSi, kurort waRveris midamoSi.

mdinareuli terasebis formireba aTeul da aseul aTasobiT wels saWiroebs. amitom, uZvelesi terasis asakad

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mkvlevarTa didi nawili qveda meoTxeuls Tvlis, momdevnoni ki ufro axalgazrdebia. udablesi Waliszeda terasis formireba, romlis simaRle oriode metriT ganisazRvreba, ramdenime aTasi wlis win unda iyos dawyebuli.terasebis Seswavlas didi mecnieruli da aranaklebi sameurneo

mniSvneloba aqvs. isini gasaRebs warmoadgens mocemuli teritoriis reliefis ganviTarebis istoriis bolo etapis (meoTxeulis drois) Seswavlis saqmeSi da arc Tu iSviaTad fizikur-geografiuli pirobebis Seswavlisac. rac Seexeba maT sameurneo mniSvnelobas, terasebi gansakuTrebiT mTian mxareebSi, dasaxlebis, samimosvlo gzebis da saxnav-saTes adgilebadaa gamoyenebuli.

§ 56. zvav-mewyrebi xeobis ferdobebze

xeobebis formirebaSi mimdinare wylis eroziul moqmedebasTan erTad didi mniSvneloba aqvs uSualod gamovlinebul gravitaciul procesebs. xeobaTa maRali nawilebis gaSlili saxe, erTaneTisagan maTi bevrad ufro TvalsaCino dacileba, swored ukanasknelTa moqmedebis Sedegia. maT Soris umTavresi mewyruli procesi, kldezvavebi, gamofitvis qerqis mudmivi damoukidebeli moZraoba (kripi) da qvaTa cvena.

mewyris saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba adgilis amgebeli naSalis an ZiriTadi qanebis mowyvetili da gadaadgilebuli masa, romelsac mTlianad, an calkeul bloks ramdenadme SenarCunebuli aqvs gadaadgilebamdeli struqturuli Tavisebureba. cnobilia iseTi SemTxveva, roca damewyvras ori mezobeli sasamarTloSi miuyvania imis gasarkvevad Tu vis unda ekuTvnodes is venaxi, romelic ferdobze iyo gaSenebuli da damewyvris Sedegad gadadgilebis gamo mezoblis dabla mdebare saxnavi miwis nakveTi daufaravs.

mewyris Semadgeneli elementebidan aRsaniSnavia (nax. 61): mowyvetili da gadaadgilebuli masa qanebisa, romelsac mewyris sxeuli ewodeba, mowyvetis kedeli, romelsac umetesad rkalisebri amfiTeatruli forma aqvs da didi daxriloba axasiaTebs, mewyris fskeri, misi cocvis zedapiri, mewyris bolo e. i. ena da napralebi, romlebic mewyris zedapirze SeiniSneba.

calkeuli mewyeri SeiZleba ramdenime heqtar farTobs moicavdes, xolo damewyrili teritoria zogjer aTeul kv. km-sac Seadgens. damewyvra SeiZleba ganicados rogorc ZiriTadma qanebma ise fxvierma deluviurma nafenebmac. procesis gamovlinebisaTvis mTavaria maT daerRveT gravitaciuli wonasworobis arsebuli mdgomareoba. aseTi ram ki sxva-dasxva faqtorma unda ganapirobos: zedapiris amgeb daxril SreebSi wyalSemcveli da wyalgamtari qanebis arsebobam, uxvma atmosferulma naleqma an mZlavri Tovlis safaris dnobam, subseqventur xeobaSi mimdinare nakadis gverdiTma eroziulma procesebma im mxaris ferdobze romelic SreTa daxrilobis Sesatyvisia, damewyvris tendenciis mqone adgilebSi mZime nagebobebis an rkinigzebis da gzatkecilebis gayvanam da bolos miwisZvram.

aris SemTxvevebi, roca damewyvra wyalSemcveli horizontis uqonladac warimarTeba, mdinaris wylis gaJonvisa da aqtiuri eroziis pirobebSi. gaJonvili wyali plastiurobas Zens Tixovan Sreebs, xolo gverdiTi erozia iwvevs SreTa gamoyvanas gravitaciuli wonasworobidan da mis damewyvras.

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axlad damewyrili adgili dasafexurebuli, danapralebuli zedapiris da ramdenadme uswormasworo reliefis mqonea, romelic droTa msvlelobaSi simkveTres kargavs da borcvian saxes Rebulobs. maSasadame, daborcvili zedapiris arseboba mkvdari, umoqmedo mewyris damaxasiaTebeli niSania. tyiT dafaruli damewyrili adgili advilad SeiZleba gamovicnoT xe-mcenareulobis ucnauri ganlagebiT (maTi sxvadasxva mimarTulebis daxrilobiT).

Cveulebriv arCeven pirvel da meore rigis mewyrebs. ukanaskneli ZiriTadi mewyruli sxeulis Semadgeneli erTeulia _ misi calkeuli blokebi.

* mcired gamartivebuli

mewyerTa mravali klasifikacia arsebobs, maT Soris aq f. savarenskis dayofaze SevCerdebiT, romelsac safuZvlad udevs

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ferdobis struqtura da damewyrili sxeulis zedapiris Tavisebureba. es erTeulebia (nax. 62).

aseqventuri mewyeri _ xasiaTdeba imiT, rom igi warmoiqmneba araSreebriv naSal qanebSi, magaliTad, deluviur, proluviur an sxva msgavs nafenebSi.

konseqventuri mewyeri _ xasiaTdeba mowyvetili masis mimarTulebisa da mis qveS mdebare substratis zedapiris daxrilobis TanxvedriT. aseTi mewyeri SeiZleba warmoiqmnes, rogorc ZiriTad, ise Sreebriv fxvier qanebSi da niadagsafarSic. oRond aucilebelia, rom a) mewyris dacurebis zedapiri substartis amgebi qanebis daxrilobis mimarTulebiT iyos orientirebuli, b) mewyeri mTlianad moicavdes niadagsafars, romlis dacurebis zedapiri an ZiriTadi qani iqneba anda gamofitvis qerqi da g) damewyrili deluviuri safaris mTeli wyeba moZraobdes ZiriTadi qanebisagan agebuli substratis zedapirze. konseqventur mewyerTa umetesoba delapsiuria (ix. qvemoT).

inseqventuria mewyeri, roca mowyvetili masa liTologiurad gansxavavebul Sreebisagan Sedgeba da araa gapirobebuli substratis amgebel qanebis struqturiT. aseTi mewyeri horizontul SreebSi viTardeba da dacurebis zedapiri araerTgvari aqvs. igi ufro daqanebulia zeda nawilSi, xolo damrecia qvemoT (nax. 62_4).

a. pavlovis klasifikaciiT mewyrebis ori tipi gamoiyofa: delapsiuri anu cocviTi da detruziuli anu biZgiTi. ukanasknelisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia enis areSi mcire SenaoWebuli talRisebri zRuderis arseboba, rac mewyruli sxeulis CamococebiT gamowveuli dawolis Sedegia, xolo TviT deformacia iwyeba ferdobis zeda nawilSi napralis gaCenis an SeWidulobis damrRvevel sxva raime mizeziT. delapsiurisaTvis ki Tavisufali cocvaa damaxasiaTebeli, romelic qvemodan iwyeba mdinaris mier ferdobis Ziris gamoTxriT an sxva mizeziT da TandaTan ukan gadacemiT xdeba gravitaciul procesSi mimdebare nawilebis CaTreva. amitomaa, rom aseT mewyers erTi an ramdenime cru terasuli safexuri gaaCnia.

dacurebuli masebis simZlavris niSniT asxvaveben: 1). zedapirul, araumetes 1 m. simZlavris (e. w. Camonacuri), 2) Txel _ 5 m-mde, 3) Rrma _ 20 m-mde, da 4) Zalze Rrma _ 20 m-ze meti simZlavris mewyers.

mewyerTa Seswavlas da maTi saziano moqmedebis winaaRmdeg brZolas didi saxalxo sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvs. miT ufro rom miwis zedapirze arcTu ise mcirea maTi gamovlenis adgilebi.

magaliTad, saqarTveloSi isini gansakuTrebiT did farTobze arian warmodgenili: aWaraSi Rojomiswylis auzis teritoriaze, md. mtkvris xeobaSi TrialeTis qedis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, rionis xeobaSi raWis farglebSi, xaragaulis da baRdaTis raionebSi, afxazeTis Savi zRvis sanapiros calkeul adgilebSi da sxva.

araerTia iseTi SemTxveva, roca damewyvris saSiSroebis gamo soflebi gadautaniaT erTi adgilidan meoreze (magaliTad, Svlisyuri xaSuris raionSi). aTeulobiT adamianis sicocxle Seiwira 1989 wlis aprilSi xulos raionis sof. wablanasTan solgamis mTis ferdobidan dacurebulma giganturma mewyerma, romelmac kalapoti gadauketa md. Caruxs, 100 metramde simaRlis da 600 m-mde siganis bunebrivi kaSxaliT.

mewyersawinaaRmdego RonisZieba pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs adgilis damamZimebeli, misi gravitaciuli wonasworobidan gamomyvani faqtoris SezRudvas, moviyvanT aseT magaliTs. TbilisSi Tamar mefis gamzirze cirkis mopirdapired mcxovrebTa mizeziT wyalsadenis onkanis arawesieri xmarebis gamo wyali iRvreboda da iJoneboda mtkvris meore terasis amgeb aluvionSi, romelic Tavis mxriv wyalgauval Tixis fenas eyrdnoboda. amis mizeziT moxda damewyvra da 100 m-mde sigrZis da 30 m-mde siganis teritoriis dacureba. aq, am semTxvevaSi wyalma orgvari roli Seasrula: erTi damamZimebeli da meore xaxunis Semasustebeli. maSasadame, sadinarebSi gamavali wylebis gonivruli, wesieri gamoyeneba damewyvris Tavidan acilebis erT-erTi pirobaa. aseve, damewyvra SeiZleba ganapirobos gzatkecilebze an rkinigzis magistralze transportis moZraobiT gamowveulma vibraciam _ misma damZimebam.

mewyersawinaaRmdego RonisZiebebis gatareba yovelTvis rodi iZleva sasurvel Sedegs, gansakuTrebiT Tu mewyris sxeuli didi simZlavrisaa. im RonisZiebaTa Soris romelic am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gatardes aRsaniSnavia, betonis boZebis Cadgma mewyris mTel sxeulSi da misi dacurebis zedapiris qveS mdebare qanebSi, mewyris cocvis Sesabamisi orientirebis Rrma Txrilis gakeTeba da maTi inertuli masaliT amovseba wylebis drenaJis mowesrigebis mizniT, mewyris ZirTan misi enis kideze sayrdeni betonis kedlis gakeTeba da sxv.

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kldezvavebi. mTiani mxareebis mdinareTa xeobebis ferdobTa formirebaSi mewyrebTan erTad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs kldezvavebi. maTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania procesis uecari, metad swrafi gamovlineba da mowyvetili masis Zireuli struqturuli sxvaoba mowyvetamdel mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT.

kldezvavi Tavs iCens iq ssdac amgebeli qanebis SeWidulobis Zala ferdobis daxrilobis matebis kvalobaze aRar aRmoCndeba sakmarisi nawilakebis dasakaveblad. zvavebis warmoqmnas aseve xels uwyobs fizikuri da qimiuri gamofitvis Sedegad qanebSi gaCenili napralebi da maTSi CaJonvili wyali. amitomaa, rom mewyerTa msgavsad am ukanasknelTa warmoqmna umetesad wvimebis an intensiuri Tovlis dnobis periods emTxveva. zvavebi bunebis arasasurvel movlenaTa rigs miekuTvnebian da zogjer katastrofebic sdevs Tan. didma zvavma SeiZleba mTlianad gadaketos xeoba, daagubos mdinare da ganapirobos tbis gaCena, rogorc amas adgili qonda laSifses xeobaSi da pamirSi sof. sarezTan, sadac warmoqmnili kldezvavis moculoba 2,2 miliard m3-s aRwevda, xolo masa 7 miliard tonas. kidev ufro grandiozuli mewyeri aRwerilia alpebSi, romlis moculoba 15 miliard m3-s aRwevda, xolo Camonazvavis mier dakavebuli farTobi 49 kv. km-s.

kldezvavTa morfologiuri gamovlineba lavgardanisebri _ Sveuli gaSiSvlebis da mis mimdebare zolSi qaoturad mofenili naSalis arsebobaa, romelic Camozvavebul naSalis kvalobaze SeiZleba borcvian reliefsa qmnides.

kldezvavebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT qvaTacvena, rac umetesad fizikuri gamofitvis Sedegad sistematurad mimdinareobs mTis ferdobze, ferdobis daxrilobis Sesabamisad orientirebuli Rarebis gziT (nax. 63).

qvaTacvena mTis ferdobis ama Tu im nawilSi, umetesad ki

Zirze, ganapirobebs mcvivana konusebis da mcvivana Sleifebis* warmoqmnas, rac Tavis mxriv xeobis ferdobis zedapirs naz saxes aZlevs.

* mcvivana konusi da mcvivana Sleifi mcvivanas morfologiuri tipebia, maT Soris gansxaveba isaa, rom pirvels kargad gamosaxuli mkvebavi Zabri, nakadis Rari da konusi aqvs, xolo meores nakadis Rari ar gaaCnia.

zemoaRniSnul procesebs Sedegad mosdevs ferdobebis ganze gaweva, maTi zedapiris daxrilobis TandaTanobiT Semcireba da saboloo jamSi ferdobis wonasworobis profilis gamomuSaveba.

magram sakmarisia mdinarem raime mizeziT gaaZlieros siRrmiTi eroziuli procesi, rom kvlav axali cikli daiwyos ferdobTa formirebaSi. maSasadame ferdobTa wonasworobis profili mdinaris aseTive profilis mimarT funqcionalur damokidebulebaSi imyofeba.

rac Seexeba Tovlis zvavebsa da solifluqciur procesebs, maTze qvemoT glaciogenuri reliefis da mzralobis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas iqneba yuradReba SeCerebuli.

$. 57. xeobaTa morfologiuri da struqturuli tipebi

vinaidan xeobaTa formirebaSi eroziasTan erTad rigi iseTi procesebi da faqtorebi monawileoben, rogoricaa: gamofitva, zvavebi, gadarecxva, liTologia da sxv. amitom maTi morfologia procesTa Tanafardobis kvalobaze nairgvaria.

xeobaTa dajgufeba ama Tu im niSnis mixedviT mraval avtors aqvs Catarebuli. magaliTad, i. SCukinis mier mocemuli dajgufeba didi detalurobiT gamoirCeva, romelSic ramdenime aTeuli tipia gamoyofili, u. devisis xeobaTa klasifikacia ki piriqiT, sul oriode tipis Semcvelia, magram misi gamoyeneba SezRudulia da Zlier danaoWebul struqturebze ganviTarebul xeobebisaTvis araa mizanSewonili.

yvelaze ufro miRebulia xeobaTa dajgufeba: 1) morfologiuri (ganivi profiliT daxasiaTeba) da 2) xeobis orientirebisa da struqturul pirobebTan urTierTdamokidebulebis niSnebis mixedviT.

pirveli TvalsazrisiT ganasxvaveben viwrobs, kanions, V-sebrs, kolofisebr da terasirebul xeobebs.

viwrobisaTvis, rorogc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs damaxasiaTebeli isaa, rom misi siganiTi ganviTareba metad umniSvneloa da oride metriT Tu ganisazRvreba. amasTan xeobis Zirisa da misi maRali nawilebis sigane TiTqmis Tanabaria. ra Tqma unda, amgvari xeobis Ziri, romelic wyliTaa xolme mTlianad dafaruli, yovelgvar mikro formasac ki moklebulia. aseTi xeobis karg magaliTs warmoadgens algeTis xeoba sof. tbisis midamoSo, sadac misi sigane ramdenime

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aseuli metris manZilze 6 m-s ar aRemateba. ufro didi masStabis viwrobs warmoadgens daRestanSi arsebuli fiqlebrivi xeoba, romelsac 500 metri sigrZis monakveTze aTiode metri sigane aqvs.

viwrobis warmoqmnisaTvis saWiroa erTgvarovan mkvriv qanebSi mxolod siRrmiTi eroziuli moqmedeba.

kanioni espanuri sityvaa da qarTulad mils niSnavs, aqac sakmaod viwro, did siRrmeze CaWril cicaboferdobebian xeobasTan gvaqvs saqme. viwrobisagan gansxvavebiT am ukanasknelis masStabi, jer erTi, bevrad ufro didia da aseulobiT metri siRrmiT da aTeulobiT metri siganiT ganisazRvreba. garda amisa, kanionis vertikalurad aRmarTul ferdobebze, arc Tu iSviaTad, SeiZleba gvqondes mcire sididis struqturuli terasebi, Ziri ki _ metwilad mxolod kalapotiT warmodgenili.

tipiuri kanionis warmoqmna detonis, i. SCukinis da sxvaTa mixedviT umetesad mSrali havis mqone adgilebSi mimdinareobs, radgan simSralis gamo ferdobebis arc gadarecxva xdeba da arc damewyra. tipiuri kanionis formirebisaTvis subhorizontuli struqturis arsebobacaa saWiro. kanionis klasikur magaliTad kolorados xeobaa miCneuli, romelic aTeulobiT kilometris manZilze 1500-2000 metr siRrmezea CaWrili.

saqarTveloSi kanionis kargi magaliTia iufSaras xeoba, romelic carculi kirqvebiT agebul antiklinis gakveTis areSia gamomuSavebuli da 2 km-is manZilze 500 m-mde simaRlis vertikaluri kalTebi aqvs. patara kanions Tbilisis teritoriaze iviTarebs mdinare leRvTaxevi paleogenis qviSaqvebisagan agebul antiklinis TaRis areSi.

V-sebs xeobebs ganiv profilSi laTinuri aso V-s forma aqvT da isini arsebiTad, axalgazrda aRmavali ganviTarebis pirobebSi myofi mTiani mxaris mdinareebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. xeobis gadaSlili, oRond didi daqanebis mqone kalTebi Zirisaken swrafad uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs da xSirad uSualod kalapots ebjinebian. aseTi xeobebis CaWris siRrme aseulobiT metria da bevrad ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli, vidre kanionebi da miT ufro _ viwrobebi. garda amisa, V-sebri xeobebis sivrciTi gamovlineba aSkarad ufro metia vidre zemoaRniSnulni. viwrobis saxe xeobas Cveulebriv patara monakveTze aqvs, V-sebri ki SeiZleba mTel manZilze vrceldebodes rogorc, magaliTad neZvuras an wablnariswylis xeobebis SemTxvevaSi.

V-sebri profilis xeobebs, oRond aSkarad amozneqili kalTebis mqones xevebs uwodeben.

miuxedavad profilebis sxvadasxvaobisa, xeobaTa zemoaRniSnul morfologiur tipebs saerTo niSanic aqvT, rac gamoumuSavebel profilis arsebobaSi mdgomareobs, maTTvis Cqerebi da Woromebi iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenen.

kolofisebri xeoba xasiaTdeba didi daxrilobis ferdobebiT da farTo ZiriT, romelic aluviuri kunZulebiT da WalebiTaa warmodgenili. ukanaskneli niSnis gamo maT Waliani xeobebis saxelwodebiTac aRniSnaven. maT formirebaSi aSkaraa gverdiTi erozia da xeobis fskerze Warbi akumulaciuri procesi. mdinare TeZamis xeoba axalqalaqTan, an md. sufsis xeobis bolo nawili da sxva mravali amis kargi magaliTia, saerTod ki kolofisebri xeobebi, vake adgilebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

terasirebuli xeoba. am ukanasknelis aresbiT ganmasxvavebel niSans ferdobebze cikluri terasebis farTo gavrceleba, e. i. misi dasafexurebuli profili warmoadgens.

rogorc aRniSnulidan Cans, Zalze iSviaTia, rom mdinares Tavidan bolomde xeobis erTi romelime tipi hqondes. umetesad mis calkeul monakveTSi esa Tu is tipia warmodgenili, romelmac xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba saxe Seicvalos.

Mmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT aranakleb sayuradReboa xeobaTa dajgufeba maT agebulebaSi mnonawile geologiur struqturebTan damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnuli pricipis safuZvelze Semdeg erTeulebs ganasxvaveben:

ateqtonikuri (astruqturuli) xeoba iseTia, romelic araviTar damokidebuleba ar aqvs struqturul pirobebTan. ase magaliTad, Tu xeoba horizontul struqturaSia gamomuSavebuli an gaSiSvlebuli baToliTis gavrcelebis areSi, maSin laparakoben mis ateqtonikurobaze. es termini a. penkma Semoitana, i. SCukini mas neitraluri xeobis saxelwodebis aRniSnavs.

bunebaSi ufro xSiria iseTi xeoba, romelic struqturebis mimarT ama Tu im niSnis mixedviT aris damokidebuli, gansakuTrebiT mTian mxareebSi, sadac regionis amgebel qanebs dislokaciis esa Tu is saxe aqvT gancdili. aq pirvel rigSi gamoyofen struqturebis mimarT TanxmobiT orientirebul xeobas, romelsac gamyoli ewodeba, struqturebis mimarT gardigardmo mimarTul anu gamkveT da diagonalur xeobas.

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pirvel (gamyoli xeobis) jgufSi struqturis niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba Tavis mxriv gavarCioT: sinklinuri, monoklinuri, antiklinuri, grabenuli, da napralis mimarTulebiT orientirebuli (nax. 64).

sinklinuri xeobis, ise rogorc gamyoli xeobis, sxva tipebisaTvis arsebiTi niSani amgebeli qanebis gawolis Sesabamisi orientirebaa. misi orive ferdobis amgebi Sreebi xeobis Ziris mimarTulebiT arian daqanebulni da amitom xSir SemTxvevaSi wyaroebis arsebobiT da nawilobriv damewyvriTac xasiaTdebian. aseTi xeobis magaliTad Zamis xeobis Sua nawili SeiZleba mogvetana.

monoklinuri xeoba antiklinis an sinklinuri naoWis frTaSi muSavdeba da, rogorc wesi, asimetriuli bunebisaa. vinaidan aseTi xeobis ferdobebze Sreebi erT mxareze xeobis Ziriskenaa daxrili, mopirdapireze ki piriqiT, amitom aq miwisqveSa wylebis gamosasvlelebis da mewyruli procesebis simravliT mopirdapire ferdobebi mkveTrad arian gansxvavebuli. monoklinuri xeobis kargi magaliTebia veres xeobis Sua da bolo monakveTebi da diRmiswylis xeobis bolo nawili.

antiklinuri xeoba naoWis TaRzea warmodgenili misi RerZis mimarTulebis Sesabamisad. antiklinis TaRze reliefis uaryofiTi formis ganviTarebas turmani (1832 w.) teqtonikuri napralis arsebobiT xsnida. i. SCukini fiqrobs, rom antiklinis TaRis areSi SreTa gaWimviT gamowveuli daZabulobis gamo unad viTardebodes mravali patara nabzari, romlebSic wylis CaJonvis gamofitvis Tu sxva garedinamikur procesTa moqmedebiT xdeba MmaTi denudireba da droTa msvlelobaSi xeobis Casaxva da ganviTareba. SesaZloa, aseTi xeobis Seqmna aRniSnuli procesebis fonze mdinaris regresiulma eroziamac ganapirobos. am tipis magaliTs Tbilisis midamoebSi lisis antiklinis TaRze SemorCenili mkvdari xeoba warmoadgens.

bolos, gamyoli xeobebis orientireba SeiZleba ganapirobos dizunqciam: erT SemTxvevaSi teqtonikurma napralma an Secocebam, meore SemTxvevaSi ki grabenis arsebobam. teqtonikuri napraliT (SecocebiT) warmoqmnili gamyoli xeobebis magaliTad SeiZleba mogvetana TeZamis xeobis zemo nawilis 15 km-iani monakveTi, romelic arjevanis mTis midamoSia. grabenulis kargi

magaliTi ki reinis xeobis is nawilia, romelic vogezebisa da Svarcvaldis mTebs Sorisaa moqceuli.

diagonaluri xeoba iseTi eroziuli formaa, romelic iribad kveTs mocemuli adgilis geologiur struqturebs da amis gamo morfologiurad ramdenadme gafarToebuli da Seviwroebuli monakveTebis monacvleoba emCneva. diagonaluri xeobis kargi magaliTia mtkvris xeoba sof. awyuras da sof. taSiskars Soris, sadac aWara-TrialeTis mTagrexili 45 km manZilze iribadaa gakveTili mtkvris mier. analogiuri suraTi, kidev ufro mkveTrad da STambeWdavad mtkvris auzis amave nawilSi mdebare qvabisxevisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, sadac liTologiuri faqtoris gavleniT,, aTiode kilometris manZilze, TiTqmis amdenive farTo kolofisebri da maT damakavSirebel metad viwro monakveTebis monacvleobasTan gvaqvs saqme (nax. 65).

gamkveTi xeoba raime dadebiTi orografiuli erTeulis gardigardmodaa gamomuSavebuli da, rogorc wesi, xeobis mimdebare zemo da qvemo monakveTebTan SedarebiT siviwroviT xasiaTdeba. gamkveTi xeobis karg magaliTs warmoadgens aragvis xeoba mcxeTis midamoSi.

$ 58. gamkveTi xeobebis genezisi

rogorc cnobilia, mdinare simZimis Zalis gavleniT maRlidan dabali adgilebisaken gadainacvlebs da mas qarisagan gansxvavebiT aRma moZraoba ar SeuZlia. amitom, roca vakeze mimavali mdinare gardigardmod kveTs mis win aRmarTul mTas an qeds da Semdeg kvlav gaivakebs, damkvirvebels uneblieT uRviZebs interess: rogor ganxorcielda yovelive es hidrodinamikis kanonebis sawinaaRmdegod.

ai swored am erTgvarad paradoqsuli faqtis asaxsnelad arsebobs ramdenime Teoria, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi.

Tavdapirvelad mkvlevrebi zemoaRniSnul faqts mTian mxareebSi arsebul gardigardmo Ria teqtonikuri napralebis

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arsebobiT xsnidnen da miuTiTebdnen, rom isini Semdgom mdinareebma TavianT sadinarad gamoiyenes.

vinaidan aRniSnuli napralebis arseboba iSviaTia, amitom maTze dayrdnobiT gamkveTi xeobis warmoSobis axsnas amJamad naklebad Tu mimarTaven.

antecedentobis Teoria. es Teoria laielma SeimuSava da misi arsi is aris, rom dadebiTi orografiuli erTeuli mTis an qedis saxiT asakobrivad ufro axalgazrdaa, vidre is mdinare, romliTac igia gakveTili. maSasadame, aRniSnulidan gamomdinare unda davuSvaT, rom romeliRac monakveTSi mdinaris dinebis gzaze, am ukanasknelis gardigardmod adgils dauwyia azeveba danaoWebis an dizunqciuri procesis gavleniT, oRond iseTi tempiT, romelic Tavisi intensivobiT ramdenadme CamorCeboda mdinaris siRrmiTi eroziis unars. ZalTa aseTi Tanafardobis pirobebSi xangrZlivi drois manZilze TandaTanobiT aRimarTeboda mTa an seri, romelic mdinares ki ar Seagubebda an mimarTulebas Seucvlida, aramed aseve TandaTan gadaikveTeboda siRrmiTi eroziuli moqmedebiT. aseTi gziT unda iyos warmoqmnili aragvis xeobis is monakveTi, romelic saguramos da sxaltbis* qedebis areSia warmodgenili. igive SeiZleba iTqvas alaznis bolo monakveTis, agreTve md. md. qsnisa da liaxvis xeobaTa aseTive monakveTebis Sesaxeb, romlebic kvernakebis qedSia gamomuSavebuli (nax. 66).

tbiuri Teoria. es Teoria gulisxmobs ama Tu im mizeziT mdinaris Segubebas da gamdinare tbis warmoqmnas, romelsac bunebriv sagubarze gadadinebis adgilze CanCqeri gaaCnia. sagubaris areSi mdinares aqvs didi cocxali Zala da awarmoebs intensiur siRrmiT da regresul erozias, zRuderis TandaTanobiT CaWras, tbis wylis dawretas da gamkveTi xeobis warmoqmnas. am gziT Seqmnili gamkveTi xeobebi ufro xSirad vulkanuri lavis Rvarebisa da kontinenturi gamyinvarebis morenul-borcviani adglebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mtkvris xeoba borjomTan, gujareTis xeoba waRveris maxloblad, l. maruaSvilis da S. cxovrebaSvilis** gamokvlevebiT, vulkanuri Rvarebis damagubebeli moqmedebiT da maTi Semdgomi gakveTis Sedegadaa miRebuli.

regresuli eroziis Teoria. regresuli erozia TiTqmis yoveli mdinaris met-naklebad damaxasiaTebeli niSania. igi gansakuTrebiT swrafi tempiT didi vardnisa da uxvi sazrdoobis mqone mTiani mxaris

nakadebs axasiaTebT. am process saTavis TandaTanobiTi ukusvla da wyalgamyofis jer gamrudeba, Semdeg ki misi gakveTa mosdevs. yovelive amis Sesaxeb mdinareTa motacebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas gvqonda laparaki. aq ki damatebiT imas mivuTiTebT, rom mas gamkveTi xeobis formireba SeiZleba mohyves Sedegad. amgvari gziT unda iyos warmoqmnili araerTi xeoba elbrusis qedis Crdilo ferdobze Camomavali nakadebis moqmedebiT, romlebic kaspiis zRvaSi Caedinebian da romelTac garda didi vardnisa, naleqebiT intensiuri sazrdooba axasiaTebT.

* saguramos da sxaltbis qedebi kvernakebis qedis aRm. nawilis fragmentia

* S. cxovrebaSvili, saq. mec. akad. moambe, t. 55, #1, 1969.epigeneturi Teoria. am Teoriis Seqmna rixthofenis

saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli, romlis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs: davuSvaT, rom peneplenis mdgomareobamde misulma yofilma mTianma mxarem, romelic aqa-iq mkvrivi qanebiT agebul adgilebSi serebis an dabali mTebis Semcvelia, ganicada daZirva da transgresia. wyliT dafaruli adgili droTa msvlelobaSi axalgazrda naleqebis wyebebiT daifareba (nax. 67), davuSvaT, rom Semdgom aRniSnulma regionma azeveba, zRvisgan ganTavisufleba da subaeralur pirobebSi mdinareTa mier warmoebuli danawevreba ganicada. nakadebi daiwyeben dinebas da topografiuli zedapiris daxrilobis Sesabamisad TandaTanobiT CaWrian mas. miaRweven im damarxuli serebis zedapiramde, romlebic odesRac peneplenirebul regionze SeiniSneboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom es ukanasknelni mkvrivi qanebiT arian agebuli, nakadebi maT CaWrasac ganaxorcieleben, oRond Senelebuli tempiT. xangrZlivi drois Semdeg damarxuli peneplenis mfaravi wyebebi denudaciis gavleniT gadairecxeba da aRsdgeba transgresiamdeli topografiuli zedapiri amonaTxari peneplenis saxiT, oRond xeobis gamkveTi nawilebis SemcvelobiT. aseTi genezisis unda iyos mtkvris xeobis is nawili, romelic awyuris zemoTaa aTiode kilometris daSorebiT. aq, mtkvris mier gakveTilia Sua eocenis masiuri andezituri tufbreqCiebiT agebuli seri, romelic irgvliv zeda eocenis TixebiTaa warmodgenili.

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gilberi epigenezisis gziT gamkveTi xeobebis warmoqmnisaTvis transgresias ar Tvlis aucileblad. igi fiqrobs, rom Tu erTi mxriv daxrilma topografiulma zedapirma (romelsac monoklinuri struqtura da rbili da magari qanebis monacvleoba axasiaTebs) ganicada danawevreba jer konseqventuri, Semdeg ki subseqventuri nakadebiT, miviRebT kuestur reliefs xeobaTa gamkveT ubnebis SemcvelobiT.

rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, esa Tu is gamkveTi xeoba ama Tu im gziT SeiZleba iyos formirebuli. magaliTad, karstul mxareSi arsebuli gamkveTi xeoba SeiZleba miwisqveSa xeobis nawilis TaRis CaqceviT warmoiqmnas.

$ 59. xeobaTa asimetria

bunebaSi metad iSviaTia iseTi SemTxveva, roca xeobebi Tavidan bolomde mxolod simetriuli an mxolod asimetriuli iyvnen. isini calkeul nawilebSi ferdobTa vertikaluri da horizontaluri ganviTarebis niSnebiT umetesad gansxvavebuli saxisani arian da SeiZleba simetriuli profilic hqondeT da asimetriulic. qvemoT laparaki gveqneba iseTi xeobebis genezisze, romelTac TavianTi gavrcelebis umetes nawilze mkveTrad gamoxatuli asimetria axasiaTebT, e. i. xeobis erTi mxare aris gansxvavebuli mopirdapire nawilisagan rogorc simaRliT, ise ferdobTa daxrilobis maCveneblebiT. aviRoT magaliTad md. md. dnepris an volgis xeobebi, romlebic aseulobiT km-is manZilze amgvari asimetriisaa. maTi marjvena ferdobi maRalia, cicabo da mdinares ebjineba, marcxena ki _ vrceli, farTod gaSlili da odnav daqanebuli.

xeobaTa asimetriulobis axsnasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevarTa mier mravali Teoriaa SemuSavebuli, romelTa nawili mizezad dedamiwis RerZis irgvliv brunvas miiCnevs, zogi klimatur faqtorebs, nawili regionis amgebel qanTa struqturul Taviseburebas an reliefis pirvelad topografiul pirobebs da sxv.

gasuli saukunis mkvlevrebidan berma da babinem miaqcies yuradReba zemoaRniSnuli didi mdinareebis xeobaTa Taviseburebas, romelTac TiTqmis yvelgan marjvena cicabo da maRali ferdobi aqvT, mopirdapire ki dabali da damreci da gamoTqves mosazreba, rom es faqti Tavis axsnas dedamiwis RerZis irgvliv brunvaSi unda

povebdeso. saxeldobr, dedamiwis zedapirze meridianuli mimarTulebiT moZravi sxeulebi CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi unda ixrebodnen marjvniv, xolo samxreT naxevarsferoSi _ marcxniv.* brunviT gamowveuli gadamxreli Zalebis gavleniT md. volga, magaliTad, Warb gverdiT eroziul process awarmoebs marjvena napirze da xeobis am nawils CamokveTil cicabo saxes aZlevs, mopirdapires ki _ damrecs, radgan akumulaciaa gabatonebuli. es Teoriuli debuleba maTematikurad gaiangariSa a. penkma da gairkva, rom dedamiwis brunviT gamowveuli zemoaRniSnuli gadamxreli Zala marTalia arsebobs, magram igi metad umniSvneloa da man xangrZilivi drois manZilze SeiZleba asaxva hpovos mxolod advilad Slad qanebSi erTgvarovani liTologiur-struqturuli pirobebis arsebobisas.

klimatur hipoTezaTa jgufi xeobaTa asimetrias ama Tu im klimatur faqtors ukavSirebs. magaliTad, a. arxangelski da n. dimo ruseTis ganeduri orientirebis xeobaTa asimetriad ferdobTa uTanabro dasxivosnebas Tvlian da aRniSnaven, rom samxreTis eqspoziciis ferdobebi Tovlis safarisagan adre Tavisufldebian, intensiurad ifitebian, Camoirecxebian da cicabo saxes iZenen, maSin, roca Crdilo eqspoziciis kalTebi am mxriv sagrZnoblad CamorCebian da damreci zedapiri aqvT.

a. penki, fabri da sxva dasavleT evropis mdinareTa xeobebis asimetrias dasavleTidan monaberi notio qarebis

*es mosazreba ganzogadebuli saxiT koriolisis kanonis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.moqmedebas ukavSireben. maTi azriT, aRniSnuli qarebis moqmedebiT xeobaTa dasavleTi eqspoziciis ferdobebi (saqaro) Camorecxvas ganicdian, wylis midenis gamo amave mxares Warbi gverdiTi erozia mimdinareobs da yovelive amas maTi sicicabove mosdevs Sedegad. cnobili klimatologis kiopenis azriT, sul erTia rogori iqneba gabatonebuli mimarTulebis qari: notio Tu mSrali, orive maTgans SeuZlia asimetriis gapirobeba. misi azriT, mTavaria mdinaris wyali erT napirze iqnes xangrZlivad midenili, raTa iq awarmoos Warbi gverdiTi erozia da ferdobis Ziris gamorecxvis kvalobaze _ misi xSiri Camoqceva-Camozvaveba (nax. 68).

