ss{]a-dn -Xew ersion for the intelectually... · 6 _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-...

$: ss{]a-dn -Xew ersion for the intelectually... · 6 _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn ersion Abbreviations Used RTE Act - Right To Education$
_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfnt\cn-Sp-∂-

Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw

tIc-f -k¿°m¿

hnZym-̀ ym-k-h-Ip∏v2014

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk

Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\

kanXn (SCERT)tIcfw

]mTy]≤Xn

ss{]a-dn -Xew

Experimental V

ersion

Prepared by: State Council of Educational Research & Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram -12, Kerala. E-mail:[email protected]

Type setting by: SCERT Computer Lab.©

Government of KeralaEducation Department

2014

F√m-h¿°pw hnZ-ym-`-ymkw (Education for All) F∂-Xn¬\n∂v KpW-ta-∑-

bp≈ hnZ-ym-̀ ymkw F√m-h¿°pw (Quality Education to All) Dd-∏m-°pI F∂

e£y-Øn-te-°p≈ {]bm-W-Øn-emWv \man-t∏mƒ. hnZ-ym-`-ymk Ah-Imi

\nbaw (Right To Education) \S-∏m-b-tXmsS ]e Imc-W-ß-fm¬ hnZ-ym-e-b-

ß-fn¬ {]th-in-°m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hsc Is≠Øn hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ FØn-

°pI F∂-Xv \ΩpsS IS-a-bmWv. {ia-I-c-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS am{Xta

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfnIƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Isf kvIqfp-I-fn¬ FØn-

°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. kvIqfn¬ FØn-®mepw hnhn[ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-

Sp∂ Ch¿°v s]mXp-hmb Hcp ]mTy-]-≤Xn Xbm-dm-°pI F∂Xv AXn-

tesd {ia-I-c-am-Wv. Cu taJ-e-bn¬ \S∂ ]T\-ß-fpsS ê-ßfpw CXp-

X-s∂-bm-Wv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

CØcw ]T-\-^-e-ß-fmWv k¿°m-cns\ Cu taJ-e-bnse hnZ-ym-`-ymk

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Nn´-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-XmWv F∂ Nn¥-bn-te°v \bn-®Xpw,

CXn-\mbn kwÿm-\- hn-Z-ym-`-ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kan-Xnsb

(SCERT) Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXpw. \nc-¥-c-amb N¿®-I-fn-eq-sSbpw A`n-{]m-

b-{]-I-S-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw Dcp-Øn-cn™ Bi-b-ßƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn BZy-L-´-

Øn¬ kao-]-\-tcJ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw, AXnse Bi-b-ßƒ c≠mw L´-

Øn¬ in¬]-im-e-I-fn-eqsS cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn- Xbm-dm-°pIbpw sNbvX-XmWv

Cu ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn. CXns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn {]h¿Øn® F√m-h-

tcbpw A`n-\-μn-°p-∂p.

Cu ]mT-y-]-≤Xn A\p-k-cn-®p≈ Hcp ]mT-y-{Iaw kwÿm-\sØ _p≤n-]-

c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \S-∏m-

°p-hm≥ Iq´mb {iaw A\n-hmc-y-am-Wv. Cu {ia-Øns‚ apt∂m-Sn-bm-bn,

Xnc-s™-SpØ kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]co-£-Wm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°n A\p-`-

h-ßsf kzmwio-I-cn®v IqSp-X¬ ka-{K-am-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXv bmYm¿Yy-am-

Ip-tºmƒ Cu taJ-e-bnse Ipń-Iƒ°pw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw KpW-I-c-am-Ip-

sa∂v {]Xym-in-°mw.

CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw {]Xo-

£n-®p-sIm≠v..

Ub-d-IvS¿

Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn., tIcfw

{ioaXn kwKoX sI \mb¿{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, s{Sbn-\nwKv sk‚¿ t^m¿kvs]jy¬ FUyq-t°-j≥, tP\n \K¿,Gcq¿

{ioaXn joP h¿Kokv{]≥kn-∏mƒ, do\ satΩm-dn-b¬ kwc-£Wkvs]jy¬ kvIqƒ, kuØv Nn‰q¿, sIm®n

{ioaXn kvanX Ac-hnμvFkv.-B¿.-hn.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. Ic-Ip-fw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

{io. tPmkv Un. kpPohvKh. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. Ic-Ip-fw,Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tUm. ]n.sI. XneIvdnk¿®v Hmô-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn

{io. sI.‰n. Znt\ivdnk¿®v Hmô-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn

Icn-°pew cq]o-I-cW in¬]-im-e-I-fn¬ ]s¶SpØh¿

A°m-Z-anIv tImUnt\‰¿

tUm. ao\. Fkv, dnk¿®v Hmô-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn., tIcfw

hnZKv[¿

Nn{X-c-N\

{io. kp[o¿. ]n. sshUo≥ _mKv {Iotb-‰ohv aoUnb

{io. cmtI-jv, s\øm¿Umw

s{]m -̂k¿ ]n. Pb-N-{μ≥Ub-dIvS¿, hnPbv lyqa≥ k¿ho-k-kv, sNs∂

tUm. F.Sn. t{Xky-Ipńs{]m -̂k¿, F≥.-sF.-Fw.-F-®v, sk°-Z-cm-_mZv

tUm. hnP-b-e£van.sPs{]m^-k¿, NIEPMD, sNss∂

tUm. ]n. Fkv. kpIp-am-c≥s{]m^-k¿ C≥ kvs]jy¬ FUyqt°-j≥, Fw Pn bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n, tIm´bw

tUm. PbcmPv Fw.sI.{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Fkv.-sF.-Fw.-kn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

tUm. kn. tKmIp¬Zm-k≥ ]n≈Akn-Ã‚ v s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.) (Icn-°p-ew), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn

tUm. _n. {ioIp-amcn AΩAkn-Ã‚ v s{]m^-k¿ (dn´.) (kvs]jy¬ FUyq-t°-j≥), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn

{io. kp[o¿ i‡≥tSmkv sSIvt\m-f-Pokv ss{]h‰v enan-‰Uv, t\m¿Øv ]c-hq¿, Fd-Wm-Ipfw

tUm. knÃ¿ t•mdn{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, \n¿ae kZ≥ sk°-≠dn s{Sbn-\nwKv tImtfPv t^m¿

kvs]jy¬ FUyq-t°-j≥, aqhm-‰p-]pg.

tUm. _m_p-°p-́ ≥.]nko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿, Ub‰v sIm√w

{io. ]fl-\m-̀ ≥.sI.hnko\n-b¿ eIvN-d¿, Ub‰v IÆq¿

{ioaXn ̂ mane C.B¿.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn. t_m -́Wn,Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, Icp-\m-K-∏-≈n, sIm√w

{ioaXn kpioe Ipcy-®≥{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, Bim-tI-{μw, Icn-°mapdn, sIm®n

{ioaXn tamØn sI l_o_v{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, tdm´dn C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿Nn¬{U¨ C≥ \oUv Hm^v kvs]jy¬ sIb¿,Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

{ioaXn Paoe ]n.F-kv.{]n≥kn-∏mƒ, sI.hn.-Fw. tImtfPv Hm^vkvs]jy¬ FUyq-t°-j≥, tN¿Ø-e, Be-∏pg

{ioaXn cm[nI sI.F-kv.^m°¬‰n, tÃ‰v C≥Ãn-‰yq´v t^m¿ Z sa‚enNe-©Uv ]mß-∏m-d, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

DÅ-S¡w

1 kmwK-X-yhpw ]›m-Ø-ehpw ....................................... 7

2 hnhn-[-Xcw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ .............. 31

3 _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°p≈............

]mT-y-]-≤Xn ................................................................... 41

4 hnhn[ hn`m-K-°m¿°p≈ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn˛

hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ.............................................................. 62

5 _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn- t\cn-Sp∂

Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ kvIqfnse A[-ym-]-I¿ .................. 93

6 hn\n-abcoXn ................................................................ 97

7 hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ ............................................................. 101

8 tamWn-‰-dnwKpw ]n¥pWmkwhn-[m-\hpw ............... 108

9 _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-t\cn-Sp∂

Ip´n-Iƒ°p≈ hnZ-ym-ebw ....................................... 113

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- Ip´nIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn6

Experimental V

ersion

Abbreviations UsedRTE Act - Right To Education ActEFA - Education For AllNIMR - National Institute on Mental RetardationUNCRPD - United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with DisabilityPWD Act - Persons With Disabilities ActRCI - Rehabilitation Council of IndiaNTA - National Trust ActNIMH - National Institute for the Mentally HandicappedSIMC - State Institute for the Mentally ChallengedSCERT - State Council of Educational Research and TrainingPh.D - Doctor of PhilosophyM.Ed - Master of EducationIQ - Intelligent QuotientADHD - Attention Deficit Hyperactive DisorderLD - Learning DisorderCNS - Central Nervous SystemMI - Multiple IntelligenceNCF - National Curriculum FrameworkKCF - Kerala Curriculum FrameworkMA - Mental AgeCA - Chronological AgeSIET - State Institute of Educational TechnologySIEMAT - State Institute of Educational Management and TrainingDPI - Director of Public InstructionsIEDSS - Integrated Education of the Disabled Students SchemeSSA - Sarva Siksha AbhiyanRMSA - Rashtriya Madhyamic Shiksha AbhiyanDIET - District Institute of Education and TrainingDDE - Deputy Director of EducationDEO - District Education OfficerAEO - Assistant Education OfficerIEP - Individualised Educational ProgrammeCCE - Continuous and Comprehensive EvaluationPTA - Parent Teacher AssociationLSGD - Local Self Government DepartmentSRG - State Resource GroupSSG - School Support GroupMR - Mental RetardationNIVH - National Institute of Visually Handicapped.NIRTAR - National Institute of Rehabilitation Training And ResearchIPH - Institute for the Physically Handicapped.MDPS - Madras Developmental Programming System.BASIC MR - Behavioural Assessment Scale for Indian Children with Mental

RetardationFACP - Functional Assessment Checklist for Programming.CWSEN - Children With Special Education Needs.OHP - Over Head ProjectorCWD - Children With DisabilitiesHM - Head MasterCTE - Centre for Teacher EducationRC - Regional Centre.

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂- IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkw $ ]mTy]≤Xn 7

Experimental V

ersion

kmwKXyhpw]›mØehpw

1.1 BapJw

hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-baw (RTE Act - 2009) C¥-y≥ hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-N-cn-{X-

Ønse Hcp \mgn-I-°-√mWv. hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw km¿h-{Xn-I-ambt∏mƒ AXns‚

{]k-‡nbpw {]m[m\yhpw km[m-cW kaql-Øn\phsc t_m[-y-s∏-´p.

AXn≥{]-Imcw F√m-h¿°pw hnZym`ymkw Dd∏mt°≠ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw `c-

W-I¿Øm-°-fptSXm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. 6 hb v ]q¿Øn-bmb F√mh¿°pw

hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw e -̀y-am-°p-I, 14 hb- p-hsc \n¿_-‘n-Xhpw

kuP-\-y-hp-amb hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw \¬IpI F∂nh Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Npa-X-e-bmbn.

F√m-h¿°pw hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw (EFA - Education For All) F∂ Bibw Ipń-bpsS

Ah-Im-i-am-Ip-I-bm-Wn-hnsS. F¶nepw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-ØnIhpw

kmwkvIm-cnIhpw ̀ qan-im-kv{X-]chpamb \nc-h[n {]Xn-IqeLS-I-ßƒ sIm≠v

hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw e`n-°m-Ø-hcpw hnZ-ymeb-ß-fn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-cp-

ambn Hcp \yq-\-]£w C∂pw \ΩpsS tIc-f-Øn-ep-s≠∂ bmYm¿Yyw \mw

ad-∂pIqSm. Ah¿°p-IqSn hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ahkcw \¬Ip-tºmƒ

am{Xta F√m-h¿°pw hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw F∂ Ah-Imiw ]q¿-Wambpw kwc-£n-

°-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q.

Cu \yq\]£Øn¬ imcocnIhpw am\knIhpambn sh√phnfn t\cn-Sp∂Xn¬

Hcp hn`mKw IpńIsf Hgn®v _m°nbp≈hsc s]mXphnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-cwK-tØ°v

sIm≠phcm≥- ̀ c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IfneqsSbpw, B\p-Iq-e-y-ßƒ

A\phZn°p∂-Xn-eqsSbpw, hnZ-ym-ebhpw ¢m -¥-co-£hpw ]T-\-co-Xn-Ifpw

BI¿j-I-am-°p∂-Xn-eqsSbpsams° km[-yam°m≥ Ignbpw. hnZ-ym-e-bhpw

kaq-l-hp-ambn´p≈ _‘w IqSp-X¬ kulm¿±-]q¿W-am-Ip∂Xp hgn Chsc

s]mXp-hnZym-`-ymk[mc-bn-te-s°-Øn-°m≥ \ap°v Ign-bpw. AtXmsSm∏w

t_m[-h-XvI-c-W-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Cu {]{In-bbv°v B°w Iq´pw F∂Xn¬

kwi-b-an-√.

F∂m¬ imco-cn-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw ]cn-an-Xn-Itfm sh√p-hn-fn-Itfm A\p-

-̀hn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Im-c-y-Øn¬ ta¬∏-d-™-ku-I-c-y-ßtfm

t_m[-h-XvI-c-Wtam H∂pw ]c-ym-]vX-am-sb∂p hcn-√. Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]iv\-

ßƒ Iqtd-°qSn k¶o-¿W-am-Wv. Ch-cpsS Imc-y-Øn¬ IpńIƒ am{X-a√ c£n-

Xm-°fpw kaq-lhpw t\cn-Sp∂ \nc-h[n {]iv\-ßfpw {]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpap≠v.

1A[ymbw


Experimental V

ersion

1.2. kmwKXyw

_p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ IpńIfpsS Btcm-Kyw, ]cn-N-cWw, kwc-

£Ww, sXmgn¬, IpSpw_PohnXw, ]p\-c-[n-hmkw XpSßn \nc-h[n LS-I-

ßsf _‘-s∏-SpØn am{-Xta hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-sØbpw kao-]n-°m-\m-Iq. ka-{K-

amb hnI-k\w F∂Xv s]mXp-[m-c-bnse hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-tfmsSm∏w Cu hn`m-K-

Øn-\pw Gsd {]kIv-X-amb Imc-y-amWvv. AXn-\mbn Ch-cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw

Bh-iy-ßfpw AXns‚ Bg-Øn-epw ]c-∏nepw a\- n-em-t°≠-Xp-≠v. -F¶n¬

am{Xta Ch-¿°v hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-]c-amb ]n¥pW GX-f-hn¬ \¬I-Wsa∂pw

{]iv\-ßƒ F{XtØmfw ]cn-l-cn-°m-\m-Ip-sa∂pap≈ Imc-y-Øn¬ icn-bmb

ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bq. Aßs\-sbmcp \ne-bntes°Øn-t®-cm≥

\ap°v CXp-hsc Ign-™n-́ n-√. t\Snb [mc-W-Ifpw e`n® Dƒ°mgv-N-Ifpw

{]tbmK]YØn-se-Øn-°m≥ \ap°v Gsd apt∂m´p t]mtI-≠-Xp-≠v. _p≤n-

]-c-amb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ IpńIfpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw, ]cnNcWw, kwc-

£Ww, sXmgn¬, hy-‡n-Po-hnXw, IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw, ]p\-c-[n-hmkw, NnIn’,

B\p-Iq-e-y-ßƒ, {]tX-yI ]mt°-Pp-Iƒ, ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bv°mbn \nc-

h[n hIp-∏p-Ifpw kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw GP≥kn-I-fp-w C∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-

≠v. F¶nepw H -́\-h[n {]iv\-ßƒ Ipń-I-fp-tSbpw c£n-Xm-°-fp-tSbpw am{Xw

DXvI-WvT--bmbn C∂pw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv.

hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Ønepw kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-X-Ønepw imco-cnIsh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ (PhysicallyChallenged) t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v Hc-f-thmfw apt∂-dm≥ Ignbp∂p≠v. klmbI

D]-I-c-W-ßfpw, kwh-c-Whpw, B-\p-Iq-e-yßfpw, sXdm-∏n-Ifpw Ch-cpsS ]cn-

an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S-°mt\m eLq-I-cn-°mt\m klm-b-Iam-Ip-∂p-≠v. CØcw Bfp-

I-fpsS Iq´m-bva-Ifpw k¿°m¿ CXc GP≥kn-Ifpw Cu bXv\-Øn¬

kvXpXy¿lamb tkh\w \¬In hcp-∂p. _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Itfm ]n∂m-

°m-h-ÿtbm A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂- Ipń-I-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ XnI®pw hy-‡n-K-X-

amb Xe-Øn¬ Xs∂ ta¬∏-d™ B\p-Iq-e-y-ßfpw NnIn-’-Ifpw \¬tI-

≠n-hcp∂p. A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw, ]cn-io-e\w, sXdm∏n, klm-bI

kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Ch-cpsS \nebpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-

°pw. AXn\v A\p-Kp-W-amb hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-amWv {][m-\-ambpw Bkq-{XWw

sNbvXp \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xvv. A\p-tbmP-y-amb hnZym`ymkImgvN-∏mSpw, kao-]-

\hpw, ]T-\-co-Xn-Ifpw, A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e-\hpw ùXn-I-kml-N-c-y-ßfpw

ssItIm¿°p-tºmƒ am{Xta Cu DZyaw hnP-b-Øn-te°v FØpIbp≈q.

