Chapter 7

Chapter 7, Section 1

The New Capital City Jefferson was first President inaugurated in DC

City designed by Pierre-Charles L’Enfant

City remained under construction for many years

City grew slowly around the government

Thomas Jefferson Liked to dress more informally, like a common man

Favored French culture

Opposed slavery, but didn’t see how it could be abolished

Jefferson’s Presidency Tried to unite people across parties

Pursued a moderate course to encourage Federalists to switch parties

Wanted to avoid industrialization and urbanization

Wanted nation based on agriculture

Wanted very limited central government

Cut military and spending to eliminate debt

Secretary of Treasurer Gallatin introduced modern budgeting to

government

Alien and Sedition Acts were not renewed

Excise tax on whiskey was repealed

Barbary Pirates Barbary States of North Africa sent out pirates to attack ships

Kidnapped ships and held them for ransom

Chapter 7, Section 2

The Mississippi River Westerners depended on access to Mississippi for trade and

survival

Jefferson wanted to encourage expansion of farm land in the west

Napoleon’s Dream Napoleon takes Louisiana back from

Spain

Made Americans worried

France began to charge Americans for

passing through New Orleans

Jefferson warned France that the US would

ally with England if France denied access to

New Orleans

Jefferson sent Monroe to France to buy New

Orleans

Haiti upsets Napoleon’s plan Haitians revolt against France

during French Revolution

Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture

Haitians fight off French armies

Napoleon believed he needed

Haiti to control Louisiana

Haiti upsets Napoleon’s plan

Since Napoleon lost Haiti, he

decided to sell Louisiana

Monroe and Livingston were not

authorized to make purchase

Decided to buy it anyway for $15

million

Some believed land was worthless

Jefferson’s constitutional dilemma Constitution does not say if Congress

can buy land

Jefferson believed that Congress can

only do what is said in Constitution

(strict construction)

Jefferson decided to support the

purchase anyway

Louisiana Purchase Louisiana doubled the size of the United States

Guaranteed access to Mississippi

Allowed for expansion of states across the continent

– 13 new

states would

be made

from the

territory

Lewis and Clark Expedition

(Corps of Discovery)

led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

to find all water route to Pacific, study Indian tribes, nature and the

environment

York and Sacajawea helped the expedition

Lewis and Clark Expedition Lewis and Clark left spring 1804 arrived at Pacific December 1805

US claimed Oregon

Expedition gave details of what was in Louisiana

Zebulon Pike

Went west from Mississippi to Rocky Mountains then into Spanish territory

Pike told US about Spanish military strength in New Spain

Federalist Protest Federalists feared new western states would favor farmers and

debtors and hurt commercial and banking interests of east

Some New Englanders wanted to secede and have Aaron Burr

as their President

Hamilton – Burr Duel

Hamilton opposed Burr’s

attempts to be elected

governor of NY

Burr killed Hamilton in a duel

on July 11, 1804

Burr Conspiracy

Burr went west to gain control

over a territory that he could

lead

Went to England and Spain for

support

Governor James Wilkinson of

Louisiana turned Burr in as a

traitor

Aaron Burr

Burr Conspiracy Burr was acquitted of treason

Chief Justice Marshall limited

definition of treason to only

people who make war against

the US

Limits governments ability to

use treason accusations against

political opponents

Chief Justice Marshall Verdict sheet

Courthouse of Trial

Chapter 7, Section 3

Midnight Judges Federalists tried to keep control of judicial branch by

appointing many judges just before Adams left office

Political Patronage Jefferson wanted to fill positions from people in his party

Did not deliver notices of appointment after he was sworn in

Political Patronage Patronage is practice of appointing loyal party members as a

reward and to build party strength

Marbury v. Madison (1803) Marbury was a midnight judge who did not receive his

commission

Sued Secretary of State Madison to force delivery of commission

Marbury v. Madison (1803) Chief Justice Marshall

Used case to establish power of Supreme Court

Ruled section of Judiciary Act was unconstitutional

Marbury v. Madison (1803) Chief Justice Marshall

Established the precedent of judicial review

Supreme Court has authority to review acts of Congress and

declare unconstitutional

Jefferson challenges Judiciary

Democrat-Republicans feared lifetime appointments of judges

would lead to judges ignoring will of people

Democrat-Republicans tried to impeach several judges

Impeachment of Samuel Chase Was acquitted because Congress ruled that an official can only

