Tinh Dau-tài Liệu

5/25/2018 Tinh Dau-t i Li u

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Khi nim v tinh duTinh du l hn hp ca nhiu hp cht thin nhin, c mi c trng gp nhiu trongthc vt, c trong ng vt, bay hi ngoi khng kh nhit thng, khng livt trn giy, c th iu ch t tho mcbng phng php ct ko hi nc. Tinh

du rt t tan trong nc, tan tt trong du bo v cc dung mi hu c.

Tinh du c th s dng trc tip hoc ch ra cc cht thm khc p ng cc nhu cux hi (Thuc, cht thm thc phm, nc hoa...)Concrete oil: Sn phm chit xut hng thm thu c t thc vt khi dng phngphp chit xut vi dung mi, sau khi bc hi dung mi phn cn li c gi lConcrete oil thng c cha sp v th c.Pomade: Cht bo thm c ly t cc loi hoa bng phng php chit lnhhaychit nngAbsolute oil: khi ho tan Concrete oil, Pomade trong cn nng cao, lnh phn

sp b ng c, lc loi b phn ny, phn cn li em ct ko hi nc, sn phmthu c c tn Absolute oilWater absolute oil: mt s trng hp khi ctko hi nc mt lng ng k tinhdu nm trong nc dng nh dch. Tinh du ny c chit ra bng dung mi, saukhi bc hi thu c "Water absolute oil"Rhodinol, Rhodinal: Rhodinol l hn hp cc thnh phn c nhm chc alcol trongtinh du, Rhodinal l hn hp cc thnh phn c nhm chc aldehyd trong tinh du

Back to TopCu to v phn loi tinh duThnh phn cu to ca tinh du kh phc tp, c nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau.Cnc vo cu to phn t c th chia tinh du thnh 4 nhm chnh:

1. Tinh du c thnh phn l cc hp cht aliphatic*Chui nguyn t carbon ca cc hp cht aliphatic c th lmch thng, mch nhnh,mt s lin kt gia cc nguyn t carbon c th khng no. Cc hydrocarbon, aliphaticthng c nhiu trong hoa qu, gp phn rt nh trong quyt nh mi, v ca chng. -Nhng hydrocarbon khng no cao nh

1,3-trans-5-cis-undecatrien

1,3-trans-5-trans-undecatrien
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2/27


1,3-trans-5-cis-undecatrien v 1,3-trans-5-trans-undecatrienc vai tr quan trng trongto mi thm ca tinh du galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua(Boiss.et Buhse)- Mi thm nh ca cc alcol aliphatic gi vai tr ng k l b phn cu thnh trong cccu trc thm. Mt s alcol khng bo ho rt c gi tr. Cis-3-hexen-1-olc mi c

trng ti mt d chu gp Ch (Camelia sinensis) vmt vi loi du tm (Moruspp.). Cc ng phn ca chng c dngcis-2-hexen-1-olthng gp trong nhiu loi quvi hng du ngt.

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- Cc aldehyt alphatic l nhng thnh phn quan trng trong cc hng liu v nc hoa.- Trong tinh du ca cc loi thuc chi Cam qut (Citrus spp.) c cha nhiu hp chtn-octanol, n-nonanal, n-decanal v n-undecanal...- Cc ceton aliphatic 3-hydroxy-2-butanon vdiacetyl (2,3-butanedion)thng gp trongt nhin l nhng hp cht to nn hng v thm ca mt s thcphm.Cc ester aliphatic l nhng cht thm thng c s dng trong cng nghip thc

phm. (Mt s hp cht aliphatic thm)

2. Tinh du c thnh phn l cc terpen vnhng dn cht cachngNhiu tinh du c thnh phn l terpen (C5H8)nv dn cht terpen. Ngi ta thng chiathnh cc nhm nh monoterpen(C5H8)2 = C10H16, secquiterpen (C5H8)3 = C15H24,

diterpen (C5H8)4 = C20H32Cc monoterpen (ascaridol, borneol, camphor, carvon, 1,8-cineol, citral,citronellal, elsholtziaceton,geraniol,limonen,linalool, menthofuran, menthol

ascaridol (tinh du giun -ChenopodiumambrosioidesL.)

borneol(tinh du t l i bi -BlumeabalsamiferaDC.)
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3/27


camphor(Longno -Cinna

momum

camph

ora(L.) J.S.Presl. camphor type; tinh du t l i bi -Blumea balsamiferaDC.).

carvon (tinh du tiu hi -Foeniculumvulgare)

1,8-cineol (Longno -

Cinnamomum

camph

ora(L.)J.S.Presl.cineol type; tinh du t l Trm (MelaleucacajuputiPwell)

citral (tinh du t l, qu Mng tang -Litsea cubeba(Lour.) Persoon),

citro

nell

al (tinhduS - Cymbopogon

elsholtz

iaceton(tinhdu tat -Perillafrutesce

ns(L.)Britton)

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4/27


geraniol(limonen(V Cam chanh - Citrus

sinensis (L.) Osbeck; v Chanh -Citrusaurantifolia(Christm.& Panzer)Swingle).

linalool (Long no -

Cinnamomumcamphora(L.)J.S.Presl. linalool type; Thin nin kin -Homalomena aromaticaSchott) menthofuran

menthol (Bch -MenthaarvensisL.,M. piperitaL.)

