The Wright Brothers. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Chapter Overview The Wright Brothers Developing Aircraft.
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Transcript of The Wright Brothers. Chapter 2, Lesson 1 Chapter Overview The Wright Brothers Developing Aircraft.
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
How the Wright Brothers Succeeded in the First Flight
How the Wright Brothers Succeeded in the First Flight
All pilots face three challenges: Get up in the air Stay up Control the craft
Pilots experimented in flight with: Models Full-size gliders Manned and powered, full-size aircraft
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
How the Wright Brothers Succeeded in the First Flight
How the Wright Brothers Succeeded in the First Flight
The Wrights chose a glider as their starting point
They could focus first on balancing and controlling the aircraft
Power (an engine) could come later They applied what they learned at each
step to make the next one go more smoothly
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Step One: Unmanned Box Kite
Step One: Unmanned Box Kite
The Wrights’ kite had A five-foot wingspan
and biplane structure Struts that connected
the upper and lower wings
Bracing strung diagonally between the struts
Courtesy of the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Step One: Unmanned Box Kite
Step One: Unmanned Box Kite
They discovered that they didn’t need to tilt an entire wing to turn the craft:
Needed to twist only the ends of the wings
They called this process “wing warping” In the summer of 1899, Wilbur Wright
successfully tested the kite in a field
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Step Two: Manned Gilders
Step Two: Manned Gilders
Between 1900 and 1902, the brothers built three gliders
They wanted to test it for control and liftOnly after doing this would they put a
man aboard
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Wright GlidersWright Gliders
The early glider experiments taught the brothers three important things:
How to control climb and descent The best design for the shape of the wing How large the wing area had to be to
sustain lift
Courtesy of Wright State University
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The First Glider (1900)The First Glider (1900)
In their experiments in 1900, the Wrights placed an elevator at the front of the glider
Earlier designers mounted elevators behind the wings
But the Wrights found it easier to control climb and descent when the elevator was placed forward
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The First GliderThe First Glider
They also focused on airfoil—a wing’s profileZeroed in on curve of the wingTried to design a wing that shifted the center
of pressure toward the front edge of the wing
Placed the highest point of the wing’s arc closer to the outer edge than to the center—to create greater stability and control
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The First GliderThe First Glider
The brothers test-flew their glider at Kill Devil Hills in 1900
It didn’t crash, but clearly improvements were necessary
The Wrights headed back to Ohio to build the next version
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The Second Glider (1901)The Second Glider (1901)
The first glider didn’t have nearly enough lift So for their 1901 glider, the brothers
increased the wing area to 290 square feet This glider was also a big disappointment The brothers couldn’t control it well when
they tested it at Kill Devil Hills It flew less than 300 feet—time to return to
Dayton!
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The Wind TunnelThe Wind Tunnel
The brothers built a wind tunnel in their bicycle shop to test model-size wings
Made them of sheet steel Cut more than 200 model
wings of different shapes
Courtesy of Wright State University
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The Third Glider (1902)The Third Glider (1902)
This glider had two fixed, vertical rudders behind the wings
Test flights showed that this resulted in erratic behavior during turns
So the Wrights tried a single, movable, vertical rudder
This improved control
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The Third GliderThe Third Glider
The third glider had:Forward elevatorElliptical shapeLonger, skinnier wingsWing area of 305 feetLow angle of attack
This design was a success The brothers took to the air in the North
Carolina dunes more than 700 times in the fall of 1902
Courtesy of NASA
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Step Three: A Manned, Powered Aircraft
Step Three: A Manned, Powered Aircraft
The brothers set out to fit their plane with an engine
They tried to buy one ready made
But no one met their needs or price
So they had their bicycle mechanic, Charles E. Taylor, build them a four-cylinder, 12-horsepower engine
The 1903 Engine viewed from the side
Courtesy of the Library of Congress
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
DelaysDelays
In September 1903 they returned to Kitty Hawk and Kill Devil Hills
First they had to build a trolley track to give their powered aircraft a running start
Bad weather also caused delays The brothers tossed a coin, and Wilbur won However, on the first test flight of the Wright
Flyer, he crashed it It took three days to repair the damaged craft
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
First Flight!First Flight!