be impeached for treason, bribery or other high crimes or

misdemeanors

Made sure that impeachment could not be used as a political

tool to get rid of judges

Trouble on the Seas Chapter 7, Section 4

War between Britain and France Both countries try to stop trade

Stop and attack American ships

US had made money trading with both sides and Europe as a

neutral

Impressment of sailors British sailors became naturalized Americans for better pay,

food and treatment

British would board American ships and force American sailors

into British navy

US claimed more than 6,000 Americans had been taken by

1812

Chesapeake Affair British ship Leopoard fired at American ship Chesapeake ,

boarded ship and took 4 American sailors

Jefferson demanded apology for Chesapeake incident

British apologized, but kept right to search and impressment of

sailors

Embargo Act of 1807 US too weak to fight either France or England

Embargo Act passed to stop American trade with Europe

US hoped it would force France and England to change policies

Embargo Act of 1807 Hurt American economy more than France or England

Westerners wanted US to go to war with England

Embargo Repealed Embargo hurt Democrat-Republican political power

March 1809 Act was repealed replaced by Nonintercourse Act

forbade trade only with England and France until they respect

US neutrality

Chapter 8

War of 1812 Chapter 8, Section 1

James Madison Kept notes of Constitutional Convention

Adviser to George Washington

Helped build Democrat-Republican party with Thomas

Jefferson

Elected President 1808 Macon’s Bill No. 2

Nonintercourse Act expired in 1810

Bill allowed President to cut off trade with either Britain or

France if the other lifted trade restrictions

Napoleon agrees to lift restrictions

Madison forbid trade with Britain, allows with France

War Hawks Typically were new members of government from South and

West

Very Nationalistic

Favored military response over diplomacy

Favored lots of cheap land – easier to farm with

Believed Indian resistance was led by Britain and Spain

Tecumseh US government bought land, then forced Indians off land

Led to fights between whites and Indians

Tecumseh led Shawnee resistance to white settlement in Northwest

Territory

Offered to join Americans against British if US give back

Shawnee land, US said no

Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison defeated Indians in a battle at

Tippecanoe and burned Tecumseh’s village

Attack led to general war between Indians and Americans

British gave Indians weapons and support

Led to War Hawks call for war against Britain and to take

Canada

War of 1812 Sectional differences about war

East didn’t want war because it would hurt trade

South and West supported

President Madison declares war June 1, 1812

Fought because of British impressments, blockades and inciting

Indians

Expected a quick war

Avoidable War British economy was beginning to suffer from the American

boycott and Napoleon’s blockade of Britain

America declared war when Britain was finally ready to repeal Orders of Council

US thought war would be short

US had bigger population than Canada

Britain was fighting France

Britain was stronger than US thought

Canadian army same size as American

British Naval forces significantly stronger

Beginning of War 1812-1813 US lost battles at Chicago and Detroit ended hopes of taking

Canada

William Henry Harrison wins at Thames River in Ontario and

kills Tecumseh

Beginning of War 1812-1813 Naval Battles

Constitution (Old Ironsides), Wasp and United States beat

several British ships

Oliver Hazard Perry – fought battles on Lake Erie

“We have met the enemy and they are ours”