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im avtorebidan, romlebic xeobaTa asimetrias struqturul-liTologiur pirobebs ukavSireben, n. golovini da a. pavlovia aRsaniSnavi. am Teoriis mixedviT, rbili da mkvrivi qanebis monacvleobiT agebul monoklinur struqturaze subseqventuri mdinare CaWris advilad Slad qanebs da dava mkvriv qanebamde. aq igi TiTqos ,,dacurebas” iwyebs ukanasknelTa zedapirze, daxrilobis Sesabamisad, ris gamoc damrec saxes Rebulobs is ferdobi, romelic xeobis Ziriskenaa daxrili, cicabos ki _ mopirdapire, e. i. mdinaris ,,dacurebis” Sesabamisi (nax. 69 A).

marTalia, pavlovic amave pirobebs Tvlis asimetriulobis mizezad, magram misi msjeloba, rogorc amas savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs i. SCukini, nakleb logikuria da amdenad _ gadasasinji. kerZod, igi aRniSnavs, rom xeobis Zirisaken daxrili ferdi miwisqveSa wylebis siuxvis gamo imewyreba, mewyeri mdinares mopirdapire napirisaken midenis da iq awarmoebs Warb gverdiT erozias, amitom xeobis es mxare damreci xdeba, maSin roca damewyrili ferdobi cicaboa.

im avtorebidan, romlebic xeobaTa asimetriulobis mizezad adgilis pirvelad topografiul pirobebs Tvlian, a. borzovis mosazrebaa aRsaniSnavi (nax. 70).

davuSvaT, rom ama Tu im regionis saerTo daxrilobis Sesabamisad warmoiqmna mdinare, ai swored am mdinaris marcxena da marjvena Senakadebis xeobebi miiReben droTa msvlelobaSi asimetriul saxes. mTavari mdinaris saTavisaken mimarTuli ferdobebi damreci saxis iqnebian, mopirdapire ki _ mokle da cicabo. a. borzovi aRniSnavs, rom SemdinareTa xeobebis ferdobebi dasawyisSive, orientirebis, insolaciis pirobebis, SreTa daxrilobisa da a.S. damoukideblad, eqcevian araerTnairi formirebis pirobebSi: adgilis saerTo daxrilobis sawinaaRmdegod mdebare ferdobebi cxadia, Seudareblad mcire wyals miiReben, vidre sapirispironi. aq SeiZleba ganviTardes mxolod mokle da droebiTi nakadebi, romlebic awarmoeben ferdobis gadarecxvas da gaSiSvlwbul saxes unarCuneben mas. sapirispiro ferdobze gadarecxvis sxvagvari pirobebia da isini damrec saxes iZenen.

aris kidev sxva mosazrebebi. maTi nawili asimetrias adgilis

uTanabro azevebas ukavSirebs (e. kaCugini), rac aiZulebs mdinares awarmoos cal mxareze Warbi gverdiTi erozia da gamoimuSaos

cicabo ferdobi, zogi ki asimetrias mdinareTa hidrodinamikur Taviseburebebs (morevebs) miawers.

rogorc zemoaRniSnulidan Cans, xeobaTa asimetriulobis

asaxsnelad erTiani Teoria ar arsebobs. arsebuli Teoriebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnen yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi Tu ara, umetes SemTxvevebSi mainc.

$ 60. eroziuli cikli

vamTavrebT ra fluvialuri procesebis da maTi morfologiuri Sedegebis ganxilvas, saWiroa oriode sityviT SevCerdeT eroziul ciklze, romelic ise rogorc sxva ciklebi sami ZiriTadi stadiisgan Sedgeba. esenia: axalgazrdobis, momwifebulobis da moxucebulobis stadiebi.

eroziuli ciklis axalgazrdobis stadiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mdinaris gamoumuSavebeli, wonasworobis profili, e. i. Cqerebisa da Woromebis siuxve. xeobis Zirze arsebul warmonaqmnTa Soris kalapotis upiratesi gamovlineba. ferdobebis, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi qveda kalapotis mimdebare nawilis didi daxriloba, alag-alag flatiani xasiaTi da CaWrili tipis meandrebis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba.

devisis azriT eroziuli ciklis es stadia drois xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT bevrad ufro xanmoklea vidre momdevno stadiebi.

momwifebulobis stadiaze, xeobis morfologiaSi ukve Tavs iCens Cqerebis, gansakuTrebiT ki CanCqerebis aSkara sicire da samkveTre, e. i. maTi iSviaToba. samagierod SeimCneva moZravi aluviuri kunZulebis siuxve, agreTve Walebis da Waliszeda erTi-ori terasis fragmentTa arseboba, CaWrili da moxetiale meandrebis ramdenadme Tanazomieri gamovlineba.

rac Seexeba moxucebulobis stadias am dros mdinaris xeobis morfologiuri Tavisebureba arsebiTadaa gansxvavebuli mis wina, miT ufro pirveli stadiisagan. am etapze xeobis kalTebi gadaSlili da damreci zedapiris mqonea, romelTa formirebaSi

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gravitaciul denudacias, gansakuTrebiT krips, wamyvani adgili ukavia. amasTan erTad xeobis ferdobebze aSkarad SeimCneva rigi Waliszeda terasis, umetesad oTxi-xuTi safexuris Semadgenel fragmentRa arseboba, romelTa ganzomileba, rogorc wesi, maTi warmomqmneli mdinaris sididiTaa gansazRvruli. xeobis Ziris morfologiaSi yuradRebas iqcevs fluvialur warmonaqmnTa speqtris sifarTove. aq, garda kalapotisa, gvxvdeba Walebi, moxetiale meandrebi da maTi fragmentebi namdinarevTa kalapotebis saxiT.

rogorc zemoTac iTqva, nebismieri cikli SeiZleba iyos sruli da arasruli. am ukanasknels im SemTxvevaSi eqneba adgili Tu ciklis normaluri msvleloba dairRva ama Tu im saxis teqtonikuri moZraobiT.

Tavi meTerTmete. zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis qimiuri da qimiur-meqanikuri moqmedebis roli geomorfogenezisSimdinaris wylebis meqanikuri, transportuli da akumulaciuri

moqmedebis sakiTxebi wina TavSi ganvixileT. amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT aRniSnuli wylebis qimiur da qimiur-meqanikur moqmedebaze. wylebis moqmedebis pirveli saxe specialur literaturaSi upiratesad karstuli procesis* saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, meore ki _ fsevdokarstulis. orive maTganis erT TavSi moqceva, pirvel yovlisa, Sedegebis morfologiurma msgavsebam ganapiroba, Tumca, rogorc qvemoT davinaxavT, maTi xvedriTi wona geomorfogenezisSi metad uTanabroa.

$ 61. karstis cneba da karstuli reliefis gamapirobebeli faqtorebi

karsti im kirqviani platos saxelwodebaa, romelic alpebis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobs, adriatikis zRvis maxloblad. aq SeiniSna pirvelad metad Taviseburi, originaluri niSnebis mqone reliefi sxvadasxva formis da sididis zedapiruli da miwisqveSa siRruveebisa, romlebic adgilis amgebel karbonatul qanebze mdinari wylebis qimiuri moqmedebis Sedegadaa miRebuli. Semdeg igi ganzogadda da amJamad karstis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba zemoxsenebuli gziT miRebuli geneturad msgavsi formebi da warmonaqmnebi, ganurCevlad maTi adgilmdebareobisa. amitom, amJamad SeiZleba vilaparako afxazeTis an

* a. piotrovski, n. podobedovi da sxv., karstul procesebs mxolod miwisqveSa wylebis moqmedebas ukavSireben, rac ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos marTebulad. saqme isaa, rom karstuli procesis geomorfologiuri Sedegebis didi nawili, Tu meti ara, e. w. zedapiruli formebiTaa warmodgenili da amave saxelwodebis wylebis moqmedebis Sedegia. swored am garemoebam ganapiroba XI Tavis Cvens mier mocemuli formulireba.samegrelos karstis, yirimis karstisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. aqve unda davsZinoT, rom aRniSnuli cneba Taviseburi reliefis formebTan erTad originaluri hidroqselis arsebobasac guilsxmobs, romelic zedapirul da miwisqveSa nakadebis monacvleobaSi an maT TanaarsebobaSi gamoixateba. iseTi regionebi, romelTa zedapiri gaSiSvlebuli karbonatuli qanebiT aris warmodgenili, SiSveli anu xmelTaSua zRvis tipis karstis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba. rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, igi yvelaze tipiurad xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebSia warmodgenili regionis Taviseburi klimaturi pirobebis gamo. saqme isaa, rom aq drodadro icis Tavsxma wvimebi, rac gamofitul naSal masalas adgilze darCenis saSualebas ar aZlevs da iwvevs mis sistematur mocileba-gadarecxvas. yovelive amis gamo niadag-mcenareuli safaric ver ikidebs fexs da midamoebi gaSiSvlebuli saxis mqonea. ukrainis teritoriaze mas miekuTvneba yirimis nk-ze mdebare karstuli adgilebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zedapiruli da

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miwisqveSa karstuli formebi yvelaze srulad SiSvel karstSia warmodgenili. karstis meore kategoria dafaruli anu Sua evropis tipis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. es ukanaskneli zemoaRniSnulis sapirispiro, zemodan uxsnadi silian-Tixiani nafenebiTaa dafaruli da mcenareuli safaris mqonea. Cveni qveynis karstuli mxareebis umetesi nawili swored am tips miekuTvneba.

karstuli landSaftis ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel pirobas wyalSi xsnadi qanebis: kirqvis, dolomitis, TabaSiris, an qvamarilis arseboba warmoadgens. kirqvebiT agebuli adgilebisaTvis igi imdenad damaxasiaTebelia, rom cnobili frangi mkvlevari e. marteli aRniSnul process ,,kirqvebSi mimdinare movlenebis“ saxelwodebiT aRniSnavs, xolo e. martoni ,,karstuli reliefis“ gamoTqmas ,,kirqvuli reliefis“ saxelwodebas amjobinebs.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom zemoaRniSnul qanebs dedamiwaze 40 mln. kv. km-mde farTobi ukaviaT (g. maqsimoviCi, 1955), maSin advili warmosadgenia karstuli reliefis gavrcelebis masStabi.

wyali advilad xsnis karbonatul qanebs im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi didi raodenobiT Seicavs naxSirorJangs (CO2). ase magaliTad, erT litr unaxSirbado wyals SeuZlia 0,1 grami kalcitis gaxsna, xolo naxSirbadiT mdidars _ 3 gramamde, e. i. ocdaaTjer meti kalcitis gaxsnis unari Seswevs.* am SemTxvevaSi kalciumis an magniumis karbonatebi (CaCO3 da MgCO3) naxSirorJangis Semcveli wylis moqmedebiT gadadian advilad xsnad bikarbonatebSi: CaCO3+H2O+CO2→Ca(HCO3)2, romelic Semdeg wnevis an temperaturis Secvlis kvalobaze kargavs CO2-s da Warbi kalciumis gamoyofa da misi dagroveba sxvadasxva saxis morfologiuri warmonaqmnebis geneziss ganapirobebs. an SesaZloa am procesma kirqvuli tufis (travertinis) daleqva ganapirobos.

rac Seexeba naxSirorJangiT wylis gamdidrebis wyaroebs, igi SeiZleba iyos haerTan kontaqti (mag., wvimis wveTebis vardnisas), mikroorganizmTa cxovelmyofelobasTan dakavSirebuli qimiuri procesebi, romlebic liTosferos im fenaSi mimdinareobs, sadac zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis ama Tu im saxis cirkulacias aqvs adgili da a. S. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, atmosferuli naleqebis da miwisqveSa wylebis siuxve xsnad qanebTan erTad karstuli landSaftis ganviTarebis erT-erT ZiriTad pirobas warmoadgens.

aRniSnuli procesis Sedegad miRebul reliefis formaTa mravalferovnebasa da masStaburobaSi pirvelxarisxovani

mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve kirqvebis wyebaTa simZlavres (sisqes) da maT danapralebas. aseT pirobebSi zedapirul wylebs saSualeba aqvT gaxsniTi procesis warmarTvisa ara marto zedapirze dinebisas, aramed napralebSi moZraobisas vertikaluri Tu sxva mimarTulebiT. amas ki Sedegad mosdevs reliefis zedapiruli da miwisqveSa (siRrmuli) formebis ganviTareba.

aseve SeiZleba iTqvas xsnadi qanebiT agebul regionis hifsometriul mdebareobaze. saqme isaa, rom vinaidan simaRlis matebasTan erTad atmosferuli naleqebis raodenoba jer matulobs, Semdeg ki mcirdeba, amitom mTagorian kirqvul masivebSi karstuli reliefi, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT naleqebis maqsimaluri mosvlis zols Seesabameba, es iTqmis pirvel rigSi zedapirul formebze.

* aseT wyals agresiuli ewodeba. bolos ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos karstuli landSaftis

formirebis saqmeSi adgilis topografiuli Taviseburebis da qanebis sisufTavis mniSvneloba. sustad daxril an platosebr martivi topografiis mqone adgilebze karstis zedapiruli formebis ganviTarebisaTvis ufro xelsayreli pirobebia, vidre didi vertikaluri danawevrebis teritoriaze. ukanasknelze zedapiruli wylis Camodena imdenad swrafad xdeba, rom misi gamxsneli moqmedeba umniSvneloa.*

$ 62. karstuli mxareebis zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani

kirqvebis da maTi analogiuri Tvisebebis mqone qanebis xsnadoba da napralianoba aris is ZiriTadi mizezebi, romlebic karstuli mxareebis wylebs dinamikurobisa da ganlagebis xasiaTiT mkveTrad ganasxvavebs sxva regionebis hidrologiuri obieqtebisagan.

karstuli mxareebi saerTod zedapirui wylebis siRaribiT gamoirCevian, ris mizezeic atmosferuli naleqebis da mdnari

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Tovlis napralebSi Cadenaa. es ukanasknelni alag-alag wylis zemoqmedebiT imdenad farTovdebian, rom SemdgomSi maT zedapiruli nakadebis STanTqmac ki SeuZliaT. amgvarad, dakarguli e. w. qrobadi mdinareebi raRac manZilis gavlis Semdeg SesaZloa isev zedapirze gamoedinon. mdinareTa amgvari zedapiruli da siRrmuli dinebis mqone nawilTa monacvleoba kirqviani mxaris hidrografiis arsebiTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. is adgilebi, sadac nakadebi ikargebian, raWaSi sasuleebad arian cnobili. saerTod ki maT ponorebis saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven.

saqarTveloSi mravali qrobadi mdinarea. maT karg magaliTs warmoadgenda Saoris qvabulSi xarisTvalis tbidan gamomavali mdinare Saora, romelic aTiode kilometrze dinebis Semdeg sof.

* dakarstvas xels uwyobs e. w. aqtiuri napralebi, e. i. iseTebi, romlebic ar abrkoleben wylebis moZraobas. aseT napralTa sigane, o. lemanis (1932) gamokvleviT, Cveulebriv erT mm-s unda aRematebodes.nikorwmindasTan ponorSi Caedineboda, dakarguli nakadi ponoridan oriode kilometris daSorebiT isev zedapirze gvevlineboda, sadac igi Sareuladaa wodebuli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas asxis masivze mdebare qrobadi mdinare TurCus Sesaxeb, romelic oriode km-is gavlis Semdeg md. abaSis xeobaSi gamoedineba da tobas saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. aseTivea tyibula, Zevrula da sxv.

siRrmeSi Cadenili wylebi nairgvar cirkulacias awarmoeben, romlebsac d. sokolovi (1962) oTx zonad (sarTulad) hyofs (nax. 71).

1. aeraciis anu vertikaluri cirkulaciis zona vrceldeba miwis zedapiridan gruntis wylebis sarkemde da xasiaTdeba atmosferuli naleqebiT an Tovlis dnobiT warmoqmnili wylis sezonuri gravitaciuli gadaadgilebiT.

2. karstuli wylebis doneTa sezonuri ryevis zona, romelic moqceulia gruntis wylebis sarkis umdables donisa da qvemoT mdebare wyalSemkav horizonts Soris, xasiaTdeba wylebis vertikaluri da horizontaluri cirkulaciis monacvleobiT. agreTve miwisqveSa wylis donis mkveTri da arakanonzomieri cvalebadobiT, romelTa maRali mdebareoba uxvi atmosferuli naleqebis mosvlis Tanxvedrilia. n. gvozdeckis da sxva mkvlevarTa azriT, karstis siRrmul formaTa sruli speqtri am zonasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

3. sruli gajerebis zona. am ukanasknelis damaxasiaTebeli niSania horizontaluri cirkulacia kirqvuli masivis Sida adgilebidan periferiisaken. igi karstuli mxareebis mudmivad moqmed wyaroebis masazrdoebelia.

4. siRrmuli cirkulaciis zona. aqedan xdeba karstuli miwisqveSa wylebisagan gantvirTva, romlebic mocemuli regionis miwisqveSa wylebis mudmiv horizonts qmnian.

aeraciis zonis simZlavris mixedviT, rac Tavis mxriv gruntis wylebis sarkis met-nakleb siRrmiT mdebareobazea damokidebuli, arCeven Rrma da Txel karsts. pirveli maTganisaTvis didi da zogjer sarTulebrivad ganlagebuli mRvimeebia damaxasiaTebeli. meoreSi ki gruntis wylebis sarke axlosaa topografiul zedapirTan da karstuli formebis gavrcelebis simZlavrec mcire masStabis mqonea. miwis zedapiris siaxloves warmoqmnil wyalSemcvel horizonts freatuli horizontis saxelwodebiTac aRniSnaven.*

garkveuli TaviseburebiT gamoirCevian karstuli wyaroebic, rac pirvel rigSi maT sxvadasxva intervaliT moqmedebaSi gamoixateba. gansakuTrebiT mokle (erTi an ramdenime dRe) da epizoduri moqmedeba axasiaTebT imaT, romlebic aeraciis zonasTan arian dakavSirebuli. maTi moqmedeba, rogorc wesi, atmosferuli naleqebis mosvlis dros Tanxvdeba. ufro xangrZlivi, Tumca perioduli, moqmedeba axasiaTebT, wyaroebis meore jgufs, romlebic zemoaRniSnuli meore zonis miwisqveSa wylebiT sazrdooben. maTi debitis mateba da Semcireba SeiZleba ramdenime kvirasac gagrZeldes notio da mSrali periodebis xangrZlivobis Sesabamisad (nax. 72).

karstul mxareebSi gvxvdeba mudmivi wyaroebic. isini umetesad sruli gajerebis zonasTan arian dakavSirebuli da zogjer mozrdili nakadis saxiT gamoedinebian. aseT wyaroebs vokluzebi* ewodebaT.

saqarTvelos karstul raionebSi araerTi vokluzia. ramdenime maTgani gvxvdeba md. iufSaras xeobaSi riwis tbisaken mimavali gzis piras, dasavleT gumisTas xeobaSi da sxv. magram, Tavisi sididiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva bzifis kirqvul masivSi mdebare mWiSTas (Savwyalas) vokluzi, romlis saS debiti 9,12 m3/wm-Si, xolo maqsimaluri TiTqmis 200 m3/wm.

karstuli mxareebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve tbebi, romlebic fskerze amodenili wyaroebiT sazrdooben. es

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ukanasknelni ki Tavis mxriv xvrelebsa da napralebSi Cadenili wyliT ikvebebian, romlebic Semdeg hidrostatikuri wnevis gavleniT qvemodan zemoT moZraoben da wnevian wyaroebs warmoadgenen. araerTi aseTi tba gvaqvs raWaSi Saoris qvabulis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi. xarisTvalis da ZroxisTvalis tbebi maTi kargi magaliTi iyo.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos agreTve sifonebis Semcveli miwisqveSa nakadebis arseboba, romelTa Tavisebureba isaa, rom sifonebis adgilze mRvimis Weri mdinaris doneze

* vokluzi samxreT safrangeTis erT-erTi wyaros sazelwodebaa. misi debitis maqsimumi gazafxulze 50 kub. metrs aRwevs wamSi da md. sorgis saTaves qmnis. dablaa da masSi wyali ise moZraobs rogorc gaRunul milSi.

kirqvuli masivi Tu zRvas ebjineba, SesaZloa sanapiro zolSi

gvqondes e. w. submarinuli mtknari wyaroebi da zRvis wisqvilebi. pirveli maTganis kargi magaliTebi, n. gvozdeckis mier, aRwerilia kurort gagris midamoebSi. rac Seexeba zRvis wisqvilebs, isini xasiaTdebian wylis moreviseburad brunvaSi zRvis fskerze arsebul xvrelSi Cadinebis gamo, Semdeg ki mocemuli adgilis hidrogeologiuri pirobebis gavleniT, wyali isev zedapirze amoedineba (nax. 73).

$ 63. karstuli reliefis zedapiruli formebi

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, karstuli regionebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Tavisebureba zedapiruli da miwisqveSa formebisa da warmonaqmnebis arsebobaa.

reliefis zedapirul formaTa Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva saxis CadablebebiTaa warmodgenili, aRsaniSnavia: karrebi, dolinebi, karstuli Webi da Saxtebi, poliebi, brma an tomarisebri xeobebi da sxva.

karrebis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba mcenareul safars moklebul SiSvel kirqvebze, aqtiuri napralebis gaswvriv, wylis qimiuri moqmedebiT mRebuli Rarebi, romelTa siRrme ramdenime aTeuli sm-dan 1-2 metramdea da erTmaneTisadan umetesad maxvili zedapiris mqone RarTaSorisebiT arian gancalkevebuli (nax. 74). karrebi didi daxrilobis zedapirze ramdenadme paraleluri ganlagebiT

xasiaTdebian, sustad daxrilze datotvilobiT da qaoturobiT, napralebis aseTive ganlagebis gamo. Tu Rarebi vrclad arian warmodgenili, maSin aseT adgilebs karruli veli ewodeba, romelTa formirebisaTvis, garda napralovani kirqvebisa, Tavsxma wvimebis arsebobacaa saWiro, ukanasknelTa saSualebiT mimdinareobs karruli Rarebis sistematuri gasufTaveba.

dolinebi karstuli mxareebis erR-erTi yvelaze ufro

gavrcelebuli zedapiruli formebia, romlebic umetesad Zabrisebr an lambaqisebr CadablebaTa saxiT arian warmodgenili. maT yvela saxis karstul mxareSi vxvdebiT da xSirad sxva zedapiruli formebis ganviTarebis sawyis stadias warmoadgenen. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom xazobrivad ganlagebuli dolinebis TandaTan gafarToebisa da SeerTebis gziT miiReba aseulobiT metri sigrZis Cadableba, romelsac uvala ewodeba.

Zabrisebri dolinebi umetesad wriuli formisaa, romelTa diametri 1-2 aTeulidan 100 metramde aRwevs, siRrme ki bevraT ufro mcire.

maT Zirze xSirad xvreli e. w. ponoria, romelic atmosferuli naleqebis mSTanTqmelis rols asrulebs. zogjer ki ponori daxSulia uxsnadi Tixovani nivTierebebis dagrovebiT da maSin dolina tbis qvaburs warmoadgens.

n. gvozdecki (1950) warmoqmnis xasiaTis mixedviT arCevs sami tipis dolinas (nax. 75):

1) qanebis zedapiruli gaxsniT miRebuls;2) CaqceviTs;3) CawoviTs.

qanebis zedapiruli gaxsniT miRebuli dolinebi masiur kirqvebSi gvxvdeba (mag. bzifis qedze) da Zabrisebri an lambaqisebri forma aqvT. maTi genezisi teqtonikur napralebSi Camavali wvimisa da Tovlis dnobiT miRebuli agresiuli wylebis moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, gansxvaveba ki mxolod garegnulia. saxeldobr, Zabrisebrs kargad gamoxatuli warbi da Zirze ponoriT daboloebuli didi daxrilobis gverdebi aqvs,

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lambaqisebr dolinas ki didi diametri, mcire siRrme, sustad daxrili gverdebi da brtyeli an odnev Cazneqili Ziri. Tixiani uxsnadi narCeni naSaliT mofenil mcire ganzomilebis lambaqisebr dolinebs vxvdebiT bzifis qedze, wyaltubos midamoebSi, saTaflias gamoqvabulisaken mimavali gzis piras da sxva adgilebSic. ukanaskneli niSnis gamo SiSveli karstis mxareebSi jamisebri dolinebi soflis meurneobis savargulebad gamoiyeneba, gazafxulobiT ki maTSi droebiTi tbebic gvxvdeba, rasac aranaklebi sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvs. dolinebis meore tipi (CaqceviTi) xasiaTdeba wriuli konfiguraciiT, mkveTrad gamoxatuli warbiT, cicabo Sveuli ferdobebiT da Zirze lodnaris arsebobiT. rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, maTi genezisi, miwisqveSa sicarielis TaRis CangrevasTanaa dakavSirebuli. TviT gravitaciuli procesi (Cangreva) Tavis mxriv napralebSi Camavali agresiuli wylebis moqmedebis Sedegia. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom CaqceviTi procesi ZiriTadad swor an mcired daxril zedapirze mimdinareobs. didad daxril zedapirze ki maSin, roca adgilis daxriloba amgebeli qanebis struqturiTaa Sepirobebuli.

dolinebis mesame tipi garegnulad Zabrisebris msgavsia, formirebis gzebiT ki gansxvavdeba. isini viTardebian kirqvebis mfarav uxsnad klastiur da Tixian qanebSi, maTze zedapiruli wylebis meqanikuri moqmedebis (gamorecxviT) da ponorebSi Catanis gziT. am TvalsazrisiT isini ramdenadme fsevdokarstul warmonaqmnebsac mogvagoneben.

karstuli Webi da Saxtebi zedapirul formaTa Soris SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdebian da garegnuli niSnebiT sakmaod gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. genezisi saerTo aqvT, rac napralebSi Camavali wylebis qimiur moqmedebasTan erTad CaqceviT procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli. es iTqmis pirvel rigSi bunebrivi Saxtebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gardamaval, erTgvar Sualedurs warmoadgenen karstis zedapirul da siRrmis formebs Soris.

karstuli Wa cilindrisebri uaryofiTi reliefis formas warmoadgens, romlis siRrme da sigane Tanabaria an mcired gansxvavdebuli. Wis gverdebi cicabo da kldovania. Ziri ki, romelic zogjer ponoris mqonea, sworia da xSirad lodnariT mofenili(nax. 76).

rac Seexeba bunebriv Saxtebs, maT bevrad ufro didi, aTeulobiT da aseulobiT metri siRrme aqvT da mcire siganis gamo milebs mogvagoneben. Saxtebi zogierT nawilSi farTovdebian da mRvimeebSi gadadian. mkvlevarTa azriT, karstuli Saxtebis warmoqmna

Webisagan gansxvavebiT farTo da Rrma napralebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.

gansakuTrebiT didi siRrmis vertikalurad ganlagebul siRrueebs, romlebic alag-alag mRvimeebsac qmnian, ufskrulebs uwodeben. ukanasknelis karg magaliTs warmoadgens qarTvel speleologTa mier afxazeTSi aRmoCenili 305 metri siRrmis vaxuSti bagrationis ufskruli.

polie karstuli regionebis yvelaze didi, magram, amasTanave yvelaze mcired gavrcelebuli reliefis uaryofiTi formaa. sakvirvelia, magram faqtia, rom iugoslavuri warmoSobis es saxelwodeba makedoniis arakarstuli regionis qvabulisgan warmosdgeba da qarTulad vakes niSnavs.

polieTa daxSul qvabulebs wagrZelebuli forma aqvT, romelTa sigrZe or-samjer metia siganeze, xolo farTobi _ oriode kv. km-dan ramdenime aseulamde. maTi cicabo ferdobebis vertikaluri gavrceleba aseulobiT metria, fskeri ki naSali masaliT dafarul vakes warmoadgens. zogjer polies Zirze meandrul nakadTa Soris STenili borcvebicaa, romelTac mozorebi ewodeba. Tumca saWiroa aqve SevniSnoT, rom arian sruliad mSrali poliebic, anda iseTebi, romlebSic tbebicaa.

geneturi niSnebis mixedviT i. SCukini arCevs polieTa oTx tips:

1. teqtonikuri procesebis Sedegad miRebuli, romlis umTavresi geneturi niSani naoWTa RerZebis an rRvevis da Secocebis xazebis mimarTulebiT orientirebaa;

2. wyalgamaval kirqvebs Soris mdebare uxsnadi qanebis meqanikuri gamorecxviT miRebuli, rac SeiZleba ganxorcieldes xvrelebSi, Camavali zedapiruli wylebis moqmedebiT;

3. polie, miRebuli mezoblad mdebare uvalebis SeerTebiT, romelic xasiaTdeba mcire ganzomilebiT da rTuli knfiguraciiT;

4. CaqceviTi procesebiT formirebuli polie, es ukanaskneli warmoiqmneba miwisqveSa mdinaris xeobis romelime nawilis TaRis CangreviT. mas mcire farTobi, metad wagrZelebuli saxe da zemoaRniSnul tipTa Soris yvelaze iSviaTi gavrceleba axasiaTebs.

polieTa saerTod mcire gavrceleba, rac zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, Tundac imiT dasturdeba, rom ruseTSi, romelic karstuli regionebis simravliT da maTi farTo masStabebiT xasiaTdeba, jerjerobiT mxolod oriode poliea aRwerili, romelTa

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genezisze erTiani azri araa. raWaSi mdebare, Saoris qvabuls zogierTi avtori teqtonikur-karstuli genezisis polied miiCnevs (S. yifiani), zogierTi _ teqtonikur warmonaqmnad (al. janeliZe), xolo avtorTa erTi nawili mas zemoaRniSnul meore tipis polied Tvlis (n. gvozdecki, i. SCukini).

SiSveli tipis karstul poliebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs sameurneo TvalsazrisiT, radgan isini iseTi adgilebia, romlebic saxnav-saTesad gamoiyeneba.

karstul mxareTa xeobebi. karbonatuli qanebis xsnadobis unari da mdinari wylebis hidrografiis xasiaTi, romelTa Sesaxeb zemoT iyo laparaki, ganapirobebs karstuli mxareebis eroziul formaTa Taviseburebas. es Tavisebureba mdgomareobs: brma, naxevrad brma, tomarisebr da kanionisebr xeobaTa arsebobaSi.

brma xeobebi iseT qrobad mdinareebs aqvT, romlebic zedapiruli dinebis Semdeg mTis an seris ferdobis Zirze arsebul ponorSi ikargebian. im SemTxvevaSi, roca mdinaris ponorSi Cadineba mxolod wyalmcirobis periodSi xdeba, wyaldidobisas ki misi sruli gatareba veRar xerxdeba da moWarbebuli wyali kvlav agrZelebs zedapirul dinebas, maSin naxevrad brma xeoba warmoiqmneba.

aris iseTi SemTxveva, roca karstuli platos kideze an mTis Zirze gamomavali didi vokluzi dasawyiss aZlevs mdinares, romlis xeoba saTavis mxridan Caketilia da aRmarTuli, kargad gamoxatuli ferdobiTaa gansazRvruli, aseT xeobas tomarisebrs uwodeben.

rac Seexeba kanionisebr xeobebs, romlebic arakarstul mxareebSic viTardebian, maTi morfologiur-geneturi niSnebis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve gvqonda laparaki (ix. $ 57) da aq aRar SevCerdebiT.

$ 64. karstis miwisqveSa reliefis makro formebi

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, karbonatul qanebSi saerTod, kerZod ki kirqvis SreebSi Cadenili wylebis koroziuli moqmedeba ganapirobebs miwisqveSa siRrueebis da sxva saxis warmonaqmnebis formirebas, romlebic TavianTi mravalferovnebiT da egzotikurobiT iqceven mnaxvelTa yuradRebas. maT Soris mTavaria mRvimeebi da maTSi arsebuli bunebrivi samkaulebi sxvadasxva saxis stalaqtitebis,

stalagmitebis, fardebis, heliqtitebis, kolonadebis da mRvimuri margalitebis saxiT.

mRvimeebi. am saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba bunebrivi procesebiT SreebSi, umeteswilad, napralebis gaswvriv gamomuSavebuli siRrueebi an maTi miwisqveSa kompleqsebi, riTac isini Zireulad gansxvavdebian adamianis moqmedebiT miRebuli siRrueebisagan, romelTac gamoqvabulebi ewodeba.

mRvimeebis formirebis nairgvari gzebia, erT SemTxvevaSi maTi genezisi SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos myinvaris masasTan da mis kideze gamomaval wylis Termul moqmedebasTn*, sxva SemTxvevaSi mRvimis formireba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes lavis Rvaris boloze anda waromarTos kldovan zedaapirze qaris mier atacebuli fxvieri masalis koraziuli moqmedebiT, zRvis abraziiT, sufoziiT da sxv. amjerad mRvimeTa im genetur kategoriaze gveqneba laparaki, romelic karbonatul qanebSi, umTavresad ki kirqvebSi warmoiqmneba.

kirqvuli masivebis simZlavrisa da maTSi gruntis wylebis saRrmiTi mdebareobis mixedviT arCeven karstis or tips: Txelsa da Rrmas. pirvel maTganSi, marTalia, SeiZleba mRvimeebic gvqondes, magram isini, rogorc wesi, mcire sididis arian da ZiriTadad _ karstis zedapiruli formebis mqone; rac Seexeba Rrma karsts, romlebic aseulobiT metri simZlavris karbonatuli qanebiT arian agebuli da gruntis wylebic Rrma fenebSi aqvT, swored

* fedCenkos gletCeris erTi aseTi giganturi mRvime 1600 metri sigrZisaa, rom aRara vTqvaT antarqtidis kontinenturi myinvarebis kideze zRvis talRebis Termuli da meqanikuri moqmedebiT miRebul mRvimeebze.

maTTvisaa mRvimuri kompleqsebi damaxasiaTebeli, romelTa warmoqmnisaTvis danapralebuli kirqvis wyebaTa arseboba da maTSi agresiuli wylebis nairgvari cirkulaciaa saWiro.

mRvime SesaZloa erTi mcire siRruiT iyos warmodgenili rogorc, magaliTad, xaragaulis maxloblad Cxerimelas xeobaSi arsebuli devisxvreli, romlis sidide aTeuli metri sigrZisa da oriode metri siganisaa, magram dedamiwaze, maT Soris saqarTvelos teritoriaze araerTi mRvimuri sistemaa, romlebic

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darbazebis da maT Soris mdebare derefnebis, xvrelebis, maTi gantotebebisa da sxvadasxva saxis geomorfologiuri obieqtebisagan Sedgeba. saqarTvelos teritoriaze amis kargi magaliTia is mRvimuri kompleqsi, romelic qarTvelma speleologebma 1962 wels aRmoaCines axali aTonis midamoSi mdebare iveriis mTaze* (nax. 77 da 78).

Tavisi bunebrivi simSvenieriT da sididiT igi yvelaze ufro cnobili da keTilmowyobili mRvimuri kompleqsia Cvens qveyanaSi. kompleqsi 300 metramde simZlavris dislocirebul carculi kirqvis wyebebSia gamomuSavebuli,

* am aRmoCenisa da mRvimuri kompleqsis SeswavlisaTvis geomorfologebs z. tataSiZes, S. yifians da a. oqrojanaSvils saxelmwifo premia mieniWaTromelic eqvsi darbazis da maTi damakavSirebeli derefnebisagan Sedgeba. maT Soris Tavisi grandiozulobiT qarTvel speleologTa darbazi gamoirCeva, romlis sigrZe-sigane Sesabamisad 260 X 25-75 metria, simaRle 30-50 m, xolo farTobi 10635 m2-i.

