Teks Book Reading
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Irmawan Farindra
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INTRODUCTION
Kesulitan dalam mendiagnosis pada anak-anak.
Tidak adanya kesepahaman mengenai kriteria diagnosis pada anak-anak.
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HISTORY
1921 Emil Kraepelin, pengakuan pertama
1960 Anthony & Scott, menemukan 3 dari 60 kasus prepubertas
1970 disepakati standar kriteria untuk dewasa
1979 Weinberg & Brumback, memperkenalkan kriteria untuk anak- anak
1980 terjadi lonjakan diagnosis
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DEFINISI
DSM-IV : Episode berulang mania dan depresi, dimana terdapat remisi sempurna diantaranya.
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DIAGNOSIS RELEVANT TO CHILDREN Masih terdapat kesulitan dalam anak
mengekspresikan elasinya & glandiositas
Perasaan yg meningkat, iritabel, agresif sering tumpang tindih dengan penyakit yang lain
Sampai saat ini masih terdapat kesulitan dalam menetapkan kriteria diagnosis.
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KOMORBID
ADHD Gangguan oppositional Depresi Cemas Penyalahgunaan zat
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
ADHD Gangguan oppositional Depresi Cemas Penyalahgunaan zat Skizofrenia
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EPIDEMIOLOGi
The nasional hospital discharge survey (1996-2004) terjadi peningkatan dari 10% menjadi 34,11% untuk kasus anak-anak & peningkatan dari 10,24% menjadi 25,86 % untuk kasus remaja.
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ETIOLOGY
Genetik Kromosom 6q & 8q21
Physiological Lingkungan
Menginduksi kekambuhan Contoh trauma masa kecil
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ASSESSMENT
American Academy of Child and adolescent Psychiatry : Screning pasien dengan gangguan bipolar,
baik masa sekarang maupun lampau Gunakan kriteria DSM-IV Gunakan istilah bipolar NOS untuk
anak dengan gejala mania kurang dari 4 hari
Memeriksa komorbiditas Berhati-hati mendiagnosis anak
prasekolah
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THREATMENT
Pharmacoterapi for mania Olanzapine Risperidone Anti mania : litium atau divalproex
Pharmacoterapi for depresi Anti depresan
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PREVENTION OF RELAPSE
Tingkat kekambuhan anak & remaja sangat tinggi
AACAP menyarankan pengobatan selama 12 sampai 14 bulan
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PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT
Kesadaran akan penyakit yang dapat kambuh kedepannya
Kepatuhan pengobatan Mengurangi stresor lingkungan
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TERIMA KASIH