History 12 (Rizal’s Life, Works and

Writings)

Presented by:ROY D. PERFUMA

Dept. of Social Sciences College of Arts & Sciences

CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

• The 19th Century was extremely dynamic and creative age especially in Europe and the United States.

Six Major Changes of the 19th Century:The struggle for nationalismGradual spread of democracyModernization of Living through the Industrial

RevolutionAdvancement in Science and TechnologyGrowth of ImperialismNew Ideas and Confidence for Growth

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century1.Struggle for NationalismNationalism- feeling of oneness by a group of people who believe that they

possess common traditions, culture, goals or ideasThroughout the 19th century, many revolted against their rulers.

TWO MAJOR UPHEAVALS that influenced the thinking and development of the 19th century:

1. American Revolution(1775-1783)-resulted in the complete independence of the Americans from Great Britain.

2. French Revolution( 1779-1789)- ended the absolutism and feudal privileges after monarchy was overthrown.

French Revolution: 1879-1889

King Louis XVI and Marie Antonnette

The Execution of King Louis and Marie Antonnette

The American Revolution:1775-1783

Struggle between the Liberals and the Conservatives:

Liberals believed a country should be free from domination by another and the people should enjoy liberty, equality and opportunity.

Conservatives supported the “good old days” when monarchs and kings ruled over their subjects.

Spirit of nationalism spread outside Europe: Canada became a self governing nation in 1867, Spain lost its colonies in South America after its subject liberated themselves for Independence.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

2. Spread of Democracy“Government of the People, by the People and for the people” In France, following the establishment of the Third Republic in 1875, laws were enacted that advanced democracy, such as right of suffrage for everyone.In England, reforms were passed in the Parliament; new election districts formed, cabinet system was adopted(House of Commons and House of Lords), slavery abolished in the colonies.Outside Europe, Australia adopted secret ballot system and right to vote in 1885; New Zealand also adopted the right to vote in 1893.In the United States, Andrew Jackson and Abraham Lincoln were elected by popular votes. The American Civil War(1860-1865) ended slavery.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

3. Modernization of Living brought about by the Industrial Revolution

• Two Major Changes in the industries

(a.) Shift from manual labor to machine works, and (b.) from domestic system to the factory system.

EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONThe introduction of new machines such as spinning jenny, spinning frame,

spinning shuttle, cotton gin and sewing machine hastened the revolution in the textile manufacturing.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

Effects of the Industrial RevolutionCoal, iron and steel became basic materials in the industry, which led to the

improvement of the transportation system also brought about by the invention of steamships, locomotives, automobiles.

The invention of telephone and telegraph, cable and postal service and newspaper revolutionized communication.

Invention of machines resulted in the establishment of factories, towns became cities, thousands of workers were employed to achieve large scale production. As a result, commodities became cheaper, standard of living improved, national wealth increased.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th CenturyEffects of the Industrial Revolution(cont..)Encouraged migration as people searched for improved economic, social and

political conditions.Steady increased in population as a result of better living conditions, advancement

in medicine and public hygiene.SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM fostered with the introduction of the new economic

philosophy, LAISSES FAIRE

LAISSES FAIRE- “LET WELL ENOUGH ALONE” OR “ HANDS OFF”.

A policy that prevented the government from interfering from private trade and industry except for the defense of nation from foreign aggression, maintenance of peace and order, protection of investment in foreign countries and private industry. Development of Capitalism as a result of factory system which enhanced growth of

wealth.RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS(composed of capitalist and laborers) who eventually

dominated the society and dictated its social, moral and political standards.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

The Effects of the Industrial Revolution

The new economic conditions however brought about labor problems:

Disputes between capitalist and labourer over wages, working hours, insurance benefits and working conditions.

RESPONSE TO THE GROWING SOCIAL PROBLEMS BROUGHT ABOUT BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Liberals adopted the Laisses-Faire policy; they allowed capitalist to expand their businesses without restrictions. It resulted to the widening gap bet the rich and the poor.

Socialists believed that the government should own and manage the means of production for the benefit of many and not just for the few; so long as the economic activities are in control of the capitalist, there would be no democracy.

They suggested reforms can be achieved gradually and peacefully through normal political process.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

The EFFECTS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONRevolutionary Communism

advocated by Karl Marx in his Communist Manifesto

• he believed that only violent revolution could improve the conditions of the working class.

• He also advocated abolition of private land ownership, nationalization or centralization of the means of production, confiscation of property

• As a response to the evil effects of Industrial Revolution, Pope Leo XIII of the Catholic Church advocated the Christian principles in Rerum Novarum(Conditions of Labor)

-respect of rights

-state regulations on the right use private property

-preservation of life

-state duty to provide favourable working conditions

-worker’s rights to form unions

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th CenturyThe Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

4. Advancement in Science - atomic theory formulate by John Dalton

-element Radium discovered by Marie Curie

-Louise Pasteur discovered the germs that caused diseases in man and animals.

-Robert Koch discovered the infectious diseases causing bacteria called anthrax and developed an inoculation to prevent its spread.

-Dr. Joseph Lister developed antiseptics to prevent infections.