Myrcen

nerol ocimen

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5/27


perilen

-phellandren

-pinen(tinh duthng -Pinus

sp.)-pinen(tinh du thng -Pinus sp.)

pulegon(tinhduNeet

acataria;Mentha piperitaL.) iso-pulegon

-terpinen,

-terpineol (tinh du l Trm lhpMelaleuca alternifoliaCheel.)

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Cc secquiterpen
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6/27


-farnesen,

zingiberen,

curcumen, curcumen,

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caryophylen, -caryophylen (tinh du l lt - Piper lolot )nerolidol (Hoa bi - Citrus maxima(Burm.) Merr.; Long no - Cinnamomumcamphora(L.) J.S.Presl. secquiterpen type), farnesol.Thuc nhm ny cn c cc hp cht Azulen nh guajazulen, vetivazulen, camazulen.

Cc hp cht sesquiterpenlacton khng phi l tinh du nhng l tin cht ca azulen nn

c th c xp vo nhm ny. V d: sausurea lacton, santonin, artemisinin.

3.Tinh du c thnh phn l cc dn cht c nhn thm:


7/27


aldehydcinnamic (tinhdu qu -

Cinnamomumtrans-anethol (tinh du qu i hi -Illicium verumHook.f.), (Hi nc -Limnophila rugosa (Roth.) Merr.

carvacrol (tinhdu Hng chanh -Coleusaromaticus Lour.;

Nhn trn -

denosmacaeruleumR. Br)

p.cymen

eugenoltinh duHngnhu -Ocimumgratissimu

mL.; ln trng -Hyptis suaveolens(L.) Poit. heliotropin

methyleugenol

Methyl chavicol

tinh du hng qu (OcimumbasilicumL. var. basilicum, Th hochng -Agastache rugosa (Fisch, etMey) Zuntze


8/27


methyl salicilat safrol

(tinhdu

Vh

ng -Cinnamomum parthenoxylonMeissn.,Hi ni - Illicium )

thymol (tinh du cyMen ru -Moslachinensis(Maxim)Kudo

vanilin(Vanillaplani

foliaJack

s.ex Andrews)

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4. Tinh du c thnh phnpha tp

alicin (Ti -AlliumsativumL.)

methyl anthranilat ( kh chua -Averrhoa carambola L.)

Cc dn cht isothiocyanat,

Alkyl isothiocyanat

Alkenyl isothiocyanat


9/27


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Mt s h thng phn loi ngi ta chia thnh 5 nhm:1. Cc monoterpen mch thng

2. Cc monoterpen mt vng3. Cc monoterpen hai vng.

4. Cc dn cht ca sesquiterpen5. Cc dn cht c nhn thm

Back to TopTnh cht l, ho ca tinh duTh cht: a s l cht lng nhit thng, mt s thnh phn th rn: Menthol,

borneol, camphor, vanilin, heliotropin.

Mu sc: Thng khng mu hoc mu vng nht. Trong qu trnh bo qun do hintng oxy ho tinh du c th b sm mu. Mt s c mu c bit: Cc hp cht azulenc mu xanh mc.

Mi: c bit, a s c mi thm d chu, mt s c mi hc, kh chu (tinh du giun).V: cay, mt s c v ngt: Tinh du qu, hi.

Bay hi c nhit thng.T trng: a s nh hn 1. Mt s ln hn 1: Qu, inh hng, hng nhu. T lccthnh phn chnh c t trng ln hn 1 (aldehyd cinnamic, eugenol, safrol, asaron,methyl salicylat ...) quyt nh t trng tinh du. Nu hm lng cc thnh phn chnhthp, nhng tinh du ny c th tr thnh nh hn nc. tan: Khng tan, hay ng hn t tan trong nc, tan trong alcol v cc dung mi huc khc. si: Ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to, c th dng phng php ct phn on tch ring tng thnh phn trong tinh du.

Nng sut quay cc cao, t tuyn hoc hu tuyn.

Ch s khc x: 1,4500 - 1,5600Rt d oxy ho, s oxy ho thng xy ra cng vi s trng hip ho, tinh du s chuynthnh cht nha.

Mt s thnh phn chnh trong tinh du cho cc phn ng c hiu ca nhm chc, tothnh cc sn phm kt tinh hay cho mu, da vo c tnh ny nh tnh v nhlng cc thnh phn chnh trong tinh du.
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10/27