Ch¿°v A`n-Im-a-y-amb ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ, X{¥-ßƒ/kt¶-X-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-t°-

≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ hnZym-̀ -ymk ]ptcm-K-Xn°v A\p-tbm-P-y-

amIpw hn[w, Ah-cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Isf eLq--I-cn-°p∂, ss\k¿KnI tijn-

Isf AXns‚ ]mc-a-y-Øn-se-Øn-°p∂, Poh-k‘m-c-W-Øn-\m-h-i-yamb ss\]p-

Wn-I-fpsSbpw {]mtbm-KnI tijn-I-fp-tSbpw hnIm-ksØ Xz-cn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp∂

]≤XnIfmWv th≠-Xv. kq£va-X-e-Øn¬ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXhbpw


Experimental V

ersion

imkv{Xo-b-amb ASn-Ø-d-bp≈hbpamIWw Cu ]≤XnIƒ. F¶n¬ am{Xta

Chsc kzbw ]c-ym-]vX-X-bn-se-Øn-°m≥ Hc-f-hp-hscsb¶nepw \ap°v km[n-

°q. AXn-\mbn {]tXyIw cq]-I¬]\ sNbvX Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xnbpw kne-

_kpw ]cn-io-e\w Inńb A[ym]Icpw, sa®-s∏´ ̀ uXnI kml-N-c-y-ß-fpw

AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

imco-cnIhpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb ]cn-anXn A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fn¬ Hcp \n›nX

iX-am\w s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]T\w \S-Øn-h-cp-∂p. Ipd®p Ipń-Iƒ GIo-

Ir-X]T\ kao-]-\tam coXntbm C√msX \S-Øn-h-cp∂ khn-tijhnZ-ym-e-

b-ß-fn¬ tNcp-∂p. F∂m¬ AhnsSt∏mepw FØmsX hoSn-\p-≈n¬ Ign-

™p-Iq-Sp∂ Ipń-Ifpw D≠v.

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ B{i-bn-°p-∂ khn-ti-j-hnZyme-

b-ßƒ hyh-ÿn-Xn-bp-sStbm, kaq-l-Ønt‚tbm, ]n¥p-W, \nb-{¥-Ww, CS-

s]-S-ep-Iƒ Ch C√msX {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ßfmWv. Cu hnZ-ym-e-b-

ß-ƒ°v, hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k- e£y-ßƒ c£-I¿Øm-°-sftbm kaq-l-sØtbm icn-

bmb A¿Y-Ønepw {]m[m-\-y-Ønepw t_m[-y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Ign-bp-∂n-√.

Cu Ipń-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\m¥-co-£tam ]›m-Ø-etam Hcp-°p-

∂-Xn¬ hnP-bn-°m≥ ̀ qcn-]£w hnZ-ym-e-b-ßƒ°pw Ign-™n-́ n-√. _p≤n-]-c-

amb sh√p-hn-fn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-Iƒ GtIm-]n-

∏n®v A[-ym-]-I¿°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂-Xnepw Ahsc

im‡o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw C∂pw \ap°v ]q¿W-hn-Pbw t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-́ n-√.

Hmtcm Ipń°pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bmWv _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-

fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°m-hiyw. Ah-cpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°\pkcn®p≈

]T-\-{Iaw, {]{Inb, Ime-b-fh,v XpS¿]-T-\-km-[-yX, hne-bn-cp-Øepw aqe-y-\n¿W-

bhpw XpSßnb taJ-e-Ifn¬, \mw t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv.

Cu Ipń-I-fpsS am\-knI, imco-cnI, ssh⁄m-\nI Ignhp-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ hn`m-K-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°Ww. kmt¶XnIhnZ-ym-cw-

KØp≠mb t\´-ßsf Ch-cpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb hn[-Øn¬

{Ia-s∏-Sp-ØWw. XnI®pw imkv{Xo-b-ambn Nn -́s∏-Sp-Ønb kml-N-c-y-ß-fn-

eqsS hnhn[ tijohn-Im-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-kcw Ch¿°mbn Hcp-t°-≠-Xp-

≠v. ]T-\-k-ao-]\ X{¥ßfn¬ hy-‡-ym-[n-jvTnX am¿K-ßƒ (IndividualisedMethods) imkv{Xo-b-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠Xv ASn-b-¥nc {]m[m-\yw A¿ln-

°p∂ hnj-b-am-Wv. Cu Ipń-I-fpsS imcocnI am\-knI ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ, khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ F∂nh Xncn-®-dn™v ka-{Khpw F∂m¬ Ab-hp-≈-Xp-amb Hcp

kao-]\w kzo-I-cn-°Ww. C{]-Imcw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb hnZ-ym-̀ ymkw Dd-∏p-h-

cp-Øp-∂Xn\v \ap°v km[n-°pw.

Ch-¿°p≈ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ km¿Y-I-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ imkv{Xo-b-amb

]mT-y-]-≤Xntbm A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-X-{¥-ßtfm kao-]-\tam am{Xw t]mcm.


Experimental V

ersion

Ch-cpsS Btcm-Kyw, sXmgn¬ km[-y-X-Iƒ, ]p\-c-[n-hmkw, tbmKyXbpw KpW-

\n-e-hm-chpw D≈ A[-ym-]-Isc Dd-∏m-°¬ F∂o LS-I-ßfpw {]m[m-\-y-

a¿ln-°p-∂p. Chsc ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[ym]-I-cpsS tbmKyXIƒ, Ah¿°m-h-

i-y-amb XpS¿]cn-io-e\w, \nb-a\w, tkh-\-thX\- hyhÿ-Iƒ F∂nh GtIm-

]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw BI¿jI-am-°p-Ibpw thWw. Ch¿°m-bp≈ khn-tij- hnZym-

e-b-ßfpw \nc-h[n sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂p-≠v. CXn¬ {][m\w tI{μo-Ir-

X-amb cPn-kvt{S-j≥ kwhn-[m\w Cu hnZym-e-b-ßƒ°n-√ F∂p-≈Xp

Xs∂bmWv. khn-tij hnZ-ym-e-b-ßƒ Bcw-̀ n-°p-∂-Xnt\m, \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-

t]m-Ip-∂-Xnt\m AwKoImcw t\Sp-∂-Xnt\m, ̂ e-{]-Z-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßtfm hy-

h-ÿ-Itfm \nb-a-ßtfm C∂p \nehnen√. Cu hnZ-ym-e-b-ßƒ ]eXpw \S-

Øn-s°m≠p t]mIp-∂-Xn¬ AXns‚ NpaXes∏ -́h¿ ISpØ kmº-ØnI

_m[-y-X-Iƒ A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂p-≠v.

A°m-Z-an-Ihpw ̀ c-W-]-c-hp-amb CØcw \n-c-h[n sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ \ap°v AXn-

Pohnt°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-\mbn Nne ASn-b-¥n-c- CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ \S-tØ-≠n-bn-

cn-°p-∂p. kwÿm-\-hnZym-̀ -ym-k-h-Ip∏pw, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. bpw Cu cwKØv

`c--W-]-chpw A°m-Z-an-I-hp-amb t\XrXzw hln-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ

Bcw`n®n´p≠v. imkv{Xo-bambn cq]-I¬]\ sNbvX ]mT-y-]-≤-Xnbpw hnhn[

taJ-e-I-fnse hnZ-Kv[-cpsS tkh-\-ßfpw GtIm-]n-∏n®v apt∂m´p t]mbm¬

Xo{hhpw Xo£vW-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cn¬ t]mepw KpW-]-

chpw A\pIq-e-hp-amb hnImkw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°m≥ \ap-°m-hpw. _p≤n-]-c-

amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cnSp∂ Ip´n-IfpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-khpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw

cmjv{S-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzamWv. B Xn-cn-®-dnhv \sΩ apt∂m´p \bn-°pI

Xs∂ sNø-Ww.

2012 ˛ se Unsk-_n-en‰n _n¬ sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ hy-‡n-Isf kw_-

‘n®v Ht´sd sXmgn¬ km[-y-X-Iƒ Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. sXmgn¬]c-ambn

Ah¿°v In´m-\n-cn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-ßƒ kzm-b-Ø-am-°m≥ Ah-iyw th≠

A°m-Z-anI Adn-hp-Ifpw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb t{KUnßpw k¿´n-̂ n-°-‰p-I-fp-sa√mw

Ch-cpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn\p th≠ LSIßfmWv. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ

KpW-]-c-amb Hcp hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-{]-{Inb im{kvXo-b-ambpw ka-{K-ambpw \S-∏m-

°m≥, B[p-\nI a\p-j-ym-h-Imi k¶¬]-ß-sfbpw kmIe-ym-[n-jvTn-X-amb

PohnXImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-sfbpw ka-\-z-bn-∏n®v {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn \S-∏m-°m≥ Ign-

bp∂ Hcp ]mTy-]≤Xn A\nhm-c-y-am-Wv.

1.3 Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]›m-Øew

a\p-tj-ym¬∏-Øn-bpsS Imew apX¬ Xs∂ _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ D≈-

hcpw kaq-l-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A¿l-X-bp-≈-hs‚ AXn-Po-h\w (Survival ofthe Fittest) F∂ {]IrXn \nbaw Ch-cpsS AXn-Po-h-\-Øn\p ]e-t∏mgpw klm-

b-I-am-bn-√. Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ hy-‡n-Iƒ°v Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp


Experimental V

ersion

tNmZ-y-®n-”-ambn kaq-l-Øn\p ap∂n¬ \n∂p. hym-h-km-bnI hnπ-hm-\-¥cw

(Industrial Revolution) temIØv Cu hn`m-K-sØ-°p-dn®v, AhcpsS {]iv\-ß-

sf-°p-dn®v Hc-h-t_m[w s]mXp-hn-ep-W¿∂p-h-∂p. kaqlw Cu hn`m-KsØ

{]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\ \¬In kao-]n-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-°p-∂-

Xn-hn-sS-bm-Wv. anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Cu cwKØv hnπhI-

c-amb apt∂-‰-ßƒ°v CS-bm-°n. Imcp-W-y-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ̀ mKambn ̀ £-

Whpw hkv{Xhpw \¬Ip-Ibpw Chsc {]tXyI tI{μ-ß-fn¬ am‰n-∏m¿∏n-

°p-Ibpw ]cn-N-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ch¿°pw km[m-c-W-°m-sc-t∏msebp≈

Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Ds≠∂pw AXn\p≈ Ah-kcw \¬tI-≠-XmWv F∂p-ap≈

Bh-i-y-ßƒ Db¿∂p h∂p.

c≠v temI-bp-≤-ßfpw Ah-km-\n-®Xv temIØv At\Ie£w AwK-ssh-I-

e-y-ap-≈-h-sc Ah-ti-jn-∏n-®p-sIm≠p IqSn-bm-Wv. ̀ c-W-IqSw AwK-ssh-I-e-y-

ap-≈-hsc _m[-y-X-bmbn ImWpIbpw ssk\-y-Øn¬ \n∂p \o°w sNøp-

Ibpw sNbvXt∏mƒ sshI-e-y-ap-≈-h-cpsS kwc£Ww ̀ c-W-Iq-S-Øns‚ Npa-

X-e-bm-sW∂ A`n-{]mbw Db¿∂p-h-∂p. AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ

imco-cnI am\-knI sshI-e-y-ap-≈-hsc Hcp-an-®p-I≠v \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn®p

XpS-ßn. temI-sa-ºmSpw Ch¿°mbn \nb-a-ßƒ, \b-ßƒ, klm-bI-kw-hn-

[m-\-ßƒ, ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Hs° cq]-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. 20˛mw

\q‰m≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsSbmWv sshI-e-y-ap-≈-h-¿°v th≠n-bp≈ \nb-

a-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-Ifpw BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. 1970 ˛ ¬ Im\-U-

°m-c-\mb thmƒ^≥kv_¿K¿ \mj-W¬ C≥Ãn‰yq v́ Hm¨ sa‚¬ dn´m¿tU-

j≥ (NIMR) apJm-¥cw apt∂m-́ p-h® t\m¿a-ssetkj≥, sshI-e-y-ap-≈-h-

cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ e£yw h® ]≤-Xn-I-fn¬ khntij-

{]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂ H∂mbn--cp-∂p. CXp {]Imcw sshI-e-y-ap-≈-hsc

AhcpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-tfmsS Xs∂ s]mXp-k-aqlw kzo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v

GsXmcp km[m-c-W- ]u-c\pw Ah-Im-i-s∏´ Ah-k-cm-h-Im-i-ßƒ e -̀y-am-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

2007 ̨ ¬ A¥m-cmjv{S a\p-j-ym-h-Imi kan-Xn-bpsS DS-ºSn apJm-¥cw sshI-

e-y-a-\p-̀ -hn-°p∂hcpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS ka-

{Khpw hym-]-I-hp-amb A`n-hr-≤n-°p-ambn cq]w sIm≠-Xm-Wv UNCRPD (UnitedNations Convention on the Rights of the Persons with Disability) DS-ºSn. bp.F≥.

\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ A\pk-cn®v C¥-ybpw A\p_‘-\n-b-a-ßƒ°v cq]w \¬In.

PWD Act (Persons With Disabilities Act), RCI Act (Rehabilitation Council of IndiaAct), NTA (National Trust Act.) XpSßnbh C¥-y-bn¬ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ D≈-h-

cpsS A`n-hr-≤n-°pw Ah-Im-i-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\p-ambn cq]wsIm≠-h-bm-Wv.

temIsØ CXc kmaq-lnI-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hy-X-y-kvX-ambn Dd®

IpSpw_hyhÿ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂ C¥-y-bn¬, sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ hy-

‡n-Iƒ°v {]tX-y-In®pw Ip´n-Iƒ°v IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W\bpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw


Experimental V

ersion

In´n-bn-cp-∂-Xmbpw ImWmw. kz-mX-{¥-y-Øn-\p-apºv 1931 ̨ ¬ cmP`cW-Im-eØv

Xncphn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ kvs]j-y¬ kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn e≠≥

B¿ss°hvknse tcJ-Iƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v ssa°v ssa¬kv km£y-s∏-Sp-

Ønbn´p-≠v. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn- t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp-≈- hn`m-K-

Øn\v ]cn-N-c-Whpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw ]p\-c-[n-hm-khpw `mc-X-Øn¬ BZ-y-Im-

e-ß-fn¬ km[-y-am-bXv anj-\-dn-am-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. _p≤n-]-

c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂-h¿°vv {]tXyI ÿm]-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w {]tXyI

hnZym`ymkw F∂ Bibhpw \S-∏n-embnØpS-ßn. 1940 ¬ t_mws_-bn¬

Ch¿°mbn Hcp hnZ-ym-`-ymk ÿm]\w Db¿∂p h∂p. C¥y-bn¬

NIMH(National Institute of Mentally Handicapped) Cu taJ-e-bnse {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ°v t\Xr-Xzw \¬Ip∂p. _p-≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS

hnZ-ym-`-ym-k-Øn¬ tI{μ-kw-ÿm\ Kh¨sa‚pIƒ°pw, Xt±i kz-bw-`-

cWÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw hy-‡n-Iƒ°pw F≥.Pn.H.Iƒ°pw Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xmb

kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Im≥ Ign-™n-́ p-≠v.

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw \¬Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-

\-ß-fn¬ CXc C¥-y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-sf-°mƒ _lp-Zqcw ap∂n-emWv tIcfw.

Ah --cpsS hnZym`ymk-]p-tcm-K-Xn°pw ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn-\p-ambn- kwÿm-\-K-

h¨sa‚ v t\cn v́ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ KpW-Ic-amb apt∂-‰-Øn\p XpS°w Ipdn-

®p. Pbn¬ hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√-bn¬ ]mß-∏m-d-bn¬

{]h¿Ø\w Bcw-̀ n®v Ct∏mƒ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn¬ {]-h¿Øn-

°p∂ kn.F-®v.-ap-l-Ω-ZvtImb tÃ‰v C≥Ãn-‰-yq´v t^m¿ Z sa‚en Ne-©vUv

F∂ ÿm-]\w (SIMC) Cu cwKsØ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v t\Xr-Xzw hln-°p-

∂p. c£n-Xm-°-fp-sSbpw F≥.-Pn.-H.- I-fp-sSbpw {ia-̂ -e-ambn C∂v tIc-f-Øn¬

aq∂qdn¬ A[nIw ÿm]-\-ßƒ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. CX-c-

kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hy-XykvXambn tIcfw Cu cwKØv \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-

Øn-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ Bcw`n®p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ \n¿tZim\p-k-cWw SIMCbpsS {]n≥kn-∏¬ tUm.Fw.-sI.-P-b-cmPv _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-

∂-h-sc°p-dn®pw hnin-jym AhcpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-sØ-°p-dn®pw ka-{K-ambn

]T\w \SØn dnt∏m¿ v́ ka¿∏n-®p. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ kvIqfp-

I-fpsS Ah-ÿm-]-T\w \SØn Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Snbpw Hcp ]T\dnt∏m¿´v

k¿°m-cn\v ka¿∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Cu dnt∏m¿´pIƒ k¿°m-dns‚ \b-cq-

]o-I-c-W-{]-{In-bbv°v icn-bmb Znim-t_m[w \¬In. XpS¿\-S-]-Sn-sb∂ \ne-

bn¬ k¿°m¿ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]mTy]≤Xnbpw

kne-_kpw cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ SCERT-sb Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXXv Cu

cwKsØ hnZym`ymk hf¿®-bpsS \mgn-I-I-√m-Wv.

1.4 KthjWßƒ

GsXmcp taJebptSbpw ]ptcmKXnbpw hnImkhpw B cwKØp \S°p∂


Experimental V

ersion

]T\ßfptSbpw KthjWßfptSbpw êambn´mWv kw`hn°p∂Xv.

kwtbmPnXhnZym`ymk taJebnepw khntijhnZym`ymk taJebnepw

[mcmfw KthjWßfpw ]T\ßfpw \S∂psIm≠ncn°p∂p.

1.4.1 A¥mcmjv{SXew

temIcmPyßsf√mw Xs∂ khntij hnZym`ymksØ {][m\taJebmbn

I≠psIm≠v \nch[n KthjWßƒ \SØn hcp∂p≠v.

k¿ΔIemimeIfn¬ khntij hnZym`ymkw {]tXyI hn`mKambn Db¿∂p

hcpIbpw AhnsS \nch[n ]T\ßfpw KthjWßfpw \SØpIbpw

sNøp∂p≠v. ChbpsS êßfpw Is≠ØepIfpw ip]m¿iIfpw Cu

taJebnse ]ptcmKXn°v hgnsXfn®n´ps≠∂v \n wibw ]dbmw.

_p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂h¿ kaqlØn¬

A\p`hn®psIm≠ncp∂ {]bmkßfpw th¿XncnhpIfpw AhcpsS

imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb {]tXyIXIfpw AhcpsS hnZym`ymkhpw,

sXmgn¬ km[yXIfpw ]p\c[nhmkhpw XpSßn F√m taJeIfnepw

KthjWßƒ \S°p∂p. \nch[n ]T\ßƒ Cu taJebn¬ Ct∏mgpw

\S∂p hcp∂p≠v.