.

z. tataSiZis gamokvleviT axali aTonis mRvimuri kompleqsis warmoqmnisaTvis, liTologiur-struqturul pirobebTan erTad, xeli unda Seewyo kiduri danaoWebiT gamowveul daZabulobas.

msoflioSi cnobil mRvimur kompleqsTa Soris ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos mamontis mRvime aSS-Si, romlis gamokvleuli nawilis gvirabTa saerTo sigrZe 500 km-s aRemateba; adelsbergis mRvime iugoslaviaSi, heloxi SveicariaSi, demenovisa slovakiaSi, bardalas ungreTSi da sxv.

garda aRniSnulisa, saintereso mRvimeebs miekuTvneba kodoris qedis samxreT ferdobze, oCamCiris raionis teritoriaze arsebuli abrskilis, wyaltubos, quTaisis maxloblad mdebare saTaflias, sakaJias da sxva mRvimeebi.

mRvimur kompleqsSi arsebuli darbazebis formireba, rogorc wesi, napralTa Tavmoyrisa da maTi urTierTgadakveTis adgilebSi mimdinareobs, xvrelebisa ki iseT monakveTebSi, romlebic uxsnad nivTierebaTa Warbi raodenobis mqonea.

im SemTxvevaSi, roca mRvimes erTi mxridan aqvs Sesasvleli metnaklebi sididis xvrelis saxiT, xolo meore boloze yrud bolovdeba,

mas brma an tomarisebri ewodeba, xolo Tu igi orive boloze Riaa _ gamavali.

mRvimeTa dajgufeba sxva niSnebis mixedviTac xdeba. ase magaliTad, maTSi arsebuli haeris temperaturuli niSnis mixedviT SeiZleba gvqondes civi an Tbili mRvimeebi. civi mRvimis Sesasvleli xvreli, rogorc wesi, ufro maRla unda mdebareobdes mRvimesTan SedarebiT, Tbilis ki, piriqiT, _ ufro dabla (nax. 79). pirvel maTganSi zamTarSi dagrovili civi haeri veRar idevneba zafxulis Tbili haeris mier, romelic mxolod xvrelis midamoebSia masTan kontaqtSi da amitom wlis cxel periodSic masSi SesaZloa yinuli gvqondes. klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens mdinare silvis napirze mdebare kunguris mRvime. saqarTveloSi ki mas miekuTvneba sof. nikorwmindis maxloblad mdebare mRvime ,,sayinule”. aseTivea xvamlis masivze arsebuli bogis sayinule, romelSic gvxvdeba yinulis kristalebi. rac Seexeba Tbil mRvimeebs maT vxvdebiT sixote-alinis qedze, romelTagan zogierTSi zamTris yinvebis drosac ki haeris temperatura + 200-s aRwevs.

zRvis wylis qimiuri da meqanikuri moqmedebiT miRebuli karstuli mRvimeebi SeiZleba sanapiro zolSic iyvnen. amis kargi magaliTia kunZul kaprze arsebuli ,,laJvardovani mRvime”. aRsaniSnavia agreTve zRvis wyliT dafaruli, erTgvarad walekili mRvimeebic, romlebic sxvaTa Soris, axali aTonisa da gudauTis midamoebSic SeimCneva.

bunebaSi gvxvdeba agreTve karstul regionebTan metnaklebad dakavSirebuli mRvimeTa erTi jgufi, romelTa formireba klastur (ngreul) qanebSi mimdinareobs maTi Semacementebeli masalis gaxsnisa da misi gadatanis gziT. aseTia magaliTad, zugdidis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebare korcxelis mRvime, gudauTis raionSi duripSis platoze arsebuli mRvimeebi da sxv.

mRvimeebi da mRvimuri sistemebi sxvadasxva ganlagebisaa. erT SemTxvevaSi isini vertikalurad arian orientirebuli, sxva SemTxvevaSi maT SeiZleba horizontaluri an sarTulebrivi ganlageba hqondeT. miwisqveSa wylebis cirkulaciis horizontulSi gadasvla da amasTan dakavSirebiT horizontuli

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ganlagebis mRvimeTa gamomuSaveba SeiZleba ganapirobos Cadenili wylebis moZraobis gzaze wyalgauvali fenis Sexvedram, warsulis teqtonikuri moZraobis xasiaTma, karstuli masivis mimdebare mdinareTa adgilobrivma eroziulma bazisma, zRvis donem* da sxv.

karstul mRvimeTa warmoqmnis problemasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli z. tataSiZes. axali aTonis (anakofiis) da sxva mRvimeebSi SemCneuli warmonaqmnebis (,,Weris karrebis”) analizis safuZvelze midis im daskvnamde, rom calkeul SemTxvevebSi adgili aqvs vadozuri wylebis CaRwevas mdinareTa talvegis qvemoTac, sadac miwisqveSa wylebi wnevian wylebad gvevlinebian. amis gamo, maTi dawolis Zala alag-alag aTeul da aseulobiT atmosferos unda aRwevdes. amgvari wneviT moZraobisas wylebi qimiurTan erTad Zlier eroziasac axdenen da afarToeben TavianT sadinarebs. aRniSnulis damadasturebelia mRvimeTa nawilSi zemoaRniSnuli ,,Weris karrebis” arseboba, romelTa warmoqmna mxolod wneviani wylebis moqmedebas SeuZlia.

* Rrma napralebis arsebobis semTxvevaSi miwisqveSa wylis vertikaluri moZraoba SeiZleba zRvis doneze dablac gagrZeldes

$ 65. stalaqtitebi, stalagmitebi da mRvimeebSi arsebuli sxva mikro formebi

mikro formebis sxvadasxvaoba da maTi ganlagebis nairgvari kombinacia aris imis mizezi, rom mRvimeebi karstis sxva formaTa Soris ganumeorebeli silamaziT da mimzidvelobiT gamoirCevian. maTi warmoqmnis aucilebeli piroba mRvimis Werze arsebul xvrelebSi kalcitiT gajerebuli wylis gamonadenTa arsebobaa. iseT mRvimeebSi ki, sadac aseTi gamonadenebi arc warsulSi yofila da arc amJamadaa, maT ver vxvdebiT, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc l. maruaSvilis* mier quTaisis maxloblad mdebare ,,nagarevisgvirabis” mRvimeSi Catarebuli dakvirvebidan Cans, zemoaRniSnuli mikro

formebis warmoqmnas SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos agreTve drodadro gvirabis wyliT amovsebam.

stalaqtitebi, mRvimis Weridan Camonazardi yinulis loluebis msgavsi formebia, romelTa sigrZe zog SemTxvevaSi ramdenime metrsac aRwevs, diametri ki _ aTeulobiT santimetrs. maTi formireba Semdegnairad mimdinareobs: karbonatuli xsnariT gajerebuli wylis wveTebi gamoJonvis Sedegad moxvdeba gansxvavebuli temperaturisa da wnevis pirobebSi, orTqldeba da naxSirorJangis sagrZnob nawils kargavs. amas ki Sedegad mosdevs gamoJonvis adgilze moWarbebuli kiris gamoleqva da misi Tavdapirveli comisebri masis TandaTanobiT gamagreba-dakristaleba.

Tu wveTis gamodena imdenad intensiuria, rom igi gamoJonvis adgilze ver aswrebs aorTqlebas da mRvimis Zirze vardeba, maSin xsnaris nawili aqac ileqeba da iwyeba stalagmitis ganviTareba, romelic umetesad konusuri formiT da xvrelis uqonlobiT xasiaTdeba. am procesis Sedegad, romelic saukuneebi da aTaseuli wlebi SeiZleba gagrZeldes, stalaqtitebi TandaTanobiT matuloben sigrZiT, stalagmitebi ki simaRliT da SeiZleba erTmaneTsac Seezardon da warmoqmnan svetebi anu kolonadebi (nax. 80).

* Маруашвили Л. И., Пещера Нагаревис-гвираби, <<Природа>>, М., 1949, #7.

stalaqtitis normaluri zrda manamde grZeldeba, vidre mis SigniT arsebuli milisebri sadinari ama Tu im mizeziT ar daixSoba. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi wyali stalaqtitis gareTa keledze an mis siaxloves iwyebs gamoJonvas da napralis gaswvriv viTardeba erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli stalaqtitebi, romlebic ganlagebis xasiaTisa da formis mixedviT fardebs da Taigulebs mogvagoneben.

mRvimeTa saintereso warmonaqmnebs warmoadgenen mcire ganviTarebisa da ucnaurad datotvili formis stalaqtitebi _ heliqtitebi, romelTa zrdis kanonzomiereba jerjerobiT auxsnelia. maT aqvT Weris mimarT vertikaluri, diagonaluri an horizontaluri ganlageba da spiralisebri, texili an sxva raime saxis forma. oriode milimetris siganis Zafisebri heliqtitebi nanaxia abrskilis mRvimeSi, Sesasvlelidan daaxloebiT erTi kilometris daSorebiT.

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zogierTi mkvlevari heliqtitebis formirebas kristalizaciis process ukavSirebs.

$ 66. karstis zonalur-klimaturi tipebi

zonaloba, rogorc erT-erTi zogadi geografiuli kanonzomiereba reliefis planetaruli da mega formebis gavrcelebaSi ara, magram, karstuli procesis Sedegebis TaviseburebaSi SeiniSneba. saqme imaSia, rom haeris temperaturuli reJimi da sinotivis met-nakleboba, romlebic mkafiod gamoxatuli zonalobiT xasiaTdebian, uSualo kavirSi imyofebian karstul regionebSi mimdinare procesebis intensivobasTan da maTi Sedegebis TaviseburebasTan. amitom arsebobs obieqturi safuZveli vilaparakoT karstis zonalur-klimatur tipebze, romelTa Soris SeiZleba gamoiyos:

1. SiSveli anu xmelTaSua zRvis tipis karsti;2. dafaruli anu Suaevropuli karsti da3. tropikuli karsti.SiSveli karsti gansakuTrebiT tipurad xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiro

mxareebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da reliefis zedapiruli karstuli formebis dominirebiT xasiaTdeba. rogorc zemoTac aRiniSna xmelTaSua zRvis hava mSrali da notio periodebis mkveTrad gamoxatuli monacvleobiT xasiaTdeba: zafxulSi cxeli da mSrali, zamTarSi ki notio, Tavsxma wvimebiT. mSral periodSi kirqvebis gamofitviT miRebuli mcire raodenobis naSali, zamTris notio periodSi advilad irecxeba da nacvlad eluvionisa, romelic erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa niadag-mcenareuli safaris SeqmnisaTvis, prluviur nafenebSi gadadis da sxvagan ganicdis dagrovebas. amitom, aseTi adgilebisaTvis karstuli masivebis TvalSisacemi siSiSvle da zemoT aRwerili zedapiruli formebia damaxasiaTebeli dolinebis, karrebis, karstuli Webisa da sxvaTa saxiT.

dafaruli karsti Sua evropis karstuli regionebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi atmosferuli naleqebis ramdenadme Tanabari ganawilebiT xasiaTdebian. aseTi pirobebi xels uwyobs gamofitvis produqtebis uxsnadi masalis umetesi nawilis eluvis saxiT adgilze dagrovebas, romelzec droTa msvlelobaSi

niadag-mcenareuli safaric viTardeba. aqedanaa misi saxelwodebac.

dafaruli karsti reliefis formaTa Soris miwisqveSa makro da mikro warmonaqmnebia gabatonebuli. ra Tqma unda zedapiruli formebic gvxvdeba, magram maT naklebi simkveTre da aseve naklebi tipuroba axasiaTebT. maTi umetesoba CaqceviT warmonaqmnTa kategorias miekuTvneba.

Tu zedapiri kldovani warmonaqmnebiTaa dafaruli, maSin javSnian karstze laparakoben, xolo Tu xsnadi qanebi Rrmad arian ganlagebuli araxsnadi naleqebis qveS, maSin damarxul karstTan gveqneba saqme.

tropikuli karsti. am ukanasknelis Seswavla SedarebiT mogvianebiT daiwyo da rogorc aRmoCnda igi arsebiTadaa gansxvavebuli zemoaRniSnuli tipebisagan. saqme imaSia, rom SiSveli da dafaruli karstis sapirispirod, romlebisTvisac reliefis uaryofiTi formebia damaxasiaTebeli, tropikuli karsti piriqiT, dadebiTi formebiT gamoirCeva.

rogorc i. SCukini aRniSnavs, tropikul karstSi ganviTarebis sawyis etapze warmoiqmneba Cadablebebi, romlebic droTa msvlelobaSi bazalur zedapiramde aRweven da iwveven karstuli masivis calkeul maRlobebad danawilebas. amis Semdeg imave wylebis moqmedebaSi wina planze dgeba danawevrebuli, masivis horizontuli mimarTulebiT Semcireba ferdobTa ukandaxevis gziT, rasac Tavis mxriv Sedegad mosdevs calkeul maRlobTa periferiaze karstis kiduri vakeebis formireba.

tropikul karstSi reliefis dadebiT formaTa Soris gamoiyofa: karstuli gumbaTebi, koSkebi da konusebi. mkvlevarTa azriT aRniSnuli formebi ganviTarebis erTiani jaWvis calkeuli rgolebia, e. i. geneturad erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebuli.

karstuli gumbaTebi ramdenime aTeulidan 150 m-mde simaRlis, jgufurad ganlagebul borcvebs warmoadgenen, romlebic erTmaneRisagan viwro, unagiriseburi CadablebebiT arian gamoyofili.

karstuli koSkebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia cicabokalTebiani, erTmaneTisagan kargad gamijnuli izolirebuli arseboba, romelTa simaRle 300 metramdea. drodadro, TavsxmiTi wvimebisas koSkebis Zira nawili wyliTaa dafaruli, rac maTze aqtiur agresiul moqmedebas awarmoebs da dadebiT formas koSkiseburad aRmarTul saxes aZlevs. maT zedapirze SeiZleba SevxvdeT

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karrebs, dolinebs, mRvimebs, aqa-iq ki poliebis magvar uaryofiT formebsac. rac Seexeba karstul konusebs, varaudoben, rom reliefis aseTi formebis warmoqmna SeiZleba zemoaRniSnul koSkisebri karstis bazaze, rasac im SemTxvevaSi eqneba adgili, Tu mocemulma regionma ganviTarebis raRac etapze ganicada ramdenadme swrafi teqtonikuri azeveba, romelic mis Zira nawilebs gamoTiSavs drodadro mdgari wylebis agresiul-koroziuli moqmedebisagan, xolo koSkTa maRali nawilebi denudaciiT ufro Seviwrovdeba da konusisebr formas miiRebs. reliefis aseT formebs kubaSi mogotebs uwodeben.

$ 67. karstis Seswavlis praqtikuli mniSvneloba

karstuli mxareebis Seswavla marto mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT rodia saintereso. mas didi sameurneo mniSvnelobac aqvs. gvirabebis gayvana iqneba saWiro Tu sagubarebis ageba, wyalsatevTa Seqmna Tu sxva didi mSenebloba, aucileblad saWiroebs samSeneblod ganzraxuli teritoriis an trasis winaswar specialur Seswavlas asaSenebeli obieqtis safuZvlis Cangrevis, wyalsatevidan wylis dakargvis an sxva msgavsi saSiSroebis da materialuri zaralis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.*

garda amisa karstuli mxareebi im mxrivac iqceven yuradRebas, rom maTTan xSirad dakavSirebulia ama Tu im wiaRiseulis, magaliTad, boqsitebis arseboba. mRvimeebi SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnen sawyobebad da TavSesafar adgilebad, zafxulobiT yinulis mopovebisaTvis da samkurnalo mizniTac ki.

bolos isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mRvimuri kompleqsebi saukeTeso obieqtebs wamoadgenen turizmis ganviTarebisaTvis, ris TvalsaCino magaliTs sazRvargareTis qveynebTan (iugoslavia, slovakia, aSS da sxv.) erTad saqarTveloc warmoadgens. axal aTonSi arsebuli keTilmowyobili mRvimuri kompleqsi, romelsac yovelwliurad aseul aTasobiT mnaxveli hyavs, amis kargi magaliTia.

* Гвоздецкий Н. А., Карст. М., 1981. $ 68. fsevdokarsti

dedamiwis zedapirze nanaxi da aRwerilia reliefis iseTi formebi, romlebic TavianTi garegnuli niSnebiT karstis zemoganxilul formebs gvanan, oRond maTgan gansxvavdebian amgebeli qanebis liTologiuri TaviseburebiT da genezisiT. reliefis am konvergenciul formebs cru karstis anu fsevdokarstis saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven.

arCeven fsevdokarstis ramdenime tips: namsxvrevi qanebis (klastokarsti), Tixebis da mzrali adgilebis. samive maTganis saerTo geneturi niSani isaa, rom isini arakarbonatul wyebebSi viTardebian da maT formirebaSi mTavar rols wylis gamomrecxav-meqanikuri an Termuli moqmedeba asrulebs.

klastokarstuli procesi breqCiebis, konglomeratebis da maT msgavs sxva namsxvrev, sustad Secementebul wyebebSi mimdinareobs. dasawyisSi, natexebis SemakavSirebel masalaze wylis qimiuri zemoqmedebis gamo, maT Soris kavSiri sustdeba, Semdeg ki (da esaa am SemTxvevaSi mTavari), wylis sufoziuri,* e. i. upiratesad meqanikuri gamorecxviT xdeba jamisebri, Zabrisebri, Wisebri mikro CadablebaTa warmoqmna safuZvelgamoclili zedapiruli fenis daweva-dajdomis gziT. klastokarstis termini g. maqsimoviCma Semoitana, xolo es procesi saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi pirvelad l. maruaSvilma aRwera samegrelos teritoriaze.

Tixebis fsevdokarsti umetesad semiariduli havis mxareebSi gvxvdeba. igi nanaxi da aRwerilia mraval adgilze, maT Soris kavkasionis SO ferdobze (d. lilienbergi), CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi (i. SCukini), aralis zRvis napirze (l. bergi), kvernakebis S ferdobze da sxv.

havis pirobebis gamo liosisebr TixebSi napralebis siuxve TavsxmiTi wvimis SemTxvevaSi xels uwyobs wylis Cadenas da sufozias, es ukanaskneli ki ganapirobebs Wisebri, Zabrisebri da sxva msgavsi uaryofiTi formebis Seqmnas.

rac Seexeba Termokarsts, mis Sesaxeb qvemoT mzralobis sakiTxebis ganxilvisadmi gankuTvnil TavSi gveqneba laparaki da aq ar SevCerdebiT.

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Tavi meTormete. myinvarebis roli reliefis formirebaSi

§ 69 myinvarTa warmoqmnis pirobebi

myinvarebis warmoqmnis upirveles pirobas Tovlis saxiT mosuli naleqis arseboba warmoadgens. magram marto es araa sakmarisi. amasTan erTad saWiroa, haeris temperaturuli pirobebi iyos iseTi, rom mosul Tovls, Tundac mcire raodenobiT, SeeZlos wlidan wlamde arseboba. aseTi pirobebi ki gansakuTrebiT kargad maRal ganedebSi da zRvis donidan did simaRleze aRmarTul mTebSia gamoxatuli. swored amitomaa, rom myinvaruli reliefic dedamiwis am regionebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. Tumca mxgavsi ram ekvatorul sartyelSic SeiZleba SeiniSnos 5-6 km simaRlis mTis mwvervalze mudmivi Tovlis xazis* zemoT.

mudmivi Tovlis xazi s. kalesnikis mier gamoyofil xionosferos qveda sazRvarsac warmoadgens, romelSic atmosferos is are igulisxmeba, romelic orive mxridan, zemodanac da qvemodanac Tovlis saxiT mosul naleqebis nulovani balansiTaa gansazRvruli. am ukanasknelis qveda sazRvris simaRliTi mdebareoba ekvatoridan polusebisken mcirdeba da arqtikis maRal ganedebSi zRvis donidan ramdenime aseuli metris simaRlemde mcirdeba, antarqtidaSi ki zRvis donemde Camodis. misi gavrcelebis xasiaTze garkveul warmodgenas 81-e naxazi da me-9 tabula iZleva.

axlad mosuli Tovli rom myinvarad gadaiqces, saWiroa TandaTan gamkvrivdes, erTi mxriv, Tovlis axal-axali masis dagrovebisa da, meore mxriv, misi dnobis, wylis CaJonvisa da RamiT gayinvis meSveobiT. am gziT gamkvrivebuli kristalur-marcvlovan

masas Tovlisas firni ewodeba. droTa msvlelobaSi firnis Zira nawili imdenad mkvrivdeba, rom igi gadadis gletCeris yinulSi, e.i myinvarSi.

t a b u l a 9. Tovlis xazis simaRle dedamiwaze

adgilis dasaxeleba ganedi Tovlis xazis simaRliTi mdebareoba metrobiT

franc iosebis miwa(kZ. rudolfi)axali miwaian-maienigrenlandiamonblanietnakavkasionis das. naw. N fer.kavkasionis das. naw. S fer.kavkasionis aRm. naw. N. fer.kavkasionis aRm. naw. S. fer.araratikilimanjaropamirikuen-lunipopokatepetliakonkaguamagelanis srutehimalais Crd. ferd.himalais samx. ferd.

820

730

710

600

460

370,5 430,5 420,7 410,5 400,5400

30

380

35-360

180

320

530

280

270

50

600 800 1200 3000 3300 2900 2700 3480 3800 4250 5835

5000-5500 6000-mde

4600 4600-4800

900 4800 4900

§ 70. myinvaris struqturul-morfologiuri da dinamikuri Tavisebureba

gletCeris yinulis sisqe Cveulebriv aTeulobiT da aseulobiT metriT ganisazRvreba, romelsac vertikalur WrilSi Sreobrivoba axasiaTebs. TiToeuli Sre erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mosul yinulad qceul masas Seesabameba. amasTan erTad aRniSnul WrilSi SeiniSneba gletCeris feris ramdenadme sxvadasxvaoba. ZirSi ufor molurjoa, yinulis masaSi haeris buStebis simciris gamo, zemoT ki misi feri moTeTro iers iZens

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AaRniSnuli buStebis simravlis zrdis kvalobaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom myinvaris masaSi arsebuli napralebis umetesoba, romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba laparaki, am zeda nawilSia warmodgenili. Tovlis gamkvrivebisa da firnis gletCerad gardaqmnis saqmeSi garkveul rols asrulebs Tovlis zvavebi, romlebic SeiZleba ori saxis iyos: mSrali mtvrisebri da fenobrivi, Tovlis dnobis dros warmoqmnili. zemoaRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT pirveli maTgani ufro sagulisxmoa, romelTa moZraobisas Tovlis didi raodenobis gadaadgilebis gamo didi ngreviTi Zalac SeswevT da calkeul SemTxvevebSi SeuZliaT Tovlis xazis klimaturi sazRvris dabla mdebare myinvarebis sazrdoobac.

myinvarebis erT-erT ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSans maTi moZraoba warmoadgens. igi gamoixateba rogorc winsvlaSi, ise ukan daxevaSi, e.i mis SemcirebaSi. myinvarTa moZraobis esa Tu is saxe maTi kvebis Taviseburebazea damokidebuli. kveba ki pirvel rigSi klimatiTaa gansazRvruli. aqedan gamomdinare did regionebSi myinvarebis moZraobis esa Tu is niSani klimatTan funqcionalur damokidebulebaSi imyofeba. amgvarad, calkeul SemTxvevebSi SesaZloa myinvarTa ukan daxevis saerTo fonze romelime maTgani win moiwevdes, magram es ukve gamonaklisia da raime lokalur mizezTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. myinvarTa moZraobis SemCneva vizulauri dakvirvebiT ar SeiZleba. igi ganisazRvreba fotoTeodolituri agegmviT an sxva martivi meTodiT. magaliTan, raime drois monakveTSi myinvaris enaze gardigardmod erT xazze dalagebuli lodebis gadaadgilebis sididiT da sxva.

arsebuli masalebiT cnobilia, rom xeobis tipis myinvarebis dReRamuri winsvliTi moZraobis siCqare ramdenime aTeuli santimetria, alpebis myinvarebis _ 0,1. 0,4m. yvelaze intensiuri moZraobiT kontinenturi tipis myinvarebi gamoirCeva, romelTa aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 3-4 aTeul metrs aRwevs. myinvaris moZraobis axsnis Sesaxeb arsebuli srialis Teoria am process simZimis Zalis moqmedebas ukavSirebs, dilataciuri* Teoria ki myinvarTa moZraobis mizezad im gafarToebis Zalebs miiCnevs, romelic yinulis masaSi dnobis Sedegad da myinvaris napralebSi CaJonili wylis gayinviT miiReba.

myinvaris ukan daxeva, misi masis Semcireba ablaciis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi SeiZleba gamoixatos myinvaris dnobiT an yinulis masis meqanikuri Semcirebis gziT.

ablaciis mizezTa Soris mTavari myinvaris sazrdoobis Semcirebaa, rac pirvel yovlisa klimatTanaa dakavSirebuli.

myinvarTa winsvlis damadasturebelia iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa: napralebis simravle mis zedapirze, myinvaris bolos gamozneqiloba, zedapiruli morenebis simcire da sxva. rac Seexeba ukan daxevis maniSneblebs, maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: morenuli masalis siuxve myinvaris enis zedapirze, e.w. mkvdari anu namarxi yinulis** fragmentebis arseboba myinvaris enis siaxloves; myinvaris enis bolos CamokveTiloba da sxva.

myinvaris Semcirebis meore mizezi enis areSi warmoqmnil zvavebTan aris dakavSirebuli, rasac zogjer katastrofa mosdevs Sedegad. aseTi ram damaxasiaTebelia myinvarwveris masivis Semadgenel devdorakis myinvarisaTvis, romelsac araerTxel gadauketavs gza md. Tergisa da aq gamavali saqarTvelos samxedro gzisaTvis.

* dilato (laT) _ gafarToebas niSnavs. ** myinvaris dnobisa da ukan daxevis dros alag-alag SeiZleba darCes

morenebiT dafaruli da mzis sxivadi energiis zemoqmedebisagan daculi myinvaris masebi. ai maT ewodebaT “mkvdari yinuli”.

§ 71. myinvaris zedapiris morfologia

myinvaris zedapiri araa martivi da erTferovani. masze SeiZleba SeiniSnos rigi mikro formebi, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: sxvadasxva saxis napralebi da morenebi, nunatakebi, myinvaruli magidebi, wisqvilebi da Wiqebi.

myinvaruli napralebi misi moZraobis Sedegia da sami saxisaa: ganivi (gardigardmo), gverdiTi (iribi) da radialuri. pirveli maTgani myinvaris im nawilebSi gvaqvs, sadac misi moZraobis gzaze fskeris mkveTr gardatexasTan (safexurTan) gvaqvs saqme (nax. 82). aseT adgilebSi myinvaris plastikuroba irRveva da napraldeba. napralebi didi daqanebis adgilebSi namdvil “yinulis CanCqerebs” qmnian. gverdiTi napralebis warmoqmna gletCeris Sua da napira nawilebis uTanabro winsvliTi moZraobis Sedegia da maTi sigane mcirdeba

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periferiisaken da siRrmiT, ris gamoc myinvaris Ziramde umetes SemTxvevaSi ver aRweven.

rac Seexeba gaswvriv anu radialur napralebs, isini Cveulebriv iseT nawilebSi viTardebian, sadac myinvari ama-Tu im mizeziT SesamCnevad farTovdeba, mag. viwro xeobidan gafarToebul nawilSi _ mTispira vakeze gamosvlisas (nax. 83). napralTa siRrme Cveulebriv ramdenime aTeuli metria. calkeul SemTxvevaSi _ ramdeni aseuli metri. morenebi. nivaciur-egzaraciuli procesebiT miRebuli ngrevis produqtebi, myinvaris mier gadatanili da daleqili, morenebad* iwodeba. maT aranakleb TvalsaCino adgili ukavia

* termini “morena” SveicariaSi arsebul Samunis xeobis mcxovreblebma Semoitanes.myinvaris zedapiris morfologiaSi da Cveulebriv xeobis tipis myinvarebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. maT Soris umTavresi gverdiTi da Sua morenebia. pirveli maTgani warmoiqmneba myinvaris garemomcveli mTebis kldovani ferdobebis yinviTi gamofitvis Sedegad, naSalis Camocvenisa da da myinvaris kidur nawilebSi dagrovebis gziT. mis warmoqmnaSi garkveuli roli xeobis amgebel qanebze myinvaris egzaraciul (ngreviT) moqmedebasac miekuTvneba.

Sua morena myinvaris kideebisgan metnaklebad aris dacilebuli da masac viwro zolisebri gavrceleba axasiaTebs. Sua morenis warmoqmna umetesad polisinTeturi myinvaris ori gverdiTi morenis SeerTebis Sedegia, anda SeiZleba martiv myinvarsac gaaCndes, Tu firnis areSi nunatakia warmodgenili. am ukanasknelis gamofitvis Sedegad miRebuli naSali myinvaris zedapirze TovliT ifareba, ganicdis gadaadgilebas da iq, sadac Termuli ablacia intensiurad iCens Tavs, kvlav zedapirze mogvevlineba Sua morenis saxiT.

kontinenturi tipis myinvarebze morenebi mxolod nunatakebis maxlobel adgilebSi SeiniSneba da am ukanasknelTa ngrevis Sedegs warmoadgens.

nunatakebi pirvel rigSi kontinenturi myinvarebis zedapiris morfologiisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. am saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba met-naklebi sididis kldovani Sverilebi, romlebic yinulis safarqveS

myofi mTagoriani reliefis arsebobas gvaniSneben da ukanasknelTa maRali adgilebis zedapirul daboloebas warmoadgenen.

amave tipis myinvarTa morfologiaSi garkveuli mniSvneloba Tovlis diunebs ekuTvnis, romelTa warmoqmna Cveulebrivi siliani diunebis analogiuria da gabatonebuli qarebis moqmedebasTanaa pirvel rigSi dakavSirebuli.

myinvaruli magidebi da myinvaruli Wiqebi. gverdiTi an Sua morenebis gavrcelebis zolebSi SeiniSneba, pirvelni ufro iSviaTad. myinvaruli magidebis warmoqmnisaTvis saWiroa qvis lodi davardes myinvaris zedapirze. zafxulis ganmavlobaSi es ukanaskneli icavs qveS myof yinulis masas gadnobisagan, mimdebare nawilTan SedarebiT TandaTan maRla eqceva da magidis saxes Rebulobs (nax. 84). myinvaruli Wiqebi ki Taviseburi nano formebia, warmoqmnili muqi feris qvis natexebis mier STanTqmuli sxvadi energiiT yinulis dnobiT. rac Seexeba myinvarul wisqvilebs, isini Sedegia myinvaris napralebSi Cadenil im nakadTa Termuli da dinamikuri moqmedebisa, romlebic yinulis dnobis Sedegad miiReba.

§ 72. myinvaris tipebi

myinvarTa dajgufeba sxvadasxva principze dayrdnobiT araerT mkvlevars aqvs Catarebuli, aq SevCerdebiT myinvarTa im tipebis mokle daxasiaTebaze, romelTa gamoyofas maTi morfologiuri niSnebi udevs safuZvlad*.

aRniSnul safuZvelze myinvarTa ori ZiriTadi jgufi gamoiyofa: 1. safarisebri myinvarebi da 2. xazobriv

CadablebebTan dakavSirebuli myinvarebi.

* g. almanma (1962) mogvca es klasifikacia, romelSic zogierTi cvlilebaa Setanili.

pirvelni saerTo centridan periferiisaken moZraobiT xasiaTdebian da ori tipisgan Sedgeba: kontinenturi myinvarebi da myinvaruli qudebi.

safarisebri anu kontinenturi myinvarebi TiTqmis mTlianad antarqtidaze da grenlandze arian warmodgenili, sadac maT mier dakavebuli farTobi Sesabamisad 13,2 da 1,87 mln. kv. km-s Seadgens; damaxasiaTebel ZiriTad niSanTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: metad didi farTobi, vrceli vake yinulis udabnos

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saxe, aqa-iq kldovani Sverilebis nunatakebis arseboba, yinulis masis didi sisqe, romelic 1-2 km-s da zogjer metsac aRwevs, grandiozuli enebi, romelTa nawili garemomcvel zRvebSi eSveba da aisbergebis warmoqmnas ganapirobebs. erT-erT aseT enas antarqtidaSi 950km-mde sigane aqvs da rosis barieris saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.* aqedan motexil aisbergTa sidide aTeulobiT da aseulobiT kv. km farTobis mqonea. kunZul niufaundlendTan nanaxi iqna aisbergi, romlis sigrZe 56km-s aRwevda. wyalzeda nawilis simaRle ki _ 87 metrs.

myinvaruli qudebi polaruli arqipelagis kunZulebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (Crd. miwa, franc iosebis miwa da sxva) da pirvelTagan mxolod mcire sididiT, odnav gumbaTurobiT da sisqiTaa gansxvavebuli.

myinvarTa meore jgufSi aTze meti tipi gamoiyofa. xeobis tipis myinvarebi umetes SemTxvevaSi xasiaTdebian

releifis uaryofiT wagrZelebul formaSi mdebareobiT da mkveTrad gamoxatuli kvebis da ablaciis nawilebiT. isini SeiZleba iyvnen martivi, Tu erTi kvebis ares (firnis vels) erTi ena aqvs mxolod, da rTuli anu polisinTeturi, Tu ramdenime myinvari TavianTi moZraobis gzaze erTdebian da saerTo eniT bolovdebian. pirveli maTganis magaliTad kavkasionis sinamdvilidan mravalTa Soris SeiZleba mogvetana devdorakis myinvari. meore maTgani farTod aris warmodgenili pamirisa da tian-Sanis mTian mxareebSi. maT did sisqesTan erTad, romelic aseulobiT metriT ganisazRvreba, ramdenime aTeuli km. sigrZec aqvT. ase

* kontinenturi myinvaris enis nawilebs, romlebic zRvaSi arian daSvebuli, zogierTi avtori calke tipad gamoyofs Selfuri myinvaris saxelwodebiT.magaliTad, myinvar fedCenkos sidide 77 km-s aRwevs, inilCekis myinvaris ki 65 km-s.

karuli myinvari xasiaTdeba sipataraviT da rac mTavaria, mTis ferdobze arsebul mcire sididis savarZlisebr CadablebaSi, e.w. karSi mdebareobiT, romelsac sami mxridan cicabo qarafovani kalTebi aqvs. maTi mdebareoba Cveulebriv mudmivi Tovlis xazis zols Seesabameba da Tu maT dRes sadme aRniSnuli xazis qvemoT vnaxavT, unda davuSvaT warsulSi misi ucilobeli dabla mdebareoba, sxvaTa Soris karebis ganlagebis es Tavisebureba mTiani mxareebis gamyinvarebis jeradobis dadgenis erT-erT sayuradRebo faqts warmoadgens.

dakidebuli myinvari TavianTi ganzomilebiT axlos dganan karul tipTan, oRond misagan gansxvavdebian myinvaris adgilsamyofelis

nakleb gamoxatuli reliefuri simkveTriT da cicabo ferdobze patara dakidebuli eniT, romelic Tavisi sididiT firnis mier dakavebul ares ise Seefardeba, rogorc 1/8-s.

sipataravis gamo myinvarTa es tipi klimatis cvlilebaze swrafad da mkveTr reagirebas axdens.

brtyel mwvervalTa myinvarebi umetesad iseT mTebSi gvxvdebian, romelTac denudaciuri mosworebuli zedapirebis fragmetebi aqvT SemorCenili da, ra Tqma unda saTanado klimaturi pirobebi gaaCniaT. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia: mcire sisqe, zedapiruli morenebis uqonloba, CamokveTili kideebi da odnav amozneqili an swori zedapiri. maT vxvdebiT centralur tian-Sanze. warsulSi aseTi tipis myinvari unda gvqonoda aWara-TrialeTis mTagrexilis im nawilSi, romelic fersaTis platos saxelwodebiTaa cnobili*.

gadakidebuli myinvarebi xasiaTdebian kvebis aris (firnis velis) uReltexilze mdebareobiT da aqedan _ qedis orive mxares gadaSvebuli enebis arsebobiT. a. reinhardis azriT, aseTi tipis myinvari axlo geologiur warsulSi unda gvqonoda jvris uReltexilze, magram ukanaskneli gamokvlevebiT igi ar dasturdeba.

* S. cxovrebaSvili, saq. mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. 74, #2, 1974

Turqestanuli myinvarebisaTvis kvebis arisa da enis gancalkevebuli mdebareobaa damaxasiaTebeli. isini warmoiqmnebian cicabo ferdobebze daSvebul Tovlisa da yinulis zvavebis mowyvetiT da mTis zirze maTi dagrovebiT. am niSniT Turqestanuli myinvari regenerirebul tips mogvagonebs, oRond ukanasknelis SeqmnaSi ZiriTadi roli dakidebuli myinvaris mowyvetil nawilebs ekuTvnis.

krateruli myinvari Camqrali vulkanebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da, rogorc saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, igi mTis Txemze arsebul reliefis uaryofiT formaSi _ kraterSi aris warmodgenili da misi farglebiT ganisazRvreba.

vulkanur konusTa myinvarebis damaxasiaTebeli niSania konusur an gumbaTur mTaze fafanakisebr anu mTliani safaris saxiT arseboba. Tu vulkanis zedapirze barankosebia da myinvari intensiur kvebas ganicdis, SesaZloa zemoaRniSnuli safaridan myinvaris ramdenime ena eSvebodes. rogorc amas adgili aqvs ialbuzsa da myinvarwverze.

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bologaganierebuli myinvarebi xasiaTdebian myinvaris gafarToebuli, maraosebr gaSlili enis mTispira vakeze mdebareobiT. myinvaris danarCeni nawili ki mTebSia moqceuli. aseTi tipis myinvarebi gansakuTrebiT aliaskisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

mTispira myinvari. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bologaganierebuli myinvarebi mTispira vakeze erTdebian da erT mTlian vrcel yinulis safars qmnian, maSin saqme gvaqvs mTispira myinvarTan, romelsac malaspinis an alaskis tipis saxelwodebiTac aRniSnaven*. maTi warmoSobisTvis gansakuTrebiT intensiuri kvebaa saWiro da amitomaa, rom isini polaruli mTiani mxareebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

norvegiis tipi erTgvarad gardamavals warmoadgens safarovani da xeobis tipis myinvarTa Soris. igi xasiaTdeba qedis platosebr Txemze vrceli safarisebri firnis veils arsebobiT, saidanac sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT mokle myinvaruli enebia daSvebuli. garda norvegiisa, igi kunZul islandzec farTo gavrcelebiT sargeblobs, sadac erT-erTi maTganis firnis farTobi 8000 kv. km-s aRemateba.