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Phn b tinh du trong t nhin+ Tinh du c phn b rt rng trong h thc vt, c bit tp trung nhiu mts h: H Cn -Apiaceae, h Cc -Asteraceae, h Bc h -Lamiaceae, h Long no -Lauraceae, h Sim -Myrtaceae,h Cam -Rutaceae, h Gng -Zingiberaceaev.v..Mt s ng vt cng c cha tinh du: Hu x, c cung...+ Phn b trong cy: Tinh du c trong tt c cc b phn ca cy:L: Bc h, Trm, Bch nB phn trn mt t: Bc h, Hng nhuHoa: Hoa hng, Hoa nhi, Hoa bi

hoa: inh hngQu: Sa nhn, Tho qu, HiV qu: Cam, Chanh, BiV thn: QuG: Long no, V hngR: Thin nin kin, Thch xng bThn r: Gng, Ngh+ Trong cng mt cy, thnh phn ho hc tinh du cc b phn khc nhau c thging nhau v mt nh tnh: V d nh tinh du v v l QuCinnamomum

cassiathnh phn chnh u l aldehyd cinnamic, nhng cng c th rt khc nhau:V d tinh du v v l QuCinnamomum zeylanicum(v: aldehyd cinnamic, l:eugenol), tinh du g v l V hngCinnamomum parthenoxylon(g: safrol, l:methyleugenol hoc linalol).+ Vai tr ca tinh du trong cyTinh du c to thnh trong cc b phn tit ca cy:

T bo tit:- biu b cnh hoa: Hoa hng- Nm su trong cc m: Qu, Long no, Gng...

Lng tit: H Lamiaceae: Bc h, Hng nhu Ti tit: H Myrtaceae: Trm, Bch n, inh hng. ng tit: H Apiaceae: Tiu hi, ht mi
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11/27


+ Hm lng tinh du trong cy: Hm lng tinh du thng dao ng t 0,1% n2%. Mt s trng hp trn 5% nh qu hi (5 - 15%) v n hoa inh hng (15-25%), qu Mng tang (4-10%).

Back to TopThu tinh du t dc liu: C 4 phng php c p dng ch to tinh du:1. Phng php ct ko hi nc.2. Phng php chit xut bng dung mi.3. Phng php p.4. Phng php p.

Tu thuc vo yu cu v cht lng trong s dng,bn cht ca dc liu v githnh la chn phng php thch hp. Thng thng phng php ct ko hinc c p dng rng ri nht.1. PHNG PHP CT KO HI NCa. Nguyn tc: Da trn nguyn tc ct mt hn hp 2 cht lng bay hi c khngtrn ln vo nhau (nc v tinh du). Khi p sut hi bo ho bng p sut kh quyn,hn hp bt u si v hi nc ko theo hi tinh du. Hi nc c th a t bnngoi do cc ni hi cung cp hoc t to trong ni ct.b. Cc b phn ca mt thitb ct tinh du:

i ct:- Hnh tr, lm bng thp khng g, tn m km, ng. iu kin ct th cng c ths dng thng phuy ng xng. Cn lu t l gia ng knh (D) v chiu cao cani (H). Thng thng t l D/H = 1/1,2 - 1,5- Vi ni ct cng nghip hi nc c a vo bng cc ng dn hi, qui m thcng, nc cha sn trong ni, v dc liu c t trn mt tm v, trnh tip xcvi y ni (Hnh 7.4 v 7.5).- ng dn hi: (thng c gi l vi voi).- ng dn hi c nhim v dn hi nc v hi tinh du qua b phn ngng t. Ngoira di tc dng ca khng kh lnh bn ngoi lm ngng t mt phn hi nc vhi tinh du thnh th lng. V vy ng dn hi nn c dc nghing v pha b

phn ngng t.B phn ngng t:B phn ngng t c nhim v ho lng hi nc v hi tinh du t ni ct chuynsang. Gm 2 b phn: Thng cha nc lm lnh v ng dn hi. ng dn hi cngm trong thng nc lnh v c lm lnh theo qui tc ngc dng.Cc kiu ng dn hi c lm lnh thng dng:
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- Kiu ng xon rut g: Din tch lm lnh ln nhng kh lm v sinh, nc v tinhdu hay ng li cc on gp khc.- Kiu ng chm: L kiu thng dng nht.- Kiu hnh a: L s kt hp gia ng chm v ng xon rut g (Hnh 7.6).

B phn phn lp:B phn phn lp c nhim v hng cht lng l nc v tinh du v tch ring tinhdu ra khi nc: Tinh du nng hn nc pha di, tinh du nh hn nc phatrn. C nhiu kiu bnh (hay thng) phn lp khc nhau nhng u c cng mtnguyn tc: Nguyn tc kiu bnh florentin (Hnh 7.7).Mt s trng hp c bit

i ct 2 thn: (thit k ca Trng i hc Bch Khoa).Thn ni 1 c gn c nh trong l, c nhim v cha nc v chuyn lng ncny thnh hi trong sut qu trnh ct. Thn ni 2 di ng c, c nhim v cha

dc liu. S ci tin ny to iu kin thun li khi tho b ra khi b phn ct. ch to tinh du c cha cc thnh phn chnh l cc hp cht kt tinh nhit thng (long no, i bi), ngi ta cn thit k b phn ngng t tinh du theo kiuhnh n xp.Mt s lu khi ch to tinh du bng phng php ct:1. chia nh dc liu phi ph hp vi bn cht dc liu. Nhng dc liu chatinh du nm trong t bo su trong ccm, cn chia nh n t l thch hp.2. Thi gian ct tu theo bn cht ca dc liu v tnh cht ca tinh du. Vi tinh dugiun cn ct nhanh, nu khng tinh du s b phn hu (30 pht).3. Tinh du sau khi thu c cn phi loi nc trit bng phng php ly tm.