"am\knIsshIeyw IpSpw_kwhn[m\Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\Øn¬

sNepØp∂ kzm[o\w,' (2006) F∂ hnjbØn¬ {]nt´mdnb

bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse kmaqly{]h¿Ø\ hIp∏nse ^m°¬ń Hm^v

lyqam\n‰oknse tKmhtImhm\ FΩ ]nepk \SØnb KthjWw

entºmthm {]hniybnse hm´¿_¿Kv Pn√bnse _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn

t\cnSp∂ AwKßfp≈ IpSpw_ßsf ]T\hnt[bam°n.

IpSpw_Ønep≈h¿°v am\knI sshIeyØn\p≈ ImcWßƒ,

NnIn’Iƒ, \nb{¥Wam¿Kßƒ F∂nhsb kw_‘n®v ka{Kamb [mcW

\¬tI≠Xns‚ {]m[m\yhpw sshIeyap≈htcmSv CSs]tS≠

coXnIsf°pdn®p≈ Aht_m[w hf¿tØ≠Xns‚ {]m[m\yhpw Cu ]T\w

hy‡am°p∂p≠v. CØcØnep≈h¿°v \¬tI≠ ip{iqjIfpw

]cnNcWhpw DƒsIm≈p∂ kwhn[m\ßƒ kmaqlyamb Np‰p]mSn¬

cq]s∏SptØ≠Xns‚ BhiyIXbpw CXv hy‡am°p∂p.

a\»mkv{X]chpw sshZyimkv{X]chpamb tkh\ßƒ, kmaqly

{]h¿ØIcpsS klmbw, NnIn’m]camb tkh\w F∂nh Cu

IpSpw_ßƒ°v D]tbmKn°m≥ k÷am°n \¬tI≠Xns‚ {]m[m\yhpw

Cu ]T\w apt∂m´phbv°p∂p.

Bkvt{Senb≥ Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿ FUypt°jW¬ dnk¿®v ,

"]T\sshIeyap≈ 4 apX¬ 6 hb p hsc {]mbap≈ IpńIfn¬

\SØnb \nco£Wêßsfbpw ê{]Zamb CSs]SepIsfbpw

A[ym]\ssienIsfbpw AhtemI\w \SØn'(2005) . Cu


Experimental V

ersion

]T\dnt∏m¿ń¬ {]t_m[\]camb hmb\coXnIfpw, kao]\ßfpsSbpw

X{¥ßfpsSbpw kwtbmP\hpw, A[ym]I˛hnZym¿Yn A\p]mXØns‚

{IaoIcWhpw A[ym]I˛hnZym¿Yn CSs]SepIfpw IpńIfnse

]T\sshIeyw ê{]Zambn Ipdbv°m≥ Ignbpsa∂v \n¿tZin°p∂p.

]T\sshIeyap≈ IpńIfpsS hmb\mtijnbpsS \nehmcw Db¿Øp∂Xn¬

tI{μoIcn® {]t_m[-\-]-c-amb hmb-\-co-Xn-Iƒ ̂ e{]ZamsW∂v ]T-\-ßƒ

sXfn-bn-°p-∂p.

anjnK tÃ‰v bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse Fanen kn _uIv,

"arZp_p≤nsshIeyap≈ sk°≠dn hnZym¿YnIfpsS ]mTy]≤XnbpsS

Ahÿm]T\w' (2004) \SØn. \ne\n¬°p∂ ]mTy]≤Xnbn¬ \nch[n

{]iv\ßfps≠∂pw arZpam\knIsshIeyap≈ sk°≠dn IpńIfpsS

]mTy]≤Xn Cu hn`mKØn\v apXn¿∂hcpsS temItØ°p {]thin°m≥

]cym]vXamb H∂√ F∂pw ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p. {]mtbmKnI

hn⁄m\Øn\pw {]mtbmKnI PohnXss\]pWnIƒ°pw {]mapJyw \¬Ip∂

]mTy]≤XnbpsS A\nhmcyXsb Cu ]T\w icnhbv°p∂p.

arZp_p≤nsshIeyap≈ IpńIƒ a‰p≈hcn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXcmsW¶nepw

B hyXykvXX AhcpsS \yq\Xbs√∂v ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p.

]T\coXnbnepw ]T\thKØnepw hyXykvXcmb Ch¿°v {]mtbmKnIXbn¬

Du∂nb ]mTy]≤Xn \S∏n¬ hcptØ≠Xns‚ BhiyIX imkv{Xobamb

A]{KY\ØneqsS apt∂m´phbv°pIbmWv FUypt°j≥ B‚ v s{Sbn\nwKv

C≥ sUhe]vsa‚¬ Unsk_nen‰okv 2004˛¬ {]kn≤oIcn® {]_‘w.

Atacn°≥ tP¿W¬ Hm^v {]nh‚ohv saUnkn≥ hmfyw 24 \º¿ 2

{]kn≤oIcn® "{]mKvssiihL´hnIk\ ]cn]mSnIƒ' (2004)IpńIfnse

_u≤nIhnImksØ XzcnXs∏SpØp∂Xn¬ \n¿WmbI]¶p

hln°p∂Xmbn Nq≠n°mWn°s∏Sp∂p. CXv ]T\k∂≤X h¿[n∏n-

°p∂p.

hmjnwKvS¨ Un.kn.bnse Hlntbm tÃ‰v Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v

FUyqt°j\nse Hmôkv Hm^v kvs]jy¬ FUyqt°j≥ B‚ v

dolm_nent‰‰ohv k¿hokkv, "sshIeyap≈ ]TnXm°fpw s]mXp-

hnZym`ymk ]mTy]≤Xnbpw' (2001) F∂ hnjbØn¬ \SØnb KthjWw

s]mXp]mTy]≤Xn ]camh[n {]tbmP\{]Zam°m≥ A[ym]I¿,

c£nXm°ƒ, _p≤namμyap≈ IpńIƒ F∂nh¿°mbn \n¿tZißƒ apt∂m v́

h®n -´p≠v. sshIeyap≈ IpńIƒ°v A\ptbmPyamb hn[w

\nbam\pkrXambnØs∂ ]mTy]≤Xn {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂Xn\p≈

k÷oIcWw Hcpt°≠Xns‚ BhiyIXbmWv Cu ]T\w apt∂m´p

hbv°p∂Xv.

bqtdm∏nse _mXv bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse hnZym`ymk hIp∏nse tUm.


Experimental V

ersion

Genbmkv AhvdmanUnkpw {_mw t\m¿hn®pw, "kwtbmPnX

hnZym`ymktØmSp≈ A[ym]IcpsS at\m`mhw' (2001) ]T\-

hnt[bam°pIbp≠mbn. kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymk \bw hnPbn°p∂Xnse

{][m\LSIw AXn¬ ]¶mfnIfmb A[ym]IcpsS at\m`mhhpambn hfsc

i‡ambn _‘s∏ńcn°p∂p F∂v Cu ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p.

A[ym]IcpsS at\m`mhsØ kzm[o\n°p∂ \nch[n LSIßsf

hniIe\w sNøp∂ ]T\Øn¬ XßfpsS ¢m v apdnIfn¬ Ccn°p∂

sshIeyap≈ IpńIfpsS {]IrXsØbpw AhcpsS sshIeyØns‚

Xo{hXsbbpw B{ibn®mWv A[ym]Is‚ at\m`mhw

cq]oIcn°s∏Sp∂sX∂pw Is≠Øp∂p≠v. a\pjy-hn`h]camb ]n¥pW

at\m`mh cq]oIcWsØ kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIamWv F∂v ]T\w kqNn-∏n-

°p-∂p.

"ê{]Zhpw ]cnh¿Ø\mflIhpamb ]mTy]≤Xn\n¿ΩnXnbn¬

ss\Pocnb≥ A[ym]IcpsSbpw c£nXm°fpsSbpw ]¶v' (2001)

F∂Xns\∏‰n Un∏m¿´psa‚ v Hm^v kvs]jy¬ FUyqt°j≥ B‚ v

Icn°pew ÃUokv (Hmt≠mhnse AsUsban tImtfPvHm^v

FUyqt°j\n¬) \SØnb ]T\Øn¬ ss\Pocnbbnse A[ym]IcpsS

KpWta∑bn¬ ImWp∂ IpdhpIƒ°p≈ ImcWßƒ, c£nXm°ƒ°v

IpńIfpsS hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ D≠mtI≠ {]Xn_≤X F∂nh

hniIe\w sNøpIbpw ]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcWØns‚ hnhn[ Xeßfn¬

A[ym]I¿°pw c£nXm°ƒ°pap≈ ]¶v hy‡am°pIbpw Ah

hnIkn∏n°m≥ Bhiyamb \n¿tZißƒ apt∂m´p hbv°pIbpw sNbvXp.

"FtXym]ybnse A[ym]IcpsS kwtbmPnXhnZym`ymk]≤XntbmSp≈

at\m`mhw' (2000) ]T\hnt[bam°p∂ dnt∏m¿ń¬ kwtbmPnX

hnZym`ymksØ kzm[o\n°pIbpw \nb{¥n°pIbpw sNøp∂ \nch[n

LSIßsf hniIe\w sNøp∂p≠v. A[ym]I¿°v kwtbmPnX

hnZym`ymkcoXntbmSv amXrIm]camb at\m`mhw hf¿∂p htc≠Xns‚

BhiyIX D∂bn°p∂p≠v. AtXmsSm∏w A\ptbmPyamb ]cnioe\-

Øns‚bpw A\pcq]oIcWw sNbvX ]mTy]≤XnbpsSbpw DØchmZnØ-

t_m[ap≈ A[ym]IcpsSbpw A\p_‘ ]T\klmbn-IfpsSbpw

{]m[m\yhpw Cu dnt∏m¿ń¬ hy‡am°p∂p≠v.

ss\Pocnbbnse \kdmhm tÃ‰v bqWnthgvkn‰nbnse ^m°ƒń Hm^v

FUyqt°j\nse ̂ phm≥Umbv, tIm¿Woenbkv F∂nh¿ \SØnb "s]mXp

¢m vapdnIfn¬ {]tXyI ]cnKW\ A¿ln°p∂ IpńIƒ t\cnSp∂

sh√phnfnIfpw apt∂m´p≈ {]bmWØn\mbp≈ kwhn[m\ßfpw' (2000)

F∂ KthjW {]_‘Øn¬ \nehnse ¢m vdqw kmlNcyßsf

hnebncpØpIbpw {]tXyI ]cnKW\ A¿ln°p∂h¿°mbp≈


Experimental V

ersion

k÷oIcWßƒ ]cntim[n°pIbpw Ah F{XI≠v Cu hn`mKØns‚

Bhiyßsf Dƒs°m≈p∂p F∂v ]Tn°pIbpw sNbvXp.

_lphnjbkºpjvShpw klh¿ØnXcoXnbpw ]men°p∂

{]h¿Ø\ßfpw t\csØbp≈ CSs]SepIfpw IqSpw_Øns‚ hn]peamb

]n¥pWbpw A[ym]I¿°p≈ {]tXyI ]cnioe\hpw icnbmb kmºØnI

klmbhpw \nc¥camb aqey\n¿Wbhpw _lpapJamb ]mTy]≤Xnbpw

D≠mbncnt°≠Xns‚ {]m[m\yw im{kvXobhpw hkvXp\njvThpamb

A]{KY\ØneqsS Cu ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p≠v.

bqWnthgvkn‰n Hm^v kuØv B{^n°bnse hnZym`ymk]T\ hn`mKw \S-

Ønb Kth-j-W-amWv "kuØv B{^n°bpsS kwtbmPnX

hnZym`ymkØnte°p≈ {]bmWw' (2000). Cu KthjWw kuØv

B{^n°bnse apgph≥ ]TnXm°ƒ°pw KpWta∑m hnZym`ymkw \¬In

kaql\n¿ΩnXn°pw kmaqlyt£aØnepw ]¶mfnØw \n¿hln°m≥

{]m]vXcm°p∂Xn\v e£yanSp∂p. CXns‚ `mKambn _p≤n]camb

sh√phnfnIƒ Dƒs∏sSbp≈ sshIeyßƒ t\cnSp∂hcpsS P∑\mbp≈

]cnanXnIsfbpw hnZym`ymk {]iv\ßsfbpw ]mcnÿnXnI {]iv\ßsfbpw

A]{KYn®v Ch ]cnlcn°p∂Xn¬ k¿°mcn\pw c£nXm°ƒ°pw,

kaqlØn\pw kwbp‡ambn \n¿hln°m\p≈ NpaXeIƒ \n¿Wbn®p.

A[ym]Isc {]tXyI ]cnioe\w \¬In k÷cm°n Cu hn`mKsØ

hnIk\Øntes°Øn°m\p≈ X{¥ßƒ {]mh¿ØnIam°p∂Xn\pw Cu

]T-\-Øn-eqsS km[n-®p.

anbman k¿ΔIemimebnse Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Hm^v FUyqt°jW¬ B‚ v

sskt°mfPn°¬ ÃUoknse, kvIqƒ Hm^v FUyqt°j≥ \SØnb,

"khntij hnZym`ymkØns‚ ̂ e{]m]vXnbn¬ \nba\coXnIƒ°p≈

\n¿WmbI ]¶v' (2000) F∂ ]T\Øn¬ hnhn[ ]T\amXrIIƒ khntij

hnZym`ymkØnepw s]mXp hnZym`ymkØnepw sNepØp∂ kzm[o\w

A]{KYn°pIbp≠mbn. ]q¿Wambpw kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymk k{ºZmbsØ

A\pIqen°msX khntijhnZym`ymkØn\p {]mapJyw \¬Ip∂Xns\

t{]m’mln∏n°p∂ Cu ]T\w Bhiyamb ]n¥pWm

kwhn[m\ßfpsSbpw {]h¿Ø\ ]mt°PpIfpsSbpw klmbtØmsS

s]mXphnZym`ymkcwKsØ kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymksØ ̂ e{]Zam°m\p≈

\n¿tZißfpw apt∂m´p hbv°p∂p.

khntijhnZym`ymkØns‚ kakvX taJebnepw sshIeyap≈hcpsS

hnhn[ {]iv\ßsf°pdn®v temIsØºmSpw \nch[n ]T\ßƒ Ct∏mgpw

\S°p∂p≠v. Chsbms°bpw Cu taJebnse {]iv\]cnlmcØn\pw

IqSpX¬ sa®s∏SpØp∂Xn\p≈ imkv{Xobamb ASnØdbp≠m°p-

∂Xn\pw kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS ^e{]Zamb D]tbmKØn\psa√mw


Experimental V

ersion

klmbIamIpsa∂ ImcyØn¬ kwiban√. temIcmPyßfn¬

sshIeyap≈hcpsS t£aØn\mbn \ne\n¬°p∂ \nbaßfpw

ÿm]\ßfpw kwhn[m\ßfpw hIp∏pIfpsa√mw Cu taJebnse

KthjWßƒ°v Bhiyamb t{]m’ml\hpw ]n¥pWbpw \¬Inhcp∂p.

1.4.2. tZio-b-Xew

C¥ybn¬ sshIeyap≈hcpsS hnZym`ymkw, ]p\c[nhmkw, sXmgn¬,

NnIn’, PohnXw F∂p th≠ F√m taJeIfpambn _‘s∏´v \nch[n

KthjWßfpw ]T\ßfpw \S°p∂p≠v. F¶nepw Ahbn¬ ]eXns‚bpw

êßƒ shfn®w ImWp∂n√. Cu ]T\êßsfbpw \n¿tZißsfbpw

k¿°mtcm a‰p `cWkwhn[m\ßtfm {]tbmP\∏SpØp∂pan√. Ch

tcJIfn¬ am{Xw HXpßnt∏mIp∂ AhÿbmWv I≠phcp∂Xv.

"A[ym]IhnZym`ymkØn¬ kwtbmPnXhnZym`ymkw ]cnt]mjn∏n°¬

˛ C¥y≥ ]›mØeØn¬ kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw \S∏nem°ptºmƒ

A`napJoIcn°p∂ {]iv\ßfpw Hcpt°≠ hn -̀h-ßfpw' (C¥y≥ kv{Sowkv

dnk¿®v P¿W¬ 2012 Unkw_¿ hmfyw 2 ]Xn∏v˛11) F∂ hnjbØn¬

\SØnb ]T\Øn¬ kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymk ]≤XnbpsS hnPbØn\v

A[ym]I hnZym¿YnIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw kp{][m\amb ]¶ps≠∂pw

{]o˛k¿hok,v C≥˛k¿hokv ]cnioe\w sa®s∏SpØn Bhiyamb

kmºØnI klmbßfpw t_m[hXvIcWhpw ]n¥pWmkwhn[m\ßfpw

kmaply]¶mfnØhpw kwtbmPn∏n®v sa®s∏SpØWsa∂pw \n¿tZin°p∂p.

HdnK bqWnthgvkn‰nbn¬ A¥mcm{„]T\ hIp∏n¬ ka¿∏n® ( G©e

sImla,) "C¥ybnse kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw : Hcp cmPyØns‚ k©mc

\mƒhgnIƒ', (2012) F∂ KthjW {]_‘Øn¬ C¥ym Kh¨sa‚ v

hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ ]cnjvImcw hcpØnbXv kwtbmPnX

hnZym`ymkØns‚ hgnbnemsW∂p ]dbp∂p. kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw

km¿h{XnIam°m\p≈ cmPyØns‚ b⁄sØ°pdn®v ]T\Øn¬

hnhcn°p∂p≠v. F¶nepw P\kwJybn¬ temIØv c≠mw ÿm\Øp

\n¬°p∂ cmPyw CXp t\SnsbSp°m≥ FSp°p∂ Imebfhns\°pdn®v

bYm¿Yyt_m[tØmsS Nn¥n°Wsa∂pw ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p≠v.

Kh¨sa‚ v A\ptbmPyamb \nbaßfpw \bßfpw cq]oIcn®v Cu

e£yØnte°p≈ KXnthKw Iqt´≠Xns‚ BhiyIX ]T\w apt∂m´p

hbv°p∂p.