* malaspinis tipis myinvaris farTobi 3500 kv. km, aRwevs da wminda ilias mTis ferdobebze Camomaval ramdenime myinvaris SeerTebis Sedegadaa miRebuli.

§ 73. myinvarTa egzaraciuli moqmedebiT miRebuli reliefis formebi

rogorc zemoT iTqva, egzaracia adgilis amgebel qanebze myinvaris ngreviTi moqmedebaa. zogierTi mkvlevari Tumca myinvaris aseT unars ar cnobs, magram amJamad ucilobladaa dadgenili maTi roli maRalmTiani maxareebis reliefis formirebaSi. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom 300 metri sisqis myinvari fskeris yovel kvadratul metrs 270 toniT awveba da moZraobisas Zirze Seyinuli morenuli masalis SemweobiT didi ngreviT Zalas iCens.

reliefis egzaraciul formaTa Soris qvemoT SevCerdebiT karebis, cirkebis, trogebis, karlingebis, rigelebis da verZis Sublebis daxasiaTebaze.

karis* saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba mTis ferdobebze arsebuli mkveTrad gamoxatuli reliefis uaryofiTi forma, romelic sami mxridan cicabo kldovani ferdobebiTaa gansazRvruli da mcired Cazneqili Ziri aqvs. aseTi morfologiuri Taviseburebis gamo maT savarZlebsac

uwodeben. karebi ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze arsebuli cirkebia, romelTa warmoqmna nivaciur da egzaraciul procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli. mudmivi Tovlis xazis zolSi mTis ferdobze Tu arsebobs raime piroba Tovlis dagrovebisa, igi sakmarisia, raTa droTa msvlelobaSi aq kari ganviTardes. firnis kideze dRisiT gamdnari Tovli iJoneba garemomcvel kldovan napralebSi, RamiT iyineba da maT daSla-dangrevas iwvevs. am process, rasac nivacia ewodeba, droTa msvlelobaSi Sedegad mosdevs pirveladi mciredi Cadablebis TandaTan gafarToeba, ganze gaweva. miRebuli naSali uSualo da meSveobiT gravitaciuli procesiT gadaitaneba da adgili TandaTan Rebulobs zemoaRniSnuli savarZlisebr formas. raRa Tqma unda, myinvari Tavis moZraobisas mis Zirze SeWiduli kldovani natexebis meqanikuri moqmedebiT aCqarebs am procesis msvlelobas. amas xels uwyobs agreTve myinvaris Ziridan gamomdinare wylebis transportuli moqmedeba naSalis mocilebis TvalsazrisiT. ase TandaTanobiT myinvari TiTqos ,,Wams” mTis ferdobs da kari gadadis cirkSi, romelic karisgan garda didi ganzomilebisa imiT gansxvavdeba, rom misi Ziri da misgan gamomavali myinvaruli xeobis Ziri TiTqmis erT donezea da maT Soris didi, mkveTri

* Carrise _ Sotlandiurad savarZels niSnavs.safexuri araa. amasTan aRsaniSnavia isic, rom karebi umetesad xeobis ferdobebzea warmodgenili, cirkebi ki _ mdinaris xeobis dasawyisSi. karebis formirebas mudmivi Tovlis xazis siaxloves ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom aq gansakuTrebiT intensiuria zemoaRniSnuli nivaciuri procesis msvleloba, romelic aRniSnuli xazis qvemoT da zemoT bevrad ufro sustad mimdinareobs: pirvel SemTxvevaSi Tovlis simciris, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi modnobis procesis aseve susti gamovlinebis gamo. karTa gavrcelebis es Tavisebureba da is faqti, rom zogjer isini sarTulebrivad arian ganlagebuli mTis ferdobebze, safuZvels azlevs mkvlevarebs dauSvan Tovlis xazis sxvadasxva simaRliTi mdebareoba da mTiani mxaris gamyinvarebaTa jeradoba. simaRliTi sxvaoba, Tanamedrove da Zvel Tovlis xazs Soris Tovlis xazis depresiis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

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myinvaruli cirki, e. rixteris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iseTive damaxasiaTebeli reliefis formaa maRalmTiani mxareebisaTvis, rogorc barqanebi udabnosaTvis an eroziuli formebi mdinareTa moqmedebis adgilTaTvis. cirki firnis velis adgilsamyofels warmoadgens, romelSic gansxvavebiT karisagan, SeiZleba nunatakebic iyvnen warmodgenili. myinvaris safaris ganTavisuflebis Semdeg cirkebi jer tbis qvaburis rols asruleben, xolo maTi amoSrobis kvalobaze, naSali masalis dagrovebis gamo, fskeri vake zedapiris saxes iZens da mdeloSi gadadis. aRniSnuli evoluciis karg magaliTs Teberdis xeobaSi qluxoris uReltexilis siaxloves arsebuli sxvadasxva asakis cirkebi warmoadgenen, romelTagan udablesi, romelic 2350 metrze mdebareobs, naSaliTaa amovsebuli da daWaobebuli fskeri aqvs. 2591 m-ze mdebare cirki tbis qvabulis rolSi gvevlineba, xolo 2920 m-ze mdebare cirkSi dResac myinvaria SemorCenili. analogiuri suraTi aRwerili aqvs a. reinhards md. laSipses xeobis zemo nawilSi.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, moqmedi myinvaruli karebi TandaTan farTovdebian ferdobTa ganze gawevis da fskeris CaRrmavebis kvalobaze. amitom, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTis ferdobze sxvadasxva eqspoziciis kari Caisaxa, isini TavianTi ngrevisa da gafarToebis sferoSi moiqceven maT mimdebare ferdobTa sul axal-axal nawilebs da SeiZleba es procesi iqamde mivides, rom mocemuli mTis umaRles nawilSi karTa waxnagebma erTmaneTamde miaRwion da mas, odesRac gumbaTuri formis orografiul erTeuls, piramidisebri waxnagovani zedapiris saxe mieces. ai aseTi piramidisebri formis mTebs a. penkma karlingebi uwoda (nax. 85). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare karlingebi iseT mTian mxareebSi SeiZleba gvqondes, romlebsac axlo geologiur warsulSi saTanado hifsometriuli da klimaturi pirobebi hqondaT, romlebic saSualebas iZleodnen karebis Casaxva-ganvTarebisas sxvadasxva eqspoziciaze. karlingebis magaliTs saqarTvelos sinamdvilidan uSbas mwvervali wamoadgens. aseTive saxisaa alpebSi materhorni da tian-Sanis araerTi mwvervali.

trogebi. es termini e. rixters ekuTvnis, rac qarTulad sawnaxels niSnavs. am saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba myinvaris egzaraciuli moqmedebiT miRebuli xeoba, romlesac ganiv profilSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli “U”-seburi forma aqvs. misi ferdobebi didi daxrilobisaa, Ziri ki farTo, mcired Cazneqili da morenuli masaliT mofenili, romelzec myinvaris enidan gamomavali mdinare miedineba.

trogis ferdobebi garda imisa, rom cicabo da qarafovania, alag-alag darRveulia dakidebuli xeobebiT (nax. 86). es ukanasknelni

patara gverdiTi trogebia, polisinTeturi myinvaris meore rigis gletCerTa mier warmoqmnili. maTi fskeri mTavari trogis fskeridan aseulobiT metr simaRleze mdebareobs da amitom ewodebaT dakidebuli, Tumca profilisa da sxva zemoaRniSnuli niSnebiT maTi analogiuria. a. reinhardis gamokvlevebiT, kavkasionis dasavleT nawilSi dakidebul xeobaTa fskeris simaRliTi mdebareobis es sxvaoba 300-400 metria. aRniSnul formaTa arseboba siRrmiTi egzaraciuli procesis im mkveTr sxvaobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic mTavarsa da gverdiT gletCerebs axasiaTebT da rac ukanasknelTa sisusteSi mdgomareobs.

trogebis Zirze, morenul nafenTa Soris, SeiniSneba xeobis gardigardmo mogluvebuli zedapiris zRurbli, romelic rigelad iwodeba.

trogi garda ganivi profilisa da sxva zemoaRniSnuli niSnebisa, kidev imiT gansaxvavdeba mdinaris mier warmoqmnili eroziuli xeobisagan, rom umetesad sworxazovani gavrcelebisaa

da Tu klaknilobas iCens es klaknilebi imdenad Sori-Sorsaa, rom trogis Zirze mdgom damkvirvebels xeobis zemoT da qvemoT kilometrebis manZilze horizonti arafriT efareba. aseTi sworxazovnebis mizezi myinvaris moZraobis TaviseburebiTaa ganpirobebuli da imis Sedegia, rom gletCeri winsvliTi moZraobisas Semxvedr dabrkolebebs gverds ki ar uqcevs, aramed angrevs da ganagrZobs moZraobas. kontrforsebis aseT mongreul daboloebaTa adgilebze Cndeba troguli xeobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi niSani samkuTxedisebri CamonakveTebi, romelTac myinvaruli dezebi ewodebaT. bolos trogebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia agreTve ferdobTa zeda nawilSi mkveTri gardatexa da e.w. mxrebis ganviTareba.

sigrZiv profilSi trogebi dasafexurebulia da maTi es niSani

myinvaruli egzaraciis TaviseburebasTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic e. martonis dakvirvebiT gansakuTrebiT Zlier fskeris damrec monakveTebSi mimdinareobs anda, iq sadac gletCeris masis mkveTr matebasTan gvaqvs saqme. saqme isaa, rom

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damrec adgilebSi nakadebis SeerTebis gamo myinvaris moZraobis siCqare sustia, dawola da ngreviTi Zala ki _ didi, daqanebul adgilebSi, piriqiT, moZraobis siCqare didia, yinulis simZlavre da fskerze dawolis Zala ki _ mcire.

torguli xeobis morfologiuri Taviseburebis Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa Soris sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. gabatonebulia mosazreba, romlis mixedviT trogebis adgilze warsulSi mdinareTa eroziuli V-buri formis xeobebi unda gvqonoda, romlebic gamyinvarebis epoqaSi gletCerebma daikaves da saxe Seucvales gadaRrmavebisa da fskeris nawilis ganze gawevis gziT (a. penki, a. filipsoni, e. martoni da sxva). ferdobTa ganze gawevis process e. drigolski gletCeris masaSi yinulis nawilakTa moZraobis TaviseburebiT xsnis, rac myinvaris Sua nawilSi siRrmiTaa mimarTuli, fskerze ki ganze da zemoT.

vamTavrebT ra trogebis Sesaxeb laparaks, bolos isic unda aRiniSnos, rom h. hesma meoTxeuli periodis gamyinvarebis mravaljeradobis faqtidan gamomdinare gamoTqva mosazreba erTmaneTSi Cawyobili trogebis SesaZlebeli arsebobis Sesaxeb da amas daukavSira trogebis mxrebis warmoqmna. am Teoriuli mosazrebis damadasturebeli faqti a. gerasimovis mier kavkasionis magaliTidanac iqna motanili, sadac igi or erTmaneTSi Camjdar (Cawyobil) trogis arsebobas miuTiTebs.

im SemTxvevaSi, roca myinvars moZraobis gzaze mkvrivi qanebis raime Sverili eRobeba, myinvari mas mogluvebul saxes aZlevs, romelsac verZis Subli ewodeba. Tu aseTi mogluvebuli kldovani zedapirebi erTmaneTis siaxloves mravlad iqnebian warmodgenili, maSin maT xuWuWa kldeebs uwodeben. erTnic da meorenic gansakuTrebiT ufro yofili safarovani gamyinvarebis adgilebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. fineTis ube da TviT fineTis teritoria maTi gavrcelebis farTo asparezs warmoadgenen. aRniSnul ubeSi arsebuli auarebeli Sxeri, mkvlevarTa azriT, geneturad sxva araferia Tu ara verZis Sublebi da daZiruli xuWuWa kldeebi.

§ 74. myinvarTa akumulaciuri moqmedeba da reliefi

myinvarTa akumulaciuri moqmedebiT miRebuli reliefis formebi morenebis dagrovebis Sedegia. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, morena

nivaciur-egzaraciuli procesebiT miRebuli ngrevis produqtia, romelic SeiZleba iyos moZravi da uZravi. pirveli maTgani myinvaris mier gadaitaneba da imisda mixedviT Tu ra adgili ukavia myinvaris masaSi, SeiZleba gavarCioT zedapiruli, Sida, fskeris (nax. 87). uZravi morenebi ki myinvaris enis SeCerebis adgilze viTardebian aTiode metri simaRlis rkalisebri formis zvinulebis saxiT, romelTa myinvarisaken moqceuli mxare cicaboa, gareTa mxare ki _ damreci. iseve rogorc zemoT ganxilul karTa safexurebi, bolo morenebic safuZvels aZlevs mkvlevrebs, ilaparakon meoTxeuli periodis gamyinvarebis jeradobaze, xolo morenebis zvinulebi, romlebic yofili troguli xeobebis fskerze CaWril Tanamedrove mdinareTa terasebzea Semonaxuli, mravlad SeiniSneba kavkasionis qedze. amis karg magaliTs warmoadgens is bolo morena, romelic Teberdis xeobaSi kurort Teberdis teritoriazea SemorCenili. mesxeTis qedis sinamdvilidan ki aseT warmonaqmnad miiCneven fersaTis platos dasavleT kideze s. moxesTan arsebul 500 metramde sigrZis da oriode metri simaRlis zvinuls, romelic pirvelad foxtma aRniSna, Semdeg ki mis myinvarul genezisze araerTma mkvlevarma miuTiTa.

.

Tanamedrove myinvarTa bolo morenebi qaoturad dagrovili naSali masalis zvinulebs qmnian. Zvel (pleistocenis droindel) myinvarebs ki mTispira vakeebze maTi enebis SeCerebis adgilebSi reliefis mTeli myinvaruli kompleqsi aqvT datovebuli (nax. 88).

morenebis Sedgenilobis umTavresi niSani, rac naSali

masalis dauxarisxebloba-daumuSaveblobaSi mdgomareobs, maTi Semdgomi gardaqmnisas ganapirobebs reliefis iseTi formebis warmoqmnas, rogoric miwis piramidebia (nax. 89). es ukanasknelni morenebze atmosferuli naleqebis seleqciuri ngreviTi moqmedebis Sedegia da zogan ise farTod arian warmodgenilni, rom damaxasiaTebel landSaftsac qmnian.

safarovani myinvarebis akumulaciur warmonaqmnTa Soris garda bolo mornebisa ozebi, kamebi da drumlinebia

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aRsaniSnavi. maTi genezisis saerTod miRebuli axsna jerjerobiT araa. mkvlevarTa nawili im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom zogierTi drumlinis Sida nawili kldovania, fiqrobs, rom isini kontinenturi myinvaris moZraobis gzaze arsebuls dabrkolebaTa adgilebSi Ziris morenebis datovebis Sedegad arian warmoqmnilni, romlebmac myinvarTa dnobisa da ukan daxevis Semdeg maTi moZraobis Sesabamisi wagrZelebuli saxe miiRes. drumlinebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli ruseTis Crdilo-dasavleTSi, aSS-is iseTi qalaqi, rogoric detroitia, mTlianad drumlinzea gaSenebuli.

ozebis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba aTeuli kilomtris sigrZeze klaknilad ganlagebuli rkinigzis yrilis msgavsi ganivkveTis akumulaciuri warmonaqmni, romelTac ramdenime aTeuli metri simaRle da didi daxrilobis gverdebi aqvT. ozebis sigane Ziris nawilSi aTeulidan 200 metramdea da morfologiuri Taviseburebis gamo iseT Waobian da tbian mxareSi, rogoric fineTia, sagzao mSeneblobis trasebad gamoiyeneba da am TvalsazrisiT garkveuli sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvT.

ozebis morfologiur-struqturuli Taviseburebidan gamomdinare mkvlevarebi saerTo azris arian imaSi, rom isini kontinenturi myinvaris mdinareTa kalapotebSi mimdinare akumulaciuri procesis Sedegi unda iyos. oRond azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs is, Tu konkretulad romeli maTganis Sedegia igi: myinvaris zedapirze Tu mis SigniT an fskerze mimdinare nakadTa kalapotebSi masalis dagrovebisa (nax. 90).

rac Seexeba kamebs, isini gluvi zedapiris da ramdenadme brtyeli Txemis mqone calkeul borcvebs an maT ggufebs qmnian fluvio-glaciuri masaliT agebuls.

mkvlevarTa azriT kamebi myinvarTa degradaciis (deglaciaciis) etapze unda iyvnen warmoqmnilni mkvdari yinulis gavrcelebis adgilebSi, myinvaris zedapiruli an Sida nakadebis Termuli da akumulaciuri moqmedebiT. pirveli maTgani (Termuli procesi) zedapiruli qvabulebis an mRvimeTa gaCenas ganapirobebs, xolo meore _ naSali masaliT amovsebas, romelic yinulis dnobis Semdeg borcvebis saxiT rCeba warmoqmnis adgilebSi.

§ 75. pleistocenis gamyinvareba

dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi gamyinvrebas araerTxel hqonia adgili, magram maT geomorfologiuri TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvT, radgan maTi danatovari kvali reliefSi araa SemorCenili. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba im myinvarebs aqvs, romlebmac meoTxeuli periodis dasawyisSi da Semdgom imoqmedes da romelic pleistocenis gamyinvarebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

jer kidev pliocenis miwurulSi haeris temperaturis mkveTrma dawevam ganapiroba myari saxiT mosuli naleqebis raodenobis mateba, ramac Semdgom kidev ufro farTo masStabi miiRo da mudmivi Tovlis saburvelSi moaqcia dRevandeli polaruli da subpolaruli mxareebi.

aseve mZlavri Tovlis safaris asparezad gardaiqca mTiani mxareebi. arsebuli faqtebi, romelTa Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba laparaki, imaze miuTiTeben, rom evropis naxevarze meti, daaxloebiT 7 mln. kv. km. kontinenturi myinvaris mier iyo dafaruli. mis safarqveS moqceuli iyo didi britaneTis kunZulTa 2/3-ze meti, mTeli fenoskandia da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi evropa. germaniis umetesi nawili da poloneTis mTeli teritoria mis aRmosavleTiT mimdebare mxareebTan erTad gamyinvarebis maqsimalur epoqaSi, myinvaris safaris samxreTi sazRvris SigniT iyo moqceuli (nax. 91). aRmosavleT evropaSi kontinenturi myinvari ori giganturi enis saxiT vrceldeboda mdinareebis dneprisa da donis auzebSi. ukanasknelis aRmosavleTiT ki volgispireTs auyveboda md. kamis auzSi gadadioda da uralamde aRwevda.

kidev ufro farTod iyo yinulis safari warmodgenili Crd.

amerikis kontinentze, sadac misi farTobi 11 mln. kv. km-s aRwevda (nax. 91), mis qveS moqceuli iyo kanadis mTeli teritoria da aSS-is CrdiloeTi raionebi. rac Seexeba azias, misi Crdilo nawilis gamyinvarebis Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. zogierTi maTgani (a. voevikovi da i. Cerski)

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sruliad uaryofs mas, zogi (v. obruCevi) Tvlis, rom am dros myinvarul safarqveS iyo moqceuli 600 ganedis CrdiloeTiT mdebare mTeli teritoria. k. markovi aRniSnavs, rom zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebi ukiduresobebs warmoadgenen da, misi azriT, dedamiwis aRniSnulma regionma ganicada gamyinvareba, oRond ufor mcire masStabiT, vidre es v. obruCevs aqvs warmodgenili.

vrceli yinulis safari unda yofiliyo iseT mTian mxareebSi rogoricaa: alpebi, kavkasioni, andebi, pamiri, tian-Sani da sxv. ase magaliTad, alpebSi dRes arsebul myinvarTa mier dakavebuli farTobi 4000 kv. km-iT ganisaszRvreba, pleistocenis maqsimaluri gamyinvarebis epoqaSi (risuli) igi ramdenime aTeuljer mets Seadgenda da myinvarebi mis CrdiloeT periferiaze mimdebare vakeebze bolovdebodnen.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas kavkasionis Sesaxeb, sadac mudmivi Tovlis safari 1900 kv. km-s ar aRemateba Tanamedrove xanaSi, xolo myinvarebs saSualod xuTi-aTi km-is sigrZe aqvT da qedis orografiuli RerZis zolSi arian wamodgenili. pleistocenis Sua xanebSi ki aRniSnuli safaris farTobi alpebis msgavsad berad ufro didi unda yofiliyo, myinvarebic aTeulobiT kilometri sigrZis. md. Teberdis xeobaSi arsebuli myinvari, magaliTad, xuTi-eqvsi aTeuli kilometri sigrZisa iyo da q. qluxoris maxloblad bolovdeboda.

ibadeba kiTxva: ra faqtebi moepovebaT mkvlevarebs yovelive zemoaRnisnulis dasamtkiceblad pleistocenis gamyinvarebis esoden farTo diapazonis da ufor metic, misi mravaljeradobis Taobaze?

myinvarTa winsvlisa da ukan daxevis epoqaTa arseboba dasturdeba iseTi faqtebiT, rogoricaa: bolo morenebis, myinvarul karTa iarusebis, fluvio-glaciuri nafenebis, eratikuli lodebis da sxv. gavrcelebis xasiaTiT. TiTqmis yvela maTganis Taviseburebis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo aRniSnuli da aq aRar SevCerdebiT. eratikul lodebTan dakavSirebiT ki saWiroa aRiniSnos is, rom maTac didi mniSvneloba aqvT myinvarTa gavrcelebis sazRvrebis dadgenis saqmeSi. isini warmoadgenen aTeuli da aseuli kuburi metri moculobis lodebs, romelbic araerTgan aris nanaxi. aRm. evropis vakeze da sxva adgilebSi. lodebi mkvlevarTa yuradRebas im mxriv iqceven, rom maTi petrografiuli Tavisebureba sruliad sxvaa im adgilebis amgebel qanebTan SedarebiT, sadac dRes imyofebian da bunebrivad badeben kiTxvas: saidan da ra saSualebiT arian TavianT dRevandel adgilsamyofelze moxvedrili?

aRmosavleT evropis vakeze arsebuli aseTi lodebi TavianTi SedgenilobiT msgavsia im qanebisa, romlebic fineT-skandinaviis agebulebaSi monawileoben da aSkaraa iqidan arian moziduli. magram ra saSualebiT? vake mxaris mdinareebi umniSvnelo vardnisa da aqedan gamomdinare cocxali Zalis simciris gamo, maT gadaadilebas ver SeZleben. qaris rolze am saqmeSi laparaki zedmetia. erTaderTi agenti, romelsac sruliaT Tavisuflad SeeZlo maTi gadatana, myinvaria da mas marTlac, gadahqonda ra eratikuli lodebi, am ukanasknelebs bolo mornebTan erTad tovebda Tavisi xangrZlivi SeCerebis adgilebSi.

zemoT ganxilulma morfologiuri warmonaqmnebis da formebis Seswavlam, rig sxva faqtebTan erTad, safuZveli misca a. penks da brukners, alpebis Seswavlis safuZvelze daedginaT pleistocenis gamyinvarebis jeradobis faqti, romelic qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT: giuncis, mindelis, risisa da viurmis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. maSasadame, pleistocenis gamyinvarebis saerTo fonze adgili hqonda myinvarTa winsvlisa da ukan daxevis epoqebs. maTi raodenoba aRmosavleT evropis sinamdvileSi k. markovisa da i. gerasimovis monacemebiT sams Seadgens da lixvinis, dneprulis da valdais myinvarul epoqaTa saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. myinvarTa maqsimaluri gavrcelebis sazRvrebi, alpuri qronologiiT, risuls Seesabameba, aRm. evropis glaciogenuri skalis mixedviT ki _ dnepruls.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare Tanamedrove myinvarebi viurmuli glacialis momdevno myinvarTa ukan daxevisa da maSasadame, maTi Semcirebis epoqas miekuTvnebian. amitom arian isini saerTod mcire ganzomilebisani, risuli epoqis myinvarebTan SedarebiT.

§ 76. pleistocenis glaciogenur warmonaqmnTa zonaloba

im regionebs, romelTac gancdili aqvT pleistocenis safarovani gamyinvareba, emCnevaT reliefis mikroformaTa ramdenadme kanonzomieri subganeduri gavrceleba, rac SeimCneva rogorc CrdiloeT amerikis, ise baltiispireTisa da aRmosavleT evropis vakis reliefSi.

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aRniSnul regionebSi CrdiloeTidan samxreTis mimarTulebiT Semdegi sami zoli gamoiyofa: Warbi myinvaruli denudaciis, Warbi myinvaruli akumulaciis da periglacialuri.

Warbi myinvaruli denudaciis zoli fenoskandiis regionSia warmodgenili. es iyo imdorindeli safarovani myinvaris mTavari centri evropaSi, romelic didi simZlavrisa da xangrZlivi moqmedebis gamo, evropis am nawilSi intensiur-denudaciur procesebs awarmoebda. amitom, aq ZiriTadad arsebuli da axlad warmoqmnili naSalis mocilebas hqonda adgili. aseT moqmedebas ganicdida kambriumamdeli kristaluri qanebiT agebuli Zlier dislocirebuli substratis mqone gamyinvarebamdeli reliefi, romelTa mogluvebul-moSliful zedapirs amJamad alag-alag morenebis Txeli safari gaaCniaT.

reliefis glaciogenur formaTa Soris aq warmodgenilia, wina paragrafSi ukve ganxiluli, verZis Sublebi da xuWuWa kldeebi, agreTve selgebi. selgis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba gluvi zedapiris mqone wagrZelebuli kldovani zRuderebi, romelTa Soris tbebia warmodgenili. fiqroben, rom maTi umetesoba dizunqciiT Sepirobebuli gamyinvarebamdeli struqturuli warmonaqmnebia, romlebmac safarovani myinvaris maskulpturebeli moqmedeba ganicada.

momdevno zols qmnis Warbi myinvarul-akumulaciuri warmonaqmnebi, romelic daaxloebiT baltis farsa da ukanaskneli myinvaruli epoqis (valdais) myinvarTa gavrcelebis sazRvramde vrceldeba. am zolSi Warbi akumulacia Sepirobebuli unda yofiliyo myinvaris safaris mcire sisqiT, morenuli masalis siuxviT, aqtiuri kvebis centridan didi daSorebiT da aqedan gamodinare misi moZraobis mkveTri SesustebiT.

am zolSi umTavresad Ziris morenuli borcvebi, bolo morenebi, kamebi da drumlinebia warmodgenili. ukanasknelTa Sesaxeb zemoT ukve iyo yuradReba SeCerebuli. rac Seexeba Ziris morenul borcvebs, maTi genezisis Sesaxeb, k. markovi aRniSnavs, rom isini iseT adgilebSi unda gvxvdebodes, sadac safarovan myinvaris kidur nawils mravali Ria naprali eqneboda,* romlebic myinvaris masaSi moZrav nakadTa mier moziduli morenuli masaliT ivsebodnen, bolos ki rCebodnen maTi formirebis adgilebSi. rac Seexeba periglaciur anu eqstraglaciur zols, e.i im zonas, romelic safaris mimdebare iyo, magram misi uSualo aqtiuri zemoqmedeba ar ganucdia, xasiaTdeba reliefis iseTi fluvioglacialuri

warmoaqmnebiT, rogoricaa: zandruli vakeebi, Zveli kontinenturi diunebi, myinvarTa kidis gamyoli mdinareTa xeobebi. zandruli vakeebi kontinenturi myinvaris dnobis Sedegad warmoqmnil nakadTa akumulaciuri formebia vrceli gamozidvis konusebis SeerTevis gziT miRebuli, romelTac sustad daxrili da ramdenadme talRuri zedapiri gaaCniaT. xolo, sadac aRniSnuli procesi Zvel, gamyinvarebamdel mdinareTa xeobebSi mimdianareobda iq íxeobis zandrebi warmoiqmneboda. maT vxvdebiT md. dnepris Waliszeda pirvel terasaze an meore terasaze q. kievis qvemoT, md. desnis analogiur dabal terasaze da sxva. Tanamedrove gamozidvis konusebisagan gansxvavebiT zandrebi wvrilmarcvlovani siliT arian agebuli da rogorc zemoT iTqva, sustad daxrili zedapiri gaaCniaT. myinvaris xangrZlivi SeCerebis adgilebSi, iseTi mdinareebic arsebobda, romlebic myinvaris kides gauyvebodnen da warmoqmnidnen xeobebs, romelTa sigane calkeul SemTxvevaSi 2-3 aTeul kilometramde aRwevda. imdroindel mdinareTa aseTi xeobebi farTodaa warmodgenili Crdilo germaniis teritoriaze, romelTa calkeuli monakveTebi dResac sadinars warmoadgenen elbas, oderis da maTi zogierTi Semdinarisas. aseve Zvel warmoaqmnebadaa miCneuli mkvlevarTa mier Tanamedrove Warbnestian-daWaobebul adgilebSi arsebuli reliefis paradoqsuli akumulaciuri warmoaqmnebi paraboluri diunebis saxiT. silebiT agebuli da asimetriuli profilis mqone es formebi, romelTa simaRle or aTeul metramdea, xolo sigrZe ramdenime km, gvxvdeba CrdiloeT germaniaSi aTasobiT kv. km-ze, polesieSi smolenskisa da tveris olqebSi da mezoblad mdebare sxva adgilebSi.

* Ria napralTa arseboba Tavis mxriv myinvaris am nawilTa susti dinamikis Sedegia maTi centridan didi daSorebis gamo

§ 77. Tanamedrove myinvarTa gavrceleba

Tanamedrove xanaSi dedamiwis zedapirze arsebul mudmivi Tovlisa da yinulis safars 15,5 mln. kv. km-mde ukavia, romelic Semdegnairadaa ganawilebuli:

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arqtika 2083138 kv. km evropa 8655 kv. km azia 114147 kv. km Crd. amerika 67661 kv. km samx. amerika 12000 kv. km afrika 240 kv. km avstralia 1015 kv. km

antarqtika 13204000 kv. km sul 15490856 kv. Km

Tanamedrove myinvarebi romelTa saerTo moculoba 26 mln. km3

aRemateba, rom gadnes, maSin msoflio okeanis done 66 metriT aiwevda, xolo igive myinvarebi, xmeleTis zedapirze Tanabrad ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, s. kalesnikis monacemebiT, 182m. sisqis fenas warmoqmnida.

mudmivi Tovlis safari evropaSi farTodaa warmodgenili Spicbergenze (58000 kv. km), axal miwaze (23000 kv. km), islandze (12000 kv. km), skandinaviaSi (5000 kv. km) da sxv.

aziaSi myinvarebis didi TavmoyriT gamoirCevian iseTi mTagrexilebi rogoricaa: himalai, hindikuSi da yarayorumi, sadac maT mier dakavebuli saerTo farTi 57000 kv. km-s aRwevs. igive iTqmis tibetis zegnis Sesaxeb (32000 kv. km). rac Seexeba kavkasions, masze mudmivi Tovlisa da myinvarTa farTobi, romlis 2/3 CrdiloeT ferdobzea warmodgenili, 1900 kv. km-s aRwevs, aqedan samxreTze daaxloebiT _ 500 kv. km-s.

CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis kontinentebze aRniSnuli safari farTodaa warmodgenili alaskaze, kordilierebis kanadis nawilSi, amerikis arqtikul arqipelagze da cecxlovan miwaze. rac Seexeba antarqtidas da kunZul grenlands, isini pirvel maTganze mTlian safars qmnian, xolo meoreze farTobis 5/6 aqvT dakavebuli.

damatebiTi cnobebi myinvarTa gavrcelebis Sesaxeb me-10 tabulaSia mocemuli.

t a b u l a 10.

myinvarebis dasaxeleba

sigrZe km-biT

adgilmdebareoba

1 2 3

aleCifiSeripornerimer-de-glasipastercebezingidixsuyaraugomiaRaStaniadirsutviberiwanerilexzirigenaldoniceisipotaniniprJelvalskimensukatunifedCenkobiafobaltoroarandusiaCenimul-drau

26,816,015,015,010,415,213,614,99,47,1

10,412,113,67,09,0

16,012,011,08,0

77,060,056,048,075,070,0

alpebialpebialpebialpebialpebikavkasionikavkasioni (Sxaras mwverv. raioni)kavkasionikavkasioni (balyaris Cerekis saTaveSi)kavksioni (baqsanis saTaveSi)kavkasioni (svaneTi)kavkasioni (svaneTi)kavkasioni (svaneTi)kavkasioni (myinvarwveris raioni)kavkasioni (adaixoxis raioni)altaialtaialtaialtaipamiri*yarayorumiyarayorumiyarayorumiyarayorumialaska

* Sua aziis farglebSi mdebare pamiris mTianeTSi 7 myinvars 20 km-ze meti sigrZe aqvs, 37-s ki _ 10-20 km-mde.

Tavi mecamete. mudmivi mzraloba

mudmiv mzralobaSi igulisxmeba niadagis an qanis fena, romelsac aqvs uaryofiTi temperatura mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi.

rogorc cnobilia, bunebaSi mudmivi da ucvleli araferia, amitom, arc mzraloba SeliZleba iyos maradiuli. am SemTxvevaSi mudmivobaSi igulisxmeba mzralobis ara absolituri ucvleloba, aramed xangrZlivi arseboba.

mudmivi mzraloba sakmaod didi gavrcelebis mqonea da mas dakavebuli aqvs evraziis kontinentis TiTqmis mTeli CrdiloeTi da CrdiloeT-aRmosavleT nawili (nax.92). aq igi

106

gvxvdeba ara marto ruseTis farglebSi, sadac misi farTobi 10 mln. kv. km-iT ganisazRvreba da mTeli teritoriis 40%-s aRemateba, aramed _ monRoleTis da CineTis teritoriazec. mzraloba didadaa agreTve gavrcelebuli CrdiloeTi amerikis kontinentze da kunZul grelandze, rac Seexeba antarqtidas, aq arsebuli uzarmazari yinulovani safaris qveS unda arsebobdes mzrali fena milionobiT kv. km. farTobze. mzralobis niSnebi samxreT amerikaSi da afrikaSicaa SemCneuli. ase rom, mudmivi mzraloba gvxvdeba TiTqmis yvela kontinentze saerTo farTobiT 35 mln. km-mde (r. bleki)*.

§ 78. mudmivi mzralobis simZlavre da temperaturuli Tavisebureba

mudmivi mzrali fena Cveulebriv uSualod miwis zedapiridan ki ar iwyeba, aramed misgan met-naklebi daSorebiT: erT adgilze SesaZloa igi ramdenime aTeuli santimetriT ganisazRvrebodes, meoreze ki – ramdenime aTeuli metriT.

aseve iTqmis mudmivad mzrali fenis sisqis Sesaxeb, romlis simZlavre meryeobs erTeuli metridan ramdenime aTeul da aseul metramde. siRrmiTi gavrcelebis mixedviT arCeven mzralobis or saxes:

1) erTSriani didi sisqis mzrali fena da 2) Sreobrivi. ukanasknelSi adgili aqvs mudmivi da perioduli mzrali fenebis monacvleobas.

mudmivi mzrali fena zemodan dafarulia periodulad mzrali niadagiT an ZiriTadi qaniT, romelic seriozulad icvlis temperaturas – zafxulSi dneba, xolo zamTarSi iyineba. am ukanasknels moqmed Sresac uwodeben. misi simZlavre sxvadasxva adgilas gansxvavebulia da meryeobs aTeuli santimetridan ramdenime metramde. saerTod igi metia mzralobis samxreT raionebSi, xolo CrdiloeTSi - naklebi. garda ganedisa, mis simZlavreze gavlenas axdens, agreTve, adgilis reliefi, niadagis xasiaTi da mcenareuloba.

* zogierTi avtori (n. grave da sxva.) antarqtidas aramzral teritoriad miiCnevs da aqedan gamomdinare mzralobis farTobs 21 mln. kv. km-de amcirebs, rac Cven saeWvod migvaCnia.

mzrali fena, rodesac igi wyals didi raodenobiT Seicavs, imdenad mkvrivia, rom misi damuSaveba weraqvsa da zogjer feTqebadi nivTierebis gamoyenebasac saWiroebs. magram im SemTxvevaSi, roca masSi wylis umniSvnelo raodenobaa, mzral fenas simtkicis unari dakarguli aqvs. amasTan dakavSirebiT arCeven mzralobis or saxes – svels da mSrals.

rac Seexeba mzral fenis temperaturul Taviseburebas, igi metwil SemTxvevaSi _ 3º-dan 11º-mde meryeobs. aris SemTxvevebi, roca mzralobis raionebSi adgili aqvs maRal da dabal temperaturian fenebis monacvleobas da aseT SemTxvevaSi laparakoben, rom mzraloba degradacias ganicdis.