Hnh 7.4. S ni ct tinh du th cng NC77Hnh 7.5. S thit b ct tinh du trong cng nghipA: Kiu ng chmB: Kiu xon rut gHnh 7.6. S b phn lm lnhHnh 7.7. S b phn phn lpA: tch tinh du nh hn ncB: tch tinh du nng hn ncC, D: tch tinh du nh v nng hn nc2. PHNG PHP DNG DUNG MI (Chit):- Dung mi khng bay hi: Du bo hoc du paraphin. Ngm dc liu (thng l


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hoa) trong dung mi c lm nng 60-700C, trong 12-48 gi tu theo tng loihoa. Lm nhiu ln cho n khi dung mi bo ho tinh du (10-15 ln). Dng alcol tch ring tinh du khi du bo v ct thu hi alcol di p lc gim s thu c tinhdu.

- Dung mi d bay hi: Phng php ny hay dng chit xut tinh du trong hoahoc chit xut 1 thnh phn nht nh no y. Dung mi thng dng l ete duho, xng cng nghip v.v.. Sau khi chit, ct thu hi dung mi di p lc gim sthu c tinh du c ln sp v mt s tp cht khc v thng th c. Loi tinhdu ny trn th trng c tn "Concrete oil". Ho tan Concrete oil bng mt t cncao , tinh du s tan trong cn, lnh, lc b phn sp, phn dung dch cn lic em ct ko hi nc. Tinh du thu c sau khi ct c tn trn th trng l"Absolute oil". Nhng tinh du c iu ch bng phng php ny thng rtthm, gi thnh cao v c dng iu ch m phm v nc hoa cao cp. Trn thtrng ta thng gp mt s tinh du nhCassie flower absolu te oil (tinh du hoa

Keo thm,Acacia farnesiana), Genet absolu te oil(tinh du u mng iu,Spartiumunceum), Orange f lower absolute oil (Tinh du Hoa cam ng,Citrus aurantium ssp.amara), Rose concrete oil v Rose absolute oil (Tinh du hoa hng,Rosa damascena)vv...Trong mt s trng hp tinh du hoa c iu ch bng phng php ct, v d tinhdu hoa cam ng, Nerioli oil, mt lng ng k tinh du tan trong nc di dngnh dich, khng tch ra c, s c chit xut bng dung mi, ct thu hi dungmi, ta s c tinh du vi tn trn th trng l "Water absolute oil", v d Orangeflower water absolute oil" l tinh du Hoa cam ng c iu ch bng phng phpny.

- Phng php chit xut tinh du tt nht hin nay l phng php chit xut bngCO2lng. Phng php ny cho hiu xut cao, cho tinh du cht lng tt, thng pdng chit xut cc tinh du ca hoa, tinh du qu him. Hn ch ca phng phpny l i hi thit b t tin, v vy n nay cha c ng dng rng ri.Chit xut tinh du bng kh ho lng (kh trng thi siu ti hn)


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T nm1970, khicht lngsiu ti hn(CLSTH)

c ngdng vo qutrnh tchchit cc chttrong dcliu cho hiuqu thngmi, n cs dng lmmi trngcho ccphn

ng ho hc,ch bin vtliu v tchchit. Tuyvy, do chiph tng vnhiu bt lilin quan tip lc cao,ngnh cngnghip

khng tchcc p ngloi dungmi mi nycho cngngh sn xutvnc.Ngcli, ccphng phntch ngi ta

dng rng riCLSTH chit v phntch sc knh tnh chtc bit can, ngthi, gim


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s dng dungmi hu cc hi,gy nhim mitrng. Cht

lng hngu hinc s dngtrong nhngphng phpni trn lioxytcacbon siuti hn(CO2STH).N khng

c hi,khng chy,cho hiu sutcao, thi gianchit nhanh, .Mt u imkhc caCO2STHlm n nibt nht sovi cc dung

mi vn sdng trcy l tnhcht d tchkhi snphm, chotinh du tinhkhit v gic hngv t nhin.Qu trnh

chit tchbngCO2cnc gi l"qu trnhkhng dungmi".

Qu trnh


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chit cthc hintun hon,khp kn.CO2 c

iu chnhn nhit thch hptheo tngnguyn liuv c bmcao p ati thit bchit. Qutrnh chitxy ra rt

nhanh,CO2 lngmang theotinh duc lc quathit b 3 vc lm bayhi,CO2 ca v thitb cha 5,

y c holng v nn ri tiptc theo chutrnh tunhon. Cccht chitc (tinhdu) cchuyn vbnh cha 6.

Phng phpny c sdng nhiu chit tinhdu ca hoadng cho kngh hngliu v dc


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phm.