AlΩZm_mZnse {]hc C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v saUn°¬ kb≥kns‚

saUn°¬ dnhyqhn¬ "am\knI sshIeyap≈ IpńIƒ°mbp≈

hnZymebßfnse _p≤nsshIeyap≈ IpńIfpsS BtcmKyÿnXnbpw

tcmKImcIamb LSIßfqw' (2009) ]T\hnt[bam°p∂ KthjW

{]_‘Øn¬ _p≤namμyØn\p≈ {][m\ ImcWambn ImWp∂Xv


Experimental V

ersion

c‡_‘ap≈h¿°nSbnep≈ hnhml_‘amsW∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

P\nXI ImcWßtfmsSm∏w A⁄mXamb ImcWßfpw am\knI

sshIeyØn\p \nZm\amIp∂ps≠∂pw dnhyq hy‡am°p∂p.

"C¥ybnse sshIeyap≈ IpńIfpsS AhImiXpeyXbpsSbpw

{]m]yXbpsSbpw ]cnt{]£yØn¬ U¬lnbnse {]mYanI

hnZymebßsf tI{μo-Icn®v Hcp ]T\w' (2007) \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. (tcWp

knwKv Un∏m¿´psa‚ v Hm^v FUypt°jW¬ ÃUokv, Pmanb an√nb

\yqU¬ln) U¬lnbn¬ k¿°m¿, kzImcy hnZymebßƒ°v sshIeyap≈

IpńIfpsS A°mZanIhpw kmaqlyhpamb Bhiyßƒ \nd-th-‰m≥ C\nbpw

Ign™nń√ F∂v Cu ]T\w hy‡am°p∂p. Kh¨sa‚ns‚ sF. C. Un.

kn. ]≤Xn t]mepw U¬lnbnse k¿°m¿ hnZymebßfnse 3.2%

IpńIƒ°p am{XamWv {]tbmPs∏Sp∂sX∂pw ]T\w Is≠Øp∂p≠v.

"kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw \S∏nem°p∂Xn¬ C¥y t\cnSp∂

sh√phnfnIsf°pdn®v' (2004) \SØnb ]T\Øn¬ `qcn]£w

hnZymebßfnsebpw (k¿°m¿, kzImcy) {][m\m[ym]I¿°v kwtbmPnX

hnZym`ymksØ°pdn®v icnbmb [mcWbns√∂pw Cu ]≤Xn XßfpsS

hnZymebßfn¬ \S∏m°p∂Xn¬ {]Xnk‘nIƒ t\cnSp∂ps≠∂pw

hy‡am°p∂p. Ah¿ {]tXyI ]cnKW\ A¿ln°p∂ IpńIƒ

s]mXphnZymebßfn¬ ]T\w \SØp∂Xnt\mS v hntbmPn∏v

{]ISn∏n°p∂Xmbn ]T\dnt∏m¿´v ]dbp∂p. CØcw IpńIƒ°v

s]mXphnZymebßfn¬ hnZym`ymkw t\Sp∂Xn\v \¬tI≠

]n¥pWIsf°pdn®pw Ah¿°p th≠ ]T\klmbnIsf°pdn®pw

kwhn[m\ßsf°pdn®pw A⁄cmsW∂pw Ah XßfpsS hnZymebØn¬

k÷oIcn°m≥ Ign™nńs√∂pw ]T\tcJ hy‡am°p∂p. Cu taJebn¬

hnIk\Øn\p c£nXm°fpsSbpw kaqlØns‚bpw ]¶mfnØw IqSn

Dd∏mt°≠XmsW∂pw ]T\Øn¬ ]dbp∂p.

e≠≥ kvIqƒ Hm v̂ C°tWmanIvkv GjymKthjW tI{μØns‚ h¿°nwKv

t]∏¿ 34˛¬ "apws_bnse kzImcykwtbmPnX hnZymebßfnse

IpńIfpsS A\p`hßfpw sh√phnfnIfpw' (2000) F∂ KthjW

{]_‘Øn¬ kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymkw C¥ybn¬ C∂pw

ssiihZibnemsW∂v shfns∏SpØp∂p. apwss_bnse kzImcy

kwtbmPnX hnZymebßfnse sshIeyap≈ IpńIƒ km[mcW

IpńIsft∏mse Xs∂ B{Klßfpw A`nemjßfpw e£yßfpw

D≈hcmsW∂pw ]T\w ]dbp∂p. AhcpsS Ignhns‚ ]camh[n

{]tbmP\s∏SpØm≥ Ahkcßƒ Cu hnZymebßfn¬ \¬tI≠Xns‚

BhiyIX KthjWw apt∂m´p hbv°p∂p. Cu hnZymebßfn¬ dntkmgvkv

A[ym]Isc \nban°¬, Cu IpńIƒ°v ]n¥pW \¬Im≥ km[mcW

A[ym]I¿°v Bhiyamb ]cnioe\w \¬I¬, sshIeyap≈


Experimental V

ersion

IpńIƒ°pw A[ym]I¿°pw kwtbmPnXambn ]cn-io-e-\°f-cn-Iƒ kwL-

Sn-∏n-°¬, hy-‡-amb Bkq-{X-W-tØm-sS-bp-≈ {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-io-e\ skj-

\p-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬, A[-ym-]I hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ]cn-jvI-

cWw F∂n-ßs\ \nc-h[n \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ ]T\w apt∂m´p hbv°p-∂p.

C¥ybn¬ khntijhnZym`ymkw AXns‚ hnIk\hgnIfnemWv.

A\ptbmPyamb ]cnjvIcWhpw imkv{Xobamb ]T\ßfpw AhbpsS

êßfpw DcpØncnbp∂ \n¿tZißfpw Cu cwKØv C\nbpw am‰ßƒ°p

hgnsbmcp°psa∂v Icp-Xmw.

1.4.3 kwÿm\ Xew

am\knI sshIeyap≈hcpsS hnZym`ymkØn\pth≠n \bcq]oIcWw

\SØphm≥ Hcpßp∂ tIcfØnepw Cu taJebn¬ ]T\ßƒ \S-∂n´p≠v.

"tUm.Fw. sI. PbcmPv IΩoj≥' dnt∏m¿ń¬ (2013) kwtbmPnX hnZym`ymk

taJebnepw khntij hnZymebßfnepw hfsc Ipd®p am{Xw

Ahkcßfpw B\pIqeyßfpw Inńbn´p≈ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn

t\cnSp∂hsc kw_‘n® tIcfØns‚ {]iv\ßƒ ka{Kambn

]T\hnt[bam°p∂p≠v. Imk¿tKmUv apX¬ Xncph\¥]pcw hscbp≈

{]tZißfn¬ h®v \SØnb XnI®pw P\Iobamb hnhctiJcW

{]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS t_m[ys∏´ bmYm¿YyßfmWv Cu dnt∏m¿ń\v

ASnØdbmbn \n¬°p∂Xv. Cu dnt∏m¿ń¬ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ

F∂ Ahÿ kw_‘n® ASnÿm\hnhcßƒ, sshIeyw t\csØ Xs∂

Is≠Ø¬, {]iv\ßfn¬ CSs]S¬, AhcpsS hnZym`ymkw, sXmgn¬, Cu

hn`mKØn\mbn kwÿm\ XeØn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂ D∂XtI{μw,

kmaqlykpc£, ]p\c[nhmk{Kmaw, \mjW¬ C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v

Fwtπmbvsa‚ v B‚ v s{Sbn\nwKv, F≥tUmkƒ^m≥ _m[nX taJebpw

sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂hcpw, Cu hn`mKØns‚ ]p\c[nhmkw kw_‘n®

temIm\p`hßfpw C¥y≥ Ahÿbpw, IΩnj≥ ip]m¿iIƒ F∂nßs\

]Xn\mev A[ymbßfnembn Cu taJebnep≈hcpsS {]iv\ßfpw

Ahbv°p≈ {]mtbmKnI ]cnlmc\n¿tZißfpw ka{Kambn

{]Xn]mZn°p∂p.

dnt∏m¿ń¬ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂hcpsS hnZym`ymkw F∂

A[ymbØn¬, Cu hn`mKØn¬s∏´hcpsS hnZym`ymksØ kw_‘n®

ka{Khpw kq£vahpamb Imgv®∏mSpIfpw \n¿tZißfpw IΩnj≥

apt∂m´phbv°p∂p≠v. \nehn¬ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ

t\cnSp∂h¿°p≈ hnZymebßƒ F√mw Xs∂ \SØp∂Xv kzImcy

k∂≤kwLS\IfmWv. hnZym`ymk e£ytØmsS Cu taJebn¬

k¿°m¿ \SØp∂ GI ÿm]\w Xncph\¥]pcØv ]mß∏mdbn¬

ÿnXnsNøp∂ tÃ‰v C≥Ãn‰yq´"v t^m¿ Zn sa‚en Ne©vUv (SIMC) BWv.


Experimental V

ersion

kwÿm\ØmsI°qSn _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂h¿°mbn

Kh¨sa‚ v AwKoImcap≈ 275 hnZymebßfn¬ Ccp]Xn\mbnctØmfw

Ip´nIƒ ]Tn°p∂p≠v. \nehn¬ Cu hn`mKØn¬ hnhn[ {]mbØnep≈h¿

GXm≠v \mepe£tØmfw hcpw. Chcn¬ hfsc sNdnb iXam\w am{XamWv

s]mXphnZymebßfnepw kvs]jy¬ kvIqfnepambn ]Tn°p∂Xv F∂XmWv

bmYm¿Yyw. IΩoj≥ kwÿm\ØpS\ofw \SØnb IqSn°mgv®Ifn¬

e`yamb ]cmXnIfn¬ \nehn¬ Ch¿°mbp≈ hnZym`ymk kmlNcyßfn¬

Xr]vXnIca√mØ \nch[n Imcyßfps≠∂mWv Is≠ØnbXv. Cu

thZnIfnse√mw Xs∂ Db¿∂p h∂ BsI {]iv\ßfn¬ GXm≠v

]IpXntbmfw hnZym`ymktaJebn¬ Du∂nbp≈Xmbncp∂p. _p≤n]camb

sshIeyap≈hcn¬s∏´ hnhn[ hn`mKßfn¬ D≈h¿°p IqSn

{]tbmP\s∏Spw hn[w \nehn¬ Ch¿°mbp≈ hnZym`ymk kuIcyßƒ

Dbcp∂ns√∂pw IΩnj≥ Is≠ØpIbp≠mbn. Ch¿°mbn

A\phZn°s∏´ hnZym`ymk taJebnse kuP\yßtfm ]cnc£Itfm

H∂pw Xs∂ BXy¥nIambn Ch¿°p {]tbmP\s∏Sp∂n√ F∂XmWv

IΩojs‚ Is≠Ø¬. Ah¿°p≈ ]≤XnIƒ {]tbmP\{]ZamIWsa¶n¬

Cu hn`mKsØ khntijambn kzm[o\n°p∂ LSIßƒ Xo¿®bmbpw

]cnKWn°Ww. Aßs\ t\m°ptºmƒ ChcpsS c£nXm°ƒ ASßp∂

IpSpw_Øn\p≈ ]cnKW\bpw ]cnc£bpw BWv {]Yaÿm\Øp

\n¬°p∂ LSIw F∂p IΩoj≥ A`n{]mbs∏Sp∂p.

akvXnjvIØns‚ {]h¿Ø\Øn\v t\cn´ sshIeyßƒ BWv ChcpsS

{]iv\ßƒ°p≈ ASnÿm\ ImcWw F∂p≈XpsIm≠v Cu hn`mKØns‚

D∂a\Øn\mbn BhnjvIcn®p \S∏nem°p∂ t£a]≤XnIƒ Ch¿°p

{]tbmP\s∏Smdn√. Bkq{XnXambn, kq£vaXtbmsS, B¿PhtØmsS

Kh¨sa‚pw, GP≥knIfpw s]mXpkaqlhpw Cu kmaqly_m[yX

Gs‰Sp°pIbpw km£mXvIcn°pIbpw thWw. {]mtbmKnI hnZym`ymkhpw

(Functional Education) hy‡y[njvTnX hnZym`ymk ]≤Xnbpw (IndividualisedEducation Plan) Hcpan®p tN¿Øv, kaqlØns‚ apJy[mcbn¬ a‰mscbpw

t]mse Bflm`nam\tØmsS, kwXr]vXntbmsS Pohn°m≥ Ignbp∂hcmbn

Chsc Hcp°nsbSpt°≠Xv kaqlØns‚ NpaXebmWv.

2005 apX¬°v, _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂hcpsS hnZym`ymkw

kwÿm\Øv s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏ns‚ Iogn-em-Wv. ChcpsS

hnZym`ymkØn¬ CXc kwÿm\ßsf At]£n®v IqSpX¬ {]m[m\yhpw

]cnKW\bpw \¬Ip∂XpsIm≠mWv kmaqlyt£ahIp∏n¬ \n∂v Cu

NpaXe s]mXphnZym`ymk hIp∏nte°v am‰nbXv. F∂m¬ Cu \S]Sn°v

Hcp XpS¿®bps≠¶n¬ am{Xta Cu am‰w sIm≠p≈ {]tbmP\w

hnZym`ymkImcyØn¬ IqSpX¬ ^e{]ZamIq. CXn\v as‰√m

LSIßfnepsa∂t]mse ]mTy]≤Xn cq]hXvIcWØn\pw {]tXyI


Experimental V

ersion

{]m[m\yw \¬tI≠nbncn°p∂p.

"tIcfØnse _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂h¿°p≈

khntijhnZym`ymk ]≤XnbpsS Ct∏mgsØ Ahÿ'Fs¥∂p

Is≠Øm\p≈ Hcp ]T\w Fkv.kn. C. B¿. Sn, tIcf 2013 ¬ \SØn

dnt∏m¿ v́ ka¿∏n®ncp∂p. Fk.v kn. C. B¿. Sn˛bnse tUm. ao\ F v̨ s‚

t\XrXzØn¬ \SØnb Ahÿm]T\w Cu taJe i‡ns∏SpØp∂Xn\p

e£yw h®mbncp∂p apt∂dnbXv. Cu Ahÿm]T\w _p≤n]camb

sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂h¿°mbn Hcp ]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcn°p∂Xp e£yw

h®psIm≠p \S∂ C¥ybnse Xs∂ {]Ya kwcwàmWv. _p≤n]camb

sshIeyw t\cnSp∂hcpsS hnZym`ymk]≤XnbpsS Ahÿm]T\Øn¬ Cu

hn`mKw kvs]jy¬ kvIqfpIƒ t\cnSp∂ {]iv\ßƒ IqSn ka{Kambn

A]{KYn°m≥ {ian®ncp∂p. Cu hnZymebßfnse ̀ uXnIkmlNcyßƒ,

]Tt\m]IcWßƒ, ]mTy]≤Xn, hn\nabcoXnIƒ, ]T\{]{Inb,

aqey\n¿WbcoXn, a\pjyhn`htijnbpsS e`yX, sXmgn¬hnZym`ymkw,

e`yamb hmb\kma{KnIƒ, kuIcyßƒ, ]cnlmct_m[\ km[yXIƒ,

hnt\mZkwhn[m\ßƒ F∂o LSIßfn¬ \nehnep≈ kuIcyßfpw

]cnanXnIfpw ]T\hnt[bam°nbncp∂p. kvs]jy¬ kvIqfpIfnse

{][m\m[ym]I¿, A[ym]I¿, c£nXm°ƒ, A\[ym]I¿,

]q¿hhnZym¿YnIƒ, XpS-ßnb hn`mKßfn¬ \n∂v tNmZymhenIfneqsSbpw

A`napJßfneqsSbpw tiJcn® hnhcßƒ ka{Kambn

hniIe\hnt[bam°nbXns‚ ̂ eambn cq]s∏´ Is≠ØepIsf C{]Imcw

kw{Kln°mw.

$ \nehnep≈ ]mTy]≤Xn _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ IpńIƒ

kzbw ]cym]vXcmbn Pohn°m\p≈ ss\]pWn hf¿Øm≥

]q¿Wambpw klmbIa√.

$ s]mXp]mTy]≤Xnbpw {]mtbmKnI hnZym`ymkhpw Dƒs∏Sp∂ Hcp

kwtbmPnX ]mTy]≤Xn _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ IpńIƒ°v

D≠mIWw.

$ hy‡ambpw ka{Kambpw kq£vaambpw \n¿hNn°s∏´

Dt±iym[njvTnX]mTy]≤Xn Bbncn°Ww AXv.

$ ]pXnb ]mTy]≤Xn{]Imcw {]tXyIambn cq]I¬∏\ sNbvX

]mT]pkvXIßƒ D≠mIWw.

$ Imem\pkrXambn \S∏m°m≥ Ignbp∂ A\ptbmPyamb \nc¥c

aqey\n¿Wb k{ºZmbhpw hm¿jnI aqey\n¿Wb coXnbpw D≠mIWw.

$ CXc taJeIƒ°p sImSp°p∂ AtX {][m\yw A°mZanI


Experimental V

ersion

hnjbßƒ°pw e`n°Ww.

$ A[ym]I¿°v efnXhpw hy‡hpamb ]mTmkq{XWw Xbmdm°n

]mTy]≤Xn hn\nabw km[yam°m≥ IgnbWw.

$ aqey\n¿WbcoXnIƒ IqSpX¬ Imcy£ahpw \S∏m°m≥

Ignbp∂Xpambncn°Ww.

_p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂hcpsS {]iv\ßsf°pdn®v ka{Kambn

]Tn® c≠p dnt∏m¿´pIfpw apt∂m´p hbv°p∂ s]mXp \n¿tZißƒ Xmsg

]dbp∂hbmWv.

˛ _p≤n]camb sshIeyap≈ IpńIƒ°mbn Hcp s]mXp ]mTy]≤Xn

D≠mIWw.

˛ ]mTy]≤XnbpsS hn\nabØn\v A\ptbmPyamb ]mT]pkvXIßƒ

Xbmdm°Ww.

˛ A[ym]I¿°mbn ]mTmkq{XW amXrIIƒ Xbmdm°Ww.