§ 79. hidrologiuri Tavisebureba

mudmivi mzralobis raionebSi gvxvdeba rogorc patara, ise didi mdinareebi. msoflioSi erT-erTi udidesi mdinare lena mTlianad mzralobis mxareSi miedineba.

aq arsebuli mdinareebi mTeli rigi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdebian. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia sarTulebrivi yinulis safris arseboba. ukanasknelis warmoqmnis Semdegnairad xsnian. rodesac Zlieri yinvebi dgeba, mdinareebi Cveulebriv ifarebian yinuliT, magram, vinaidan mzrali mxareebis mdinareTa kveba zamTris periodSi gansakuTrebiT sustia, maTi done SesamCnevad klebulobs, rasac Sedegad mosdevs sicarielis warmoqmna yinulis safarsa da wyals Soris. Tu yinvebi kvlav Seuneleblad grZeldeba anda matulobs maSin mdinares yinulis axali safari uCndeba. amgvari procesis Semdgomma gagrZelebam SesaZloa mesamejer gamoiwvios mdinaris gayinva.

maSasadame, sarTulebrivi yinulis gaCenisaTvis saWiroa xangrZlivi yinvebi da mdinareTa donis dacema.

aris SemTxvevebi, roca patara mdinareebi iyinebian zedapiridan fskeramde da Tavisebur yinulis zodebs mogvagoneben.

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xandaxan Zlieri yinvis drosac ki zogierTi mdinaris zedapirze, miuxedavaT maTi wynari dinebisa, alag-alag wriuli an sxva formis met-naklebi sididis gauyinavi adgilebi rCeba, romlebic irgvliv ramdenime aTeuli sm. sisqis yinulis safariTaa garSemortymuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi unda vivaraudoT, rom mdinaris kalapotSi zogierT adgilze amoedineba maRali temperaturis mqone cxeli wyaroebi, romlebic aTboben mdinares da xels uSlian mis gayinvas. am movlenas zogierTi mkvlevari nivTierebaTa radiaqtivobiTac xsnis.

aris iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca mdinare zafxulSi moqmedebs, zamTarSi ki uCndeba yinulis safari, romlis qveS wyali aRar miedineba, e.i. mdinare mTlianad Sreba da yinulis safarsa da fskers Soris warmoiqmneba sicariele, aseTi ram im mdinareebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romelic mxolod atmosferuli naleqiT ikvebebian.

metad Taviseburia axali cimbiris kunZulebze arsebuli zogierTi mdinaris reJimi, romelTac kalapoti gamomuSavebuli aqvT namarxi yinulis Semcveli meoTxeulis nafenebSi; aq mdinare alRobs namarx yinuls da ikvebeba misi saSualebiT, ris gamoc SesarTavis mimarTulebiT sul ufro da ufro uxvwyliani xdeba, Tumca mTel am manZilze mas Semdinare ar gaaCnia.

bolos saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan mzrali fenebi wylis aragamtari arian, aq mosuli mcire atmosferuli naleqic ki mdinareTa SesamCnev wyaldidobas iwvevs.

mudmivi mzralobis mxareebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia naledebis arseboba. naledis saxeliT aRiniSneba zemoTxsenebul mxareebSi farTod gavrcelebuli reliefis forma, romlis warmoSoba Cveulebriv zamTarSi xdeba da ZiriTadad wylis moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. naledi SeiZleba ganviTardes rogorc uSualod mdinaris zedapirze anda napirze, aseve misgan moSorebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT, naledis or saxes arCeven: mdinarisa da gruntis.

umetesad ai rogor mimdinareobs mdinaris naledis warmoqmna: davuSvaT, rom mzralobis adgilze miedineba mudmivi mdinare, zamTris yinvebis dadgomisTanave igi ifareba yinuliT, romlis sisqe TandaTan matulobs. yinulis sisqes Sedegad mosdevs mdinaris sadinaris daviwroveba. Tu amis Semdeg mdinaris donem ar daiklo, maSin mas uxdeba wylis didi raodenobis gadatana Seviwrovebul sadinarSi. rasac Semdeg mosdevs wylis masis didi dawola yvela mimarTulebiT. vinaidan aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaze sust adgils warmoadgens mdinaris napiri, sadac yinulis safari ukavSirdeba

sanapiro zols, wyali umetes SemTxvevaSi swored aq arRvevs yinuls, gadmoedineba napirze da haeris dabali temperaturis gamo myisve iyineba. anda, SesaZloa, mdinarem amozniqos TviT yinulis safari, gaarRvios igi da amoedinos zedapirze. orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gveqneba mdinaris naledTan.

naledis yinuli, rogorc wesi, gansxvavdeba mdinaris an tbis yinulisagan SreobriobiT da ufro Ria feriT. am ukanasknelis mizezi yinulis masaSi haeris buStebis didi raodenobiT arsebobaa.

rac Seexeba gruntis naleds, mis warmoqmnaSi, rogorc amas saxelwodeba gviCvenebs, monawileobs gruntis wyali, romelic amaTu im mizezis gamo amoedineba miwis zedapirze; rogorc cnobilia, mzralobis raionebSi gruntis wylebi sami saxisaa: erTi, romelic mudmivad mzrali fenis qveS arsebobs, meore – moqmed SreSi, e.i. mzrali fenis zemodan, xolo mesame – TviT mzrali fenis SigniT arsebul xvrelebSi. miwisqveSa wylebis aRniSnuli saxeebidan gruntis naledis warmoqmnaSi monawileobs ukanaskneli ori. Tu mudmivad mzralsa da periodulad mzral fenebs Soris arsebuli wylis cirkulacia dairRva, e.i. moxda misi moZraobis gzis daketva (gayinvis an sxva raime mizezis gamo), maSin wyali qvemodan moawveba moqmed Sres, romelic zamTarSi Cveulebriv gayinulia da iwvevs mis gaRunva-amoburcvas.

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac gruntis naledebis warmoqmnisas jer adgilis amoburcva mimdinareobs, Semdeg ki wylis gadmodena borcvis zedapirze gaCenili napralebidan, romlebic haeris dabali temperaturis gamo yinulis masad iqceva. es yinuli zafxulis periodSi dneba, amoburculi adgilebi Zirs eSveba da kvlav movakebuli zedapiris saxes iZens.

naledebi Cveulebriv erTwliania. maT mier dakavebuli farTobi sxvadasxva sididisaa. zogierTi maTgani ramdenime aTeuli kv. metriT ganisazRvreba, magram arian iseTebic, romelTa farTobi mln. kv. metrsac aRemateba. unda aRiniSnos, rom gansakuTrebiT didi farTobi mdinareuli naledebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

rac Seexeba naledTa sisqes, igi iSviaTad Tu aRemateba 4 metrs.

namarxi yinuli. es ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT farTod gvxvdeba CrdiloeT yinulovani okeanis kunZulebze da im

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sanapiro zolSi, romelic md. lenas SesarTavis aRmosavleTiTaa. SedarebiT naklebad igi gvxvdeba dabali ganedis iseT maRalmTian mxareebSi, rogoricaa pamiri, tian-Sani da sxva. namarxi yinulis sisqe xSir SemTxvevaSi ramdenime metria, magram arian iseTebic, romelTa simZlavre oTx aTeul metrsac aRemateba.

zRvis talRebis intensiuri ngreviTi moqmedeba gansakuTrebiT Tavs iCens im adgilebSi, sadac CamokveTili napiris agebulebaSi aRniSnuli yinuli monawileobs. amis mizezi isaa, rom talRa iseT adgilze awarmoebs ara marto meqanikur zemoqmedebas, aramed Termulsac wylis maRali temperaturis gavleniT iwvevs yinulis galRvobas. amitomaa, rom aseTi agebulebis napiris konfiguracia Zalze Cqara icvleba.

namarxi yinulis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb arsebobs azri, rom igi meoTxeulis myinvaruli periodis naSTs unda warmoadgendes. am drois yinulovani masebi havis daTbobisas da acivebis gavleniT awarmoebden winsvliT da ukansvliT moZraobebs da aqa-iq rCebodaT naSali masaliTa da mcenareuliT dafaruli yinulis fragmentebi. ukanasknelTa gavleniT isini dRemde gayinul mdgomareobas inarCuneben.

zogierTi mosazrebis mixedviT namarxi yinulis warmoqmna SesaZlebelia Tanamedrove xanaSic. ase magaliTad, Tu mdinareuli naledi gazafxulis wyaldidobisas daifara naSali masaliT, igi naleds daicavs gadnobisgan, anda SesaZloa mcire siRmis tba gaiyinos fskeramde da Semdeg mewyriT an raime mizeziT moxdes misi dafarva, maSin es ekanasknelic namarxi yinulis saxiT warmogvidgeba.

§ 80. geomorfologiuri Tavisebureba

mzralobis mxareebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli reliefis formebidan aRsaniSnavia: Termokarstuli qvabulebi, solifluqciuri safexurebi, hidrolakolitebi, torfiani borcvebi da sxvadasxva saxis poligonuri gruntebi.

Termokarstis saxeliT aRiniSneba adgilis CaqceviT gaCenili Zabrisebri, lambaqisebri an sxva saxis Cadablebebi, romelTa warmoqmna mzralobis adgilebSi temperaturuli (Termuli) pirobebis SecvlasTan ari dakavSirebuli. aseTi cvlileba SesaZloa gamoiwvios sxvadasxva mizezebma. magaliTad, adgilis mfaravi mcenareulobis

gadawvam, erTi da imave adgilis mravaljer moxvnam, tyis gaCexvam da sxva. am dros adgili aqvs mudmivad mzrali adgilis temperaturis reJimis darRvevas. Tu zemoaRniSnuli cvlileba ganicada iseTma nakveTma, sadac siRrmeSi namarxi yinulia, anda svel mzralobasTan gvaqvs saqme, maSin amas moyveba yinulis galRvoba da adgilis daweva-Cadableba. xSirad Cadablebul adgils ikavebs yinulis dnobis Sedegad miRebuli wyali da dasawyisi eZleva Waobis an tbis warmoqmnas. aseTi gziT gaCenili tbebi, romelTa forma xSirad wriulia, gansakuTrebiT md. viluis auzSi gvxvdeba.

Termokarstis tipuri gamovlenebisaTvis adgili vake an mcired daxrili unda iyos.

rac Seexeba solifluqciis procesebs da masTan dakavSirebul reliefis formebs, isini SeiZleba SeiniSnos aramzrali mxareebis farglebs gareT, magram CrdiloeTis mTiani da gorakborcviani raionebisTvis Cveulebriv movlenas warmoadgens.

CrdiloeTis mxareebSi, gazafxulze da zafxulis dasawyisSi, Tovlis dnobisas niadagi sinotives gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT Seicavs, rac iwvevs mTis ferdobze simZimis Zalis gavleniT wyliT gaJRenTili niadagis Camococebas, mis denas. mudmivi mzraloba aRniSnul process im mxriv uwyobs xels, rom igi wyalgauali Sris rolSi gvevlineba. solifluqcia gancdili adgili mcire sididis uswormasworod daterasebuli zedapiris mqonea* (nax. 93).

rogorc aRiniSna, solifluqciis procesis gamovlena Cveulebriv mTis an gorak-borcvebis kalTebze iCens Tavs,

* mzrali mxareebis solifluqcias zogi avtori konJelifluqciis saxelwodebiT aRniSnavs.magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom igi yoveli SemaRlebuli adgilis ferdobze SeiniSneba. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs mTis kalTebis daxrilobis sidides; damreci, sustad daxrili ferdobi (5-100) misi gamovlinebisaTvis yvelaze karg adgils warmoadgens.

reliefis damaxasiaTebel formaTagan, romelTa warmoqmna adgilis amoburcvis procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli, qvemoT mokled SevCerdebiT hidrolakolitebze.

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hidrolakolitebi*. Cveulebrivi naledis borcvebisagan gansxvavdebian didi simaRliTi gavrcelebiT da mravalwliani arsebobiT. amisi mizezi isaa, rom gruntis naledis borcvebi, rogorc wesi, mxolod moqmedi Sris areSi vlindebian, hidrolakolitebis warmoqmnaSi ki monawileoben Rrma fenebis miwisqveSa wylebi, romlebic garda moqmedi Srisa, moicaven mudmivad mzral fenebsac, maTi forma xSir SemTxvevaSi gumbaTiseburia, romelsac didi daxrilobis mqone ferdobebi aqvs. zogierTi hidrolakolitis simaRle 40 metrs aRemateba, xolo diametri _ 150-200 metrs. adgili, sadac igi warmoiqmneba an tbis qvaburs warmoadgens, anda daWaobebuli vake zedapirisaa. amitom misi SemCneva SesaZlebelia ramdenime aTeuli kilometris manZilidan.

* iakutiaSi maT ,,bulguniaxebs~ uwodeben, xolo Crd. amerikaSi ,,pingo~-s

hidrolakolitSi nivTierebebi semdegi TanmimdevrobiTaa ganlagebuli: zedapiridan 1 metramde siRrmeSi warmodgenilia torfis Sre, romelsac qvemoT mosdevs 2 metramde sisqis mzrali grunti. es ukanaskneli siRrmeSi icvleba gumbaTisebri formis yinuliT, romelic zogjer wylis Semcvelicaa.

aRniSnuli formis geneziss mkvlevarTa umetesoba mzralobis qveS arsebuli miwisqveSa wylebis mowoliTa da misi gayinvis dros warmodgenili gafarToebis ZalebiT xsnis.

hidrolakolitebi gvxvdeba ia-malis naxevarkunZulze, mdinare lenis qvemo dinebis auzSi, alaskaze da sxv.

tac Seexeba torfian borcvebs, isini oriode metri simaRlisa da 25 metramde diametrisaa, romelTac wriuli an ovaluri forma axasiaTebT. miuxedavad mravali hipotezisa, reliefis zemoaRniSnuli formebis msgavsad, ukanasknelTa warmoSobis sakiTxic, jerjerobiT sabolood araa dadgenili. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, torfiani borcvebi imis gamo, rom xSirad mdinari wylis moqmedebis sferoSia da mezobel borcvebs Tanabari simaRle aqvT (Tumca ara yovelTvis), unda warmoadgendes Sedegs torfis erTiani safaris danawevrebisas mdinareTa eroziuli moqmdebiT.

bolos saWiroa aRiniSnos erTi Tavisebureba, romelic mzrali mxareebis mdinareTa xeobebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. es Tavisebureba is aris, rom aq arsebuli xeobebis nawili, romelic ganedurad miemarTeba, umetes SemTxvevaSi asimetriulia. maTi daCrdiluli ferdobi Cveulebriv cicaboa, xolo mziani _ sustad daxrili. amis mizezi xeobis ferdobebis araTanabar gaTbobaSi mdebareobs.

daCrdilul ferdobze Tovlis dnoba nela da TandaTanobiT mimdinareobs, amasTan mzrali fena zedapiridan sul raRac oriode aTeuli santimetris siRrmeze imyofeba, ris gamoc misi Camorecxva brkoldeba. mzian ferdobze ki piriqiT, misi Camorecxva gacilebiT iolad warmoebs, vinaidan mzrali fena ramdenime metr siRrmezea da amasTnave gazafxulze Tovlis dnobac swrafia.

mzralobis arqtikul raionebSi, reliefis mikro formaTa Soris, yuradRebas iqcevs sxvadasxva saxis struqturuli gruntebi qvis rgolebis, qvis marTkuTxedebis da sxvaTa saxiT (nax. 94). qvis mravalkuTxedebis gansakuTrebiT tipiurad iseT vake adgilebSi gvxvdeba sadac mZlavrad danestianebuli Tixiani gruntis Semadgenel masalaSi mravladaa qvis natexebi.

aseTi gruntebi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi mimdinare gayinva-molRobis procesTa monacvleobiT ganicdis daxarisxebas da zemoaRniSnuli formebis miRebas. dasawyisSi maTi forma metwilad rgolisebria, xolo roca rgolebis kiduri nawilebi erTmaneTs miebjineba, isini mravalkuTxedis formas iZens. qvis rgolebis diametric erTi-ori metria. misi Sida odnav amozneqili zedapiri Tixiani masaliTaa warmodgenili, kiduri ramdenime aTeuli santimetri siganisa da aseTive simaRlis mqone zRurbli ki qvis natexebisagan Sedgeba. mcire ganzomilebis aseTi formebi l. maruaSvilis mier saqarTveloSicaa aRwerili yelis vulkanur zeganze.

aqve saWiroa ramdenime sityviT SevCerdeT golcur terasebze, romlebic cimbiris da Soreul aRmosavleTis mzralobis raionebis mTagoriani adgilebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da romelTa genezisi altiplanaciis Sedegia. altiplanaciis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba reliefwarmomqmneli manivelirebeli denudaciuri procesebis erToblioba, romelTa Soris mTavari yinviTi gamofitva, sxvadasxva saxis gravitacia da nivaciaa aRasaniSnavi. golcuri terasis warmoqmnisaTvis aucilebelia mkvrivi qanebiT agebuli mTis ferdobze raime pirveladi usworo zedapiris arseboba, romelic saSualebas miscems Tovls xangrZlivad darCes. Semdeg ki zemoaRniSnul procesTa erToblioba warmarTavs safexuris TandaTan formirebas. aseTi terasebis baqnebis sidide erTeuli metridan ramdenime kilometramdea, flateTa simaRle ki ramdenime

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aTeuli metri. maTi simaRliTi mdebareoba zemoaRniSnul SemTxveviT faqtorzea damokidebuli da amitom mezoblad mdebare safexurebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva simaRlis iyos, xolo zedapiri gamofituli naSali masaliT mofenili.

§ 81. mzralobis genezisi

mzralobis warmoSobis sakiTxis garkvevasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevarTa Soris saerTo azri arsebobs, rom bunebis es fizikuri movlena metad mWidro kavSirSi imyofeba mxaris klimatur TaviseburebasTan, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT xelis Semwyobia: 1) civi, mcireTovliani da xangrZlivi zamTari, 2) naleqebis mcire raodenoba weliwadis yvela droSi.

mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa mxolod meore sakiTxSi: saxeldobr, mzraloba warmoadgens Tanamedrove klimatis Sedegs, Tu igi warsuli periodis klimaturi pirobebis danatovaria. erTni amtkiceben, rom mzraloba Tanamedrove havis Sedegia, meoreni ki mas warsulis, uZvelesi drois narCenad miiCneven.

unda aRiniSnos, rom bunebaSi arsebuli mTeli rigi faqtebi ukanaskneli mosazrebis sasageblod laparakoben. aseT faqtTa Soris pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia mzralobis mqone adgilebSi nanaxi cxovelebis _ mamontebis, martorqebisa da muskusiani xarebis leSTa arseboba, romelTac SerCenili aqvT aramarto ConCxi, aramed gauxrwneli rbili nawilebic. aseTi naSTebi dRemde ramdenime aTeuli iqna nanaxi, umetesad mdinareebis, eniseisa da kolimas Soris arsebul adgilebSi, axali cimbiris kunZulebsa da Crdilo ganedi 54º-s Soris.

es faqtebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom mzralobas adgili hqonia jer kidev maSin, roca mamontebi da martorqebi binadrobden evraziis kontinentis CrdiloeT nawilSi da, rom mzraloba arsebobs dResac, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi dRevandlamde SeiZleba SemorCeniliyo daRupuli cxovelebis ConCxi da ara mTliani sxeuli, romelTa rbilobebi ise kargadaa Senaxuli, rom miuxedavad mravali aTeuli aTasi wlis xandazmulobisa, mas cxovelebi amJamaTac siamovnebiT miirTmeven.

radganac mkvlevrebi cimbiris mamontisa da martorqebis arsebobas miakuTvneben meoTxeulis gamyinvarebis periods,

amitomac mudmivi mzralobac daaxlovebiT misi sinqronuli unda iyos.

arebobs amis damadasturebeli sxva faqtebic. xSirad mudmivi mzralobi fena xvdebaT iseT siRrmeSi, sadac zamTris dabali temperatura ver arwevs. aseT adgilebSi zamTris periodSi niadagi an qanis zedapiruli fena gayinulia ramdenime metr siRrmeze, xolo qvemoT mas mosdevs aramzrali horizonti, romelic Tavis mxriv faravs mudmivi mzralobis mZlavr Sres. swored es ukanaskneli unda warmoadgendes warsuli mzralobis reliqts. sxvaTa Soris, es faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tanamedrove xanaSi mudmivad mzrali adgilebi degradacais, anu TandaTanobiT Semcirebas ganicdides. mzralobis degradaciaze miuTiTebs aseve q. mezenis midamoSi, am asiode wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivad mzrali fenis gaqroba, misi gadanacvleba CrdiloetiT 40 kilometris manZilze da md. viluis auzSi mravalricxovani parata qvaburis arseboba, romelTa warmoqmna namarxi yinulisa da mzralobis mqone Sris galRobasa da mis zemodan mfaravi niadagis an qanis CaqcevasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

§ 82 sameurneo saqmianobis siZneleebi mzralobis

mxareebSi

adamians mzralobis mxareebSi sameurneo saqmianobis dros garkveuli siZneleebis daZleva uxdeba, ris gamoc aseT adgileSi warmoebuli samSeneblo, sagzao, miwaTmoqmedebisa Tu sxva saxis samuSaoTa Sesrulebisas yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli bunebis am arasasurveli movlenis Tvisebebi, maTi uaryofiTi moqmedebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis.

sworwd am mizniT aris Seqmnili ruseTSi mzralobismcodneobis instituti da mravali samecniero kvleviTi dawesebuleba, romelTa mier damuSavebuli meTodebi da rekomendaciebi amJamad safuZvlad udevs aRniSnul mxareSi yovelgvar sameurneo saqmianobas.

mzralobis Seswavlis saqmeSi amJamad mniSvnelovani warmatebebia mopovebuli. ase magaliTad, mzral adgilebSi

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arebuli gzebis gaswvriv Cndeba naledebi, romlebic didad abrkoleben mimosvlas. amis mizezi isaa, rom esa Tu is gza Tavisebur zRudes uqmnis miwisqveSa wylebsa da iwvevs maTi maoZraobis darRvevas. amis gamo gruntis wyali grovdeba gzis gaswvriv, anviTarebs wnevas periodulad mzral fenaze da dasawyis aZlevs ama Tu im saxis naledis warmoqmnas. mkvlevarebis mier damuSavebuli meTodebiT amJamad xerxdeba naledebis “gadayvana” erTi adgilidan meoreze Txrilebis gayvenis, xavsis safaris mocilebisa Tu sxva gziT.

mudmivad mzralobis mxareebSi gvxvdeba iseTi qalaqebi, romelTa mosaxleoba aTeul aTasobiT ganisazRvreba. aseTi punqtebis sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofa Cveulebrivi WebiT SeuZlebelia (mzrali fenis didi sisqis gamo), igi SesaZlebelia mxolod wyalsadenis saSualebiT. magram siZnele swored am ukanasknelis gayvanaSia: wyalsadenis milebi zamTris Zlieri yinvebis dros xSirad ziandeba da maTi normaluri moqmedeba irRveva. isini, rom mudmivad mzrali fenis qvemoT Caiwyos, aseTi ram Tavidan iqneba acilebuli, magram rogorc cnobilia, mzrali fenis sisqe xSirad ramdenime aTeuli metriT ganisazRvreba. aseT siRrmeSi ki maTi Cawyoba uazroa. amJamad am siZneleTa daZlevis saSualebacaa gamonaxuli, rac milebis saTanado SefuTvaSi mdgomareobs.

aranaklebi siZneleebis gadalaxvaa saWiro samSeneblo saqmeSi. mSrali grunti erTi mxriv karg adgils warmoadgens nagebobisaTvis, radgan kldesaviT mkvrivia. miuxedavad amisa iq mSenebloba garkveul saSiSroebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. xSiria SemTxveva, roca mtkiced nagebi Senobebi ramdenime wlis Semdeg deformacias ganicdis. SenobaTa deformaciis ZiriTadi mizezi kedlebis uTanabro gaTbobaSi mdgomareobs, rasac Semdeg mosdevs metad gamTbari kedlis safuZvelSi mzrali fenis gadnoba da misi daweva. aqedan gamomdinare nagebobebi xangrZlivi eqsploataciis mizniT ise unda iqnes aSenebuli, rom maTi Termuli zemoqmedeba mudmivad mzral fenaze rac Seileba mcire iyos. amJamad, am dabrkolebaTa daZlevis araerTi meTodia damuSavebuli da danergili.

amgvar siZneleTa magaliTebis CamoTvla kidev SeiZleba gagvegrZelebia, magram vfiqrobT dasmuli sakiTxis naTelsayofaT esenic kmara.

bolos oriode sityva miwadmoqmedebis Sesaxeb. mzral mxareebSi soflis meurneobis am dargis ganvitarebac garkveul siZnelebTanaa dakavSirebuli. saqme imaSia, rom evraziis kontinentis da kanadis CrdiloeT raionebSi garda vegetaciis mokle periodisa,

romlis drosac araa gamoricxuli yinvian dReTa arseboba da mcire atmosferuli naleqi, mudmivi mzraloba Tavis mxriv damatebiT siZneles qmnis. ase magaliTad, aseT raionebSi erTi da imave adgilas uwyvetad damuSavebam ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba gamoiwvios misi daWaobeba da tbebis gaCena, ris mizezic namarxi yinulebis arsebobaa. amJamad am siZnelis daZlevis saSuvalebacaa gamonaxuli. Tumca am mimarTulebiT jer kidev bevri ramaa Sesaswavli da gasarkvevi.

Tavi meToTxmete. qaris roli geomorfogenezisSi

qari, rogorc geomorfologiuri agenti, aranakleb sayuradReboa zemoT ganxiluli sxva garedinamikuri agentebTan SedarebiT, Tumca misi moqmedebis SedegTa farTo da sruli gamovlinebisaTvis rigi xelSemwyobi pirobebia saWiro. qaris Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi sibrtyisebrad mokmedebs da am moqmedebis sferoSi vrcel, aseulobiT kilometric sigrZis zols moicavs. amave dros mdinarisagan gansxvavebiT mas aRmac SeuZlia moqmedeba da daRmac.

qaris moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli reliefis formebi, romelTac eolur* formaTa saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven da romlebic arsebiTad udabnoSi gvxvdeba, farTo gavrcelebisaa da saerTo jamSi dedamiwis zedapiris sam aTeul milionamde kv. km-ze arian warmodgenili. i. valteri udabnoebs geografiul paradoqsebis mxareebs uwodebs da aRniSnavs, rom iq icis Rrublebi, saidanac Camodenili wvima miwas ar asvelebs; wyaroebi, romlebic nakaduls ar aZleven dasawyiss; mdinareebi, romelTac SesarTavi ar aqvT; mSrali kalapotebi da deltebi, zRvis donis dabla mdebare Ria depresiebi, ufoTlebo mcenareebi da sxva.

§ 83. eoluri procesebis ganviTarebis pirobebi qarma rom TvalsaCino kvali datovos reliefSi, saWiroa

mSrali havis pirobebi da misi xangrZlivi moqmedeba. aseTi ram ki, subtropikuli maRali wnevis areebSi formulirebul pastebis moqmedebis sartyelSi gvaqvs. isini arian daRmavali moZraobis

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haeris masis xarjze warmoqmnili qarebi, gamoirCevian simSraliT da, vinaidan maTi moqmedeba daaxlovebiT 10-35º ganedebSi mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, ganapirobeben vrceli tropikuli udabnoebis arsebobas.

*eoli qaris RmerTis saxelwodebaa berZnul miTologiaSi eolur procesebis SedegTa warmoqmnisaTvis saWiro iseTi

faqtorebi, rogoricaa: topografiuli zedapiris simSrale, mcenareuli safaris simcire an uqonloba da naSali mineraluri masis didi raodenoba, zemoxsenebuli ZiriTadi faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli.

topografiuli zedapiris sisvele qaris, rogorc morfo-genetur agentis rols, Zlier amcirebs. Tumca, rogorc es e. ostrovskis (1960) eqsperimentulma gamokvlevam gviCvena, aseTi zedapiridan naSali masalis atacebis unari qars Semcirebuli saxiT mainc aqvs.

mcenareuli safaris arseboba amcirebs qaris Zalas amiT xels uSlis zedapiris mfaravi eluvialuri, proluvialuri Tu sxva saxis naSalis mocilebas da, maSasadame, reliefis koraziuli Tu akumulaciuri formebis Seqmnas.

wvrilmarcvlovani masalis siuxvis pirobebSi qaris akumulaciuri moqmedebis kvali met-naklebad yvela zonaSi SeimCneva. amis karg magaliTs zRvebisa da didi tbebis sanapiro adgilebi warmoadgenen. kolxeTis Savi zRvispira esoden notio zolSic ki vxvdebiT maT qviSisa da silis patara zvinulebis saxiT, romlebic diunebs* mogvagonebs.

adamianma Tavisi sameurneo moqmedebis Sedegad SeiZleba gaafarTovos qaris moqmedebis asparezi da amiT Tavisdauneburad eoluri procesebis xelSemwyobi faqtoris roli Seasrulos. aseTi ram gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod naxevrad udabno adgilebSi warmoebul xvna-Tesvis dros SeiniSneba. qarsacavi zolis uqonlobisas, gafxvierebuli niadagi Zlieri qarebis moqmedebiT advilad aitaceba da droTa msvlelobaSi SeiZleba mTlianad iqnes mocilebuli.

* qaris akumulaciuri moqmedebiT miRebuli yovelgvar formas ucxour geografiul literaturaSi diunebis saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven. rusi mkvlevarebis erTi nawili masSi gulisxmobs iseT eolur-akumulaciur warmonaqmnebs, romlebic ama Tu im hidrologiur

obieqtis (zRva, tba, mdinare) sanapiro zolSi SeiniSneba. sxva adgilebSi arsebul geneturad msgavs formebs ki barqanebs uwodeben.

§ 84. udabnoebSi mimdinare procesebi

udabnos saerTod miRebuli gansazRvra dResac araa, magram mkvlevarTa umetesoba (i. valteri, i. SCukini, b. fedoroviCi, e. martoni da sxv.) masSi gulisxmobs ariduli klimaturi pirobebis mqone regionebs, romelTa reliefSi kldovani gaSiSvlebebi da qaris moqmedebiT miRebuli koraziuli da akumulaciuri formebia dominirebuli.

erT mTlianobaSi myof eolur procesSi arCeven calkeul Semadgenlebs: gamoqarva anu deflacia, atacebul nawilakTa meqanikuri amomWreli moqmedeba anu korazia, naSalis gatana da am ukanasknelis akumulacia.

iq, sadac Zlieri qarebi moqmedebs deflacia* da naSalis transportia dominirebuli, qarebis Sesustebis adgilebSi ki - masalis akumulacia.

qars fxvieri masala gadaaqvs rogorc zedapirze gorviT, ise atacebul mdgomareobaSi; Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom qaris mier naSali 90% miwis zedapiridan aTiode santimtris simaRlemde gadaitaneba.

Tu ra damokidebulebaa qaris Zalasa da atacebul nawilakTa sidides Soris, es Cans i. ostrovskis Semdegi monacemebidan (tab. 11).

t a b u l a 11.

qaris siCqare metr/wamSi atacebul nawilekTa sidide mm-Si6 _ 810 _ 1111 _ 1320

0,51,01,54,0

grigalis SemTxvevaSi ki qars kenWebis atacebac SeuZlia.

* termini deflacia i. valterma Semoitana, rac laTinurad Camobervas niSnavs.

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qaris mier mtvrisebri masalis gadatana did manZlize xdeba. aRwerilia SemTxvevebi, roca saharidan atacebuli mtveri dasavleT evropis qveynebSi SeuniSnavT, anda igi dafenila atlantis okeaneSi mimaval xomldze, afrikis napirebidan 2000-2500 km-is daSorebiT. miaxlovebiTi gamoangariSebiT qarma 1883 wels saharidan kanaris kunZulze 10 milion tonamde mtveri gadaitana.

udabnoSi mimdinare geomofologiur procesTa Soris erT-erTi umTavresTagani fizikuri (temperaturuli) gamofitvaa. misi intensiuri gamovlena ganpirobebulia im didi dReRamuri temperaturuli amplitudiT, romlis maCvenebelic aTeulobiT gradusiT ganisazRvreba.

tropikul udabnoSi dRisiT, sulis SemxuTvel sicxes, romelic kldis zedapirs 70-80º - mde axurebs, RamiT gaciveba mosdevs.

ase meordeba Tvidan-Tvemde da wlebis ganmavlobaSi

warmoiqmneba fxvieri masalis didi raodenoba. am masalas qari gadaitans, gzadagza maskulpturebul iaraRad gamoiyenebs da bolos daleqavs.

im qarTa Soris, romelTa moqmedebas gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT naSalis ataceba mosdevs, yvelaze cnobilia afrikisa da arabeTis udabnoSi gabatonebuli samumi da xamsini. pirveli maTgani, marTalia, drois mokle monakveTSi, sul raRac 2-4 aTeul wuTs grZeldeba, magram iseTi Zala aqvs, rom mis mier atacebuli mtvris giganturi masa dRes Ramed aqcevs (nax. 95). xamsinis moqmedeba ki ramdenime dRe grZeldeba da TandaTanobiT Zlierdeba.

§ 85. qaris deflaciur-koraziuli moqmedeba da misi Sedegebi

rogorc zemoT iTqva, qaris ngreviTi moqmedeba marto mis Zalaze araa damokidebuli. amaSi didi roli atacebuli masalis koraziul

moqmedebas ekuTnis, romlis saSualebiT warmoebs kldeTa zedapiris an misi natexebis moSlifva, daRarva da moCuqurTmeba. yovelive amas Sedegad mosdevs reliefis iseTi mezo da mikro formebis warmoqmna, rogoricaa: qvis ,,fliugerebi”, fiWisebr zedapiri, amoqarvis qvabebi, iardangebi, STenili borcvebi, sokosebri, magidisebri an kldeTa sxva ucnauri formebi da a. S.

kldeTa iseTi natexebi, romelTa adgilidan daZvra qars ar SeuZlia, zedapirze atacebili naSalis xaxuniT moSlifvas ganicdian. Tu qaris moZraoba wlis ganmavlobaSi ramdenime gabatonebuli mimarTulebisaa, lodebs qaris qrolvis Sesabamisad orientirebuli mkveTrad gamoxatuli nawiburebiani swori zedapirebi uviTardebaT, amitomaa, rom maT qvis ,,fliugerebs” uwodeben (nax. 96.).

Tu kldovani gaSiSvlebebi gansxvavebuli simtkicisa da feris mineralebisgan Sedgebian, maSin maTze qaris mier atacebuli nawilakebis meqanikuri zemoqmedebiT ganviTarebas iwyebs erTgvarad moCuqurTmebuli zedapiri, uwesrigod ganlagebuli sxvadasxva formis patara saRruveebiTa da maT Soris mdebare tixarebiT, romelTac specialur literaturaSi fiWisebri zedapirebis saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven da ukanasknel dromde maT udabnoebisa da naxevrad udabnoebis mikro formebad miiCnevdnen. amJamad isini aRwerilia mkveTrad sapirispiro iseTi humiduri havis adgilebSi rogoric dasvleT saqarTveloa (nax 97).

am erTgvarad geomorfologiuri ,,paradoqsis” genezisi seleqciuri fizikuri gamofitviTaa axsnili da amiT gafarTovebulia misi formebis arealis sazRvrebi.*

zogierT kldovan gaSiSvlebaze mravalricxovani patara siRruevbis nacvlad didi ganzomilebis erTi an ramdenime niSi warmoiqmneba, romelTac amoqarvis qvabebi ewodeba. es ukanasknelni, umetesad, granitebiT agebuli gaSiSvlebebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romelTa sidide 1-2 m siRrmisa da 3-5 m diametris mqonea.

* S. cxovrebaSvili. geomorfologiuri ,,paradoqsi” moRobilas mTis midamoSi. saq. mec. akad. moambe, t. XXVI, # 6, 1961.