S hthng chitxut bngCO2lng

siu ti hn1. Bnh chaCO2lng

2. Thit bchit

3. Lc dchchit

4. Thit blm bay hi

5. B phn

lm lnh, nnkh CO2

3. PHNG PHP P:Dng khun bng g c kch thc 58 x 80 x 5cm gia t tm thu tinh c phtm ln c 2 mt, mi lp dy 3mm. t ln trn b mt cht bo mt lp la mng,ri ln trn 30 - 80g hoa ti, kh ro, khng b gip nt, loi b l i. Khong 35- 40 khun g c xp chng ln nhau ri trong phng kn. Sau 24 - 72 gi tutheo tng loi hoa, ngi ta thay lp hoa mi cho n khi lp cht bo bo ho tinh

du. C th dng m c cha tinh du, hoc tch ring tinh du bng alcol v t dchchit alcol c th iu ch thnh dng "Absolute oil" nh nu trn4. PHNG PHP P:Phng php ny ch p dng iu ch tinh du qu ccloi Citrus v nhng l do sau:- Tinh du v cam, chanh ch yu dng trong k ngh sn xut ung v vy cn cmi ging nh mi t nhin, m tinh du iu ch bng phng php ct khng tc yu cu ny.- Trong v cam, chanh tinh du nm trong ti tit lp v ngoi, ch cn tc ng 1

lc c hc l c thgii phng ra. V vy phng php p rt ph hp.- Cc ti tit tinh du trong v cc loi Citrus c bao bc bi cc mng pectin.Cng gia nhit mng cng ng cng li. Nu mun iu ch tinh du bng ccphng php ct, trc ht phi ph v mng ny. C th dng cc tc nhn sau:+ C hc: Chia nh dc liu+ Ho hc: Dung dch acid hydrocloric hoc acid oxalic long.


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+ EnzymDch p c cha nhiu pectin, sau khi p phi lc, li tm v bo qun tinh du nhit thp.Kim nghim tinh du v dc liu cha tinh duKim nghim tinh du (Bc h, Bch n, Hi, Hng nhu trng, Long no, Qu,Trm) Ngun gc, tnh cht (trng thi, mu, mi, v, tan) t trng, ch s khc x,gc quay cc ring, nh tnh, Kim loi nng...)Xc nh cc ch s l ho, hm lng mt s thnh phn c quy nh vi tng loitinh du trong Dc in. (Dc in Vit Nam III c 7 chuyn lun tinh du). Ccphng php kim nghim tinh du c th cha thnh nhm- Cc phng php cm quan

Nhn xt, nh gi v mu sc, mi v.- Xc nh cc hng s vt l

T trng, ch s khc x, gc quay cc ring.- Xc nh cc ch s ho hc

Ch s acid, ch s ester, ch s acetyl- nh tnh cc thnh phn trong tinh du

Phng php sc k lp mngPhng php sc k kh

- nh lng cc thnh phn chnh trong tinh dunh lng eugenol trong tinh du Hng nhu trngnh lng citronelal, citral trong tinh du S (Oleum Citr onellae) bng

hydroxylamin hydrocloridnh lng menthol este ha trong tinh du Bc hnh lng menthol ton phn:nh lng citral trong tinh du Mng tang (Litsea cubeba Lauraceae) bng

hydroxylamin hydrocloridnh lng Anethol trong tinh du Hi (Illicium verum Illiciaceae) bng phng

php xc nh nhit ng c-Pht hin tp cht v cht gi mo trong tinh du
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Kim nghim dc liu cha tinh dunh lng tinh du trong dc liuTinh du trong dc liu c nh lng bng cch ct ko hi nctrong dng c

quy nh.Dch ct c hng vo mt ng chia c phn ti 1/20 ml v phanc c chy t ng tr li bnh ct. Th tch tinh du ct c c th c trctip phn chia ca ng ny hoc c th dng xylen ho tan tinh du a tinhdu ni ln phn chia ca dng c (i vi tinh du c t trng ln hn 1) ri cth tch tng cng ca xylen v tinh du.Hm lng tinh du c biu th bng phn trm (tt/kl).Cc ch tiu, phng php kim nghim, nh gi dc liu thng thng khc.

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ng dng tinh du v dc liu cha tinh duMt s tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du c dng lm thuc. Tc dng ca tinh duc th hin:- Tc dng trn ng tiu ho: Kch thch tiu ho (Gng, Ring, Ta t, Kinh gii...),li mt, thng mt

- Tc dng khng khun v dit khun: Tc dng trn ng h hp nh tinh du bchn, bc h. Tc dng trn ng tit niu nh tinh du hoa cy Barosma betulina.- Mt s c tc dng kch thch thn kinh trung ng: Dc liu cha tinh du giuanethol: i hi...

- Mt s c tc dng dit k sinh trng:+ Tr giun: Tinh du giun, santonin.+ Tr sn: Thymol,+ Dit k sinh trng st rt: Artemisinin.(Thanh hao hoa vng)- Rt nhiu tinh du c tc dng chng vim, lm lnh vt thng, sinh c v.v.. khi sdng ngoi da (Tinh duTrm).Mt s dng lm thuc.va dng dc liu va s dng dng tinh du nh Qu, Hi,inh hng, Tiu hi, Bc h, Ht mi, Bch n Nhng cng c nhng dc liu chs dng tinh du nh: Long no, Mng tang, Du giun v.v.. V cng c rt nhiu dcliu cha tinh du ch s dng dc liu lm thuc m khng s dng tinh du nhng qui, Bch trut, Thng trut, phng phong v.v..K ngh thc phm:- Mt lng ln dc liu cha tinh du c tiu th trn th trng th gii di dnggia v:Qu, Hi, inh hng, Ht ci, Mi, Th l, Tho qu, Ht tiu v.v.. Tc dng canhng dc liu ny l bo qun thc phm, lm cho thc phm c mi thm, kch thchdy thn kinh v gic gip n ngon ming. Ngoi ra cn kch thch tit dch v gip cho stiu ho thc n d dng.
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- Mt s tinh du v thnh phn tinh du c dng lm thm bnh ko, cc loi mt, ng hp ...: vanilin, menthol, eucalyptol v.v..- Mt s dng pha ch ru mi: Tinh du hi, Tinh du inh hng...