˛ A[ym]I¿°pw A\[ym]I¿°pw Bhiyamb {]mtbmKnI

]cnioe\ßƒ \¬IWw. AXXp Imeßfn¬ XpS¿]cnioe\ßfpw

\¬IWw.

˛ Cu taJebnse hnhn[ hn`mKßfn¬s∏´ IpńIƒ°v A\ptbmPyamb

]Tt\m]IcWßƒ \¬IWw.

˛ ka{Khpw hg°hpap≈ ]mTy]≤XnbmIWw Cu `n∂tijn

hn`mKØn\p≠mtI≠Xv.

GIoIrXamb, Bhiym[njvTnXamb s]mXp]mTy]≤XnbpsS

BhiyIXbnte°mWv Cu c≠p ]T\dnt∏m¿´pIfpw hnc¬ Nq≠p∂Xv.

_p≤nsshIeyw t\cnSp∂ IpńIƒ°mbn GIoIrXamb ]mTy]≤Xn

cq]s∏SpØp∂Xn\v kzoIcn°mhp∂ A\ptbmPyamb \nch[n

kao]\ßsf°pdn®v Dƒ°mgv®bp≠m°p∂Xn\pw Cu ]T-\-ßƒ

klmbIambn.


Experimental V

ersion

1.5 \nehnep≈ Ahÿ

1.5.1 A¥¿tZiobXew

_p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂hcpsS {]iv\ßƒ, hnZym`ymkw,

sXmgn¬, ]p\c[nhmkw XpSßnb taJeIfn¬ temIcmPyßfnse√mw

Xs∂ \nch[n ]T\ßfpw ]≤XnIfpw {]h¿Ø\ßfpw \S∂phcp∂p≠v.

ChcpsS ]cnc£ temIw ]ca{][m\ambn ImWp∂p, ]cnKWn°p∂p.

sFIycm{„k`bpsS bpssW‰Uv t\j≥kv I¨sh≥j≥ Hm¨ Zn ssd‰vkv

Hm^v t]gvk¨kv hnØv Unsk_nen‰n (UNCRPD -2006) DSºSn

\n¿tZißfmWv F√m cmPyßfpw ]n¥pScp∂Xv. Atacn°≥

sFIy\mSpIfn¬ _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ t\cnSp∂hcpsS hnZym`ymk

˛ ]p\c[nhmk {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ A\pIcWobhpw ]ptcmKa\]chpamb

\nch[n amXrIIƒ ImWmw. AhnsS _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ

t\cnSp∂h¿°p≈ F√m tkh\ßfpw kuP\yamWv. Cu tkh\ßfnepw

]≤XnIfnepw CØcw IpńIfpsS c£nXm°fpsS ]q¿W]¶mfnØw Ah¿

Dd∏phcpØp∂p. Hmtcm ]≤Xn°pw ]cn]mSn°pw ka{Khpw kºq¿Whpamb

tcJIƒ Xbmdm°n kq£n°p∂Xnepw Ah¿ \njv°¿j ]pe¿Øp∂p.

arZp˛ anX sshIeyßƒ D≈h¿°v tPmen e`yam°p∂Xnepw ap≥KW\

\¬Ip∂Xn\pw B cmPysØ ]ªnIv tem BŒv A\pimkn°p∂p.

atejybnepw Z£nWsImdnbbnepw P∏m\nepw _p≤n]camb sshIeyw

D≈h¿°v \¬Ip∂ tkh\ßfpw anI®h Xs∂bmWv. IpńIfnep≈

sshIeyßƒ sNdp∏Ønte Xs∂ Is≠Øn hnZKv[cpsS tkh\ßƒ Dd∏p

hcpØp∂Xn\v Cu cmPyßƒ khntijamb {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p. Cu

cmPyßfn¬ BtcmKy hIp∏v _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ D≈hcpsS

taJebn¬ sNøp∂ tkh\w Akm[mcWw Xs∂bmWv. _p≤n]camb

sshIeyw _m[n® IpńIfpsS amXm]nXm°ƒ°,v XßfpsS a°ƒ Hcp

_m[yXbmbn A\p`h∏SmXncn°m\p≈ {i≤bpw kq£vaXbpw Cu

cmPyßƒ {][m\ DØchmZnXzambn ImWp∂p. Cu taJebn¬

{]h¿Øn°p∂ ]cnioeI¿°pw A[ym]I¿°pw hfsc \√ \nebnep≈

kmaqlnI ]cnKW\bpw Cu cmPyßƒ Dd∏phcpØp∂p.

Cw•≠n¬, _p≤n]camb sshIeyw t\cnSp∂h¿°pw AhcpsS

IpSpw_Øn\pw F√mhn[ kpc£nXXzhpw \¬Ip∂Xn¬ B cmPyw AXoh

Pm{KX ]pe¿Øp∂p. _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂ Hcp IpńbpsS

c£nXmhn\v kmaqlytam kmºØnItam Bb bmsXmcphn[

kΩ¿Zßƒ°pw CS\¬Ip∂n√ F∂p am{Xa√, kmaqlyambn

A[nI]cnKW\bpw _lpaXnbpw \¬In Db¿ØpIbpw sNøp∂p.

_p≤n]cambn sshIeyap≈ IpńIƒ P\n°p∂ IpSpw_ßƒ t\cnSp∂


Experimental V

ersion

am\knI kwL¿jßƒ C√mXm°p∂Xn\v Ah¿°v kmaqlykpc£nXXzw

Dd∏phcpØn kwXr]vXamb PohnXØnte°v Db¿ØpIbmWv Cu

cmPyßsf√mw sNøp∂Xv F∂p hy‡amWv.

1.5.2 tZio-b-Xew

C¥-y-bn¬ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂hcpsS cwKsØ {]h¿Ø-\-

ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ {][m\ ÿm]\w dnlm-

_n-en-t‰-j≥ Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v C¥-y-bm-Wv (Rehabilitation Council of India-RCI). CXv tI{μ-km-aq-l-y-\oXn a{¥me-b-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp

Ãm‰-yq-́ dn t_mUn-bm-Wv. A[-ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ tI{μ-ß-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw \nb-{¥n-°p-Ibpw Kth-j-W-ßƒ t{]m¬km-ln-

∏n-°p-Ibpw dnlm-_n-en-t‰-j≥ Iu¨kn¬ Hm^v C¥-y-bpsS {][m-\-s∏´

e£y-ß-fm-Wv. A[ym-]-I-cpsS Adn-hp-Iƒ h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Imtem-Nn-X-

amb Adn-hp-Iƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw klm-bn-°p∂ ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ hnhn[

GP≥kn-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS dnlm-_n-en-t‰-j≥ Iu¨kn¬ Hm v̂ C¥y

\S-Øn-h-cp-∂p.

a‰p hnI-emwK hn`m-K-ßƒ°p-≈-Xp-t]mse Cu hn`m-K-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈

ÿm]-\-amWv \mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-‰-yq v́ t^m¿ Zn sa‚en lm‚o-Iym]vUv, sk°-

¥-cm-_m-Zv (F≥.-sF.-Fw.-F-®v.). Cu cwKsØ ]T\ Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-

ƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw \qX-\-amb Adn-hp-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h-cn-te°v FØn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂ tPmen-bmWv Cu ÿm]-\-Øn-\p-≈Xv. tI{μ kmaq-ly

\oXn a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ Iogn-emWv Cu ÿm]\w {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v {][m-\-ambpw aq∂p sN°penÃp-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂-Xv.

1 a{Zmkv sUhe∏v-sa‚¬ t{]m{Km-anwKv knÃw (MDPS). CXv C¥-y-bnse

Xs∂ BZ-ysØ sN°venÃv BWv.

2 _ntl-hn-b-d¬ Ak-kvsa‚ v kvsIbn¬ t^m¿ C¥-y≥ Nn¬{U¨ hnØv

sa‚¬ dn´m¿tUj≥ (BASIC MR).

3. ^Mvj-W¬ Ak-kvsa‚ v sN°venÃv t^m¿ t{]m{Km-anwKv (FACP) F∂n-

h-bmWv B sN°venÃp-Iƒ.

C¥y-bn¬ hnhn[ sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-hpambn _‘-s∏-

SpØn \nc-h[n ÿm]-\-ßƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ NneXv NphsS

tN¿°p-∂p.

\mj-W¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq-́ p-Iƒ

1. National Institute for the Visually Handicapped, Uttaranchal

2. Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped,Mumbai


Experimental V

ersion

3. National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped, Kolkata

4. National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secundarabad, A.P

5. Swami Vivekananda National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research,Orissa.

6. The Institute for the Physically Handicapped, New Delhi.

7. National Institute for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities,Tamil Nadu.

Ch Hmtcm-∂ns\ kw_-‘n®pw Nne hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

1. National Institute for the Visually Handicapped, Uttaranchal

1979˛¬ Udm-Uq-Wn¬ Bcw-̀ n® Cu ÿm]\w ImgvNbn¬ sh√p-hnfn t\cn-

Sp-∂-h-cpsS tZiob tI{μ-amW.v CsXmcp kzbw`cW ÿm]-\-am-bmWv

{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.

NIVH s‚ {][m\ e£y-ßƒ

$ ImgvN-sh-√p-hn-fn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ t{]m’m-

ln-∏n°pI.

$ Cu cwK-Øp-≈-h¿°v Bh-iy-amb ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v t\XrXzw

\¬Ip-I.

$ ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn-t\m, hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-t\m, sXdm-∏nt°m Bh-iy-amb

klmb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ cq]-I-¬∏\ sNøp-∂Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.

2. Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped, MumbaitI{μ-K-h-¨sa‚ns‚ {]tXyI Xmev]-cy-Øn¬ 1983˛¬ apws_-bn¬ Cu

ÿm]\w \ne-hn¬ h∂p. Cu ÿm]\w ap≥ Kh¿Wdpw a\p-jy-kvt\-

lnbpw hnZym-̀ ymk {]h¿Ø-I-\p-amb Aen-bm-h¿ Pßns‚ t]cn-emWv Adn-

bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu cwKsØ Hcp D∂-X-Xe tI{μ-am-bmWv Cu ÿm]\w Adn-

b-s∏Sp∂Xv.

Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ {][m-\-e-£y-ßƒ

$ hnhn[ tImgvkpI-fn-eqsS am\-h-hn--̀ h-tijn hnI-k-\-Øn\v {]m[m\yw

\¬Ip-I. AXn-eqsS F√m-h¿°pw tkh\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-kcw

Hcp-°p-I.

$ kaq-l-Øns‚ ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS Kth-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øp-I.

$ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn\pw hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\pw clinical Bb Bh-iy-ßƒ°p-ap≈

D]-I-c-W-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.


Experimental V

ersion

3. National Institute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped, KolkataNe-\-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn aqew Ne-\-Øn-\pw, t]in-I-fpsS GtIm-]\Øn\pw

{]bmkw A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ip´n-Ifpw apXn¿∂-h-cp-amb hf-sc-b-[nIw t]cp-

≠v. CØcw _p≤n-ap-́ p-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn 1982˛¬

sIm¬°-Ø-bn¬ ÿm]n-X-amb Hcp kzbw-̀ c-W-ÿm-]-\-amWv National Insti-tute for the Orthopaedically Handicapped.


$ Ne-\-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v th≠n {]tXy-I-amb klm-b-

ßƒ \¬IpI.

$ Ne-\-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v klmbw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v

th≠ am\-h-hn-̀ h-tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI.

$ F√m-Ø-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ Kth-jW {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI

$ k¿°m-cn\pw k¿°m-cn-Xc ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-sØ-kw-

_-‘n®v consultancy Bbn {]h¿Øn-°p-I.

4. National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped, Secundrabad, A.P.tI{μ-km-aq-ly-\oXn a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kzbw-̀ -

cW ÿm]-\-amWv CXv. 1984˛¬ BWv CXv ÿm]n-®-Xv.

NIMH˛s‚ {][m\ e£y-ßƒ

$ C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-kw-c-£W

amXr-I-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-I.

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ F√m-h¿°pw tkh\w e`n-°p-

∂-Xn-\m-h-iyamb am\-h-hn-̀ -h-tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI

$ Cu taJ-e-bnse ]pXnb AdnhpIƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°p e`y-am-°p∂ tI{μ-

ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-I.

$ cmPysØ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-bpsS Imc-W-ßfpw AXns‚ kmaq-

lnI kmº-ØnI LS-I-ß-fpw, {Kma-̨ -\Kc hyXym-k-ß-fpw, AXns‚

hym]vXn-bp-sams° a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb hnhcw tiJ-cn-

°p-I.

$ cmPyØv CØ-c-°m¿°p-th≠n KpW-]-c-amb tkh\w e`y-am-°p-∂-Xns\

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I..

5. Swami Vivekananda National Institute of Rehabilitiation Training andResearch. (NIRTAR) (I-´-Iv), Orissa

tI{μ kmaq-ly-\oXn a{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp kzbw-̀ -

cW ÿm]-\-amWv NIRTAR.

Cu ÿm]-\-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø\ e£y-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂p.


Experimental V

ersion

$ Ir{Xna Ah-bh \n¿ΩmWw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°pI

$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-hsc ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb

hnZ-Kv[¿°v (tUm-IvS¿, F©n-\o-b¿, ̂ nkn-tbm-sX-dm-]nÃv .....................)

]cn-io-e\w \¬IpI.

$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-h¿°v sXmgn¬]-cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-Ibpw

sXmgn¬ Is≠Øn -\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.

$ C¥y-bnepw hntZ-iØpw \n∂v CXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ AdnhpIƒ tiJ-

cn-°p-Ibpw ssIam-dp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-h-cpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb F√m

\S-]-Sn-Ifpw kzoI-cn-°p-I.

6. The Institute for the Physically Handicapped (IPH), New Delhi1976˛¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂ Cu ÿm]\w imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-h¿°v tkh\w

e-̀ n°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n ÿm]n-®-Xm-Wv. imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-f-f-h-cpsS a\p-

jy-hn-̀ h-tijn hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v ap≥K-W\ \¬Ip∂ Hcp ÿm]-\-am-Wv CXv.


$ aq∂-c-h¿jw ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ ^nkntbm sXdm-∏n, Hm°p-t]-j-W¬

sXdm∏n tImgvkp-Iƒ \S-ØpI

$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Untπma tImgvkp-Iƒ \S-ØpI.

$ imco-cnI sshI-ey-ap-≈-h¿°v th≠ klmb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-

°p-∂-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ h¿°vtjm-∏p-Iƒ \S-ØpI

7. National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with MultipleDisabilities, Tamilnadu

_lp-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-h¿ ˛ AXm-bXv skdn-{_¬ ]mƒknbpw Hm´nkhpw

D≈h¿, ImgvN- sshI-eyhp-ap≈-h¿, ImgvN-ssh-I-eyhpw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-

hn-fnbpw t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿, tIƒhn XI-cmdpw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fnbpw t\cn-

Sp-∂-h¿, XpS-ßn-bp≈-h¿°v tkh\w e`yam-°p∂ ÿm]-\-amWnXv. -_p≤n-

]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fnbpw 1995-̨ se hnI-emw-K-\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p∂ GXp-

Xcw sshI-eyhpw D≈-h¿°v tkh-\-ßƒ e`y-am-°p∂-Xn\v Cu ÿm]\w

{]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-am-Wv.


$ _lp-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-h-cpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-kw, ]cn-io-e\w, hnZym-̀ ym-kw,

sXmgn¬, kmaq-lnI hnI-k\w F∂nhbv°v Bh-iy-amb am\-h-hn-̀ h-

tijn hnI-kn-∏n-°pI

$ _lp-ssh-I-ey-ap≈ hy‡n-Iƒ°pw {Kq∏p-Iƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb F√m

Xe-Øn-ep-ap≈ Kth-j-W-ßƒ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I.


Experimental V

ersion

$ kaq-lsØ im‡o-I-cn®v _lp-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-hsc ap≥\n-c-bn-te°v

sIm≠p-h-cp-I.

$ _‘-s∏´ cwKsØ Adn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h¿°v ]I¿∂p

\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-I.

1.5.3 kwÿm\Xew

hnZym-̀ ymk Ub-d-IvS-d¿ Hmô-knse ÿnXnhnhcIW-°p-{]-Imcw _p≤n-]-

c-ambn sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°mbn 240 kvs]j-y¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ tIc-

f-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p( 2013 se IW-°v). F√m-ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw IqSn

GI-tZiw 20000 ˛ tØmfw Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xmbn IW°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Pn√ Xncn-®p≈ kvIqfp-I-fpsS FÆhpw Ipń-I-fpsS FÆhpw NphsS

\¬Ip∂p.

Pn√ kvIqfp-I-fpsS FÆw Ipń-I-fpsS FÆw

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 22 1429sIm√w 12 712]Ø-\w-Xn´ 9 535Be-∏pg 15 866tIm´bw 26 1865CSp°n 8 679Fd-Wm-Ipfw 42 2676Xr»q¿ 20 1748]me-°mSv 7 559ae-∏pdw 22 1493tImgn-t°mSv 21 1480hb-\mSv 7 435IÆq¿ 23 1347Imk¿tKmUv 6 260

BsI 240 16084

CXn¬ Aº-Øn-\m-temfw kvIqfp-Iƒ°v tI{μ-[-\-k-lmbw e`n-°p-∂p-≠v.

kwÿm-\- Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hcn-°¬ am{Xw \¬Ip∂ [\-k-lm-b-amb ]Øp-

tImSn cq]-bpsS hnlnXw am{Xta a‰p kvIqfp-Iƒ°v e`n-°p-∂p-≈q. kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚ v \¬Ip∂ aq∂-c-t°mSn cq]-bpsS {]tX-yI [\-k-lm-bhpw Cu

kvIqfp-Iƒ°v e`n-°p-∂p.