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sxvadasxva simtkicis Sreobriv qanebSi, romelTac ramdenadme horizontuli struqtura aqvT, qaris koraziulma moqmedebam SeiZleba ganapirobos aseulobiT metri sigrZis kldeTa vrceli karnizebis ganviTareba _ erTeulad an urTierTparaleluri kldovani Sverilebis saxiT.

zemoaRniSnul koraziul moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli sven hedinis mier takla-makanis udabnoSi aRwerili iardangebi (nax. 98)

es ukanasknelni Tixian zedapirze, met-naklebad paralelurad ganlagebul viwro Rarebs warmoadgens, romlebic erTmaneTisagan oriode an erTi-ori aTeuli metriT arian dacilebulni. Semdeg aseTive formebi i. valteris mier nanaxi iqna kirqviani platos zedapirzec, Crdilo saharaSi.

zemoT mocemul ganmartebaTa fonze Zneli araa warmovidginoT sxva koraziuli formebis, magaliTad, sokosebri kldeebis formireba, romelTa Zira sayrdenis svetisebri, xolo zeda, farTo qolgisebri saxe koraziis mwarmoebeli atacebuli masalis simaRliT Semcirebisa da amis gamo susti zemoqmedebis Sedegia(nax. 99)

ramdenadme sxvagvaria fososebri (budisebri) formis silis

siRrueebis warmoqmna. maT vxvdebiT siliani udabnoebis iseT nawilebSi, romlebic ori erTmaneTis sapirispiro da mkveTrad uTanabro Zalis qaris moqmedebis gavlenas ganicdian. isini gegmaSi, erTmaneTisagan rkalisebri zvinulebiT gancalkevebul, namglisebri moyvanilobis Cadablebebs warmoadgenen.

udabnoebSi reliefis uaryofiTi formebic gvxvdeba qvabulebis saxiT, romelTa warmoqmna erT SemTxvevaSi struqturasTan an warsulSi sxva havis pirobebSi mimdinare eroziul-denudaciur procesebTan iyvnen dakavSirebuli, ise qaris mier naSalis mocileba-amoqarvasTan. qvabulebi zogjer vrcel, Ria depresiebs qmnian, zogjer ki _ mcire sididis uaryofiT formebs, xSirad fskerze sxvadasxva saxis mlaSobebiT warmodgenils.

.

ukanasknelTa warmoqmnas im SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili, roca

gruntis wylebi zedapirTan axlosaa da kapilarebiT amodenili mSrali havis pirobebis gamo orTqldeba, marilebi ki rCeba TeTri laqebis saxiT, romelTac udabnos Tovlsac uwodeben. mlaSobebi ramdenime saxisaa:

sveli, qerqiani da amoburculi, es saxeebi arsebiTad mlaSobis ganviTarebis stadiebs warmoadgens da sinotivis Semcvelobis niSniT arian gansxvavebuli.

§ 86. qaris akumulaciuri moqmedeba da misi geomorfologiuri Sedegebi

udabnos landSaftis reliefis formaTa Soris qaris akumulaciuri moqmedebis Sedegebi ufro farTo gavrcelebis mqonea, vidre zemoganxiluli koraziuli formebi. maT mier dakavebuli teritoria xSirad aseul aTasobiT kv.km. farTobzea warmodgenili. aseT udabnoSi arsebuli naSali masala Tanabrad rodia dafenili da vakeebs ki ar qmnis, aramed sxvadasxva sididisa da konfiguraciis dadebiT formebs, romelTa erT-erTi morfologiur-genetikuri klasifikacia b. fedoroviCma (1960) mogvca (nax. 100).

qvemoT Cven maT Soris yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli formebis Sesaxeb SevaCerebT yuradRebas.

erT-erT aseT umartives akumulaciur nano formas embrionuli diuna warmoadgens, romelic Tavis moyvanilobiT ramdenime aTeul santimetrze amozneqil fars mogvagonebs. am ukanasknels, sididis matebis kvalobaze, myudro, SedarebiT ufro daqanebul mxareze, qaris Sida dinamikis Taviseburebis gamo, uviTardeba Zabrisebri CaRrmaveba, romlis sidide TandaTan matulobs da embrionuli diuna barqanis saxes iZens.

barqanis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba silis dagrovebiT miRebuli reliefis iseTi forma, romelic gegmaSi namgals an axal mTvares, xolo profilSi asimetriul sers mogvagonebs (nax. 101 da 102).

maTi simaRle ramdenime metridan ramdenime aTeul metramde aRwevs. sigane ki ramdenime aTeul metrs. iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, saharis udabnoSi gvxvdeba erTi-ori aseuli metri simaRlis barqanebic.

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.

barqanis damreci ferdobi, rogorc wesi, saqaroa, farTo horizontuli gavrcelebis da 5_12º-iT daxrili, myudro mxaris ferdobi ki _ bevrad ufro viwroa da 28_35º-iTaa daxrili.

sxva eolur-akumulaciur formaTa Soris barqanebi ar xasiaTdebian didi gavrcelebiT, radgan maT formirebisaTvis rigi xelisSemwyobi pirobebia saWiro. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: mSrali sila, erTi romelime mimarTulebis mkveTrad gamoxatuli qari, pirveladi swori _ vake zedapiri da bolos raime dabrkoleba qaris moZraobis gzaze _ didi lodis, buCqis an Tundac cxovelis ConCxis saxiT.

barqanebi Cveulebriv moZravi formebia, romelTa gadaadgileba wlis ganmavlobaSi oriode metrs an 2_3 aTeul metrs aRwevs. amasTan, rogorc wesi, rac ufro didia barqani, miT ufro nelia misi moZraoba da piriqiT.*

* a. arnageldievis (1975) dakvirvebis mixedviT yarayumis udabnoSi 5 metramde simaRlis barqani weliwadSi saSualod 7 metriT ganicdis gadaadgilebas.

barqanis damreci ferdobi yovelTvis araa swori zedapiris mqone, masze SeimCneva nano formebi qaris Relvilis saxiT. am ukanasknelTa simaRle ramdenime santimetrs aRwevs da Sedegia gabatonebuli mimarTulebis saSualo siZlieris qarSi Sidadinamikuri rxeviTi moZraobisa.

eqsperimentuli gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom isini iseT barqanebzea, romelTa Semadgeneli sila sxvadasxva sididis nawilakebiTaa warmodgenili.

moZravi barqanebi saSiSrovebas uqmnian dasaxlebul punqtebs, sarwyav arxebs da gzebs. warsulSi maTi mizeziT mosaxleobas arerTi sofeli da qalaqi miutovebia. centralur aziaSi kozlovis mier, gobis udabnos dasavleT nawilSi aRmoCenili q. xara-xoto, amis kargi magaliTia.

roca qaris mier atacebuli silis didi raodenoba araa da moZraobs kldovani ferdobebiT gansazRvrul viwrobSi, maSin am ukanasknelis boloze formirebas iwyebs e. w. paraboluri diuna, romelic Cveulebrivi barqanisagan imiTaa gansxvavebuli, rom mas ,,rqebi” myudro mxares ki ar aqvs mimarTuli, aramed qaris sapiripiro mxares (nax. 103).

garda zemoaRniSnulisa, SesaZloa iseTi SemTxveva, roca mezoblad mdebare barqanebi erTmaneTTan ,,rqebiT” iyvnen dakavSirebuli da qmnidnen polisinTetur barqans, anda barqanTa mwkrivebs, romlebsac eulad mdebare barqanis analogiurad, gabatonebuli qaris mimarTulebis marTobuli orientireba axasiaTebs. am ukanasknelTa xarjze, saTanado pirobebSi, rac gulisxmobs wlis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTis marTobul oTxi mimarTulebis qarebis moqmedebas, miiReba hisosisebri barqanuli reliefi, maT warmoqmnas xels uwyobs barqanebis mwkrivTa araTanabari simaRle, maTi sigrZivi profilis talRobrivi xasiaTi da amis gamo, maTze naSali masalis mocilebis sxvadasxva intensivoba.

silian udabnoebSi arsebul akumulaciur formaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT didi gavrcelebiT, silis zvinulebi gamoirCeva, romlebic umetesad avstraliis udabnoSia warmodgenili. isini barqanuli mwkivebisagan gansxvavebiT qaris moZraobis mimarTulebiTaa gaWimuli aseul kilometr manZilze, 2_6 aTeuli metris simaRlisaa da erTmaneTisagan ramdenime aseuli metriT dacilebuli simetriuli zvinulebis saxiT. isini erTi da imave dros akumulaciuri formebic arian da deflaciuric, erTi mimarTulebiT mqrolavi qariT warmoqmnili.

silis zolebis genezisi, dRis ganmavlobaSi zvinulebis mier Seqmnil zolTa uTanabro temperaturuli pirobebiT da maTTan dakavSirebuli qaris dinamikis Taviseburebis Sedegia, rac kargad Cans naxazidan (nax.104).

udabnoSi arsebul akumulaciur formaTa Soris, Tavisi originaluri niSnebiT da genezisiT, takirebi gamoirCevian.

am saxelwodebiT cnobilia brtyeli vake zedapirisa da umetesad oriode heqtari farTobis mqone adgilebi, romlebic zedapirze kldesaviT gamagrebuli da danapralebuli TixiTaa agebuli. maTi warmoqmna Rvarcoful nakadebTanaa dakavSirebuli da SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

udabno, marTalia, ariduli klimatis mqone mxarea, magram zogjer Tavsxma wvimac icis. ai, aseTi wvimis Sedegad warmoqmnili silian-talaxiani seluri nakadebi xelis Semwyob

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topografiul pirobebSi patara tbebs qmnian, romlebic gamodarebis Semdeg swrafad Srebian da maT adgilze TixiT agebuli vake rCeba. mcxunvare mzis sxivebis moqmedebiT, Tixiani vake zedapiri Zalze mkvrivdeba, mravalkuTxa napralebiT ifareba da takiric dasrulebul saxes iZens (nax. 105).

§ 87. udabnos tipebi

udabnoTa dajgufeba mravali niSnis mixedviTaa Catarebuli. Cven qvemoT or maTgans gavecnobiT, romelTagan erTs safuZvlad morfologiuri Tavisebureba udevs, meores ki liTologiuri.

morfologiuri niSniT ganasxvaveben mTisa da vakis udabnoebs, liTologiuri (nawilakTa sididis) niSniT ki_silian-qviSian, qvian da Tixian udabnoebs.

mTis udabnos damaxasiaTebeli niSnebidan aRsaniSnavia dabalmTiani, Zlier danawevrebuli reliefi, romelic SeiZleba qedebis, kunZula mTebis an maTi masivebis saxiT iyos warmodgenili. raRa Tqma unda, borcvebi, qvabulebi, fragmentuli mSrali xeobebi (vadebi), mZlavri Sleifebi da mcvivanas konusebi mTian udabnoTa landSaftis arsebiT Strixebs warmoadgenen.

aseTi udabnoTa reliefis mikro formaTa Soris xSiria: fiWisebri zedapirebi, amoqarvis qvabebi da kldovani karnizebi. mTiani udabnoebis kargi magaliTia didi auzi Crd. amerikaSi, mangiSlayis mTiani nawili da sxva.

gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli udabnoebi SeiZleba zRvis donidan did simaRleze iyvnen warmodgenili, rogorc, magaliTad, aRmosavleTi pamiri.

vakis udabnoebi morfologiurad SeiZleba ori saxesxvaobiT iyos: swori an talRuri zedapiris mqone platoebisa da erceli qvabulebis saxiT. pirveli maTganis vakeobrioba SeiZleba struqturuli pirobebis Sedegi iyos. rogorc, magaliTad usturtis SemTxvevaSi, anda, piriqiT, xangrZlivi subaeraluri denudaciis gziaT miRebuli, magaliTad, bet-pak-dalas aRm.nawili. aseTi udabnoebis zedapiris damaxasiaTebel niSans qvis uxeSnatexiani masalis siuxve warmoadgens.

vakis udabnoebis meore saxesxvaoba, romelTac vrceli qvabulebi qmnian, umetesad qviSiT ari mofenili.

silian qviSiani-udabno liTologiur niSniT gamoyofil udabnoTa Soris es tipi gansakuTrebiT didi gavrcelebisaa da umetesad moyviTalo feris namdvil ukidegano silis zRvas mogvagonebs. aseT udabnoebs

Sua aziaSi yumis saxelwodebiT aRniSnaven, CrdiloeT afrikaSi _ ergis, arabeTSi ki _ nefudis saxelwodebiT.

maT uswormasworo talRuri zedapiri aqvT berqanebiTa da diunebiT warmodgenili, romlebic zemodan dakvirvebisas gaqvavebuli, mRelvare zRvis STabeWdilebas toveben. aseTi udabnoebi aseul aTasobiT kv. km farTobze vrceldebian avstraliaSi, Sua aziaSi da arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, saharaSi ki maT mier dakavebuli farTobi million kv.km-s aRemateba.

aRniSnuli tipis udabnoebSi qviSebis esoden didi gavrcelebis asaxsnelad sxvadasxva mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. zogierTi mkvlevari maT geneziss zRvis moqmedebas ukavSirebs (magaliTad, Crdilo saharis qviSebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic xmelTaSua zRvis migraciis Sedegadaa miCneuli). mkvlevarTa nawili fiqrobs, rom igi warsulSi moqmed mdinareTa aluvions warmoadgens (mag. yizilyumis SemTxvevaSi).

yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis mixedviT, romelsac i. SCukinic uWers mxars, aRniSnuli masala sxva araferia Tu ara gamofitvis produqtebi, romlebmac Semdgomi gadamuSaveba ganicades ariduli havis pirobebSi.

silian-qviSiani udabnoebi mcireodeni wylis Semcvelia da qviani da Tixiani udabnoebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvelaze ufro xelmisawvdomia soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, v. dubianskis monacemebiT Sua aziis udabnoebs 40-dan 120 sm-mde siRrmeSi 2%-mde sinotivis mqone Sre gaaCniaT, romelic haerSi arsebuli wylis kondensaciiTaa miRebuli.

qviani udabnoebi umetesad vake an talRuri zedapiris mqonea, romelzec kidiT-kidemde qvis natexebia mofenili, saharaSi mas hamada ewodeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi SeiZleba vrceli kldovani gaSiSvlebebiTa da maT Soris lodebiT mofenil adgilTa monacvleobiT iyo warmodgenili; anda SesaZloa qvian udabnoebs kargad damuSavebuli moSliful-damrgvalebuli masalac qmnides.

miuxedavad Semadgeneli masalisa ramdenadme garegnuli sxvadasxvaobisa, maT saerTo niSanic aqvT, rac kdeebze da maT natexebze udabnos mzis mokidebaSi gamoixateba da ris gamoc maTSi monacrisfro-moSavo tonebia gabatonebuli.

Tixiani udabnoebi yvelaze naklebadaa gavrcelebuli da metwilad fragmentebis saxiT gvxvdebian. ramdenadme didi

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farTobi maT SeiZleba mSral daltebze (mag. tejenis da murRabis) ekavoT, umetesad ki efemeruli nakadebis mier warmoqmnil takirebs qmnian.

Tavi meTxuTmete. zRvis moqmedeba sanapiroze da misi

Sedegebi$ 88. zRvis sanapirosTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi terminebi

xmeleTis kides wyalTan napiri ewodeba. zRvis napiri erTi SexedviT xazobrivi saxisaa da asecaa rukaze aRniSnuli. sinamdvileSi ki igi sibrtyes, zols warmoadgens, romlis horizontuli da vertikaluri gavrcelebis maCveneblebi sakmaod farTo diapazonis mqonea.

N napiri zRvis Relvis dros, horizontuli mimarTulebiT, aTeulobiT metr manZilze axdens gadanacvlebas, mimoqcevisas ki kilometrobiT da aTi-TxuTmeti kilometriTac. Aaseve cvalebadia misi vertikaluri

gadanacvlebis maCveneblebi, romlebic aRmarTul napirze Cveulebriv erTi-ori metria, calkeul adgilebSi ki _ aTi-TxuTmeti metric.

rac Seexeba sanapiros, masSi igulisxmeba napiris mimdebare rogorc xmeleTis, ise wyliT dafaruli zolebi, romlebic zRvis abraziul-akumulaciuri moqmedebis niSnebis matarebelia da misi horizontuli gavrcelebis maCvenebeli umetes SemTxvevaSi kilometrobiT ganisazRvreba.

nataniT mofenili sanapiros xmeleTiseuli nawili, romelic zRvis talRebis moqmedebis sferoSia moqceuli, plaJad iwodeba, plaJi CamokveTil napirebze viwro zols qmnis, dablob napirebze ki farTos. sanapiros is nawili romelic umetesad wyliTaa dafaruli da mxolod Relvisas, drodadro, subaerul pirobebSi eqceva, zRvispirad iwodeba.

plaJi didi Relvis dros zRvisken TandaTanobiTaa daxrili, Relvis Sesustebisas ki odnav dasafexurebul saxes iRebs.

aRmarTul sanapiroze napiris mimdebare relifis morfologiur elementebSi aeCeven: flates anu klifs, flatis Zirs (Strands) da plaJs. aRniSnulTagan Strandi umetesad lodnariTaa mofenili da didi Stormebis dros wyliT ifareba.

$ 89. napiris formirebaSi monawile faqtorebi

roca zRvis napiris formirebaSi monawile faqtorebze vlaparakobT, pirvel rigSi, TviT talRebis dinamikaze unda SevaCeroT yuradReba, radgan igi aris mTavari warmmarTveli Zala. amasTan erTad napirze saerTod, kerZod, ki abraziuli terasis formirebis tempsa da morfologiaze did gavlenas axdens rigi iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa: struqturul-liTologiuri pirobebi, yinulis safaris arseboba an uqonloba, fskerze mimagrebuli koloniuri organizmebi, zRvaSi Camaval mdinareTa myari xarjis raodenoba, gamofitva da sxv.

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zRvis talRebis mier warmoebul ngreviT moqmedebas abrazia ewodeba. M misi Zala talRebis sididezea damokidebuli, xolo Sedegebi_napiris amgebel qanTa struqturul-liTologiur Taviseburebebze.

okeaneebSi Zliri Relvisas warmoSobili Stormuli talRebis sidide 13 metrs aRwevs. Mmagram, aRwerilia iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca maTi simaRle ufro metic yofila.*xmelTaSua da Sida zRvebSi es sidide ufro mcirea. Mmag.xmelTaSua zRvaSi 6 metria, baltiis zRvaSi _ 5 metri, Sav zRvaSi ki _ 4-6 metri.

aseve gansxvavebulia talRebis dartymiTi Zala, romelic okeaneTa sanapiroze calkeul SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis oTx aTeul tonas aRwevs erT kv. Mmetrze Sida zRvebze ki _ 10-15 tonas.

talRebis moqmedebiT SedarebiT Zlier ngrevas danaleqi qanebiT agebuli napirebi ganicdis. Mmisi tempi bevrad ufro sustia magmuri qanebis gavrcelebis adgilebSi. Aase magaliTad murmanskis sanapiro, romelic granitebiTaa agebuli, abraziis kvals TiTqmis ar atarebs. Aamitom aseT napirze akumulaciuri formebi an sul araa, anda metad mcirea. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq abraziis kvali arc wyalqveSa reliefSi SeiniSneba.

naleqi qanebiT agebul napirze abraziis SeWris, e.i. napiris ukan daxevis, misi gadanacvlebis wliuri maCvenebeli

* 1922w. dekemberSi atlantis okeanis CrdiloeT nawilSi 20 metris somaRlis talRacaa fiqsirebuli. santimetrobiT da aTeuli santimetrobiT ganizomeba. Aamitom aq akumulaciuri formebic metadaa warmodgenili sanapiros rogorc wyalzeda, ise wyalqveSa nawilebSi.

fxvieri masaliT agebul napirebze sanapiro procesebis Sedegebi yvelaze ufro TvalsaCinoa da abraziis wliuri maCvenebeli ukve metrobiT izomeba*. aseT adgilebSi akumulaciuri warmonaqmnebic sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli. zRvis moqmedebis orive am saxes Sedegad sanapiro xazis gamartiveba mosdevs, misi Semoklebis xarjze, rogorc amas miuTiTebs d. sviSevski (1939) Savi zRvis aRmosavleT nawilis magaliTze.

Tu sanapiro liTologiurad ramdenadme Wreli suraTis mqonea da es siWrele mcire manZilze iCens Tavs, maSin napiri ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze dakbilul-danawevrebuli saxisaa. droTa msvlelobaSi aq arsebuli Sverilebi SeiZleba gamoeyon napirs da warmoqmnan

abraziuli STenilebi, romelTac svetisebri forma aqvT, buxtebSi ki daiwyos plaJebis formireba.

yirimSi, yaradaRis sanapiroze arsebuli nairsaxovani formebis arseboba swored liTologiuri faqtoris Sedegia da igi imdenad TvalsaCinoa, rom mas mkvlevarebi abraziul formaTa muzeums uwodeben.

rac Seexeba teqtonikur pirobebs, rogorc faqtors, im mxrivaa aRsaniSnavi, rom igi gavlenas axdens napiris formirebis tempze. Mmag. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi abraziuli baqnis formireba bevrad ufro swrafad mimdinareobs iseT sanapiroze, sadac monoklinuri struqturis mqone Sreebi xmeleTiskenaa daxrili; magram roca maTi daxra zRvis mxaresaa mimarTili, abraziuli procesi SesamCnevad susutia.

maRali ganedebis napirebis formirebaSi sayuradRebo faqtors zRvis yinulis safari warmoadgens. aseTi safari arsebobs rva-cxra Tvis ganmavlobaSi da Zlier zRudavs talRebis abraziul moqmedebas. Cukotkis zRvis sanapiro TavTxelebze arsebuli aseTi yinulebi (e.w. stamuxebi) romlebic fskeramde arian dasuli, talRaTmsxvrevebis rolSi gvevlinebian da naSali masalis akumulaciisaTvis xelsayrel

* md. Nnilosis mier zRvaSi Catanili myari natanis Semcirebam, rasac asuanis kaSxalis agebis Semdeg hqonda adgili, gamoiwvia zRvis abraziis gaZliereba da napiris ukan daxeva weliwadSi 120 metramde. saerTo jamSi ki am gziT, nilosis dwltis midamoSi, zRvam “SeWama” xmeleTis 2 km-mde siganis zoli.pirobebs qmnian. Tumca amoZravebis SemTxvevaSi maTac SeswevT unari ngreviT muSaobisa.

maRali ganedebis iseT adgilebSi, sadac sanapiros agebulebaSi namarxi yinuli monawileobs, napirebis meqanikur ngreviT process wylis Termuli moqmedebac emateba da amgvar zemoqmedebas Termuli abrazia ewodeba. Mmisi monawileoba didad aCqarebs abraziuli terasis formirebas. TeTri zRvis kunZul morJovecze 1841 wels aSenebuli Suqura napiridan 576 metriT yofila dacilebuli, 1857 wlisaTvis es manZili 202 metramde Semcirebula, 1965 wlisaTvis ki sul raRac eqvs aTeul metramde: ufro metic, Termul abrazias zogjer kunZulis gaqrobac mohyolia Sedegad.

Aase daemarTa karis zRvaSi mdebare erTerT kunZuls, romelsac 1823 wels 25 kv.km. farTobi ekava, 1935 wels

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Semcirda 2 kv.km-mde, xolo 1950 wels _ mTlianad gaqra (o. leontievi).

N

napirebis formirebaSi monawileobs agreTve fskerze mimagrebuli koloniuri organizmebi, romlebic saTanado temperaturul da sxva xelis Semwyob pirobebSi zRvis sanapiroze da misgan daSorebiT qmnian iseT formebs, rogoricaa: sanapiro rifebi, barieruli rifebi da atolebi, samive maTgani, C. darvinis azriT, erTiani genezisis mqone jaWvis calkeul rgolebs warmoadgens. maTi ganviTareba sanapiro rifebidan iwyeba, romlebic Semdeg xmeleTisa da mimdebare fskeris TandaTanobiTi daZirvis gziT scildebian napirs aTulobiT kilometriT da gadadin barierul rifebSi, im SemTxvevaSi Tu epirogenezisis am process ramdenime aTeuli km. sigrZe-siganis kunZuli ganicdis, wyliT mTlianad dafarvis SemTxvevaSi, barieruli rifi atolad SeiZleba mogvevlinos, romelsac ramdenadme wriuli forma aqvs SuaSi Txeli laguniT warmodgenili (nax.106).

rac Seexeba napirebis formirebaSi gamofitvis monawileobas, misi efeqti yvelaze TvalsaCinod maRal ganedebSi SeiniSneba, sadac wylis dayinva-galRobasTan, e.i. yinviT gamofitvasTan gvaqvs saqme.

$ 90. abraziuli terasis formireba

Aabraziuli terasis formireba Cveulebriv aRmarTul napirze mimdinareobs da misi Casaxva niSis warmoqmniT iwyeba. niSi, kldeSi zvirTcemis Sedegad miRebuli, ramdenadme swori Ziris mqone naxevrad TaRiseburi gamonaTxaria (nax. 107), romelic erTxans TandaTan izrdeba napirSi SeWris gziT. roca mis zemoT mdebare TaRi da klifi Camoingreva, talRebis xmeleTSi SeWra da niSis ganviTareba xelaxla iwyeba. ra Tqma unda, axali niSis gamomuSavebis tempi dasawyisSi nela mimdinareobs, radgan mis ganviTarebas xels uSlis is didi lodnari, romelic zemoaRniSnuli zvavis Sedegad miiReba. Mmagram, lodnaris riyis qvebad da kenWebad daqucmacebis Semdeg, talRebi maTi SemweobiT kidev ufro met ngreviT Zalas iZenen da swrafi tempiT warmarTaven mis formirebas. Yyovelive

amas Semdeg mosdevs axali niSis warmoqmna da zemoaRniSnuli procesis ramdenjerme gameoreba. Aase iqmneba abraziuli baqani (e.w. benCi), am ukanasknelis kideze, napiridan daSorebiT, naSalis dagroveba da akumulaciuri terasis formireba mimdinareobs. Aase TandaTanobiT miiReba sanapiro baqani, romlis siganis mateba talRebis energiis Sesustebas iwvevs da abrazuli procesi minimumamde mcirdeba, e.i. faqtobrivad aRar mimdinareobs.

.A abraziuli napiris kargi magaliTia Savi zRvis sanapiro

tuafsesa da gelenjiks Soris, sadac napiris gadaadgileba xmeleTisaken imdenad swrafia, rom dakidebuli xeobebia SemorCenili.*

rogorc zemoT iTqva, napirebis ukan daxevis, maTi xmeleTisaken gadanacvlebis tempi sxvadasxvaa da igi, garda talRebis sididisa, liTologiur pirobebzecaa damokidebuli. erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ukan daxevis es maCvenebeli oriode sm-dan ramdenime metramde aRwevs.

* dakidebuli xeobebis arsebobas zogierTi mkvlevari sanapiros azevebas ukavSirebs da aRmavali teqtonikuri moZraobis faqtad miiCnevs, rac e. martonis, agreTve o. leontievis marTebuli SeniSvniT, arasworad unda miviCnioT.

$ 91. talasogenur-akumulaciuri formebi sanapiroze

talasogenur-akumulaciur formaTa warmoqmna, mniSvnelovanwilad, im naSali masalis dagrovebis Sedegia, romelic napiris abraziiT miiReba. amave saqmeSi aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs mdinareebisa da myinvarTa mier Camotanil klastiur masalas, agreTve organizmebis cxovelmyofelobis Sedegad miRebul narCenebs.

N naSali masalis gadaadgileba da misi dagroveba, reliefis ama Tu im formis saxiT, zRvis wylis dinamikur procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelTa Soris umTavresi talRebi da sanapiro

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dinebebia. maTi saSualebiT naSalis gadaadgileba mimdinareobs rogorc fskerze gorviT, ise atacebuli an ativnarebuli saxiT.

rogorc o. leontievis (1961) da v. zenkoviCis (1962) gamokvlevebidan Cans, naSalis dagrovebis da misi daxarisxebis xasiaTi, agreTve, sanapiros zogierTi akumulaciuri formis (mag. wyalqveSa zvinulebis) warmoqmna damokidebulia zvirTcemis dros napirisaken da napiridan ukuqceuli wylis siCqareTa Tanafardobaze (nax.108).

morfologiuri niSnebis mixedviT mkvlevarebi gamoyofen

talasogenur-akumulaciuri formebis oTx jgufs: 1. midgmuli, 2. Tavisufali, 3. Camketi, 4. gamoyofili.

M midgmul formaTa jgufSi SedarebiT ufro gavrcelebulia e.w. wyalzeda terasebi. Tavisufal formaTa jgufSi gamoyofilia qviSrobi celebi da isrebi. mesame jgufidan aRsaniSnavia tombolo, maryuJisebri da ormagi qviSrobi celebi; xolo meoTxe jgufis formaTa Soris _ barebi da akumulaciuri kunZulebi

wyalzeda akumulaciuri terasebis zedapiri paralelurad ganlagebuli da erTmaneTze mijriT miwyobili zRurblebis krebadobas warmoadgens. isini qviSiT arian agebuli da ubeebis Sida nawilebSi arsebul wyalqveSa zRurblebis TandaTanobiTi zrdisa da napirisaken maTi gadaadgilebis Sedegs warmoadgenen.

qviSrobi celebis warmoqmna ki koncxismagvari Sverilebis mqone napirze mimdinareobs. aseT adgilebSi, sanapiros dinebis energiis mkveTri Sesustebis gamo SverilTa gagrZelebaze grovdeba naSali viwro zolis saxiT, romlis erTi bolo zRvaSi Riad wydeba, meore ki napirzea mibjenili (nax.109). isrebis warmoqmna qviSrobi celebis msgavsia, oRond ukanasknelTan gansxvavebiT maTi formirebisTvis saWiroa ramdenadme Tanabari Zalis ori Semxvedri mkvebavi talRis moqmedeba. isarTa sidide bevrad aRemateba qviSrobi celebisas da maTi sigrZe aTeul da aseul kilometrs aRwevs. Ees ukanasknelni gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod azovis zRvis dasavleT sanapiroze arian warmodgenilni.

roca napiris maxloblad mdebare kunZuli erTi an ramdenime qviSrobi celiT xmeleTs daukavSirdeba da amgvarad Sezrdil

naxevarkunZulad gardaiqmneba, aseT formas tombolos uwodeben nax(110). tombolos karg magaliTs provansis sanapiroze mdebare Jianis naxevarkunZuli warmoadgens.

maryuJisebri celebi, sxva akumulaciur formaTa analogiurad, sanapiro TavTxelebis zolSi SeiZleba warmoqmnan, oRond maTi formirebisaTvis saWiroa ara marto naSalis Semcveli erTi romelime gabatonebuli mxridan modenili talRebis, aramed sapirispiro, ramdenadme susuti talRebis moqmedebac. aseTi situacia iwvevs qviSrobi celis bolos morkalebas, napirTan mis SeerTebas da lagunis warmoqmnas.

rac Seexeba ormag celebs, maTi formireba, arsebiTad iseTive talRobrivi reJimis pirobebSi mimdinareobs, rogorSic isrebis, oRond am ukanasknelTa ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa, rom napiris konfiguracia ramdenadme ovaluri iyos. aseT pirobebSi, dasawyisSi qviSrobi celebi damoukideblad viTardebian da namglisebri forma aqvT, Semdeg ki maTi boloebi erTdebian da miiReba SuaSi laguniT warmodgenili ormagi celi.

B bolos ramdenime sityviT barebis Sesaxeb, es ukanasknelni sanapiro zolSi arsebul zemoT ganxilul akumulaciur formaTa Soris yvelaze didi ganzomilebiT xasiaTdebian, romelTa sigrZe ramdenime aseul kilometrs udris, sigane ki _ 2-3 aTeul kilometramde aRwevs. amis kargi magaliTia arabatis isari, romelsac 200 km. sigrZe aqvs da azovis zRvis dasavleT nawilSi arsebul sivaSis lagunis bariers warmoadgens.

B barebis genezisi sabolood axsnili araa. o.Oleontievis azriT, misi formireba iseT adgilebSi iwyeba, sadac wyalqveSa ferdobis (fskeris) naRunTan gvaqvs saqme. Aaq dasawyisSi, talRaTa mier sanapiros mimarT naSali masalis gardigardmod (marTobulad) gadatanisa da dagrovebis gziT, napiris pararelurad orientirebuli wyalqveSa zRurbli warmoiqmneba, romelic droTa msvlelobaSi imave dinamikuri procesebiT napirisaken ganicdis gadaadgilebas da Semdgom zrdis kvalobaze subaeralur pirobebSi gadadis.

barebiTa da qviSrobi celebiT gamoyofili zRvis nawilebis (lagunebis) naSali masaliT amovsebisas, raSidac mdinareebTan erTad mimoqcevas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, warmoiqmneba

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marSebi, romlebsac balaxeuli mcenareebiT mosili, daWaobebuli vake zedapiri axasiaTebT.

$ 92. deltebi

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sanapiros formirebaSi TvalsaCino rols asrulebs mdinareTa mier motanili nafenebi, romelTa saSulo wliuri raodenoba daaxloebiT 23-27 miliardi tonaa.

calkeul SemTxvevebSi aluvions, napiris agebulebaSi monawile klastiur masalaTa Soris, gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia. Aa. Jivagos* dakvirvebiT aseTi suraTi

* Живаго А. В., Опыт изучения прибрежных. ,,Проблемы физической географий”., №17, 1951.gvaqvs, mag. aWaris zRvispira zolSi, sadac miuxedavad imisa, rom abraziuli monakveTebi mcire gavrcelebisaa da maSasadame naSalis warmoqmnisaTvis am mxriv araxelsayreli pirobebia, mainc bevri iseTi monakveTia sadac daSlili produqtebi uxvadaa warmodgenili (aWariswylisa da Woroxis eroziis Sedegebi).

raRa Tqma unda, mdinareTa SesarTavebis midamoSi aluviuri masala akumulaciuri napiris agebulebaSi ganmsazRvreli iqneba da es garemoeba saTanado reliefur gamosaxulebasac iZens deltebis saxiT.

D deltebi zRvis sanapiroebisTvis imdenad damaxasiaTebelia, rom mdinareTa SesarTavebis ori ZiriTadi tipidan erTi maTgani delturi SesarTavis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

D deltis warmoSobis aucilebeli pirobaa mdinaris myari xarjis iseTi raodenoba, romelic sagrZnoblad aRemateba sanapiroze mimdinare ngreviT da gadataniT moqmedebis SesaZleblobas. maSasadame, deltebi iseT mdinareTa SesarTavebSi gvaqvs, sadac aluvionis raodenoba da abraziuli procesebis Tanafardoba pirvelis upiratesobaSi gamoixateba.

ra Tqma unda deltis warmoqmna ufro swrafi tempiT iseT adgilebSi warimarTeba, sadac sanapiros azevebasTan gvaqvs saqme. Mmagram misi arseboba yovelTvis araa aRmavali teqtonikuri moZraobis niSani. igi, rogorc amas e. martoni miuTiTebs, ufro metad napiris stabilurobis maniSnebelia.

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom deltebis umetesoba Sida zRvebSi Camaval mdinareebs aqvT, radgan aq mimoqceva sustadaa

gamoxatuli. maSasadame, mimoqcevis sisuste azevebis msgavsad, deltebis formirebis xelis Semwyobi pirobaa.

deltis zedapiri vake dablobs warmoadgens, romelic horizontuli danawevrebisa da daWaobebis didi maCveneblebiT xasiaTdeba. Mmisi agebulebis damaxasiaTebel niSans xlarTuli Sreobrioba warmoadgens (nax.111), rac mdinaris wylianobis sezonur cvlasTanaa dakavSirebuli. rogorc cnobilia, wyaldidobisas aluvionis didi raodenoba Camoitaneba, romelic napiridan Sors vrceldeba da amave dros msxvilicaa. wyalmcirobisas ki, piriqiT mcirdeba aluvionis gavrcelebis areali da icvleba misi xasiaTi.

delturi nafenebis simZlavre aTeuli da aseuli metrobiT ganisazRvreba. Aase magaliTad, mdinare Tergisa 200 m-mde aRwevs, volgisa 300 m-mde, xolo md. Ggangisa _ 400 metrze mets.

G garegani niSnebis mixedviT ganarCeven: niskartisebr, TaTisebr, rkalisebr (ovalur), mravaltotian da sxv. saxis deltebs.

Tu sanapiro dinebis ngreviTi Zala imdenad sustia, rom mas SeuZlia mxolod patara totebis SesarTavTan daleqili masalis gadatana, xolo mTavari totis aluvionis raodenoba sWarbobs misi mocilebis SesaZleblobas, delta iwyebs zRvaSi SeWras da samkuTxedisebr saxes Rebulobs. Aai aseT deltas uwoda jonsonma niskartisebri. (nax.112)

rkalisebri delta im SemTxvevaSi miiReba, Tu mdinare zRvaSi Cadenamde Tanabari sididisa da Zalis totebad iSleba da TandaTan zrdis napirs. aseTi deltebi aqvs md. Uurals, lenas da nigers.

Tu mdinares naSali masala gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT Camoaqvs, maSin SesarTavTan Cndeba TavTxelebi da kunZulebi, romlebic Semdgom mdinaris bifurkacias iwveven. Amis Sedegad axlad warmoqmnili totebi damoukideblad iWrebian zRvaSi da iqmneba delturi Sverilebi. zemoaRniSnuli procesebis ganmeoreba axali totebisa da deltis Sesabamisi Sverilebis warmoSobas iwvevs. Aase TandaTan deltam SeiZleba TaTisebri saxe miiRos. Aam ukanasknelis karg magaliTs misisipis delta warmoadgens (nax.113).