-Dr. Crawford Long demonstrated the use of anaesthesia in surgical operations

Dr. William Morton was the first to use ether for painless tooth extraction

The advancement in science and medicine improved public sanitation and health thereby increasing the average life span of the population.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century5. Growth of Imperialism

Imperialism defined as the activity of a nation in extending its control and authority beyond its territorial boundaries through acquisition of a new territory

-” the desire of the civilized nation to rule over weak or backward.

From economic standpoint , imperialism is resorted to for the purpose of securing raw materials, market s for manufactured goods, outlet for surplus population and fields of expansion for investment for surplus capital.

From political standpoint, it maybe for the acquisition of regions necessary for national defense and territories

For religious standpoint, expansion is an opportunity to spread religious mission

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

5. Growth of Imperialism(cont..)

During Rizal’s time, England emerged as the world’s leading imperialist power during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) and succeeded in establishing a global colonial empire.

She acquired Hongkong from the Chinese Manchu Dynasty after the Opium War(1840-1842); In 1859, the British imposed its supremacy in Indian subcontinent; After the Anglo-Burmese Wars(1824-26, 1852 and 1885), Burma was annexed. Other British colonies in Asia include Ceylon, Maldives, Malaya, Singapore and Egypt; and Australia and New Zealand in the South Pacific.

The French followed the examples of the English; they acquired Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia as its territory known as French Indochina. The Dutch established its domain in the East Indies( the present Indonesia).

Czarist Russia, expanded its territory eastward and acquired Siberia, Kamchatka peninsula, the Kuriles Islands and Alaska( which was later sold to the US in 1867).

Japan joined the bandwagon of acquiring neighboring territories following the opening of its door to Western Imperialism. After the Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895) she acquired Formosa(Taiwan) and Pescadores; in 1910 Korea was annexed to its dominion.

Germany was the late comer to scramble for colonies and acquired the Pacific Island of Yap in the Carolines.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

6. New Ideas and Confidence for Growth• Democracy made significant gains by several reforms in government and social

relations• Human rights were extended to people.• Large sums of money were spent for public education; education for nationalism was

stressed to teach the people of a nation on its own glories and achievements• Science received a great boost from businessmen who spent money for research,

invention and discoveries.• Literature centered on the life of the time as writers wrote about they saw and

experienced.• Painters and artists painted life as it was all around them ; Musicians and composers

showed their feeling of nationalism in using folk songs and national themes.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

Rizal on the Growth of Nationalism In his letter to his Austrian friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, Rizal wrote, “ I would stimulate these Philippine studies which are like nosce te ipsum(Know Thyself) that gives the true concept of oneself and drives nation to greatness.” When people become aware that they are different from

other race, they become proud and willing to serve their nation. They become patriotic and develop proud in their country. All these are possible only if they know their country better.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

Rizal on the French Revolution and American War for Independence Rizal wished that Spain would have benefited the gifts of Liberty, Equality and Progress and shared them with the Philippines. However, “Spain did not plant in those islands(The Phils) those inestimable gifts so that they might be the exclusive patrimony and feudal dominion of the reactionary friars”.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

How Nationalism was Stimulated by Transportation and Communication. Rizal wrote, “ The people go from island to another, naturally communication and exchange of ideas have increased and realizing they were all menaced with the same danger and their common sentiments are hurt, they become friends and they unite”. Modern means of transportation and communication brought

the people of a nation closer. They began to realize their common problems and aspirations. They felt the need for closer union in solving their problems and attaining their goals.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

Rizal on the Advancement of Science In his novel Noli, Rizal hailed the “ Jesuits whom the Philippines owes her dawning system of instruction in the natural sciences, the soul of the nineteenth century”. As people become more interested in science, many of its secrets

were discovered with systematized experimentation. Scientists around the world worked to know more about the facts of nature. Businessmen funded researches which in turn, the results brought huge profits to the business.

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th Century

Rizal on Imperialism He said, “The Filipinos remained loyal and faithful to Mother Spain for three centuries, giving up their liberty and independence, now fascinated by the promised heaven, now flattered by the friendship offered them by a great and noble nation(Mother Spain), and now compelled to submission by the superiority of arms for persos with low opinion of themselves…or now because of foreign invaders, taking advantage of the internal dissension, played the role of the third party of divide and rule”

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th CenturyRizal on Demand for Independence The demand for national identity and independence was a result of Western ideas of nationalism and democracy. Rizal was prophetic when he said; “ No matter how much the Filipinos owe Spain, they cannot be compelled to renounce their right of redemption…However great is the loyalty of the Filipinos, Spain cannot prevent the fatal laws of history be fulfilled.”

Unit 1: Challenges and Response of the 19th CenturyRizal on the significance of Enlightenment for progress of the Phils: “ Despite all that system, organized, perfected and followed with tenacity by (Spain) who wished to keep the islands in holy ignorance, there are Filipino writers, free thinkers, historians, chemists, physicians, jurists, artists. Enlightenment is spreading and its persecution encourages it. The divine flame of thought is inextinguishable among the Filipino people…”