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂hcpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-cw-KsØ BZy k¿°m¿

ÿm]-\-amWv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√-bnse ]mß-∏m-d-bn-ep≈ kn.F-®v.-ap-l-

Ω-ZvtImb satΩm-dnb¬ tÃ‰v C≥Ãn-‰-yq´v t^m¿ sa‚en Ne-©-Uv. Cu

cwKsØ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS CØcw IpńIsfbpw Ah-cpsS c£m-


Experimental V

ersion

I¿Øm-°sfbpw ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿Øm≥ Cu ÿm]\Øn\p Ign-™n-́ p-≠v.

tIc-f-Øn-ep-S-\ofw SIMC bpsS kmº-ØnI klm-b-tØm-sSbpw a‰p NGO- IfpsS- klIc-W-tØm-sSbpw c£m-I¿Xr-t_m-[-h¬°-cW ¢m p-Iƒ

kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu ¢m p-Iƒ c£-I¿Øm-°ƒ°v ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w

\¬Im≥ klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p. SIMC bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ t_m[-

h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-SnIfpw, Iymºp-Ifpw, AwK≥hmSn tI{μo-I-cn-®p≈ t_m[-

h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw sX‰mb Adn-hp-Iƒ am‰n-sb-Sp-°m\pw kwi-b-ßƒ

Zqco-I-cn-°m\pw klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. SIMC bpsS t\Xr-X-z-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ k¿sh-

I-fn-eqsS tkh\w th≠{X FØmØ tIc-f-Ønse ]e ÿe-ß-fpw

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {i≤-bn¬ s]Sp-Øm\pw tkh-\-ßfpw kuI-c-y-ßfpw FØn-

°m\pw Ign-™n-́ p-≠v.

sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw sXmgn¬ Is≠Øn \¬Ip-∂-Xn-eq-sSbpw

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-hsc kaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-y-[m-c-bn-te°v

sIm≠p-h-cm\pw kz-¥-ambn Pohn-°m≥ ]c-ym-]vX-cmb hy-‡n-I-fm°n am‰m\pw

Ign™p F∂Xv {it≤-b-amb t\ámWv.

1.5 .4. \ne-hnse ]T-\-coXn

tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]T-\-coXn check list ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-

bn´p≈Xm-Wv. Hcp Iqń kvIqfn¬ FØp-tºmƒ Xs∂ check list h®v B Ipń-

bpsS At∏m-gp≈ Ign-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw Is≠-Ønb Ign-hns‚ ASn-

ÿm\Øn¬ C\n t\Sn-sb-Sp-t°≠ Ign-hp-Iƒ GsXms° F∂v Xocp-am-\n-

°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI Np‰p-]mSv

IqSn IW-°n-se-Sp-ØmWv Ipń B¿Pn-t°≠ Ign-hp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xv.

AXn¬Øs∂ G‰hpw ap≥K-W\ sImSp-t°-≠h a\- n-em°n Ah-bm-bn-

cn°pw BZyw ]Tn-∏n-°p-I.. (eg. ]√p-tX-bv°m-t\m, toilet˛¬ t]mImt\m Adn-

bmØ Ipńsb t]sc-gp-Xm≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-b-√t√m {][m-\w) Ipńsb ]Tn-∏n-

°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p∂ Ign-hp-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßfpw ]T-\-X-

{¥-hpw, IrXy-amb ka-b-hp-sams° Xocp-am-\n-®v Bbncn°pw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\w

Bcw-̀ n-t°-≠-Xv. hy‡n-KX ]T-\-am-tWm, kwL-]-T-\-amtWm kzoI-cn-t°-

≠-sX∂pw Xocp-am-\n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Hcp Ipń am{X-ambn B¿Pn-t°≠ Ign-

hm-sW-¶nepw IqSp-X¬ ]cn-io-e\w Bh-iy-ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶nepw hy‡n-KX ]cn-

io-e-\-am-bn-cn°pw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. ¢m n-ep≈ `qcn-]£w Ipń-I-fpsS

Ign-hn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-am-sW-¶n¬ Hcp-an®p ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-

∂- {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v kwL-t_m-[\w Bbn-cn°pw A`n-Im-ayw.

kvIqfn¬ FØp∂ ka-bØpw AXp-I-gn-™p≈ Hmtcm aq∂p-am-khpw Ipń-

bpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw B¿Pn® Ign-hp-Iƒ°\p-k-cn®v ]pXnbh

B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂ Ipń-I-fpsS ]T\w KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈-Xm-


Experimental V

ersion

t°-≠Xv Ime-L-́ -Øns‚ Bh-i-y-am-Wv. hnI-knX cmP-y-ß-fnepw a‰pw \nehn-

ep-≈-Xp-t]mse imkv{Xobhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-amb Hcp ]T-\-k-{º-Zmbw cq]-

s∏-SpØn Cu Ipń-Isf kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°m≥ {]m]vX-cm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

AXn-\p≈ Iq´mb {ia-ßƒ AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

1.5 .5. \ne-hnse A[-ym-]-I¿, a‰v Poh-\-°m¿

2013 ˛ se e -̀y-amb IW°v {]Imcw kwÿm-\Øv 240 ˛ Hmfw kvs]j-y¬

kvIqfpIƒ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-

≠v. F∂m¬ AwKo-Imcw IqSmsX {]h¿Øn-°p∂ H -́\-h[n ÿm]-\-ß-ƒ

thsdbpw D≠v F∂mWv a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-®n-́ p-≈-Xv. \ne-hn-ep-≈ AwKo-

IrX ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ GI-tZiw 560 Hmfw A[-ym-]-Icpw Bbn-c-Øn-\-SpØv

A\-[-ym-]-Icpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v F∂mWv IW-°p-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.

A[-ym-]-I-cn¬ ̀ qcn-̀ m-Khpw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS

]T-\-Ønepw t_m[\Ønepw {]tX-yI ]cn-io-e\w t\Sn-b-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬

Ah¿°v Bh-i-y-amb C≥k¿hokv ]cn-io-e-\-ßtfm ]n¥p-Wtbm \¬Ip∂

bmsXmcp kwhn-[m-\hpw \ne-hn-en-√. ]mß-∏m-d-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ SIMCHgn-sI-bp≈ as‰√m ÿm]-\-ßfpw A -̈F-bn-UUv taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-

°p∂p F∂Xv Cu IpńIfpsS ]T-\sØ Kuc-h-]q¿hw I≠n-́ n√ F∂-

Xns‚ aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

Bb-Xp-sIm≠p Xs∂ \ne-hnse A[-ym-]-I-cpsS tkh\ thX\ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ

]cn-an-X-am-Wv. Xp—-amb iºfw ]‰n-s°m≠v Cu Ipń-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ ymkw Imc-y-

£-a-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠nbp≈ ]cn-{i-a-Øn-emWv \ne-hn-ep≈ A[-ym-]-I¿.

Ch-cpsS Cu Ah-ÿbv°v ]cn-lmcw ImtW-≠Xv AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

\ne-hn¬ Imc-y-£-a-ambn {]h¿Øn-®p-h-cp∂ ÿm]-\-ßsf Fbn-UUv ]Z-

hn-bn-te°v Db¿Øn-s°m≠v Bh-i-y-amb ]n¥pW \¬Ip-∂Xv Cu Ipń-I-

ƒ°v \¬Ip∂ G‰hpw al-Ø-mb Hcp ]n¥p-W-bm-bn-cn-°pw.

A[-ym-]-I¿°p ]pdta klm-bn-I-fmbpw, Btcm-K-y-{]-h¿Ø-I-cmbpw, sXdm∏n-

Ãp-I-fmbpw Ht´sdt∏¿ Cu ÿm]-\ßfn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p-≠v. Ah-cpsS

tbmK-yX kw_-‘n®pw, tkh-\-th-X\ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ kw_-‘n®pw ]cn-io-

e\w kw_-‘n®pw ÿm-]-\-ßƒ XΩn¬ henb A¥cw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-

≠v. C°m-c-y-ßƒ°pw ]cn-lmcw AX-y-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. Xp—-amb thX\w

]‰p∂ C°q-́ cpw Ak-z-ÿ-cm-Wv.

s]mXp-hn¬ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn- t\cn-Sp∂ kvIqfp-I-fnse Poh-\-°m¿°v

A¿l-amb AwKo-Imcw \¬Inbpw tkh\ thX\ hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®pw

CØcw kvIqfp-I-fnse ]T\w KpW-ta-∑bp≈Xm°n am‰p-∂-Xn\v ASn-b-¥n-

c-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.


Experimental V

ersion

hnhn[Xcw_p≤n-]-c-ambsh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ 2

A[ymbw

2.1 BapJw

C¥y≥ ̀ c-W-L-S\ ]uc\v Dd∏p \¬Ip∂ auenImh-Im-i-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-

s∏-́ -XmWv "hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-\p≈ Ah-Imiw' (RTE 2009). _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-

hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb hnZym`ymk kml-N-cy-ßfpw Ah-

k-c-ßfpw e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ tIcfw ]n∂n-emsW∂vv tUm. Fw.sI. P-b-cm-Pv

IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿ v́ (2012 ̨ 13)kqNn-∏n-°p∂p. CXn\v Imc-W-ambn Nne hkvXp-

X-Iƒ IΩo-j≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p.

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v s]mXp-

sh-bp≈ [mc-W-°p-d-hv.

$ "_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn' F∂ Ah-ÿ-bv°p≈ Imc-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v

]pe¿Ønt∏m-cp∂ A⁄-Xbpw anYym-[m-c-W-I-fpw.

$ t\csØ Xs∂ CØcw Ah-ÿ-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn™v imkv{Xob ]cn-io-

e\ coXn-Iƒ e`y-am-°mØXv.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS ka-{K-hn-I-k-\-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn, ]T-\-co-Xn, ]T-

\-tI{μw F∂nh-bpsS A`m-hw.

AXpsIm≠v Xs∂ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn\pw

AXn¬Øs∂ Hmtcm Ipń°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb khn-tij ]mTy-]-≤Xn Xbm-

dm°n Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw, ]cn--io-e-\w, sXdm∏n a‰v klm-bI kwhn[m-

\-ßƒ F∂nh Dd∏mt°≠Xv kmaqly _m[y-X-bm-sW∂v IΩo-j≥ Nq≠n-

°m-Wn-°p-∂p.

2.2. hnhn[Xcw _p≤n]camb sh√phnfnIƒ

akvXnjvI tImi-ß-fmb \yqtdm-Wp-I-fpsS Akm-[m-c-Wtam Akzm-̀ m-hn-Itam

Bb AhkvY, £Xw Ch Imc-W-ambn kw -̀hn-°p∂ hnhn[Xcw _p≤n-]-

c-amb sh√phnfnIƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.

1. _p≤n-am-μyw

2. Hmń-kw

3 skdn-{_¬]mƒkn

4. _lp-ssh-I-eyw


Experimental V

ersion

5. ssii-h- am-\-knI tcmKw

6. ]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ wKw

Cu hn`m-K-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\-y-[m-cW CØcw Ipń-I-fpsS ]mT-y-]-≤-

Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v A\n-hm-c-y-amb aq∂p-]m-[n-bmWv. Bb-Xn-\m¬

Ch Hmtcm∂pw hni-Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

2.2.1 _p≤n-am-μyw

Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw hf¿®-bnepw hnIm-k-Ønepw \n›nX L -́ßƒ D≠v.

Hmtcm L -́Ønepw B¿Pn-°p∂ ]I-zX ASpØ L -́Ønse hnIm-ksØ

kzm-[o-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. hf¿®-bnepw hnIm-k-Ønepw Ime-b-f-hn-\-\p-k-

cn®v kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ens‚ A`mhw, Nn¥mti-jn-bpsS A]-c-ym-]vXX, -

[mc-W-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°¬, Adn-hp-Iƒ {]tbm-Kn-°¬, Xocp-am-\-ß-fntem \nK-

a-\-ß-fntem FØn-t®-c¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp∂ ]cn-anXn XpS-ßn-b-

h-bmWv _p≤n-am-μ-y-ap≈ Ipń-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.

_p≤n-am-μyw kw -̀hn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Imc-W-ßƒ

1. t{Imatkmw, P\n-XI sshI-e-y-ßƒ

2. K¿`-Im-eØv AΩ-bv°p-≠m-Ip∂ {]talw, Db¿∂ c‡-k-Ω¿±w,

ssXtdm-bvUv{K-Ÿn-I-fpsS Ak-zm-̀ m-hn-I-X.

3. t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhv, AΩbv°v K¿ -̀Im-e-Øns‚ BZ-y-aq-∂p-am-k-ß-

fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ tcmK-ß-fmb P¿Ω≥ aokn¬kv, sl¿∏nkv, kn^n-enkv,

t{SmIvtkm πmkvtam-knkv F∂n-h.

4. c‡-Ønse B¿. F®v. LS-I-Øns‚ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sv.

5. ab-°p-a-cp∂v, aZyw, ]pI-bne, Nne acp-∂p-Iƒ, FIvktd XpS-ßn-bh

6. {]k-h-ka-bØv \h-Pm-X-in-ip-hns‚ akvXn-jvI-Øn\v G¬°p∂

BLmXw, kpZo¿L-amb {]k-h-{]-{Inb, s]m°n¬s°m-Sn-bpsS Ipcp-

ß¬, inip-hn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ a™-∏nØw, t]mj-Im-lm-c-°p-dhv XpS-

ßnbh.

7. Ip™n\p-≠m-Ip∂ sa\n-ss©-‰nkv, Xe-t®mdv ]gp∏v, a‰p ]cp-°p-Iƒ

kz-̀ m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hf¿®m-L-́ -Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ Ime-Xm-akw, ̀ mjm-hn-Im-k-Ønse hnhn[ {]iv

\ßƒ, Imbn-I-£-a-X-bpsS ]cn-anXn, kmaq-ly CS-s]-S-ens‚ Ipdhv, Nn¥m-

ti-jnbp-tSbpw [mc-Wm-ti-jn-bp-tSbpw {]iv\-ßƒ, Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ FØn-

t®-cm-\p≈ {]bmkw, Hm¿Ω, ]T\w F∂n-h-bv°p≈ tijn-°p-dhv XpS-ßn-b-

h-bmWv s]mXp-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ.


Experimental V

ersion

_p≤nam\Øns‚ (IQ) ASnÿm\Øn¬ _p≤namμysØ {][m\ambpw

\membn Xcw Xncn°mw. Ah GsXm-s°-sb∂pw Ah-bpsS _p≤n-am\\nc°pw

]ń-I-bmbn NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

hnhn-[-Xcw _p≤n-am-μyw

\º¿ _p≤n-am-μyw _p≤n-am-\-

\n-c°v

1 arZp_p≤n-am-μyw (Mild retardation) 50 -70

2 anX_p≤n-am-μyw (Moderate retardation) 35 - 50

3 Xo{h _p≤n-am-μyw (Severe retardation) 20 - 35

4 Xo£vW_p≤n-am-μyw (Profound retardation) 20 - ¬ Xmsg

_p≤n-am-μy-sa-∂Xv NnIn-’bv°v hnt[-b-am-°m-hp∂ Hcp tcmK-a√; adn®v Hc-

h-ÿ-bm-Wv. _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc ]cn-l-cn®v kaq-l-

Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn¬ kzm{ib-tØmsS Pohn-°m≥ {]m]vX-cm-°p-∂-Xn\v DX-

Ip-∂-Xm-IWw Ch-cpsS hnZym-̀ ym-kw.

2.2.2 Hmńkw

Ipń-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ 3 hb- n-\p-ap≥]v kw -̀hn-°p∂ k¶o¿W-amb Hcp

Ah-ÿ-bmWv Hmń-kw. _p≤n-am-μy-ap-≈-h-sc∂v sX‰n-≤cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sm≥ km[y-

X-bp≈ hn`m-K-amWv Ch¿. 1943 ˛ ¬ entbm-sI-∂¿ F∂ inip-a-t\m-tcm-K-

`nj-Kz-c≥ Cu {]iv\w Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xphsc CØcw Ipń-Isf at\m-tcm-Kn-

Ifmtbm at\m-Zp¿_-e-cmtbm BWv s]mXpsh ]cn-K-Wn®p h∂n-cp-∂-Xv.

Hmń-k-Øns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ

1. t{Ima-tkmw (P\n-XI) LS-I-ßƒ.

2. K¿ -̀k-a-bsØ {]iv\-ßƒ

3. akvXn-jvI-L-S-\-bnse Akm-[m-c-WXzw

4. ]mcn-ÿn-XnI Imc-W-ßƒ

kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

1 a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn\pw {]bm-kw.

2 Bh¿Ø\ kz`m-h-ßƒ ImWn-°p-I.

3 am‰-ß-tfmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sm-\mhmXn-cn-°p-I

4 {]Xn-i-_vZ-{]-Xn-I-c-Ww

5 ktN-X-\ hkvXp-°-sf°mfpw AtN-X-\-h-kvXp-°-tfm-Sp≈ B`n-ap-Jyw.


Experimental V

ersion

6 Bh¿Ø\ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ A`n-c-an-°p-I

7. sshIm-cnI {]I-S-\-Øn\v {]m]vXn-°p-d-hv

8 `mj D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-ep≈ {]iv\-ßƒ.

Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-sSbpw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ°\p-k--cn®v hy‡n-KX ]cn-io-e\ ]≤-

Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®v CØcw Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkmh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-t‰-≠-

Xp-≠v.

2.2.3 skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn

akvXnjvI tImi-ß-fnse £X-amWv skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn°v Imc-Ww. icoc

t]in-I-fn¬ {]iv\-ß-fp-≈-Xp-sIm≠v Ne-\sØ _m[n-°mw. CXv Blmcw,

izk-\w, hnk¿P\w F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ kzm`m-hnI {]h¿Ø-\--ß-sfbpw _m[n-

°pw. ssIIm-ep-Iƒ°v ]q¿W-amtbm, ̀ mKn-I-amtbm Ne\{]iv\-ßƒ, CtXm-

sSm∏w 60% sa¶nepw _p≤n-am-μyhpw I≠p hcp-∂p.

skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn-bpsS Imc-W-ßƒ

1. Hcp {]k-h-Øn¬ H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ Ip™p-ßƒ

2. {`qWm-h-ÿ-bn¬ G¬°p∂ £Xw

3. t]mjIm-lm-c-°p-dhv

4. Db¿∂ c‡-k-Ω¿Zw, ssl∏¿ ssXtdm-bvUnkw, {]ta-lw

5. ssPh˛ -cm-k-̨ -P\n-XI {]iv\-ßƒ

6. amkw XnI-bm-sX-bp≈ {]khw

7. akvXnjvIØn\v G¬°p∂ AWp-_m[, hogvN-aq-e-ap≈ £Xw

e£W-ßƒ

1. Ip™p-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ Akm-[m-c-W-amb £oWw, {i≤-°p-d-hv, Akm-

[m-c-W-amb D®-Øn-ep≈ Ic-®n¬.