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im SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu delta TavTxelze viTardeba, sadac amis gamo talRebi sagrZnobi Zalisaa, misi warmomqmneli mdinare ki sxvadasxva sididis mravali totis mqone, maSin delta metad rTul konfiguracias iZens (mag. volgis delta. N(nax.114)

$ 93. zRvis napirebis umTavresi tipebi

zRvis napirebis klasifikacia mraval mkvlevars aqvs mocemuli (ziusi, rixthofeni, Sluteri, SCukini, zenkoviCi, leontievi da sxv.). zogierT maTgans, magaliTad rixthofens napirTaA klasifikaciis ramdenime varianti aqvs. aRsaniSnavia, rom klasifikaciaTa nawili metad martivia (mag. ziusis) da amitom praqtikuli mizniT naklebad gamoiyeneba. Mmagram maTi umetesoba araCveulebrivi detalurobiT gamoirCeva. isini aTeulobiT tipis da qvetipis Semcveli arian. aRniSnulis gamo, qvemoT erTi romelime avtoris mier mocemul klasifikaciaze ki ar SevCerdebiT, aramed napirTa im tipebis mokle daxasiaTebaze, romlebic yvelaze ufro metadaa gavrcelebuli bunebaSi da araerT avtors aqvs gamoyofili.

N napirebis aseT tipTa Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: fiorduli napiri. norvegiaSi fiordebis saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba

xmeleTSi, aTeulobiT kilometr manZolze, Rrmad SeWrili zRvis ubeebi, romlebic imdenad viwro da datotvilia, rom gegmaSi hidroqselis STabeWdilebas toveben (nax.115) da es arcaa gasakviri, radgan, rogorc mkvlevarebi gulisxmoben, fiordTa adgilze, axlo geologiur warsulSi, mdinareTa xeobebi unda yofiliyo, romelic Semdgom, pleistocenSi safarovanma myinvarma daikava da am ukanasknelis moqmedebiT trogebad gardaiqmna. safarovani myinvaris gadnobis Semdeg ki zRvis donis awevas xeobaTaA mniSvnelovani nawilis wyliT dafarva da maTi ubeebad gadaqceva mohyva.

fiordTa genezisSi myinvarTa monawileobas rigi faqtebi adastureben, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia: ganivi profilis yuTisebri forma, dakidebuli meore rigis troguli xeobebis arseboba, orive naxevarsferos maRal ganedebSi gavrceleba, trogebis boloze wyalqveSa zRurblebi da sxv.

F fiordebis ferdobebi cicabo kldovani zedapirisaa, maT Soris mdebare wyalTSorisebi ki _ brtyeli, mZlavrad denudirebuli zedapiris

e. w. fieldebis mqone. Tu raoden didia aseTi sanapiros horizontuli danawevrebis maCvenebeli, es kargad Cans skandinaviis naxevarkunZulis dasavleTi nawilis magaliTze, sadac nordkapis koncxidan q. oslomde pirdapiri xaziT, rogorc zemoT iTqva 1500 km-ia, napiris gayolebiT ki _ 27000 km., e.i. Tvrametjer meti.

.

garda skandinaviisa fiordebi gvxvdeba Cukotkisa da kolis naxevarkunZulebze, grelandaze, kanadis dasavleT sanapiroze, CileSi da sxv.

Sxeruli napiri. Sxerebis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve gvqonda laparaki, roca pleistocenis gamyinvarebis sakiTxebs vixilavdiT. aq damatebiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos is, rom Sxerebi* daZiruli

* Sxeri Svedurad patara kunZuls niSnavs.verZis Sublebsa da xuWuWa kldeebs warmoadgenen, romelTaA formireba safarovani myinvaris egzaraciul moqmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

maTi umetesi nawili, fiordTa analogiurad, zRvis wyliT aris dafaruli da sanpiro zolSi qaoturad ganlagebuli kldovani patara kunZulebis saxe gaaCnia (nax. 116). Sxerebs vxvdebiT baltiis zRvaSi, gansakuTrebiT botnisa da fineTis ubeebis sanapiroze, islandSi, taimiris naxevarkunZulis siaxloves da sxv.

D dalmaciuri napiri zemoaRniSnuli napirebis msgavsad, xmeleTis nawilis zRvis wyliT dafarviTaa warmoqmnili, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom am ukanasknelTa formirebaSi myinvarebi ar monawileobdnen. aseT sanapiroze mdebare mTagoriani reliefis mqone kunZulebi, romelTac ZiriTad xazebSi trapeciis forma aqvT, napiris gayolebiT arian wagrZelebuli da ramdenadme urTierTparareluri ganlageba axasiaTebT. sxvagvarad Tu vityviT, aq konkordantul napirTan gvaqvs saqme (nax. 117).

mkvlevarTa azriT, Tanamedrove dalmaciur napirebze warsulSi mdinareTa xeobebi arsebobda, romlebic SemdgomSi sanapirosa da mis mimdebare zolis daZirvisa da zRvis SemoWris gamo wyalma dafara kulisiseburad ganlagebul qedTa Soris arsebuli Cadablebebi da napirmac zemoaRniSnuli

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saxe miiRo. rac Seexeba saxelwodebas, igi yofili iugoslaviis erTerT provinciis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.

riasuli napiri. riasi espanurad mTagorian sanapiroze soliseburad SeWril ubes ewodeba (nax.118), romelic napiris mimarT marTobulad an raime kuTxiT aris mimarTuli; Ee.i. diskordantuli kategoriis aris. ganviTarebis gviandel stadiaSi riasul napirebze SesaZloa qviSrobi celebis arseboba. maT, garda espaneTisa, vxvdebiT samxreT CineTSi, koreaSi da sxv.

L limanuri* napiri ramdenadme hgavs riasuls, radgan aqac

mdinareTa SesarTavebis nawili zRvis ubeebs warmoadgenen. maT Soris gansxvaveba is aris, rom limanebi horizontuli struqturis adgilebSi gvaqvs da amitom sanapiro mTagoriani ki

*limani berZnulad patara ubes (buxtas) niSnavs.araa, aramed vake zedapiris. maSasadame, limanuri napirebi dablob vake adgilTa mosazRvre zRvebs aqvT. aseTia magaliTad, Savi zRvisa da azovis napirebis umetesi nawili (nax.119). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli tipis sanapiroze mimoqceva sustia, maSin, limanebs boloze qviSrobi celebi uviTardebaT.

Llagunuri napiri, limanuris msgavsad, dablob sanapiroze warmoiqmneba da xasiaTdeba umetesad qviSrobi celebis saSualebiT zRvisgan metnaklebad gamoyofili wyalsatevebis – lagunebis arsebobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom lagunuri napirebis wilad msoflios sanapiroTa daaxloebiT 13% modis.

marSuli tipi. iseTi dablobi sanapiro, romelic zRvis mimoqcevis gavlenas ganicdis, e.i. dRe-Ramis ganmavlobaSi orjer ifareba wyliT da amdenjerve Tavisufldeba misgan, vatebad* iwodeba. droTA msvlelobis kvalobaze zRvis moqceviT motanili silian-Tixiani nafenebis dagrovebiT,

* vati holandiurad sanapiros TavTxels niSnavs.vatebi TandaTanobiT maRldeba da aRwevs iseT mdgomareobas, roca wyliT mxolod sizigiur* moqcevisas ifarebian, danarCen dros ki Tavisufali arian misgan. swored ganviTarebis aseT mdgomareobaSi

myof sanapiros ewodeba marSuli, romelic lagunuri napiris evoluciis erTerTi bolo stadiaa.

marSebs vxvdebiT CrdiloeTi zRvis sanapiroze holandiaSi, daniaSi da germaniaSi. Aamave qveynebis, gansakuTrebiT ki., holandiis sanapiro zolSi farTodaa warmodgenili iseTi adgilebi, romlebic mimdebare zRvis donis dabla mdebareobs da am ukanasknelis Semosevisagan sagangebo nagebobebiT _ dambebiT arian daculi. AaseTi adgilebi, romlebic Cveulebriv karg saZovrebs warmoadgenen holandiaSi, holderebis saxelwodebiT arian cnobili.

A aralis tipi siliani udabnoebis momijnave zRvebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da napiris konfiguraciis xSiri da mkveTri cvliT gamoirCeva. aseT sanapiroze fxvieri produqtebiT agebuli mravali kunZuli da naxevarkunZuli SeiniSneba (nax.120).

* aseT mdgomareobas adgili aqvs sruli da axali mTvaris dros, roca mTvarisa da mzis mizidulobis Zalebis interferencia xdeba, moqcevis talRis sidide (simaRle) maqsimums aRwevs.

L lapoturi tipis napirebi morfologiurad TvalsaCino horizontaluri danawevrebis mqonea, romelTac mkveTrad gamoxatuli klifebi aqvT. maT iseT mTagorian sanapiroze vxvdebiT, romelTa formirebaSi dizunqciur procesebs upiratesi roli aqvT Sesrulebuli. balkaneTis nk-i amis kargi magaliTia.

M marjnuli tipi xasiaTdeba sanapiro zolSi marjnis polipebis qaosuri ganlagebiT, aTeulobiT da aseulobiT kilometr sigrZeze met-naklebi siganis zolis saxiT. Aamgvari napirebi cxeli sartylis zRvebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, gansakuTrebiT ki avstraliisa da okeaneTis kunZulebisaTvis. Aaq, avstraliis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiros gayolebiT 2000 kilometrze meti sigrZis barieruli rafia, romelic metad did dabrkolebas warmoadgens naosnobisTvis.

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Tavi meTeqvsmete. msoflio okeanis fskeris reliefi.

$ 94. okeaneTa fskeris formirebaSi monawile procesebi

XX saukunis ormocian wlebamde msoflio okeanis fskeris reliefs, arasworad, martivsa da erTferovans, ZiriTadad vakis saxiT warmoidgendnen.

aseTi daSvebis mTavari mizezi dakvirvebaTa simcire iyo, rac mxolod siRrmis sazomi trosebiT mopovebul arc Tu zustsa da mcirericxovan masalebs eyrdnoboda. amas xels uwyobda agreTve isic, rom okeaneTa fskeri sxvadasxva saxis naleqebis mudmivad mimdinare dagrovebis asparezia da daleqvis procesi masze arsebul uswormasworobaTa nivelirebas unda uwyobdes xels.

mas Semdeg ki, rac fskeris Seswavlis saqmeSi farTo gaqaneba mieca exolotebis* da baTiskafebis** gamoyenebas, zemoaRniSnuli mcdari warmodgena Zireulad Seicvala. rogorc gairkva, okeaneTa fskerze, vakeebTan erTad gigantur mTagrexilebs, vrcel borcvian adgilebs da calkeul mTebs ufro meti sivrce aqvs dakavebuli da, amitom nacvlad erTferovnebisa, okeaneTa fskeri rTuli mozaikis reliefiT yofila warmodgenili.

msoflio okeanis fskeris reliefis formirebaSi monawileobs rogorc endogenuri, ise egzogenuri procesebi. endogenuridan aRsaniSnavia ara marto miwis qerqis rxeviTi moZraoba, aramed plikaturi da dizunqciuri dislokaciis gamovlinebis didi masStabebi da vulkanizmi. maT mieraa Sepirobebuli im giganturi Suaokenuri qedebis, calkeuli mTebisa da vrceli borcviani regionebis warmoqmna, romlebic ukanaskneli sami oTxi aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi mravlad iqna aRmoCenili.

okeaneTa fskeris pirveli rigis morfostruqturebis genezisi swored zemoaRniSnul Sida dinamikur procesebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

rac Seexeba garedinamikur Zalebs, maTi roli subaeraluri morfogenezisis msgavsad, akumulaciurTan erTad skulpturul

* exolotis saSualebiT fskeris Seswavla 1922 wlidan iwyeba. ** baTiskafis saSualebiT adamianma 10916 metr siRrmemde CaaRwia

marianis RrmulSi.formaTa warmoqmnasa da maT dinamikur cvlilebaSi mdgomareobs. es cvlileba okeanis wylis masaSi mimdinare bioqimiuri procesebis da

TviT wylis masis uSualo moqmedebis Sedegia. zRvis talRebis abrazia da akumulacia, moqceva da ukuqceva, aisbergTa ngreviTi da gadataniTi moqmedeba, submarinuli gravitacia da sxv. ai im procesTa arasruli dasaxeleba, romlebic monawileoben zemoaRniSnuli garemos reliefis formirebaSi.

$ 95. msoflio okeanis fskeris umTavresi morfologiuri nawilebi

liTosferos zedapiris is nawili, romelic okeaneTa qveSaa moqceuli, o. leontievis mixedviT oTxi umsxvilesi morfostruqturuli nawilisagan Sedgeba: 1. kontinentis ganapira wyalqveSa zona, 2. kontinentidan okeanis kalapotSi gardamavali zona, 3. Suaokeanuri qedebi da 4. okeanis kalapoti.

1. kontinentis ganapira wyalqveSa zona. am ukanasknelis wilad modis msoflio okeanis fskeris 23%-mde da morfogenetur-morfografiuli niSnebis mixedviT sam nawilad iyofa: Selfad, kontinentur ferdobad da kontinentur fuZed.

Selfi. geologiuri agebulebiT gansaxilveli zonis es nawili kontinenturi baqnis uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens, geomorfologiuri niSnebiT ki _ vrcel talRobriv vakes, romlis wilad, fskeris saerTo farTobis 7,6% modis. aq nanaxi rigi iseTi formebi, rogoricaa: subaeraluri genezisis eroziuli xeobebi, struqturul-denudaciuri da abraziuli safexurebi, safuZvels aZlevs mkvlevarebs dauSvan axlo geologiur warsulSi Selfis adgilze xmeleTis arseboba, romlis wylis dafarva pleistocenis myinvarTa dnobiT gamowveuli msoflio okeanis donis momatebam ganapiroba. Selfis sigane cvalebadia. rogorc wesi, igi viwroa kontinentis mTagoriani nawilis mimdebare zolSi, xolo farTo _ dablobis mosazRvre nawilebSi. kunZul niufaundlendTan misi sigane 400 km-s aRwevs, xolo Crd. amerikis mimdebare yinulobani okeanis areSi _ TiTqmis 1400 km-s.

Selfsa da kontinentur ferdobs Soris sazRvari yvelgan 200 m-is siRrmeze araa da SesaZloa zogan 1-2 km-is siRrmezec

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gadiodes. maT Soris gadasvla topografiuli zedapiris daxrilobis mkveTr cvlilebaSi gamoixateba.

kontinenturi ferdobi xasiaTdeba zedapiris SesamCnevi daxrilobiT, rac saSualod 7-120-s Seadgens, zogan ki 300-mde. amasTan misi reliefi bevrad ufro rTulia. aq arsebul formaTa Soris yvelaze sayuradRebo wyalqveSa kanionebia, maT kldovani cicabo da zogan ramdenime aseuli metri simaRlis ferdobebi aqvs. isini umetesad Selfis kideze iwyeba da giganturi gamozidvis konusiT bolovdeba, romelTa moculoba ramdenimejer metia kanionebisaze. subaeraluri xeobisagan gansxvavebiT wyalqveSa kanionebi sworxazovani gavrcelebiT da Ziris didi daxrilobiT xasiaTdeba.

kanionTa sigane saTavis nawilSi oride metria, Sua da bolo monakveTSi ki SeiZleba ramdenime kilometers miaRwios. maTi warmoqmnis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. erT SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa isini xeobaTa bolo monakveTebis daZirulsa da zRviT dafarul nawilTa gagrZelebas warmoadgendes, rogorc magaliTad md. md. hudzonis, indis, reinisa da sxv. umetesad wyalqveSa kanionTa genezisi zRvis fskerze mimdinare dinamikur procesebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. sxvagvarad Zneli asaxsnelia 2-3 aTasi metris siRrmeze arsebul kanionTa subaeralur procesebTan dakavSireba. o. leontievi kanionTa geneziss zRvis fskerze arsebul teqtonikur napralebs ukavSirebs. g. udincevi da deli maT formirebaSi mTavar faqtorebad wyalqveSa mewyerebisa da mRvrie nakadebis mier warmoebul eroziul process miiCneven. amasTan dakavSirebiT saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom xsenebul nakadTa moZraobis siCqare zogjer saaTSi 100 km-s aRwevs. Separdis azriT ki, kanionTa genezisi sxvadasxva nawilebSi gansxvavebulia, Sua da saTavis monakveTebi subaeralur pirobebSi unda iyos formirebuli, bolo monakveTi ki suspenziuri nakadebis moqmedebiT. aseT nakadTa warmoqmna ki Tavis mxriv, mRvrie mdinareebTan, wyalqveSa mewyrebTan an mimoqcevebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

amJamad ramdenime aTasi wyalqveSa kanionia cnobili. maT vxvdebiT saqarTvelos Savi zRvispireTSic, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT kargadaa Seswavlili biWvinTaSi inkiTis koncxTan mdebare kanioni _ ,,akula”. es ukanaskneli ,,xarbad Wams” md. bzifis mier Camotanil naSal masalas da kurortisaTvis metad saWiro plaJis reduqcias iwvevs.

kontinenturi fuZe okeanis kalapotisaken sustad daxril vakes warmoadgens. romelic kontinenturi ferdobidan uSualo da meSveobiTi

gravitaciuli procesebiT Camotanili fxvieri masalis mZlavri wyebebiTaa agebuli. igi aseulobiT km. siganeze gaSlili gamozidvis konusebis SeerTebiTaa miRebuli.

2. kontinentidan okeanis kalapotSi gardamavali zona. am ukanasknelis wilad msoflio okeanis fskeris 9% modis, romlis reliefi didi vertikaluri danawevrebiT da mezobel adgilebis aseve didi kontrastulobiT xasiaTdeba. es niSnebi gansakuTrebiT kargad wynari okenis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSia gamoxatuli. aseTivea atlantis okeanis is nawilebi, romlebic karibisa da skotis zRvebs ukavia da romlebic Tanamedrove geosinklinur areebadaa miCneuli. Zlieri seismuroba da qtiuri vulkanizmi am zonis aranakleb damaxasiaTebeli niSania.

gardamavali zonis reliefis ZiriTadi morfostruqturebidan aRsaniSnavia: kiduri zRvebis Rrma qvabulebi, kunZulTa rkalebi da Rrmulebi.

gardamavali zonis kiduri nawilebis reliefi, romelic Rrma zRvebis qvabulebiTaa warmodgenili, SeiZleba rTuli zedapirisac iyos da martivisac. maT okeanis mxridan kunZulTa rkalebi akravs_zogjer erTi, ufro xSirad ki ori zoli8s saxiT (mag. kuriliis, aleutis, antiliis da sxv.). es rkalebi did antiklinur amonawevebs warmoadgens, romlebic danawevrebulia gardigadrmo rRvevebiT da dagvirgvinebulia centraluri tipis vulkanebiT.

kunZulTa rkalebis paralelurad da maT mosazRvred Rrmulebia, romlebic viwro, cicabo ferdobebisa da ramdenadme brtyeli Ziris mqone wagrZelebul uaryofiT formebs warmoadgenen. Rrmulebis uTanabro simaRlis gavrcelebis ferdobebi (nax. 121) agebulebiTac arian gansxvavebuli. maRali ferdobebi, romelic Cveulebriv kunZulTa rkalebs ebjineba, kontinenturi tipis qerqiTaa warmodgenili, mopirdapire ki okeanuri tipis qerqs miekuTvneba. msoflios udidesi Rrmulebidan aRsaniSnavia: marianis (11022 m.), kurilia-kamCatkis (10382 m.), filipinebis (10265 m.), portorikos (8742 m.), iavas (7450 m.) da sxv.

3. Suaokeanuri qedebi okeaneTa fskerze arsebuli yvelaze giganturi ganzomilebis reliefis rTuli formebia, romlebic okeanur baqnebTan erTad okeanuri qerqis umTavres morfostruqturebs warmoadgens. isini umetesad okeaneTa Sua nawilSi gvxvdeba da orografiulad planetaruli masStabis

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xazobrivad wagrZelebul mTagrexilebs qmnis, saerTo jamSi, rva aTeul aTasamde kilometris sigrZisas.

morfologiurad Suaokeanuri qedebi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinod atlantis da indoeTis okeaneebSi aris warmodgenili, sadac maTi simaRle 3-4 km-s aRwevs, xolo sigane _ 80-dan 200 km-mde. wynar okeaneSi ki gamovlinebis naklebi sicxadiT xasiaTdebian, radgan metismetad arian ganrTxmuli (100-dan 200 km-mde) siganeze, simaRle ki 1-1,5 km-s ar aRemateba.

Suaokeanuri qedebi Zlieraa danawevrebuli da amaSi mTavari roli dizunqciur dislokacias ekuTvnis. aq arsebuli transformuli (ganivi) teqtonikuri Rrvevebi, qedTa orientirebis marTobulad, umTavresad ganedurad arian mimarTuli da gigantur blokebs qmnian, arian ra erTmaneTis mimarT uTanabrod ganlagebuli horizontuli mimarTulebiT. seismuroba da vulkanizmi maTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania, xolo ufro susti _ gardamaval zolTan SedarebiT. Suaokeanuri qedebi Tanamedrove mTaTawarmomSobi sartylebia, magram geosinklinebisagan gansxvavebiT mTebi aq amoiwevian ara kontinentebisa da okeaneTa Sexvedris mijnaze, aramed okeanuri qerqis gavrcelebis areSi.

aRniSnul iqedebis umTavresi morfologiuri niSani maT RerZul zolSi liniamentebiT* Sepirobebuli riftuli (grabenuli) zolebis arsebobaa, romlebic orive mxridan asimetriuli qedebiT aris gansazRvruli (nax. 122). maT geneziss mantiis zeda nawilSi moqmed konveqciur nakadebs ukavSireben Suaokeanur qedebs miekuTvneba Sua atlantikis, centraluri indoeTis okeanis, samxreT wynari okeanis da sxva qedebi.

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* liniamentebi xazobrivad an rkaliseburad orientirebuli giganturi siRrmuli rRvevebia, romlebic garda Suaokenuri qedebisa, umetesad kontinentebisa da okeneTa vardnobebis momijnave zolebSi gvxvdeba.

4. okeanis kalapoti. liTosferos am morfostruqturul erTeuls dedamiwis zedapiris udablesi safexuri ukavia, romlis wilad okeanis fskeris naxevarze meti modis.

okeanis kalapoti 4-5 km siRrmis qvabulebis da maTi gamyofi qedebis krebadobas warmoadgens da rogorc i. SCukini aRniSnavs, badisebri (fiWisebri) struqturis saxe aqvs.

aRniSnuli reliefi umetesad borcviani, nawilobriv ki brtyeli vakeebis saxisaa. pirveli maTgani, gansakuTrebiT farTod wynari okeanis fskerzea SeniSnuli da fiqroben, rom isini an patara farisebri vulkanebia, an lakolitebi (menardi, 1966).

garda amisa, okeanis kalapotSi qedebi da calkeuli mTebic SeiniSneba, romelTa didi nawili vulkanuri warmoSobisaa. aseTia, magaliTad, gaiotebi, romlebic, gansakuTrebiT farTod, wynari okeanis dasavleT nawilSia warmodgenili.

Tavi meCvidmete. mosworebuli zedapirebi

mosworebuli zedapirebis formireba, saerTo aRiarebiT, or sapirispiro procesTa jgufebis erToblivi moqmedebis fonze mimdinareobs da Sedegia pauzebis Semcvel teqtonikur moZraobaTa sinqronul, sxvadasxva saxis iseTi garedinamikuri procesebisa, rogoricaa gamofitva, erozia, denudacia da sxv.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare Cven vamjobineT es didi mniSvnelobis problemuri sakiTxi calke TavSi mogveqcia da amiT dagvemTavrebina winamdebare kursSi gansaxilveli geomorfologiur kompleqsebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis wre.

$ 96. mosworebuli zedapiris cnebis arsi

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mosworebuli zedapirebi liTosferos reliefis damaxasiaTebel formebs warmoadgens, romlebic gvxvdeba rogorc baqnuri, ise geosinklinuri struqturis mqone adgilebSi. maT Seswavlas gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs mTiani mxareebis reliefis istoriis neoteqtonikuri etapis gaSuqebis saqmeSi. ufro metic, rigi mkvlevarebis: i. meSCeriakovis (1959), i. edelSteinis (1947), m. gornungis (1959) da sxvaTa mier mosworebuli zedapirebis problemis Semadgeneli sakiTxebis (genezisi, asaki, raodenoba da sxv.) sworad gadawyveta gaomorfologiuri mecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobadaa miCneuli.

mosworebuli zedapiris cnebaSi reliefis formis iseTi kategoria igulisxmeba, romelic denudaciuri da akumulaciuri procesebis aSkara manivelirebel kvals atarebs.

rodesac nivelirebis aSkara kvalze laparakoben, mxedvelobaSi aqvT mocemuli adgilis topografiuli zedapiris Seusabamo damokidebuleba (uTanxmoba) adgilis struqturul pirobebTan, romlis formirebaSi monawile rig procesTa Soris erT romelime maTgans ekuTvnis wamyvani roli. am momentis aRniSvna saWiroa imisaTvis, rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba topografiuli zedapiris struqturasTan TanxmobiT damokidebulebaSi imyofebodes da erTi SexedviT STabeWdileba iqmnebodes, TiTqos saqme gvaqvs ara mosworebul, aramed pirvelad swor zedapirTan, magram miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc CavTvaloT mosworebul zedapirad, es im SemTxvevaSi Tu 1. zedapirze Tundac mcire raodenobiT, mdinareuli, zRviuri an tbiuri masala iqneba Semonaxuli, 2. Tu zedapiris maxloblad ramdenime kilometris radiusSi, aSkara mosworebuli zedapiris fragmenti gveqneba da maTi absoluturi simaRliTi maCveneblebi axlo iqnebian erTmaneTTan da 3. Tu horizontuli an odnav daxrili Sreebi uTanxmod wvanan qvemoT mdebare denudaciur da gansxvavebul struqturebze.

Tanamedrove geomorfologiur literaturaSi ,,mosworebuli zedapiris~ yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul eqvivalentur terminebad ixmareba: ,,penepleni~ (u. devisi), ,,taRuri vake~ (v. penki), ,,denudaciuri zedapiri~ (b. liCkovi), ,,denudaciuri done~ (k. markovi), ,,eroziul-akumulaciuri zedapiri~ (k. markovi), ,,pedipleni~ (l. kingi), ,,polifaciuri zedapiri~ (d. panovi) da sxv. amasTan,

mkvlevarTa didi nawili xmarobs agreTve ,,mosworebuli zedapiris~* terminsac. ase, rom, es ukanaskneli saxelwodeba amJamd yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia aq moyvanil terminTa Soris. safexurisebrivad ganlagebul da zemoaRniSnul met-naklebad swori zedapiris mqone reliefis formaTa aRsaniSnavad yvelaze misaRebad ,,mosworebuli zedapiris~ termini SeiZleba miviCnioT.

roca vlaparakobT aRniSnul zedapirTa Semadgeneli fragmentebis met-nakleb sisworeze, mxedvelobaSi gveqvs is, rom isini garegnulad sxvadasxva saxis mqonea. erT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba maT odnav talRobrivi an erTi mimarTulebiT daxrili vake reliefis saxe hqondeT (nax. 123, 124, 125). meore SemTvevaSi ki SeiZleba iseTi uswormasworobiT xasiaTdebodnen, rom mezobel adgilTa SefardebiTi simaRle 200-300m-s aRwevdes.

sxva SemTxvevaSi mosworebuli zedapirebis fragmentebi SeiZleba brtyeli talRobrivi an gorak-borcviani saxis, mcire siganis, meore an mesame rigis wyalgamyofs qmnides. bolos aRniSnuli zedapiri SesaZloa erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad izolirebuli mTebis TxemebiT iyos warmodgenili, romelTac Tanabari simaRle aqvT (nax. 126). am ukanasknels iTvaliswinebs k. markovi roca wers: ,,ar unda vifiqroT, rom denudaciur zedapirs aqvs vake reliefi. ufro xSirad es reliefi gorak-borcviani, zogjer ki dabali an saSualomTiania~ (1948).

miuxedavad mTiani mxareebis mosworebul zedapirTa Semadgeneli fragmentebis morfologiur nairsaxeobisa, yvela maTgans ramdenime saerTo niSani aqvs, romelic safuZvels iZleva zedapirebis gamoyofisaTvis. aseTi niSnebidan aRsaniSnavia: 1. mezoblad mdebare fragmentebis erTi mimarTulebiT daxrilobis tendencia, 2. mezoblad mdebare mTebis, an meore rigis wyalgamyofTa Tanabari simaRle da 3. fragmentTa topografiis uTanxmo damokidebuleba adgilis struqturasTan (nax. 127).

aqve saWiroa aRiniSnos peneplenisa da denudaciuri mosworebuli zedapiris terminTa urTierTobis sakiTxi. yvela

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penepleni xangrZlivi denudaciuri procesis saboloo Sedegia da sxvagvarad misi warmoqmna ar SeiZleba. amitom penepleni da denudaciuri mosworebuli zedapiri geneturad da morfologiurad msgavsia. magram amave dros, saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom vinaidan denudaciuri zedapiris terminis msgavsad mosworebuli zedapiris xmareba vamjobineT, xolo es ukanaskneli, Cveni azriT peneplenisagan Sinaarsobrivad ramdenadme gansxavebulia, amitom Cveni gagebiT penepleni da mosworebuli zedapiri ekvivalenturi cnebebi ar aris. pirveli maTgani bevrad ufro farTo Sinaarsis mqonea, vidre meore. penepleni mosworebul zedapirsac warmoadgens, mosworebuli zedapiri ki SeiZleba arc iyos aseTi.

maSasadame, peneplenis cneba denudaciur mosworebul zedapirsac moicavs, am ukanasknels ki daqvemdebarebuli adgili ukavia.

$ 97. denudaciuri mosworebuli zedapirebis raodenoba

miuxedavad mkvlevarTa araerTi sayuradRebo gamokvlevisa mosworebuli zedapirebis mravalwaxnagovan problemaSi, maTi raodenobis sakiTxi, genezisis da asakis sakiTxebTan erTad, araa sabolood gadawyvetili. es iTqmnis pirvel rigSi mosworebul zedapirTa raodenobis gansazRvris meTodikaze. ZiriTadad aseTi meTodikis uqonlobiT unda aixsnas iseTi faqtebi, roca erTi da igive mTiani mxaris zedapirTa simaRliTi safexurebis raodenobis Sesaxeb mkvlevarebi mkveTrad gansxvavebul cnobebs iZlevian. naTqvamis naTelsayofad, rom araferi vTqvaT, magaliTad, alpebis Sesaxeb, sadac sxvadasxva avtoris mier gamoyofili safexurebis ricxvTa sxvaoba ocs aRemateba, saqarTveloSi mdebare mesxeT-TrialeTis mTagrexilic gamodgeba, sadac friad avtoritetul mkvlevarebs (s. kuznecovi, b. klopotovski da sxv.) zogs ori, zogs xuTi, eqvsi da rva safexuri aqvT gamoyofili.

aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyvetis cda ekuTvnis winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos avtors, romelmac daamuSava mTian mxareebSi arsebul mosworebul zedapirTa raodenobis gansazRvris statistikuri meTodi. aRniSnuli meTodi gamoyenebul iqna mesxeT-TrialeTis mTagrexilis geomorfologiuri Seswavlis magaliTze da arcTu SemTxveviT. aRniSnul orografiul erTeulze SeCereba ramdenime

faqtorma ganapiroba. pirvel rigSi regionis msxvilmasStabiani topografiuli rukebis arseboba, romelic aucilebelia mosworebul zedapirTa fragmentebis katalogis Sesadgenad. garda amisa mesxeT-TrialeTsi Sesaxeb arsebobs detaluri geologiuri gamokvlevebi, rac agreTve erTerT aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens da bolos, aRniSnuli mTagerxili is regionia, romlisTvisac mosworebul zedapirTa mravalricxovani fragmentebis arseboba erTerTi umTavresi morfologiuri niSania. ufro metic, aq, mesxeTis qedis umaRles mwverval mefiswyarodan (2850 m.) CrdiloeTiT, meridianulad orientirebul 30 km-is sigrZis Stoze, romelic q. baRdadTan bolovdeba zedapirTa mier seqmnili safexurebi iseTi naTeli suraTis mqonea, rom igi sxvadasxva asakis denudaciuri zedapirebis SeswavlisTvis saetalono mniSvnelobis obieqtad unda CaiTvalos (nax. 128).

zemoaRnisnuli meTodiT Catarebuli muSaobis saboloo Sedegi mosworebuli zedapirebis fragmentTa sinTezur skalazea mocemuli,* sadac naTlad Cans maTi xuTi safexuri: 2500 m, 2170 m, 1970 m, 1650 m, da 1220 m zRvis donidan (nax. 129)..

$ 98. denudaciuri mosworebuli zedapirebis genezisi

denudaciuri mosworebuli zedapirebis warmoSobis problemis Sesaxeb Tumca rigi Teoriebi arsebobs, magram igi jerjerobiT sabolood araa gadawyvatili. mas erTerTi pirvelma v. penkma miaqcia yuradReba, romelmac mTebis ferdobebze safexurebad ganlagebuli zedapirebis genezisi, azevebiTi teqtonikuri moZraobis fonze, denudaciur-eroziuli procesebis erTdroul moqmedebas daukavSira. misi azriT, Tu qedi TaRisebr azevebas ganicdis, masze Camomdinare konseqventuri nakadebi eroziuli moqmedebiT zemo da Sua monakveTebSi aRmavali moZraobis didi tempis gamo, Zlier siRrmiT erozias awarmoeben da mocemul orografiul erTeuls Rrmad anawevreben. amave dros qedis periferiaze, sadac aRniSnuli moZraobis tempi mcirea, eroziul da denudaciur procesebs SeuZliaT gaaneitralon anda gadaaWarbon kidec teqtonikuri

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moZraobis Sedegebs da mTis irgvliv movakebuli zoli warmoqmnan, e. i. ganapirobon nivelirebuli zedapiris seqmna, romelsac v. penki pirvelad denudaciur vakes uwodebs.

aRnisnuli Teoriis sust mxared, TiTqmis yvela mkvlevaris azriT, isaa miCneuli, rom v. penki safexurebad ganlagebuli zedapirebis wrmoqmnas uwyveti azevebiT moZraobis fonze ixilavs.

zemoaRniSnul TeoriasTan axlos dgas Spreiceris mosazreba, romlis mixedviT, TandaTanobiT azevebis fonze, denudaciuri safexurebi im semTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba, Tu garedinamikuri procesebis ritmul moqmedebas eqneba adgili.

denudaciuri safexurebis formirebaSi azevebis wyvetilobis, anda misi tempis mkveTri cvalebadobis aucileblobaze miuTiTiTeben: a. borni (1931), i. edelSteini, b. liCkovi da sxv. b. liCkovi magaliTad, aRniSnavs, rom mTian mxareebSi arsebuli denudaciuri zedapirebi, paleomdinareTa moqmedebiT formirebuli yofili mTispira vakeebia, romlebic pauzebis Semcvel aRmavali moZraobis Sedegad moeqcnen mTiani mxaris SemadgenlobaSi da safexurebrivi ganlageba miiRes. ase rom, b. liCkovis mixedviT, denudaciuri zedapirebi da mdinareuli terasebi geneturad ar arian gansxvavebuli. amave dros igi mkveTrad mijnavs denudaciur zedapirebs peneplens da aRniSnavs, rom denudaciuri zedapirebi aRmavali ganviTarebis mTian mxareebSi Cndeba, peneplenebi ki daRmavali ganviTarebis mqone mTebSi.

zemoaRniSnuli Teoriebisagan mkveTradaa gansxavebuli devisis mosazreba denudaciuri safexurebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb. romelic aRniSnuli formebis geneziss regionaluri masStabis subaeralur denudaciur procesebs ukavSirebs. devisis azriT, mxarem Tu ganicada peneplenizacia, Semdeg ki intesiuri teqtonikuri moZraoba, maSin ukanasknelis gavleniT drekadobis unardakarguli penepleni imtvreva da beltebis saxiT sxvadasxva simaRleze aizideba. ase, rom devisis azriT denudaciuri zedapirebi sxav araferia Tu ara Tanamedrove mTiani mxaris adgilze odesRac arsebuli peneplenis fragmentebi.

vamTavrebT ra mTispira safexurebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebul SexedulebaTa ganxilvas, axla ramdenime sityviT unda SevCerdeT l. kingis mosazrebaze am problemasTan dakavSirebiT.

l. kingi mTian mxareebSi arsebul mosworebul zedapirebSi pediplenis fragmentebs xedavs, romlebic mTebis ferdobTa paraleluri ukan daxevis gziT formirdeba qedis periferiul nawlSi. amgvari ukan daxeva da mTiswineTis adgilze vakis SeqmnisaTvis gansakuTrebuli

xelsayreli pirobebi gvaqvs ariduli da semiariduli havis mxareebSi, sadac gabatonebul reliefwarmomqmnel process fizikuri gamofitva da drodadro didi intensivobis mqone Tavsxma wvimebis mier warmoebuli ferdobTa sibrtyiTi gadarecxva warmoadgens.

aRniSnuli garedinamikuri procesebi Tu ramdenadme mSvid teqtonikur pirobebSi mimdinareobs, maSin savsebiT SesaZlebelia jer mTispira pedimentebis formireba, maTi SeerTebis safuZvelze ki pediplenis Seqmna. Semdeg Tu mxarem ganicada azeveba, pedipleni ukve safexuris saxiT warmogvidgeba. l. kingi amasTan erTad SesaZleblad Tvlis mTian mxareSi struqturul-liTologiuri faqtoris Taviseburebis gamo, erTi da imave dros, sxvadasxva doneze safexurTa warmoqmnas.

bolos, arian avtorebi, romlebic mosworebul zedapirTa safexurebis Seqmnis ZiriTad mizezs mkveTri fleqsurul struqturebis arsebobaSi xedaven, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, siRrmul rRvevebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.