Privateers American privateers attacked and raided British merchant

ships from all across Atlantic

Napoleon was defeated in Russia then forced into exile

Britain is now able to focus on US

August 24, 1814 British capture Washington DC and set it on

fire

Star Spangled Banner British were stopped on their attack on Baltimore

British navy bombed Fort McHenry in Chesapeake Bay

Led to Star Spangled Banner being written by Francis Scott

Key

Andrew Jackson Won several victories in the West taking Alabama and Spanish

East Florida

Defeated British army at New Orleans battle lasted from

December 23, 1814 to January 8 1815

Treaty of Ghent Britain was ready for peace after losing at Lake Champlain,

and running out of money fighting Napoleon and US

Treaty signed December 24, 1814, but US did not hear until

February 1815

Treaty of Ghent Terms of the treaty

Return to the conditions before the war

Issues were not resolved, but US and Britain could work

peacefully together now

Opposition in New England to the

war Every state north of Maryland voted against Madison and war

in 1812

States did not provide money to support war effort

Militias were not sent outside of their states

Trade had fallen to 10% of what it was before the war

Hartford Convention 5 New England states proposed if federal government behaved

unconstitutionally, states should take power

Wanted to limit power of South and West

Opposition to War killed the Federalist party

Chapter 8,Section 2

American System Made by Madison and Henry Clay

Build up the military

Money for defense, navy, standing army

Improve Infrastructure

Build canals, and roads

makes easier for South and West to get products to market

Protective Tariff Help manufacturing

helps Northeast

Re-establish the national bank

stable currency helps trade

Assumption of state debts

Tariff of 1816 Manufacturing increased during war to replace products that

were no longer being sold by Britain

After war, Britain flood America with cheap goods to ruin

American manufacturers

Tariff of 1816 Manufacturing increased during war to replace products that

were no longer being sold by Britain

Second Bank of United States

First bank had expired leaving no central bank

Led to economic difficulties

Second Bank was chartered to stabilize economy

Calhoun’s Bonus Bill Lack of roads and canals made transport of goods difficult

Calhoun argued needed better transportation to unite the

nation and avoid “disunion”

Bonus Bill Bill by Calhoun to fund internal improvements in US

Madison vetoed the bill

Effect of Madison Veto of Bonus Bill

Sections would not support American System

Increased sectional differences

North had money to build roads and canals, South did not

Led to all trade going towards northern cities, south had increased

dependence on agriculture and slavery

Era of Good Feelings James Monroe elected president 1816

Only Democratic-Republican party because Federalists

disappeared after opposition to war

National politics disappeared, people focused on sectional issues

Economic sectionalism East

Depend on trade, and industry

South

Depend on large plantations of cash crop

Rush-Bagot Agreement US and Britain agree not to put military on border between

Canada and US

US and Britain agree on 49th parallel as border between US

and Canada

Spain Cedes Florida Andrew Jackson was assigned to stop Indian attacks

Jackson led raids into Florida and conquered it

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819

Spain agreed to sell Florida to US for $5 million

Established border between Louisiana Territory and New Spain

John Marshall’s Decisions Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (1816)

Supreme Court had right to review decisions of state courts that

dealt with Constitutional questions

Establishes Supreme Court as superior to state courts

Dartmouth College Case (1819)

Said states could not interfere with contracts

Allowed for the development of corporations

John Marshall’s Decisions McCulloch v Maryland (1819)

No state has right to interfere with national institutions

Federal laws are “supreme law of land” and states could not

prevent growth of national government

Gibbons v Ogden (1824)

Allowed government to regulate interstate commerce

Led to regulation of telephone, telegraph, oil companies etc.

Chapter 8

Section 3

Chapter 8

Sections 4 and 5

Independence Movements in Latin America Many new countries were formed from Spanish

colonies

America feared European nations trying to control Latin America

Monroe Doctrine Western Hemisphere is not open to European

colonization

European involvement would be seen as attack on US

US will not get involved in Europe

Was only followed because Britain supported it

American Nationalism Sense of pride in America and our history develops

National symbols, myths and values are created

Heroes of American Revolution Gilbert Stuart painted portraits of American heroes

John Trumbull painted scenes of American Revolution

Helped make legends of founding fathers

National Education Public education needed for democracy

Develop patriotism and prepare citizens to govern

Noah Webster wrote first American dictionary