- Mt s c dng trong k ngh pha ch ung: Tinh du v cam, chanh ...

- Mt s tinh du c dng trong k ngh sn xut ch, thuc l: Tinh du Bc h, hoanhi, ht mi...Mt iu cn lu khi s dng tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du trong thc phm lkhng nn qu lm dng, v khng phi tinh du khng c. V th ngi ta c nhngquy nh rt cht ch khi s dng tinh du: quy nh liu thng dng, liu ti a trongthc n cng nh trong ung hoc v cc ch phm khc vi tng loi tinh du.K ngh phach nc hoa, x phng, m phm, cc hng liu khc:y l mt ngnh cng nghip rt ln, s dng ch yu l ngun tinh du trong thinnhin, ngoi ra cn c nhng cht thm tng hp hoc bn tng hp. Xu hng ngycng s dng cc hng liu t nhin, i hi phi i su nghin cu pht hin ngun ti

nguyn tinh du nhm tho mn yu cu ca lnh vc ny.

Ghi ch:Trong ho hc, hp chtaliphatic l cc hp cht hu c trong cc nguyn t carbonlin kt vi nhau to thnh mch thng hay mch nhnh. Hp cht alipatic n gin nhtl metan (CH4)

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MT S DC LIU C KH NNG KHAI THC TINH DU VIT NAMgoi nhng dc liu c trnh by trn cn mt s dc liu c kh nng

khai thc Vit Nam, trong c nhng dc liu v ang khai thc tinh du, mts khc l kt qu nghin cu pht hin ca nhiu tc gi trong thi gian gn y. Snghin cu thnh phn ho hc ca nhiu chng loi cca phng khc nhau, canhiu b phn trong cng 1 cy pht hin thm 1 s chemotype mi, lm giu thmngun nguyn liu tinh du Vit Nam.1. Vng vang.Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.(Syn.Hibiscus moschatusL.), h Bng(Malvaceae)B phn dng:ht ct tinh duTinh du ht: Tinh du ht Vng vang cn c gi l tinh du ht x- OleumAbelmoschi Seminis-, tn thng phm lAmbrette Seed oil.Tinh du c iu ch bng phng php ct ko hi nc hoc chit xut vi dung
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mi. Hm lng tinh du trong ht l 0,2 - 0,6%.Thnh phn chnh: farnesyl acetat 62,9%, ambretolid 7,8%, decyl acetat 5,6 %,dodecyl acetat 4,0%, farnesol 3,5%.Tinh du ht x Vit Nam c cc thnh phn chnh: 2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetat 42,5 -

56,3%, farnesyl acetat 13,5 - 25,4%, ambretolid 6,8 - 8,6%.Tinh du ht x c dng sn xut nc hoa v cc hng liu cao cp cho kngh thuc l, bnh ko, ung. Gi 1 kg tinh du thi im 1998 l 5.000 USD.2. Nhn trn -Adenosma bracteosumBonati., h hoa mm si ( Scrophulariceae)Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du.Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l carvacrol (34%), methyl carvacrol (18,9%).3. Nhn trn- Adenosma caeruleum R. Br.H Hoa mm si ( Scrophulariceae)Thu hi k Mil (k Nng).Phn trn mt t cha 0,5% tinh du. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l thymol(24,6%), nerolidol (24,6%), -humulen (16,4%), -bisabolen (5,7%), humulen oxid(3,6%), caryophylen oxid (2,8%).4. Nhn trn - Adenosma glutinosum (L.) Druce var. caeruleum (R.Br.) TsoongH Hoamm si (Scrophulariceae)Thu hi Tn k (Ngh An)Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (0,38%) (tnh trn nguyn liu ti). Thnh phnchnh ca tinh du l eugenol (72,6%0.5. Th hoc hng- Agastache rugosa (Fisch. Et Mey) JuntzeH Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)Mc hoang vng ng bng v vng niB phn dng: phn trn mt tPhn trn mt t c cha tinh du, thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methylchavicol(>90%)6. Cy D (Trm hng)- Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Syn. Aquilaria agallochaRoxb.)HTrm (Thymelaeaceae)B phn dng: Trm, tinh du trmTrm (Agar wood) l sn phm ca cy d, c sinh ra do tc dng ca mt s vi