2. Ip™p-ß-ƒ°v ]m¬ IpSn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ̀ £Ww hngp-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈

{]bm-kw.

3. Ab-™-t]-in-Iƒ, Akm-[m-cW imco-cn-I-{]-Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ.

A\p-tbm-Py-amb D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS hy‡n-KX ]cn-io-e\

]≤-Xn-Iƒ CØ-c-°m¿°v Bhn-jv°-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

2.2.4 _lp-ssh-Ieyw

H∂n-e-[nIw hyXykvX sshI-ey-ßƒ Hcp hy‡n-bn¬ Htc kabw kw -̀hn-

°p∂ kml-N-cy-amWv _lp-ssh-I-eyw. DZm:- Ne-\-ssh-I-ey-tØm-sSm∏w

tIƒhn C√m-bva.


Experimental V

ersion

H∂n-e-[nIw hyXy-kvX-ssh-I-ey-ßƒ Htc-k-abw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-

Iƒ km[m-c-W- sh-√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂hcn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb henb

tXmXn-ep≈ k¶o¿W-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. km[mcW

]p\-c-[n-hmk {]{In-b-bn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn khn-tij ]cn-K-W\bpw

CS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw Ch-cpsS kmaq-ly-h-Xv°-c-W-Øn\pw hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\pw A\n-

hm-cy-am-Wv.

2.2.5 ssii-ham\-knItcmKw

s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øns‚ {i≤ H´pw ]Xn-bmØ Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmWv ssii-h-am-

\-knI tcmKw. CsXmcp tcmK-Øns‚ KW-Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶nepw

tcmKm-h-ÿ-bpsS A\-¥-c-êw _p≤n-amμy Ah-ÿ-bm-Wv. kvIntkm-

{ô\nb, hnjm-Z-tcm-Kw, BImw£m{Ia`wKw (Anxiety Disorder), {i≤m-tem]

AXn-{Inbm {Ia-̀ wKw (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) F∂nh ssii-h-

am-\-kn-I-tcm--K-Øns‚ ̀ mK-am-bp-≈ {]iv\-ßfmWv.

kvIntkm-{ô-\nb

Ipń-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ kvIntkm-{ô-\n-b-bm-Wv ssiih am\-knI tcmK-Øn¬

{][m-\-s∏-́ -Xv. hy‡n bmYm¿YysØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw bmYm¿Yy-t_m-[-

an-√msX s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hch-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. Cu {]iv\w sNdp-{]m-b-

Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ hnZym-̀ ym-k-]-c-amb hf¿®bv°pw kmaq-ly-̨ -ssh-

Im-cnI hnIm-k-Øn\pw henb sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn amdp-∂p. t\csØ Is≠Øn

NnIn-’n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]iv\-ßƒ Ipd-bv°m≥ Ign-bpw.

BImw-£m-{I-a-̀ wKw

Ipń-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ as‰mcp am\-knI {]iv\-am-Wv. BImw-£m-{I-a-̀ wKw (Anxi-ety Disorder). Cu {]iv\-ap≈ Ipń-Iƒ°v G‰hpw {][m-\-ambn c£n-Xm-°-

fn¬ \n∂v ]ncn-™n-cn-°m-\p≈ t]Snbpw kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ XmXv]-cy-an-√m-

bva-bp-amWv I≠p hcp-∂-Xv.

e£-W-ßƒ

1. c£mI¿Øm-°-fn¬ \n∂v amdn \n¬°p-tºmƒ Akzm-̀ m-hnI s]cp-

am‰w ImWn-°p-I.

2. kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ t]Sn, AIm-cW `bw, \nb-{¥n-°m-\m-hmØ k¶-

Sw, AS-ßn-bn-cn-°mØ kz`m-hw, a‰p-≈-hsc ieyw sNø¬.

3. Akm-[m-c-W-amb Xe-th-Z-\, hb-dp-th-Z-\. Dd-°-an-√m-bva, Zpkz-]v\w

ImW¬.

4. {i≤-°p-d-hv, ]Tn-Ø-Øn-ep≈ {]iv\-ßƒ, H‰-s∏-Sm-\p≈ B{K-lw,

hrØn-lo-\-X, \mWw.


Experimental V

ersion

hnjm-Z-tcmKw

hnjmZ tcmK-amWv Ip´n-I-fn¬ I≠p-h-cp∂ as‰mcp am\-knI tcmKw. Cu tcmK-

_m-[ am\-knI sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw hnZym-`ym-k-sØ-bpw sXmgn-

en-s\bpw kmaqlyPohn-X-sØ-bp-sams° sX‰mbn kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

e£-W-ßƒ

1. Ifn-bnepw Iq´p-Im-cnepw XmXv]-cy-an-√m-bva.

2. {i≤bpw Du¿P-hp-an-√mØ Ahÿ.

3. hni-∏n-√m-bva, ̀ mc-°p-d-hv, Dd-°-an-√m-bva, \ncm-im-t_m-[w, Bfl-lXym

{]h-W-X.

4. kz`mh sshI-ey-ßƒ, sshIr-X-ßƒ, el-cn-tbm-Sp≈ A`n-hm©.

{i≤m-tem] AXn-{Inbm {Ia-`wKw (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder)

Ata-cn-°≥ ssk°ym-{Sn°v At m-kn-tb-j≥ BWv Cu Ah-ÿbv°v

{i≤mtem] AXn{Inbm{Ia`wKw (Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder) F∂

t]cv \¬In-b-Xv.

e£-W-ßƒ

1. hf-cp-tºmƒ {i≤-tim-jn®v {]iv\-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-I. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Hcp

Imcyhpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-Xn-cn-°p-I.

2. Aan-Xm-thi {]h-W-X, AXm-b-Xv, Dug-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v £a-tbmsS Imcy-

ßƒ sNøm-\m-hmØ Ah-ÿ.

3. AXn-{In-bX AYhm kzÿ-am-bn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I.

kvIntkm-{^o-\nb, hnjm-Z-tcm-Kw, BImw£m{Ia`wKw, {i≤mtem] AXn-

{Inbm {Ia-̀ wKw F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ssii-h-am-\-kn-I-tcmK-Øns‚ ̀ mK-am-bp-

≈ {]iv\-ßsf t\csØ Is≠Øn icn-bmb CS-s]-S¬ \S-Øn-bns√-¶n¬

k¶o¿W Ah-ÿ-bn-te°v \bn-t®-°mw. {]tXyI ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xbm-

dm°n khn-tij ]cn-K-W-\-tbmsS Cu hn`m-K-tØmSv CS-s]-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

2.2.6 ]T-\-]camb {Ia-̀ wKw (Learning Disorders)

]T-\-ssh-Ieyw (Learning Disability) F∂ ]Zw s]mXpsh C∂v D]-tbm-Kn-®p-

Im-Wp-∂n-√. ]Icw ]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ wKw (Learning Disorder) F∂-XmWv

Cu taJ-e-bn-ep≈ hnZ-Kv[-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ A`n-Im-ay-ambn

Ah-X-cn-∏n®p ImWp-∂-Xv. hmb-\, kwkm-cw, Fgp-Øv, tIƒhn, KWn-Xw, kaq-

l-Øn-ep≈ CS-s]-S¬ F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ GXn-se-¶n-ep-sam-s°-bp≈ Akm-

[m-c-WXzamWv s]mXp-hmb e£Ww. tI{μ\mUohyqlØns‚ (Central Nerv-ous System) {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-ep≈ Akm-[m-c-W-Xz-amWv ]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ w-K-


Experimental V

ersion

Øn\v {][m-\-tl-Xp. as‰√m akvXn-jvI-sh-√p-hn-fn-Ifp-sSbpw Imc-W-ßƒ

Xs∂-bm-Wv s]mXpsh ]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ w-K-Øn\pw Imc-W-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-

°p-∂-Xv.

]T-\-]-c-amb {Ia-̀ w-Kw, XoIvjW-amb Ah-ÿ-bn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn \ne\n¬°p-

I-bm-sW-¶n¬ CXv _p≤n-]-c-amb k¶o¿W {]iv\-ßƒ°v ̀ mhn-bn¬ CS-bm-

°ntb°mw F∂m-Wv ]T-\-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv. F{Xbpw t\ctØ {]iv\w

Xncn-®-dn-™v, hnZKv[ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hen-b-tXm-

Xn-ep≈ KpW-]-c-amb am‰-ßƒ hy‡n-I-fn¬ krjvSn-°m\pw, kºq¿Wam-

bn-Øs∂ kaq-l-Øns‚ apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v Chsc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\p-am-hpw. ]e-

t∏mgpw Akm-[m-cW tijn-bp≈ anSp-°-∑m-cm-hm-\p≈ ssh`hw Chcnep-

s≠-∂-Xm-Wv bmYm¿Yyw.

e£-W-ßƒ

1. {i≤n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {i≤-tI-{μo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw D≈ {]bmkw

2. kmaqly CS-s]-S-en-ep≈ {]iv\-ßƒ.

3. £a-bn-√mbva.

4. [mc-Wm-ti-jn-bnse {]iv\-ßƒ.

5. `mjm{]tbmK, kwkm-c-ta-J-e-bnse _p≤n-ap-́ p-Iƒ.

6. kzÿ-X-bn-√mbva.

7. hmb-\, A£-c-ß-fpsS icn-bmb D]-tbm-Kw, IW-°p-sN-øpI F∂n-h-

bn-ep≈ {]iv\-ßƒ sIm≠v ]T-\-]-c-amb ]n∂m-°m-h-ÿ.

8. imco-cn-I {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-ep≈ \nb-{¥-W-an-√mbva

]T\]c-amb {Ia`wKw Xo£vW-amb Ah-ÿ-tbmsS XpS¿®bmbn \ne

\n∂m¬ _p≤n-]-c-amb {]iv\-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-tb-°mw. Ipń-Iƒ {]bmkw

A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ taJ-e-Iƒ Is≠Øn klmbw \¬Ip-Ibpw Ign-hp≈ a‰v

taJ-e-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-hWw Ch¿°p≈ hnZym-̀ ymk

]≤-Xn.

2.3 Ipń-I-fpsS {]IrXw

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS {]Ir-Xw H∂ns\m∂v hyXy-

kvX-amW.v Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw {]IrXw Fß-s\-sbm-s°-bmImw F∂-Xns\

kw_-‘n®v A[ym-]-I\v Ah-t_m[w D≠m-I-Ww. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ CS-s]-

Sp∂ ka-bØv ]Tn-Xmhv Xs‚ {]Ir-X-a-\p-k-cn®v sNøm≥ km[y-X-bp≈ Imcy-

ßsf kw_-‘n®v So®¿ Adn-- tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

Ipń-I-fpsS {]IrXw kw_-‘n® s]mXp-hmb Nne {]h-W-X-Iƒ NphsS

sImSp-°p-∂p.


Experimental V

ersion

$ Hm¿Ωn-s®-Sp-°¬, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°¬, [mcW ssIh-cn-°¬, hni-I-e\w

sNø¬, \nK-a-\-Øn-seØnt®c¬ XpS-ßnb am\-knI Ign-hp-I-fn¬ ka-

{]m-b-°m-sc-°mƒ ]n∂n-em-Wv.

$ imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fn¬ Htc {]mb-Øn-ep≈ Ipń-I-

fn¬ Xs∂ henb A¥cw ImWmhp-∂-XmWv.

$ AwKo-Im-cw, ]cn-K-W-\, t{]m’m-l-\w- F-∂nh CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ Hmtcm Ipń°pw hyXy-kvX-amb imco-cnI am\-knI ]n¥pW (kt∏m-

¿ v́) Bh-iyamWv.

$ Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, Ifn-Iƒ F∂nh s]mXpsh CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-

Wv.

$ hy‡n-K-X-hpw, khn-ti-j-hp-amb kz`m-h, s]cp-am‰ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ D≈-

h-cm-Wv.

$ XpS¿®-bmbn ¢mkn¬ lmP-cm-hm≥ {]bmkw A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv.

$ Nne {]tXyI taJ-e-I-fn¬ khn-tij Ign-hp-Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h-cm-

Wv.

$ Bh¿Ø\ kz`m-h-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ/Ifn-Iƒ F∂nh aSp-∏n-√msX

sNøm≥ Xbmdm-Wv.

$ imco-cnI sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb klm-bI

D]-I-c-Wßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v {]I-S\w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

Ipń-I-fpsS {]Ir-XsØ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ s]cp-am-‰-amWv

c£mI¿Øm-hnt‚bpw A[-ym-]-I-cp-tSbpw ̀ mK-Øp-\n∂pw D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.

2.4 _u≤nI \ne-hmcw

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS _u≤n-I-\n-e-hmcw kw_-

‘n® hn-i-Zmw-i-ßƒ NphsS sImSp-°p-∂p.

$ \n›nX hf¿®m-L´w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ime-Xm-akw t\cn-Sp∂Xn-

\m¬ ka-{]m-b-°m-sc°mƒ _u≤nI \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ apt∂m \mtem

h¿jw ]n∂n-em-bn-cn-°pw.

$ Nne IpńIƒ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]n∂n-em-bn-cn-°p-sa-¶nepw _p≤n-bpsS a‰v taJ-

e-I-fn¬ (kwKo-Xw, kvt]m¿Svkv, Nn{XcN-\, \n¿-ΩmWw, XpS-ßn-bh)

ka-{]m-b-°m-tcm-sSm∏w Xs∂ IgnhpIƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv.

$ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw _p≤n-]-c-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cpØn imkv{Xo-

b-hpw icn-bm-b-Xp-amb CS-s]-S-en-eqsS _u≤n-I-\n-e-hmcw sa®-s∏-Sp-

Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.


Experimental V

ersion

$ _lp-apJ _p≤n-bpsS (Multiple Intelligence - MI) hyXykvX taJ-e-I-

fn¬ Ign-hp-≈-hsc Is≠Øm≥ icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ CS-s]-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ Adn-hv B¿Pn-°¬, {]tbmKn°¬ F∂n-h-bn¬ sNdnb Af-hn¬ \n∂v

Bh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS henb Af-hn-te°v hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ kao-]\w

(Task Analysis) {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

2.5 {]iv\-ßƒ, {]bm-k-ßƒ

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw t\cn-Sp∂ {]iv\-

ßfpw sh√p-hn-fn-Ifpw {]bm-k-ßfpw \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv.

$ _lp-apJ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ (sshI-ey-ßƒ) t\cn-tS≠n hcp∂ Ipń-Isf

hy‡n-K-X-ambn klm-bn-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Hcp-t°-≠-Xp-

≠v.

$ am\-knI {]iv\-ßƒ, s]cp-am‰ {]iv\-ßƒ Ch A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ipń-

I-sf Xncn-®-dn™v Hmtcm Ipń°pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb hy‡n-KX hnZym-

`ymk {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ hnZym-e-b-Ønse ]T-\m-\p-̀ -h-ßƒ°v XpS¿®-bmbn c£n-Xm-°-fpsS CS-

s]-S¬ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. c£n-Xm-°-sf CXn-\mbn i‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-

Xp-≠v.

$ Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ, hnZym--̀ ymk GP≥knIƒ, k∂≤

kwL-S\-Iƒ, Chscsb√mw Cu hn`mKw Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymk kwhn-

[m\w sa®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xns‚ A\n-hm-cyX t_m[y-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ \ne-hn-ep≈ B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ, \nb-a-]-cnc£, Ch-cpsS {]tXyI Ah-

Im-i-ßƒ F∂o Imcy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v s]mXp kaq-lw, c£n-Xm-°ƒ XpS-

ßn-b-h¿s°√mw \ne-hn¬ icn-bmb Ah-t_m-[-an-√. CXv ]cn-lcn-t°-

≠-Xp≠v.

$ hnZym-̀ ym-k-tØm-sSm∏w Xs∂ kam-¥-c-ambn CØ-c-°m¿°v \¬tI≠

NnIn-’, ]p\-c-[n-hmkw F∂o Imcy-ß-fn¬ \ne-hn-ep≈ kwhn-[m\w

A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv. AXv sa®-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Iƒ XΩn¬ GtIm-]-\-an-√m-ØXv Ch-cpsS hnZym-̀ ym-

ksØ Gsd _m[n-°p-∂p-≠v.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn, a‰v Ign-hp-Iƒ F∂nh imkv{Xo-b-ambn hne-bn-

cp-Øm-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w A]-cym-]vX-am-Wv.

$ hnZym-̀ ymkw Dƒs∏sS Ch¿°v e`y-am-bn-́ p≈ apgph≥ tkh-\-ß-sfbpw

DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-tØmsS hne-bn-cp-Øn XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw


Experimental V

ersion

sNtø≠p∂ i‡amb kwhn-[m\w \ne-hn-en-√. AXn-\p-X-Ip∂ Xc-

Øn-ep≈ kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

2.6 {]tXyI Ign-hp-Iƒ

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS {]tX-yI Ign-hp-Iƒ NphsS

sImSp-°p-∂p.

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb ]n∂m-°m-hÿ F∂v s]mXpsh hnh-£n-°p-tºm-gpw Nne

taJ-e-I-fn¬ Akm-[m-c-Wtam hyXy-kvXtam Bb Ign-hp-Iƒ Nne-cn-

se-¶nepw I≠p hcp-∂p≠v.

$ Hmtcm Ipń-bnepw Hfn-™n-cn-°p∂ khn-tij Ign-hp-Isf Xncn-®-dn™v

hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-\p-X-Ip-∂-Xm-hWw Ch¿°p≈ hnZym-̀ ymk {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ.