$ 99. mosworebuli zedapirebis klasifikacia

vinaidan jerjerobiT mosworebuli zedapirebis genezisis sakiTxi sabolood araa gadawyvetili, amitom aRniSnul zedapirTa srulyofili klasifikacia ar arsebobs. unda vifiqroT, rom igi, problemis aqtualurobidan gamomdinare, axlo momavalSi iqneba gadaWrili. dReisaTvis mxolod oriode mkvlevars aqvs am sakiTxis Sesaxeb mosazreba gamoTqmuli, romelTa Soris a. spiridonovi, d. panovi da d. timofeevia aRsaniSnavi.

a. spiridonovi (1961) mosorebuli zedapirebis or jgufs ganasxvavebs: baqnurs da orogenuls. pirvel maTganSi arsebul zedapirebs igi bazisur uwodebs da maTSi abraziul, denudaciur, eroziul da akumulaciur tipebs gamoyofs. meore jgufs qmnian e. w. baziszeda zedapirebi, romlebic ganeturad karul (myinvarul) da altiplanaciur (yinvian-solifluqciur) tipebs qmnian.

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d. panovi (1966) ganasxvavebs mosworebul zedapirTa oTx tips: Selfurs, kontinenturi ferdobis, kontinenturi baqnebis da mTiani mxareebis (orogenuli). aRniSnuli tipebi Tavis mxriv zedapirTa ramdenime saxiT aris warmodgenili. magaliTad, Selfuri tipis saxeebia: abraziuli, abraziul-akumulaciuri, akumulaciuri da struqturuli. kontinenturi ferdobis tipisaTvis _ struqturuli, denudaciuri, vulkanuri, solifluqciuri, mewyruli da sxv. mesame tipi (kontinenturi baqnebi) warmodgenilia: kvarcxlbekiani da naoWa peneplenebis, Sriani denudaciuri pediplenebis, abraziuli da akumulaciur zedapirTa saxeebiT.

mTiani mxaris mosworebul zedapirTa tipSi ki avtori gamoyofs: denudaciur, pediplenur, abraziul, Srian-struqturulsa da sxva saxeebs.

Cveni azriT subaeraluri mosworebuli zedapirebi geneturi niSnebis mixedviT SeiZleba davyoT: 1. denudaciuri, 2. akumulaciur da 3. poligenur jgufebad.

denudaciuri zedapirebis jgufSi gamovyofT: eroziul-gravitaciul, nivaciur-solifluqciur, egzaraciaul da gravitaciul-eolurs.

akumulaciur zedapirTa jgufSi unda gavarCioT: a) fluvialuri, romelic Tavis mxriv SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos: deltur, zandrul an aluviur zedapirTa saxiT, b) lavuri da g) natbiuri tipis zedapirebi. rac Seexeba mesame jgufs, e. w. poligenur zedapirebs masSi gamioyofa: struqturul-denudaciuri, denudaciur-akumulaciuri, ormagi da orjeradi tipebi. ormagi zedapiri pirvelad i. budelma gamoyo. masSi igulisxmeba savanebis klimatur pirobebSi formirebuli iseTi warmonaqmni, romlis amgebeli denudirebuli ZiriTadi qanebi, zemodan asamde metris simZlavris qimiuri gamofitvis produqtebiTaa dafaruli. rac Seexeba orjerad zedapirs igi iseTi warmonaqmnia, romelic morfologiurad erTi safexuriTaa warmodgenili, geneturad ki _ mkveTrad gansxavavebuli ori nawiliT: safuZvelSi denudaciuri, zemodan ki lavur akumulaciuriT. aq erTdroulad, asakobrivad da geneturad ori gansxvavebuli zedapiri gvaqvs, romelTagan axalgazrda morfologiuradacaa gamoxatuli, Zveli ki damarxuli. aseTi orjeradi zedapiris kargi magaliTia mesxeTis qedis samxreT ferdobze arsebuli fersaTis plato, sadac 200 metramde sisqis qveda pliocenuri lavebiT sarmatis droindeli denudirebuli zedapiria dafaruli.

zemoaRniSnul mosworebul zedapirTa umetesoba SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos rogorc baqnur, ise geosinklinur struqturebze, Tumca zogierTi maTagani ufro metad romelime struqturisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

rac Seexeba d. timofeevis mier mocemul klasifikacias, igi didi detalurobiT gamoirCeva da misi gacnosba SeiZleba aRniSnuli avtoris monografiaSi romelic mosworebuli zedapirebis problemisadmia miZRvnili.*

* Тимофеев Д. А., Поверхности выравнивания суши, М., 1979nawili meoTxe. geomorfologiuri agegmva da

kartografireba.Tavi meTvramete. zogadi cnobebi geomorfologiur

agegmvasa da kartografirebaze

§ 100. geomorfologiuri agegmva

geomorfologiuri agegmva, farTo gagebiT, gulisxmobs gansazRvruli regionis reliefis mravalmxriv daxasiaTebas da Seswavlili teritoriis msxvili an saSualomasStabiani geomorfologiuri rukis Sedgenas. aRniSnuli samuSaos Sesruleba sam etapad xorcieldeba: mosamzadebeli, savele da kameraluri.

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pirveli maTgani, e.i mosamzadebeli etapi gulisxmobs asagegmi teritoriis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturuli da kartografiuli masalebis moZiebas, gacnoba-damuSavebas, savele marSrutebis gegmis Sedgenas, saTanado xelsawyoebiT aRWurvas da savele muSaobis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro sxva saqmis gakeTebas. aRniSnulTagan pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia Sesaswavli regionis Sesaxeb arsebuli msxvilmaStabiani topografiuli da geologiuri rukebis moZieba, hidrologiuri obieqtebis, umTavresad mdinareTa reJimis (gansakuTrebiT donis ryevis) Sesaxeb cnobebis maqsimaluri raodenobiT Sekreba, klimaturi elementebis dakvirvebis masalebis (naleqebis raodenoba da maTi sezonuri ganawileba, temperaturis amplitudebi, gabatonebuli qarebis mimarTuleba da sxva) moZieba. rac SeiZleba sruli cnobebis miReba regionis struqturul-liTologiur pirobebTan dakavSirebiT da yovelive zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze gadasawyveti amocanebis naTlad gaazreba _ dasaxva. naTqvami ufro metad Seexeba iseT kvleva-Ziebas, romelic kompleqsur, e.i. yovelmxriv Seswavlas gulisxmobs. garda amisa, SeiZleba kerZo gamokvlevis Catareba _ erTi romleime geneturi kompleqsis an am Tu im geomorfologiuri obieqtis daxasiaTebis mizniT. geomorfologiuri ruka aseT SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba SevadginoT, magram misi Sinaarsi mkveTrad iqneba gansazRvruli. meore, e.i savele muSaobis etapze, romelic ZiriTadad winaswar Sedgenili marSrutebis gavlas gulisxmobs xdeba vizulauri da instrumentaluri dakvirvebebis Catareba_fiqsireba, geomorfologiuri agegmva, e.i morfologiurad da geneturad saintereso obieqtebis topografiul rukaze datana winaswar SerCeuli an SemuSavebuli indeqsebiT, reliefis geneturad gansxvavebuli kompleqsebis gamijvna, saintereso geomorfologiuri obieqtebis (terasis, xramis, xeobis da sxv.) sqemebis an Wrilebis Sedgena, fotografireba da sxv. savele muSaobis etapi umTavresia, radgan am dros Sekrebili masalebis sizustesa da sisrulezea damokidebuli Catarebuli muSabis mecnieruli da praqtikuli Rirebuleba, amitom, misi ganxorcieleba mkvlevaris didi gulmodginebaze, keTilsindisierebaze da gamWriaxobaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli. muSaobis mesame (kameralur) etapze warmoebs wina etapebze Sekrebli masalebis dajgufeba-Sejereba, maTi sistemaSi moyvana, samuSao hipoTezis ganmtkiceba-dadastureba an misi uaryofa da axali ideis SemuSaveba. amave etapze xdeba reliefis

geneturi kompleqsebis istoriis aRdgena da yovelive amis, geomorfologiuri rukis SedgeniT damTavreba.

§ 101. geomorfologiuri ruka da misi Sedgenis ZiriTadi principebi

geomorfologiuri ruka regionaluri kvlevis erT-erTi umTavresi monapovaria, romelzec ganzogadebuladaa asaxuli savele muSaoebis ZiriTadi Teoriuli Sedegebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Catarebuli regionaluri kvlevis Rirebuleba, arcTu iSviaTad, kargad Sedgenil geomorfologiur rukazea damokidebuli. rukis kargad Sedgena mravalwaxnaga mcnebaa da gulisxmobs ara marto SinaarsiT datvirTvas, raSic garkveuli zomierebis dacvaa saWiro, aramed misi gaformebis kulturasac. geomorfologiuri ruka sxvadasxva saxisaa, rac garda masStabis sxvadasxvaobisa, SinaarsTan da mis daniSnulebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. masStabis mixedviT arCeven msxvil (1:200 000-mde), saSualo (1:200 000-dan 1:1 000 000-mde) da wvrilmasStabian (1:1 000 000-ze meti) rukebs. ukanaskneli, romlis masStabi erT milionze metia, mimoxilviTia da kameraluri gziT SeiZleba SevadginoT. rac Seexeba pirvel ors, gansakuTrebiT ki pirvels, mis Sesadgenad savele muSaobis Catarebaa saWiro. Sinaarsis mixedviT SeiZleba gvqondes specialuri daniSnulebis rukebi (morfografiuli, reliefis daxrilobis, siRrmiTi danawevrebis, gravitaciul procesTa gamovlinebis, geneturi da sxv) rukebi da sinTezuri geomorfologiuri ruka*, romelzec reliefis zemoaRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi (morfografia, morfometria, genezisi da asaki) erTad iqneba warmodgenili. sinTezuri geomorfologiuri ruka unda akmayofilebdes or ZiriTad moTxovnilebas: 1) unda iyos rac SeiZleba farTo Sinaarsis mqone, rogorc geneturi ise morfologiuri, asakobrivi da saerTod, agegmili teritoriis sxva TaviseburebaTa asaxvis

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TvalsazrisiT da 2) is, rom igi rac SeiZleba advilad ikiTxebodes, raTa man geologiuri rukis analogiurad moqalaqeobrivi ufleba moipovos. amas xazgasmiT imitom aRvniSnavT, rom amJamad, arcTu iSviaTad iseTi rukebic gvxvdeba, romlebic an Zalian martivia da nawilobriv Tu asaxaven agegmili teritoriis geomorfologiur Taviseburebas, anda ise arian aRniSvnebiT gadatvirTuli, rom maTi wakiTxva specialistisTvisac ki sakmaod gaZnelebulia. rukaze reliefis skulpturuli da struqturuli tipebis aRniSvnisaTvis gansxvavebul ferad fons iyeneben da mkveTri mTliani xaziT mijnaven erTnaneTisagan. rac Seexeba reliefis ama Tu im akumulaciur tips (fluvialuri, myinvaruli, eoluri da sxva), maT aRsaniSnavad feradi dawinwkvlis foni gamoiyeneba, romelic Seesabameba maskulptirebel procesis aRmniSvnel fers**.

* aseT rukas sxvagvarad kompleqsur geomorfologiur rukasac uwodeben ** zogierTi avtori ferebiT gamoyofs morfostruqturebs, xolo StqixebiT ganasxvavebs morfoskulpturul warmonaqmnebs.

rukaze specialuri pirobiTi niSnebiT daitaneba reliefis elementaruli formebi (terasa, namdinarevi, gamozidvis konusi, gamkveTi xeoba, kanioni da sxv), romlebic Tavis mxriv reliefis geneturi tipis damadasturebeli da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT garkveuli interesis mqonea. garda amisa, reliefis asakze da mis hifsometriul ganviTarebaze saTanado warmodgenis miRebisaTvis saWiroa rukaze ZiriTad stratigrafiul erTeulTa amsaxveli simboloebi da absolutur simaRleTa aRmniSvneli warwerebis gakeTeba. ra Tqma unda, ukeTesi iqneba Tu sinTezur-geomorfologiur rukaze reliefis plastika, misi fiziografia izohifsebiT iqneba gamosaxuli. zogjer aris SemTxveva, roca reliefis ori geneturi tipi erTmaneTze “devs” da maTi gamijvna ar xerxdeba. amis kargi magaliTia zemo imereTis plato, sadac carculi kirqvebiT agebul struqturul reliefze ganviTarebulia aranaklebi tipiurobiT gamoxatuli karstuli reliefi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, erTi romelime maTganis, magaliTad struqturuli platos aRmniSvnel feris fonze “daideba” karstuli tipis aRmniSvneli feri, zolebis an rgolebis saxiT. rogorc regionaluri, ise specialuri daniSnulebis geomorfologiur rukebs, TeoriulTan erTad, didi praqtikul-sameurneo mniSvneloba aqvT. Tanamedrove xanaSi, yovelgvari seriozuli saaRmSeneblo

samuSao sagzao iqneba igi Tu sairigacio, saqalaqo Tu sanavsadguro da sxv. zemoaRniSnuli rukebis monacemebis ucilobeli gaTvaliswinebiT igegmeba da xorcieldeba.

sasiamovno moulodneloba

sruliad moulodneli da rac mTavaria, sasiamovno SemTxveva, romlis gaziareba mkiTxvelisaTvisac gvinda, exeba niu-orkSi 1993 wels gamoqveynebul profesor mixeil somerfeldis ,,zogadi geomorfologiis” sauniversiteto saxelmZRvanelosa da 1996 wels gamocemuli aseTive daniSnulebis Cems wigns Soris arsebul STambeWdav paralelebs. oRond, vidre maTze SevCerdebode, winaswar Semdegis aRniSvnaa saWiro.

cnobilia, rom geomorfologia rogorc codnis dargi ZvelTagania, romelic Tavis sawyisebs antikuri droidan iRebs. Znelad moiZebneba iseTi mogzauris Canaweri, romelSic bunebis komponentebis aRwerisas naxuli qveynis mTasa da barze, e. i. reliefzec ar iyos yuradReba SeCerebuli.

rac Seexeba geomorfologiis, rogorc mecnierebis damoukidebel dargad formirebas, igi bevrad ufro axalgazrdaa da Tavisi arsebobis arcTu ise did dros, or aseul wlamde Tu iTvlis.

isicaa cnobili, rom geomorfologia fizikur-geografiul disciplinaTa kompleqsSi erT-erT upirvelesad aris miCneuli da amitom gasakviri araa, rom am dargSi dReisaTvis ucxo enebze mravali saxelmZRvaneloa dawerili. Tqmulis naTelsayofad sakmarisia gavixsenoT: i. SCukinis, i. edelSteinis, d. panovis, v. bondarCukis, o. leontievis, e. martonis, lobekis, raisis da sxvaTa fundamenturi Sromebi.

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aRniSnul avtorTa saxelmZRvaneloebs, mraval RirsebasTan erTad zogi ram naklic gaaCnia, romelTa Sesaxeb Cveni SeniSvnebi sxvadasxva dros werilobiT gvaqvs gamoTqmuli da aq ar SevCerdebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom isini erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad, arsebiTad arian gansxvavebuli, rogorc ganxiluli sakiTxebis dajgufebis da maTi ganxilvis TanamimdevrobiT, ise moculobis, paragrafebad dayofis Tu sxva maxasiaTeblebis, e. i. struqturulad.

naTqvamis naTelsayofad sakmarisia, Tundac, i. SCukinisa da i. edelSteinis, TiTqmis erTdroulad gamocemul saxelmZRvaneloTa Sedareba. pirvel maTganSi sakiTxebis ganxilva geneturi principis mixedviTaa mocemuli, meoreSi ki safuZvlad sruliad sapirispiro _ garegani, e. i. vizualuri ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia aRebuli. moculobis mixedviT ki i. SCukinis ,,zogadi geomorfologia” samtomiania, da saerTo jamSi 1200 gverds Seadgens, i. edelSteinis ,,geomorfologiis safuZvlebi” ki amis mesamedic araa.

yovelive amis winaswari aRniSvna imisTvis dagvWirda, rom mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro naTlad, xazgasmulad warmovaCinoT Cveni umTavresi saTqmeli, romelsac qvemoT mogaxsenebT.

rogorc ukve iTqva Cven SesaZlebloba gvqonda gavcnobodiT ingliseli mecnieris, edinburgis universitetis profesor m. somerfeldis ,,Global geomorphology”-ias, romelic gamocemulia niu-iorkSi 1993 wels.

saxelmZRvanelo romlis moculoba 525 gverdia, xuTi nawilis, 19 Tavis da 94 paragrafisgan Sedgeba.

pirveli nawili ,,Sesavalis” saxelwodebiTaa dasaTaurebuli da erTi Tavisa da xuTi paragrafisagan Sedgeba. masSi dedamiwa ganxilulia, rogorc ciuri sxeuli.

meore nawili romelic ,,endogenuri procesebis da reliefis formebis” saxelwodebiT aris formulirebuli oTxi Tavisa da 22 paragrafisagan Sedgeba.

mesame nawilSi ,,egzogenuri procesebi da Sesatyvisi reliefis formebi”-a ganxiluli. igi yvelaze vrcelia, romelSic 9 Tavi da 40 paragrafia Tavmoyrili.

meoTxe nawili ,,endogenuri da egzogenuri procesebis erTobliv moqmedebas da maTi reliefSi asaxvas" Seexeba. aq oTxi Tavi da 24 paragrafia warmodgenili.

ukanaskneli mexuTe nawili ,,eqsteritoriuli formebi”-s saxelwodebiTaa gamoyofili da masSi mzis sistemaSi Semavali planetebis da zogierTi Tanamgzavris reliefia mimoxilvuli.

prof. mixeil somerfeldis saxelmZRvanelos ufro detalur warmoCenas ar Sevudgebi, radgan amis arc SesaZleblobaa da arc aucilebloba, magram saxelmZRvanelos ZiriTadi struqturuli Taviseburebis gacnobiT miRebuli STabeWdilebis Semdeg Sevecdebi oriode sityviT gagiziaroT CemTvis sruliad moulodneli, magram esoden STambeWdavi faqtebi.

siamovnebis safuZveli is didi siaxlovea, romelic CemTvis sruliad ucnobi, ucxoeli geomorfolog m. somerfeldis sauniversiteto saxelmZRvanelosa da aseTive daniSnulebis Cems wigns Soris SimCneva da rac maT struqturul da sxva arsebiT maxasiaTebelTa aramcTu msgavsebaSi, TiTqmis identurobaSi gamoixateba.

ai isinic da naTqvamis gansja mkiTxvelisaTvis migvindvia.

1.daviwyoT wignis saxelwodebiT, romelic zog avtors ubralod ,,geomorfologiis” saxelwodebiT aqvs gamocemuli, zogi mas ,,geomorfologiis safuZvlebs” uwodebs, zogi ki ,,zogad geomorfologias”. m. somerfeldsac da Cvenc es ukanaskneli e. i. ,,zogadi geomorfologiis” saxelwodeba gvaqvs gamoyenebuli.

2.m. somerfeldis saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi geneturi principis safuZvelzea dalagebuli rogorc, magaliTad fluvialuri procesebi da Sesatyvisi reliefis formebi, eoluri procesebi da reliefis formebi, myinvaruli reliefi, zRvis sanapiroze mimdinare procesebi da Sesabamisi reliefi da a. S. Cvenc sakiTxebis ganxilvis aseTive e. i. geneturi principi gvaqvs gamoyenebuli.

3.m. somerfelds jer endogenuri procesebi da maTi geomorfologiuri Sedegebi aqvs daxasiaTebuli Semdeg ki egzogenuri procesebi da maTi morfologiuri anarekli. sakiTxebis ganxilvis zustad aseTive Tanamimdevrobaa Cvens mierac daculi. urfo metic m. somerfeldTan endogenuri procesebis da maTi geomorfologiuri Sedegebis ganxilvas oTxi Tavi aqvs daTmobili, Cems wignSi xuTi. egzogenuri procesebis ganxilvas ki somerfeldTan cxra Tavi aqvs daTmobili CemTan _ rva, e. i. TiTqmis Tanabari raodenoba.

4.mixeil somerfeldis mier ganxiluli sakiTxebi cxramet TavSia ganawilebuli, ,,zogadi geomorfologiis” Cemi

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saxelmZRvanelo ki, TiTqmis amdenive Tvrameti Tavisagan Sedgeba.

5.m. somerfeldTan konkretuli sakiTxebi oTxmocdaToTxmet paragrafadaa dayofili. CemTan ki paragrafTa raodenoba TiTqmis amdenive _ aserTia.

6.CemTvis aranaklebi, Tu meti ara, StambeWdavia is Sinaarsobrivi damTxveva rac prof. m. somerfeldisa da Cems saxelmZRvaneloTa boloswina TavebSi SeiniSneba. da rac, masTan ,,endogenuri da egzogenuri procesebis erToblivi gamovlinebis Sedegebadaa” formirebuli da romelSic mosworebul zedapirebzea laparaki, CemTan ki igi pirdapir ,,mosworebuli zedapirebis problemadaa” dasaTaurebuli. am Tavis pirvelsave abzacs im sityvebiT da winadadebebiT viwyebT, romelic b-n mixeils saTaurad aqvs gamotanili. ai ras vwerT Cveni wignis meCvidmete Tavis pirvelsave abzacSi: ,,mosworebuli zedapirebis formireba, saerTo aRiarebiT, ori sapirispiro procesis erToblivi moqmedebis fonze mimdinareobs da Sedegia pauzebis Semcveli teqtonikur moZraobaTa sinqronul sxvadasxva saxis iseTi garedinamikuri procesebisa, rogoricaa: gamofitva, erozia, denudacia da sxv. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare Cven vamjobineT es didi mniSvnelobis problema calke TavSi mogveqcia da amiT dagvemTavrebina winamdebare wignSi gansaxilvel geomorfologiur kompleqsebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis wre”, es maSin roca, didi mniSvnelobis es problematuri sakiTxi, zemoaRniSnul avtorTa wignebSi, zogSi egzogenur procesebTan aris ganxiluli, zogTan endogenur procesebTan, zogierTSi ki misi xsenebac araa.

7.identurobisa da msgavsebis aseTi magaliTebi kidev SegveZlo araerTi mogvetana, magram vfiqrobT naTqvamic sakmarisia aRniSnul saxelmZRvaneloTa didi struqturuli da meTodologiuri siaxlovis warmosaCenad. magram, darCenilTagan erTi maTganis yuradRebis miRma datoveba ar SeiZleba.

ai isic: Cemi wigni mSoblebis naTeli xsovnisadmia miZRvnili da amas mSoblebisadmi didi pativiscemis gamoxatvasTan erTad, sxva aranakleb sayuradRebo didaqtikuri datvirTvac aqvs. da aq saocari iciT ra aris? saocari isaa, rom profesor m. somerfeldis saxelmZRvanelosac analogiuri ki ara da sityva sityviT iseTive miZRvna-epigramia gaaCnia.

es faqti CemTvis ufro metad im mxrivaa sayuradRebo, rom igi Cvens mecnierul da pedagogiur siaxlovesTan erTad zneobrivadac gvanaTesavebs.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas, daskvnis saxiT, yovelive zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT? erTmniSvnelovnad unda iTqvas is, rom roca cxra mTasa da cxra zRavs iqiT niu-iorkSi, inglisur enaze gamodis saxelmZRvanelo da imavdroulad, sruliad damoukideblad cxra zRvas da cxra mTas aqeT _ Tbilisis, saxelmwifo universitetSi qveyndeba analogiuri saxelwodebis da maSasadame daniSnulebis wigni da maT identurobamde dasuli msgavseba aqvT, imis maniSnebelia, rom orive maTgani faseuli e. i. mosawonia.

vamTavrebT ra Cvens ZiriTad saTqmelze saubars, albaT ikiTxavT: aris Tu ara prof. m. somerfeldis da Cvens saxelmZRvaneloTa Soris raime gansxvaveba? ra Tqma unda aris da sxvagvarad arc SeiZleba yofiliyo, aseTia magaliTad:

1. bolo TavSi sruliad gansxavavebuli sakiTxebi gvaqvs ganxiluli: masTan planetebis da zogierTi Tanamgzavris mimoxilva, CemTan ki geomorfologiuri agegmva da kartografireba.

2. Cven wigns ori saZiebeli aqvs sagnobrivi da geografiuli, b. somerfeldisas igi ar gaaCnia.

3. gamoyenebuli literaturis sia Cveni wignis boloSo gvaqvs, b-n somerfelds ki yoveli Tavis Semdeg, rac ukeTesad migvaCnia

4. rac Seexeba poligrafiul dones, Cveni wignebi dRisa da RamesaviTaa gansxvavebuli da es arcaa gasakviri, m. momerfeldis wigni niu-iorkSia gamocemuli, Cemi ki Rarib qvayanaSi, isic Cemda sabednierod reqtoratis mxardaWeriT da iuneskos finansuri daxmarebiT.

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literatura

cxovrebaSvili SoTa, zogadi geomorfologiis mokle kursi. Tbilisis universitetis gamocema, 1980.

cxovrebaSvili SoTa, zogadi geomorfologia, Tbilisis universitetis gamocema, 1996.

Башенина Н. В., Воскресенский С. С., Методы геоморфологического исследования. АН СССР, сер. географ. #1, М., 1955.

Башенина Н. В., Формирование современного релиефа земной поверхности. Изд. «Высшая школа». М., 1967.

Белоусов В. В., Основи геотектоники. М., «Недра», 1975.Бондарчук В. Т., Основы геоморфологии. М., Учпедгиз, 1949Гвоздецкий Н. А., Карст. М., Мысль. 1981Герасимов И. П., Мещеряков Ю. А. Морфоструктура и морфоскулптура

земной поверхности. Современные проблемы географии. Наука. М. 1964Девис В. М., Геоморфологические очерки. М., 1962Зенкович В. П., Динамика и морфология морских берегов. Часть I.

Волновые процессы. Издательство Морской транспорт М.- Л., 1946Калесник С. В., Общая глациология. М., Учпедгиз, 1939Каттерфельд Г. Н., Лик Земли. М., Географгиз. 1962Кинг Лестер. Морфология земли. Изд. Прогресс. М., 1967Криволуцкий А. Е., Жизнь земной поверхности. Изд. Мысль. М. 1971Леонтьев О. К., Основы физической географии мирового океана. Изд.

МГУ. 1974Леонтьев О. К. Геоморфология морских берегов и дна. Изд. МГУ. 1955Леонтьев О. К., Рычагов Г. И., Общая геоморфология. Изд. ,,Высшая

школа”. М., 1988Лютцау В., Основы геоморфологии. М., Часть I. 1971.Часть II. 1978Магницкий В. А., Основы физики земли. Геодезиздат. М., 1953Марков К. К., Основные проблемы геоморфологии. М., Географгиз. 1949Мартон Э., Основы физической географии. Томь II. геоморфология. М.,

Учпедгиз, 1945Мещеряков Ю. А., Морфоструктуры равнинио-платформенных областей.

АН СССР. М., 1960Обручев В. А., Основы гелогии. Геотех. издат. М., 1947Панов Д. Г., Общая геоморфология. Изд. ,,Высшая школа”. М., 1966Панов Д. Г., Происхождение Материков и Океанов. М., Географгиз., 1961

Пенк В., Морфологический анализ. Географгиз. М., 1961Пиотровский В. В., Живаго Н. В. Геоморфология с основновами

геологии. Геодезиздат. М., 1971Пиотровский М. В., К познанию законов земли. Мысль. М., 1984Подобедов Н. С., Физическая география Часть II. Геоморфология,

М., Геодезиздат. 1954Проблеми поверхностей выравнивания. Изд. Наука. М., 1964Райс Р. Дж., Основы геоморфологии. Изд. Прогресс. М., 1980

Склоны, их развите и методы изучения. Мысль. М., 1971Федорович Б. А., Лик пустыни. Изд. Молодая гвардия. М., 1954Шеидегеггер А., Основы геодинамики. Недра. М., 1987Щукин И. С., Общая геоморфология. . Изд. МГУ. Томь I. 1960,

Томь II. 1964. Томь III. 1974. Эделштейн Я. С., Основы геоморфологии. Учпедгиз, М-Л., 1947Sommerfeld M. Global Geomorfologi, New-york, 1994.

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avtorisagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nawili piveli. zogadi sakiTxebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tavi pirveli. ZiriTadi cnobebi geomorfologiis rogorc mecnieruli disciplinis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ 1. geomorfologiis sagani da amocanebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 2. geomorfologiis dayofa da misi kavSiri sxva mecnierul disciplinebTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 3. geomorfologiis Teoriuli safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4. istoriuli eqskursi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 5. geomorfologiuri kvlevis meTodebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 6. geomorfologia da adamianis sameurneo saqmianoba . . . . . . . .

Tavi meore. ZiriTadi cnobebi dedamiwis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ 7. dedamiwis forma da sidide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8. dedamiwis Sinagani agebuleba da Sedgeniloba . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9. dedamiwis qerqis nivTieri Sedgeniloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10. liTosferos zedapiris danawevrebis ZiriTadi niSnebi . . . . .

Tavi mesame. reliefis Seswavlis zogierTi aspeqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11. reliefis morfografia da morfometria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 12. reliefis genezisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 13. reliefis asaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi meoTxe. geomorfogenezisis procesebi da faqtorebi . . . . . . . . . .

$ 14. dedamiwis zedapirze moqmedi procesebis saerTo xasiaTi . . .$ 15. geologiuri struqturebis roli geomorfogenezisSi . . . . . .$ 16. liTologiuri faqtoris roli geomorfogenezisSi . . . . . . . $ 17. neoteqtonikuri moZraobis roli geomorfogenezisSi . . . . . . $ 18. havis roli geomorfogenezisSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19. gamofitva da misi roli geomorfogenezisSi . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 20. adamianis roli geomorfogenezisSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nawili meore. endogenuri procesebi da reliefi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tavi mexuTe. endogenuri procesebi da liTosferos umTavresi uswormasworobaTa warmoqmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ 21. endogenuri procesebis saerTo xasiaTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 22. zogadi cnobebi kontinentebisa da okeaneTa kalapotebis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 23. liTosferos umTavresi struqturuli elementebi . . . . .

Tavi meeqvse. dedamiwis qerqis vertikaluri rxeviTi moZraoba da misi geomorfologiuri Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ 24. dedamiwis qerqis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi moZraoba . . . . $ 25. rxeviTi teqtonikuri moZraobis Seswavlis meTodebi . . .

$ 26. epirogenetuli moZraobis mizezebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tavi meSvide. mTaTawarmomSobi teqtonikuri moZraobebi da

mTebis morfologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 27. teqtonikuri dislokacia da misi ZiriTadi saxeebi . . $ 28. umTavresi orogenetuli epoqebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 29. mTebis simaRliTi gavrcelebis kanonzomiereba . . . . . $ 30. qedebis horizontuli danawevrebis tipebi . . . . . . . . . $ 31. mTebis geneturi tipebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 32. mTebSi mimdinare geomorfogeneturi procesebis zogadixasiaTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi merve. vulkanuri procesebi da reliefi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 33. cneba vulkanizmis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 34. vulkanuri produqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 35. zogierTi katastrofuli amofrqvevis xasiaTi da Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 36. vulkanTa tipebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 37. vulkanuri mTebis morfologia da morfometria . . . . $ 38. lavis Rvarebi da safarebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 39. vulkanuri reliefis destruqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 40. geizerebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 41. cru vuklanebi anu salzebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 42. vulkanTa geografiuli gavrcelebis kanonzomiereba . $ 43. vulkanTa amofrqvevis prognozireba . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi mecxre. miwisZvra da misi roli geomorfogenezisSi . . . . . $ 44. miwisZvris arsi da misi siZliere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 45. miwisZvris tipebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 46. miwisZvris Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 47. miwisZvrebis gavrceleba da maTi warmoqmnis mizezebi .

nawili mesame. egzogenuri procesebi da reliefi . . . . . . . . .

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Tavi meaTe. egzogenuri procesebis saerTo xasiaTi, mdinari wylebis moqmedeba da maTi geomorfologiuri Sedegebi . . .

$ 48. egzogenuri procesebis adgili da roli geomorfoge-nezisSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ 49. sibrtyiTi gadarecxva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 50. droebiTi nakadebis morfologiuri mniSvneloba . . . . $ 51. mdinareTa moqmedebis ZiriTadi saxeebi da maTi gamovlinebis kanonzomiereba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 52. mdinaris motaceba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 53. xeobis Ziris morfologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 54. xeobis ferdobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 55. mdinareuli terasebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 56. zvav-mewyrebi xeobis ferdobebze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $. 57. xeobaTa morfologiuri da struqturuli tipebi . . . . $ 58. gamkveTi xeobebis genezisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 59. xeobaTa asimetria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 60. eroziuli cikli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi meTerTmete. zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis qimiuri da qimiur-

meqanikuri moqmedebis roli geomorfogenezisSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 61. karstis cneba da karstuli reliefis gamapirobebeli faqtorebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 62. karstuli mxareebis zedapiruli da miwisqvesa wylebis . . . .ZiriTadi Taviseburebani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 63. karstuli reliefis zedapiruli formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 64. karstis miwisqveSa reliefis makro formebi . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 65. stalaqtitebi, stalagmitebi da mRvimeSi arsebuli sxva mikroformebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 66. karstis zonalur-klimaturi tipebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 67. karstis Seswavlis praqtikuli mniSvneloba . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 68. fsevdokarsti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi meTormete. myinvarebis roli reliefis formirebaSi . . . . . . . . . . $ 69. myinvarTa warmoqmnis pirobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 70. myinvaris struqturul-morfologiuri da dinamikuri . . . . . Tavisebureba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 71. myinvaris zedapiris morfologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 72. myinvaris tipebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 73. myinvarTa egzaraciuli moqmedebiT miRebuli reliefisformebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ 74. myinvarTa akumulaciuri moqmedeba da reliefi . . . . . . . . . . .$ 75. pleistocenis gamyinvareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 76. pleistocenis glaciogenur warmonaqmnTa zonaloba . . . $ 77. Tanamedrove myinvarTa gavrceleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi mecamete. mudmivi mzraloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ 78. mudmivi mZralobis simZlavre da temperaturuli Tavisebureba . $ 79. hidrologiuri Tavisebureba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 80. geomorfologiuri Tavisebureba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 81. mzralobis genezisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 82. sameurneo saqmianobis siZneleebi mzralobis mxareebSi .

Tavi meToTxmete. qaris roli geomorfogenezisSi . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$ 83. eoluri procesebis ganviTarebis pirobebi . . . . . . . . . . $ 84. udabnoebSi mimdinare procesebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 85. qaris deflaciur-koraziuli moqmedeba da misi Sedegebi $ 86. qaris akumulaciuri moqmedeba da misi geomorfologiuri Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 87. udabnos tipebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi meTxuTmete. zRvis moqmedeba sanapiroze da misi Sedegebi . . .

$ 88. zRvis sanapirosTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi terminebi . $ 89. napiris formirebaSi monawile faqtorebi . . . . . . . . . . .$ 90. abraziuli terasis formireba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 91. talasogenur-akumulaciuri formebi sanapiroze . . . . . .$ 92. deltebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 93. zRvis napirebis umTavresi tipebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi meTeqvsmete. msoflio okeanis fskeris reliefi . . . . . . . . .$ 94. okeaneTa fskeris formirebaSi monawile procesebi . . .$ 95. msoflio okeanis fskeris umTavresi morfologiuri . . .nawilebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tavi meCvidmete. mosworebuli zedapirebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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$ 96. mosworebuli zedapiris cnebis arsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 97. denudaciuri mosworebuli zedapirebis raodenoba . . . . $ 98. denudaciuri mosworebuli zedapirebis genezisi . . . . . . $ 99. mosworebuli zedapirebis klasifikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . .

nawili meoTxe. geomorfologiuri agegmva da kartografireba .Tavi meTvramete. zogadi cnobebi geomorfologiur agegmvasa da

kartografirebaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 100. geomorfologiuri agegmva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$ 101. geomorfologiuri ruka da misi Sedegebis ZiriTadi principebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .sasiamovno moulodneloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

139