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khun ln cy hoc do tc ng ca vt thng.Tinh du trm- Oleum Aquilariae, tn thng phm Agar wood oil, c iuch tcc phn vn, cc d phm khi ch bin trm, cc mu g cn dnh trm, bngphng php ct ko hi nc hoc chit xut vi dung mi.Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du trm: 2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromon 27,0%, 2-(phenylethyl)chromon, 15,0%, oxoagarospirol 5,0%, cc dn cht chromon vsesquiterpen khc.Trm v tinh du trm l nhng hng liu rt qu. Tinh du trm dng sn xutnc hoa thng hng. Gi trm thay i do cht lng, do ngun gc ni sn xut.Gi 1 kg trm loi xu c th t 1,2 - 27 USD, loi thng hng 1.000 - 10.000 USD.Gi 1 l tinh du trm 2,5 ml l 160 USD (1993).7. Chi xu- Baekea frutescens L.H Sim (Myrtaceae)

B phn dng: L v cnhThnh phn: Tinh du 1,94 - 3,72%Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l cineol (


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* V hng Vnh Ph- G c cha tinh du (2,47 - 2,60%)Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (90 - 93%)- L c cha tinh du (3,20 - 3,56%).Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methyl eugenol (98%).Thng dng g gc khai thc tinh du.Tinh du V hng hayX x,Oleum Sassafras, tn thng phmChinese Sassafrasoi l, c dng trong k ngh hng liu (bn tng hp heliotropin), dng lm hngliu trong k ngh thc phm. Hin nay do nhiu l do, tinh du g V hng thucmt hng nh nc qun l.10. Hng chanh - Coleus aromaticusLour., h Bc h -LamiaceaeL c cha tinh du (0,05-0,12%) (tnh trn nguyn liu ti).Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l carvacrol (39,5%).L dng lm rau gia v, ch ho. Tinh du khng c khai thc v hm lng thp.11. Ngh- Curcuma longaL., h Gng (Zigiberaceae)B phn dng: -Thn r ngh ti hoc phi kh, tn thng phm:Turmeric, -Tinhdu ngh- Oleum Curcuma longae, tn thng phm:Turmeri c oil-Nha du ngh, tn thng phmTurmer ic oleoresin- CurcuminTinh du ngh c iu ch bng phng php ct ko hi nc, hiu sut 1,3 -5,5%. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l turmeron (29,5%), ar-turmeron (24,7%),turmerol (20,0%), -curcumen (2,5%) v cc hp cht sesquiterrpen khc.

ha du ngh ciu ch bng phng php chit xut vi dung mi, hiu xut?6 - 10%. Nha du c cha tinh du v 35 - 45% curcuminCurcumin l nhng tinh th mu vng, l mt hn hp cc hp cht curcumin I,curcumin II v curcumin II.

gh, tinh du ngh, nh du ngh v curcumin l nhng gia v, cht thm v chtmu rt quan trng trong k ngh thc phm. Ngh v curcumin ngoi ra cn c

dng trong k ngh Dc sn xut thuc chng vim ng tiu ho, thuc thpkhp v c bit cha cc bnh v da. Curcumin l cht chng oxyho c s dngnhiu hin nay.12. Kinh gii ni-Elsholtzia blanda(Benth.) Benth.H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)


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Kinh gii ni mc hoang c nhiu chng ho hc khc nhau:- Chng cho tinh du giu linalol (>70%)- Chng cho tinh du giu linalol (50%) v cineol (20%)- Chng cho tinh du giu -naginaten (53 - 65%)- Chng cho tinh du giu -naginaten (43%) v dehydro elsholtzia keton (14%)- Chng cho tinh du giu dehydro elsholtzia keton (58%) v -naginaten (12%)Trong chng giu linalol c ngha khai thc tinh du.? y c th l ngunnguyn liu cho tinh du giu linalol c gi tr Vit Nam.13. Kinh gii trng- Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland.H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)Mc hoang v c trng khp ni dng lm rau gia v. D l mc hoang ( Sa Pa)hay trng ( H Ni), thnh phn tinh du rt t thay i. Thnh phn chnh l neral(19,5 - 27,3%), geranial (19,5 - 27,3%).14. Cha d- Elsholtzia penduliflora W. W. SmithH Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)Thnh phn chnh catinh du tinh du l cineol (60,0 - 65,2%).y c th coi l ngun nguyn liu khai thc tinh du giu cineol ca Vit Nam saucy trm.15. Kinh gii t- Elsholtzia winitiana Craib.H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)Thnh phn ho hc ca tinh du kinh gii t cng rt a dng. C nhng chng chotinh du giu cinol (Mng Lng, K Sn, Ngh An), hoc giu cineol, camphor(21,5%, 19,1%, Sa Pa), hoc giu elsholtzia keton (75,4%, Sa Pa). Cn kim tra li i n thng nht.16. Chu th- Gaultheria procumbens L. (Syn. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.)H quyn (Ericaceae)L c cha 0,7%, cnh nh 0,47%, thn 0,21%,r 0,37% tinh du.Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methyl salicylat (96,8 - 99,0%)Tinh du chu th- Oleum Gaultheriae, tn thng phm Wintergreen oil, c dnglm hng liu trong k ngh pha ch ung, bnh ko.17. Thin nin kin - Homalomena aromatica Schott.