On 17 December, Orville took the controls The Flyer rose into the air and stayed aloft
for 12 seconds and traveled 120 feet Orville had made the first controlled,
sustained, heavier-than-air human flight with a powered aircraft
The brothers took turns piloting the Flyer for three more flights
The fourth and final launch lasted 59 seconds, and the craft traveled 852 feet
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Anatomy of the Wright FlyerAnatomy of the Wright Flyer
Equipped with an engine and propellers Biplane with wingspan of 40 feet, four inches,
and a wing area of 510 square feet Wings had spars and ribs (covered in muslin) Struts and bracing between top and bottom
wings Plane also had a front elevator Rudder at the rear (covered in muslin) Skids rather than wheels
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Anatomy of the Wright Flyer Anatomy of the Wright Flyer
Courtesy of Wright State University
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
How the Flyer WorkedHow the Flyer Worked
The brothers controlled their craft with:
the forward elevator (pitch) the use of wing warping (roll) a single, movable rear rudder (yaw)
Surprisingly, the pilot did not sit upright
The pilot lay on his stomach in a padded cradle on the lower wing
Courtesy of Comstock Images
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
How the Flyer Worked How the Flyer Worked
To the pilot’s left was a lever that he used to control the up-and-down movement of the elevator
By moving his hips, he pulled on the cables connected to the wings and rudder (directing the plane left or right)With the new, flexible rudder, the plane finally turned
in the intended directionThe cables attached to the wings twisted one wing
down while forcing the other wing up
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Principles of Airplane FlightPrinciples of Airplane Flight
To get the Wright Flyer off the ground, the brothers had to solve the principles of flight:
Lift Drag Thrust Angle of attack Center of pressure Airfoil Shape Relative wind
Orville and Wilbur assembling the 1903 Flyer (detail)
Courtesy of “Wright State University
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Principles of Airplane FlightPrinciples of Airplane Flight
An engine and propellers gave Wilbur and Orville the ability to use not only lift but also thrust to propel their plane
Vertically mounted propellers could provide the airflow for thrust
They needed 90 pounds of thrust to propel the Wright Flyer
Their 12-horsepower engine and the large propellers proved equal to the task
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Wright Brothers’ Involvement With the US Army
Wright Brothers’ Involvement With the US Army
The Wright brothers continued refining their airplane
In January 1905, they had contacted their representative in Congress (R. M. Nevin) and tried to interest the US government in buying their airplane
Their offer was turned down
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Wright Brothers’ Involvement With the US Army
Wright Brothers’ Involvement With the US Army
The British and French governments were interested in buying the Flyer
But the brothers wanted the US government to have the first crack at owning a Wright Flyer
On 22 May 1906 they received a government patent for their invention
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The Wright Brothers’ PatentThe Wright Brothers’ Patent
Courtesy of the U.S. Air Force
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Bids for a Government Plane Bids for a Government Plane
On 23 December 1907, Gen James Allen sent out a request for bids to build a plane for the government
The Wright Flyer met the bid requirements
Orville Wright signed a contract on 10 February 1908 selling the Flyer to the US government
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
The Challenge
They had to build a flying machine that:Has a speed of 40 miles per hourCan carry two people (350 pounds)Has sufficient fuel for 125 miles nonstopCan be controllable in flight in any directionCan fly for 1 hour, land at the takeoff pointHas a simple & transportable starting deviceCan land in a field without being damageTrain 2 pilots for the Army
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Ways the Wright Brothers Contributed to Army Aviation
Ways the Wright Brothers Contributed to Army Aviation
Orville spent much of 1908 and 1909 improving the Flyer
He made more test flights and took up military passengers
One such flight tragically ended in a crash that seriously injured Orville and killed 1st Lt Thomas Selfridge—the first US military aviation casualty
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Ways the Wright BrothersContributed to Army Aviation
Ways the Wright BrothersContributed to Army Aviation
The brothers switched roles in mid-1909 Wilbur trained two pilots for the Army—1st Lt Frank P.
Lahm and 2d Lt Fredric E. Humphreys A third pilot, 1st Lt Benjamin Foulois, got instruction
late that month Foulois went on to fly in WWI and achieve the rank of
major general and Chief of the Army Air Corps
Chapter 2, Lesson 1
Army AirplanesArmy Airplanes
It took a while for the Army to decide how to use airplanes during war
At first, the Army thought that airplanes would be useful only for aerial reconnaissance
World War I brought about a change in strategy
But before that could happen, airplanes needed improvements to make them faster, sturdier, and more reliable