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H Ry - AraceaeThn r c cha tinh du (0,8-1%).Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l linalol (72,1%).18. ln trng - Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.H hoa mi - LamiaceaePhn trn mt t c cha tinh du.Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l eugenol (68,2% Tn K,Ngh An), hoc cineol v-caryophylen ( 7,3 v 44,3% Ph Quc; 24,4 v 30,3% Vng Tu; 28,2 v 30,8

inh Thun).19. Hi ni - Illicium griffithii Hook. et. Thom.H Hi - Illiciaceae- Qu c cha tinh du (1,5%)Thnh phn chnh l safrol (77,5%).- L c cha tinh du ( 3%Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (Lng Sn, Ngh An), hoc safrol v methyleugenol (Lng Sn, loi cung hoa di), hoc linalol v safrol (Ninh Bnh).- R c cha tinh du.Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (70%).

goi ra l v qu mt s loi hi ni Vit Nam c nghin cu. Thnh phn

ho tinh du rt khc nhau, nhng c mt im chung l tinh du cc loi hi ni honton khng c cha anethol. Cn lu trnh nhm ln v pht hin gi mo khic hi ni trn ln v dc liu i hi bn trn th trng.20. Hi nc - Limnophila rugosa (Roth.) Merr.H Hoa mm si - ScrophulariaceaeMc hoang Bc Giang, Sa PaPhn trn mt t c cha tinh du (3,27%).Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l anehtol (94,8 - 96,4%).21. Mng tang - Litsea cubeba Pers.H Long no - LauraceaeQu cha tinh du (trn 6%).Thnh phnchnh ca tinh du qul citral (65%).Thnh phn tinh du l rt a dng, to nn nhiu chng ho hc khc nhau. ng ch


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l cc chng giu cineol v linalol. c bit l chng cho tinh du giu linalol c pht hin Ba V, vi hm lng linalol trn 90%. Cn nghin cu nhn ging c ngun nguyn liu giu linalol rt c gi tr.

22. Trm tr- Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) CheelH Sim (Myrtaceae)gun gc Australia, Vit Nam di thc hin trng cc tnh pha Nam.

L c chatinh du (1,8%). Thnh phn chnh l terpinen-4-ol.23. Men ru - Mosla chinensis Maxim (Syn. Orthodon chinensis (Maxim) Kudo)H hoa mi - LamiaceaeThu hi Lc Ngn (Bc Giang).Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (0,51%).Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l thymol (68,3-70%).24. Vng tng - Murraaya sp.H Cam - RutaceaeL c cha tinh du (5,52%)Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l menthon (93,78 - 99,49%) bao gm iso menthon vMenthon25. Hng qu - Ocimum basilicum L. var. basilicumH hoa mi - LameaceaePhn trn mt t c cha tinh du (0,4-0,8%) (tnh trn nguyn liu ti). Thnhphn chnh ca tinh du l methyl chavicol (89-90%).Tinh du hng qu? Oleum Basilici, tn thng phm l Basil oil c dng trong kngh thc phm lm hng liu ch bin thc n v ung. Ngoi ra cn dngtrong k ngh nc hoa. Dc liu c dng lm rau gia v, dng ti v c kh.

26. Tr tin ( trng) - Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum (Wild.) Benth.

H hoa mi - Lamiaceae- Cnh mang l c cha tinh du (0,97-2,06%). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du lcitral (67,82%) (citral a 32,27%, citral b 27,54%). Loi trng H Ni hm lngcitral c th t trn 80%.- T qun th Tr Tin, chn c mt s cc th bin d (v l, hoa v chiu caoca cy). Loi ny mang trng ring, cho hm lng tinh du 0,35% (trn nguyn


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liu ti). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l linalol 78,9%.Ghi chS - Camellia sasanqua ThunbH Ch - TheaceaTheo nhng nghin cu mi y (Tp ch Dc hc 1994, 4, 16 - 17), l s -Camellia sasanqua Thunb. H Ch - Theaceae, hu nh khng c cha tinh du (hmlng tinh du trong l l 0,0026%) v tinh du khng c cha eugenol. Cn lu thng tin ny, v lu nay theo mt s ti liu c lu hnh Vit Nam th l s ccha 0,4 - 1% tinh du (tnh trn nguyn liu ti) v thnh phn chnh ca tinh du leugenol (95 - 97%).Cng thc 16 thnh phn chnh ca tinh du: - v -

pinen,geraniol,linalol,menthol,borneol,citral,citronelal,menthol,camphor,cineol,ascaridol,eugenol,methylchavicol,anethol,safrolvaldehyd cinnamic.Sa ti liu c: cng thc cineol, cng thc Zingiberen & curcumen,aldehyt cinamic,tn vanilin = vanillin; citronelal = citronellalTi liu tham khoTrn Vn Bnh (2003) Tinh du v hng liuL nh Mi (2001-2002) Ti nguyn thc vt c tinh du Vit Nam Tp I.II Nhxut bn Nng nghip

guyn Th Tm (2003) Nhng tinh du lu hnh trn th trng. Nh xut bn khoahc v k thutVin Dc liu (2006) Nghin cu thuc t tho dc. Nh xut bn khoa hc v kthut

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