$ _p≤n-am-]\w (I.Q test) Ipń-I-fpsS Ign-hp-Isf ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-

Wv. _lp-ap-J-_p-≤n-bpsS hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Hmtcm Ipńbpw FhnsS

\n¬°p∂p F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ coXn-bn¬ ]cn-tim-[-\-bv°v hnt[-b-am-

°-Ww.

hnhn-[-Xcw _u≤n-I-amb sh√p-hnfnIƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fnse sh√p-hn-fn-

bpsS tXmX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mWv Du∂¬ \¬tI-≠-Xv. khn-

ti-j-amb Ign-hp≈ taJ-e-bn¬ ]cn-t]m-jWw \¬Ip-∂-tXm-sSm∏w Hcp

hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ hf-cp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb [mc-W-I-fpw, ss\]p-Wn-

Ifpw t\Sp∂p F∂v Dd-∏m-°p-Ibpw thWw.


Experimental V

ersion

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfnt\cn-Sp∂h¿°p≈

]mT-y-]-≤Xn 3A[ymbw

C¥-y≥ ̀ c-W-L-S-\-bpsS 39 ̨ mw skIvj≥ C¥-y-bnse F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw

kuP-\-y-hpw \n¿_-‘n-X-hp-amb hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw Dd-∏m-°p-hm-\p≈ \nb-asØ

Ipdn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. F√m-h¿°pw hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw F∂ Bi-b-Øns‚

{]kIvXn s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\v t_m[-y-s∏-́ -tXmsS Ipń-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw

IpSpw-_-Øns‚bpw kaq-l-Øns‚bpw DØ-c-hmZnXzambn amdn-°-gn-™p. F√m

Ipń-Ifpw F∂ KW-Øn¬ ASp-Ø-Imew hsc imcocnI am\-knI sshI-ey-

ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂ Ipń-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw Dƒs∏-ń-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬

hnZym`ymk Ah-Imi \nbaw (RTE) C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v 2009 ̨ ¬ ]mkm-°p-

Ibpw 2010 ̨ ¬ AXv \nb-a-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvX kml-N-c-y-Øn¬ Chsc°qSn

kvIqfn¬ FØn-t°≠ BhiyIXmt_m[w s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn-\p-≠m-hp-Ibpw

A[nImcnIƒ°v AXv DØchmZnXzamhpIbpw sNbvXp. F√m-h¿°pw

hnZym`ymkw, A\p-tbmPy hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw, KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym`ymkw

Ch e`n-°p-∂p F∂v Dd-∏m-°p-hm-\p≈ Iq´mb {ia-ßƒ \S-°p-∂Xv ipt`m-

Z¿°-amb Imc-y-am-Wv.

GsXmcp cmP-y-sØbpw hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Zni \n¿W-bn-°p-∂Xv

AhnsS \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bm-Wv. ¢m n-\-IØpw ]pdØpw h®v

Ipń-Iƒ°v e`n-°p∂ F√m ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-tSbpw BsI XpI-bm-Wv

]mT-y-]-≤-Xn. s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-̀ -ym-k-cwKØv \nb-X-amb Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bpsS ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn-emWv hnZ-ym-̀ -ymk {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hmtcm Xe-Ønepw \S-∂p-h-cp-

∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXp-hscbpw Hcp s]mXp ]mTy]≤Xntbm, Znim-t_m-[-ap≈

klm-b-tam, tamWn-‰-dnwtKm \S-°msX ¢mkvdqw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ am{Xw \S-

°p∂ coXn-bm-bn-cp-∂p _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn- t\cnSp∂ IpńIƒ ]Tn°p∂

hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv. 2005 ˛ se tZiob ]mT-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv

(NCF - National Curriculum Frame work) 2007 ̨ se tIcf]mT-y-]≤Xn N -́°qSv

(KCF - Kerala Curriculum Frame work)tIcf kvIqƒ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn 2013 F∂nh

Ch-cpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øns‚ ImgvN-∏mSv hy-‡-ambn ]cm-a¿in-®n´p≠v.

3.1. tZio-b-]m-T-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv

F√m-h-scbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØpI F∂-

XmWv tZiob ]mT-y-]-≤Xn N -́°q-Sns‚ ip]m¿i.


Experimental V

ersion

Dƒs°m-≈¬ \bw

kvIqfp-Iƒ kaq-l-Ønse F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

Ah-kcw Hcp-°p∂ \b-amWv kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv. Bscbpw am‰n-\n¿Ø-cp-Xv.

Ipń-Iƒ hy-X-ykvX kz-̀ m-h-°mcpw hn`n-∂-ßfmb tijn-bp-≈-h-cp-am-bn-cn-°pw.

Nne¿ ZpcnXw \nd™ kml-N-c-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hcp-∂-hcpw Nne¿ {]m¥-

h¬°-cn-°-s∏-́ - kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v hcp-∂-hcpw Bbn-cn-°pw. F√m-h¿°pw

]c-am-h-[n t\ -́ap-≠m°m≥ Ign-bp∂ tI{μ-am-IWw kvIqƒ. F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw

Ahkcw e -̀y-am-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ cq]-h¬°-cn-°-Ww. Hmtcm-

cp-ØcpsSbpw khn-ti-j-amb Ignhp-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw BZ-cn-°-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNø-Ww.

imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn- A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°p∂ Ipń-Ifpw

CXn¬s∏-Sp∂p. \n¿ZnjvS{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNbvXp-Xo¿°m≥ Ah¿°v IqSp-

X¬ kabw th≠nht∂°pw. {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp-tºmƒ

¢mknse F√m Ipń-I-fp-ambn Ah N¿®sNbp-Ibpw Hmtcm Ipń°pw AXn-

te°v kw`m-h\ \¬Im≥ Ah-kcw krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-

°pw. F√m-h-cp-sSbpw ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v A[ym-]-I¿ {]tXyIw

{i≤ \¬I-Ww. A[ym-]-I¿ F∂ \ne-bv°p≈ Ah-cpsS ta∑-bpsS Hcp

Af-hp-tIm¬ Bbn-cn°pw CXv.

$ F√m {]okvIqƒ ]T-\hpw {]tXyI {i≤-b¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-I-sf-°qSn

]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-IWw

$ C≥¢q-kohv FUyq-t°j≥ kºq¿W-ambn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw Ab¬]°

kvIqfpIƒ F∂ kao-]\w \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøpI

$ CØcw Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn\v XS w \n¬°p∂ ùXn-I-km-l-N-

cyßƒ adn-I-S-°pI

$ {]th-i-\-\-S-]-Sn-I-fnse XS- -ßƒ (kz-Im-cy-hn-Zym-ebßfn-te-X-S°w)

Hgn-hm-°p-I.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Isf ]¿h-Xo-I-cn®p ImWn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw Ah-

cpsS Ign-hns\bpw tijn-tbbpw Db¿Øn-°m-Wn-°p-I.

$ ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS Ign-hp-I-fpsS sshhn-[ysØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]T-\-

am-[y-a-ambn {ih-W-ssh-I-ey-ap-≈-h¿°v BwKy-̀ m-j, ImgvN sshI-ey-

ap-≈-h¿°v s{_bn¬ F∂nh G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I. H∏w aq∂mw`mj Hcp

sF—nI hnj-b-ambn {_bn¬, BwKy-̀ mj F∂nh XmXv]-cy-ap≈

Ipń-Iƒ°pw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

$ Bfl-hn-izm-kw,-s]m-cp-Ø-s∏-S¬, F∂n-h-bv°mbn Ipń-I-fn¬ kzX-{¥-

ambn Pohn-°m-\p≈ tijn-Iƒ , hna¿i-\m-flI Nn¥, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-

°¬, -{]-iv\-]-cn-lmc tijn-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ {]I-

Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ tijnbpw hf¿Ø-Ww.


Experimental V

ersion

$ ka-{K-amb Adnhv Ipń-I-fn-ep-≠m-°m-\mbn A©mw ¢mkv hsc GIm-

[ym-]-I-coXn \S-∏m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Hcp C≥¢q-kohv kaq-lsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂Xn\pw, _lp-am-\n-°p-∂-

Xn\pw F√mXe-Øn-ep-ap≈ Icn-°p-e-Ønepw a\p-jym-h-Imiw Hcp

LSIambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ F√m LS-I-ß-sfbpw t{]mXvkm-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ifn-

Iƒ,- \r-Øw,- \m-S-Iw,- I-e, Ic-Iu-iew F∂n-hbv°v Xpey-]-cn-K-W\

]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ \¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ hyXykvX ]T-\-co-Xn-I-fp-ff Ipń-Iƒ°pw Aaq¿Ømib-ßƒ Dƒs°m-

≈-Ø-°-hn[w A[ym-]-\-Øn¬ BwKy-̀ mj, Zriy-{ihy km[y-X-Iƒ,

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS {]th-i-\w, kvIqfp-I-fnse \ne-\n-¬]v, hnhn[ -{]-h¿Ø-\-

ß-fnse ]¶m-fnØw F∂n-hbv°v GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈ sStÃm

hnZ-Kv[-cpsS ]cn-tim-[\m dnt∏m¿t´m a\»mkv{X sshZy ]cn-tim-[\m

k¿ń-̂ n-°t‰m Bh-iy-s∏-S-cp-Xv.

$ Ipń-Isf tXm¬∏n-°p∂ \b-Øn\p ]Icw Ah-cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Isf

adn-I-S-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ kao-]\w kzoI-cn-°-Ww.

3. 2. tIc-f-]m-T-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv

tIc-f-]m-T-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv A[-ymbw c≠n¬ kmaq-l-y-\o-Xnbpw hnZ-ym-̀ ym-

khpw F∂ Xe-s°-́ n-\p-≈n¬ khn-ti-j-I-gn-hp-I-fp≈ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZ-ym`ym-

k-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿in-®n-́ p-≠v.

]{¥≠mw ¢mkvhsc-bp-ff hnZym-̀ ymkw km¿h-{Xn-I-am-°p-I-sb∂ e£y-Øn-

emWv \mw. kaq-l-Ønse F√m hn`m-K-ß-sfbpw Dƒs°m-f-fn-®p-sIm-≠p-ff

hnZym-̀ ym-k-ØneqsS am{Xta Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw kºq¿WhnImkw Ah-c-

h-cpsS P∑m-h-Im-isa∂ e£yw km£mXvIcn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-f-fq.

\Ωp-tS-Xp-t]m-ep-ff Hcp _lp-apJ kaq-l-Øn¬ sshhn[yw A\n-hm-cy-amWv.

Cu sshhn-[y-Øns‚ X\n-a AwKo-I-cn®pw t]mjn-∏n-®pw sIm≠pff Hcp

ka-Xp-enX hnZym-̀ ym-k-{]{Inb \ap°v Dd-∏p-h-cptØ-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mƒ khn-

ti-j-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS≠ hn`m-K-amWv {]tXyI ]cn-KW\b¿ln-°p∂

Ipń-I-ƒ. Ch-cm-scms°sb∂p t\m°mw.

$ tIƒhn-°p-d-hp-f-f-h¿

$ ImgvN-°p-d-hp-ffh¿

$ Ne\tijn Ipd-™-h¿

$ am\-kn-I-ambpw _p≤n-]-c-ambpw sh√p-hn-fn- t\cnSp-∂-h¿

$ _lp-hn-[- im-co-cn-I-sh-√p-hnfn A\p`hn-°p-∂-h¿


Experimental V

ersion

{]tXyI ]cn-KW\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw

Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ hnZym-̀ ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-bnse apJy Du∂-ep-Ifn¬ H∂v apgp-

h≥ Ipń-I-sfbpw kvIqfn¬ FØn°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu e£yw ]q¿W-

ambpw km£mXvI-cn-°m≥ imco-cn-Itam am\-kn-Itam Bb {]iv\-ßtfm ]cn-

an-Xn-Itfm A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ F√m hn`mKw Ipń-I-sfbpw kvIqfn-se-Øn-°-Ww.

CXns‚ `mK-ambn {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-Isf s]mXp-[m-c-

bn¬ FØn-°m≥ ""Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw'' (Inclusive Education) tIc-

f-Ønepw \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

tIc-f-]m-T-y-]-≤Xn N -́°qSn¬ {]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p-∂-h-cpsS hnZym-

-̀ym-k-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ \ne-]m-Sp-tc-J- Ch-cpsS hnZ-y-̀ -ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v́

\nc-h[n \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ apt∂m-́ p-h-bv°p-∂p.

\n¿tZißƒ

]mTy-]-≤Xn kao-]-\-Øn¬ Cu Ipń-IfpsS ]T-\-ti-jn-bpw A`n-

cp-Nn-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww.

]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ efn-X-amb ̀ mj-bn¬ Xbm-dm-°-Ww.

]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ CWSEN Ipń-Isf°qSn IW-°n-

se-Sp-°-Ww.

]mTy-]-≤-Xn°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fpw Nn -́

s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Ipń-I-fpsS ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ°v FØm-hp--∂n-S-tØmfw

t\Sm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ßƒ Hcp-°-Ww.

sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn´v Hu∂-Xy-Øn¬ FØn-b-h-sc-°p-dn®v ]mT-]p-

kvX-I-Øn¬ {]Xn]mZn-°-Ww.

A[ym-]I klm-bn-I-fn¬ Task Analysis t]mep≈ X{¥-ßƒ {]tbm-

P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

`mjm-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ {]tXyIw FgpXn Xbm-dm-°nb ]mT-]p-kvXIw

\n¿an-°Ww.

hy‡n-]-cn-K-W\ ]c-am-h[n e`y-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-embn-cn-°-Ww

{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS cq]-tc-J.

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ sF.-Sn. km[yX D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

hnj-b-ßƒ°v tNmbvkv \¬I-Ww.

kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ°pw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw t_m[-h¬°-cWw \¬I-Ww.

aqey-\n¿WbØn¬ A\p-tbm-Py-amb am‰w hcp-Ø-Ww.

IqSp-X¬ kabw aqey-\n¿W-b-Øn\v \¬IWw


Experimental V

ersion

Term Evaluation (T.E) \S-Øptºmƒ ]T-\-th-Kw, tijn F∂nh ]cnK-

Wn®p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-ƒ {]h¿Ø\ _m¶n¬ \n∂v kzbw Xnc-

s™-Sp-°m-\-h-kcw Hcp-°-Ww.

Bh-iy-Øn\v dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°-Ww.

P\-d¬ kvIqfnse A[ym-]-I¿°v dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-I¿°v e`n-

°p∂ aq∂p-am-ksØ s{Sbn-\nwKv e`y-am-°-Ww.

F√m kvIqfnepw Hcp dntkmgvkv dqw D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

hnZKv[-cpsS inev]-im-e-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n®v {]tXyI ]T-\-t_m-[\

D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿tZ-in®v teWnwKv In‰v \¬IWw.

eoK¬ Ahb¿\- v, B\p-Iq-ey-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ [mcW F∂nh

A[ym-]-I¿°v \¬I-Ww.

tIc-f-Ønse k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-IfpsSbpw Xt±-i-kz-bw-̀ -c-W-ÿm-]-

\-ß-fpsS Iogn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-IcpsSbpw

tkh-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ GtIm-]n-∏n®v Nn -́s∏SpØ-Ww.

]T\m-¥-co£w sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn ¢mkv dqw BI¿j-I-am-°p-Ibpw

Ccn-∏n-S-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

F√m hnj-b-ßƒ°pw h¿°v_p°p-Iƒ, Nn{X-ß-tfm-Sp-IqSnbpw

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn®pw t^m≠p-Iƒ hep-Xm-°nbpw Xbm-dm-

°-Ww.

kv]o®v s{Sbn-\¿, H.-F-®v.-]n. F¬.-kn.-Un. t{]mP-IvS¿, Iºyq-́ ¿

F∂nh F√m kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw e`y-am-°-Ww.

CWSEN Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v hnZKv[ ]cn-io-e\-

ßƒ kwÿm\ ̨ Pn√m ̨ kn.-B¿.-kn. Xe-Øn¬ e`n-°p-hm≥ \S]Sn

thWw.

A[ym-]-I-cn¬ A\p-Iq-e-amb at\m-̀ mhw D≠m-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ Xc-

Øn¬ ]pXnb coXn-Iƒ/X{¥-ßƒ/{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°-

Ww. FIvkv-t]m-j¿{Sn∏p-Iƒ (CWSEN Ipń-Isf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p∂

ÿm]-\-ß-fn-te°v) \S-Ø-Ww.

F√m kvIqfp-I-fnepw dmºv & sdbn¬, AUm-]v‰Uv tSmbve‰v,

CeIv{Sn^n-t°-j≥ F∂nh k÷-am-°-Ww.

D]-I-c-W-ßƒ hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-Iƒ hnI-kn-

∏n-°p-∂n-X\pw k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Isf {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

kl-hm-k-Iymºv, ]T-\-bm{X, Iem-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-

b-h-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-hgn CWSEN Ipń-IfpsS IgnhpIƒ Xncn-

®-dn™v t{]m’m-ln∏n°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.


Experimental V

ersion

Nm¿´p-Iƒ, tamU¬ F∂nh SmIv‰-bn¬ / FtºmkvUv Bbn Xbm-

dm°n \¬IpI.

1, 2 ¢mkp-I-fnse ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hoUntbm Hmdn-b‚ v Bb-Xp-sIm≠v

s{_bn¬ hmb\ Ffp∏w ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ Xbm-

dm°n \¬Ip-I.

HmUntbm sse{_-dnIƒ cq]-h¬°-cn-°p-Ibpw ImgvN-]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈

Ipń-Iƒ°v hmb-\m-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ e`y-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

s{_bn¬ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Hcp kvIqfn¬ Hcp tIm∏n-sb-¶nepw e`y-am-

°pI.

KWn-X-Ønse Nn{X-ßƒ°v sX¿tam t^mw sajo≥ D]-tbm-Kn°pI.

F√m Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnepw (ss{]h‰v Dƒs∏-sS) \ntbm \m‰¬

kv{Io\nwKv sSÃv kwhn-[m\w G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI

A`n-cp-Nn-°-\p-k-cn-®p≈ sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\w G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

C.E. {]h¿Ø\w AUm-]v‰Sv / tamUn-ssÛv Bbn-cn-°p-I.

apgp-h≥ c£n-Xm-°-sfbpw ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ ̀ mK-ambn tUm°p-

sa‚-dn-Iƒ, hoUntbm ¢n∏nw-Kp-Iƒ (CWSENIp-́ n-I-fpsS ]T-\w, ]cn-

io-e-\w F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ -Xv) F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-

I.

dntkmgvkv A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw P\-d¬ A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw ]cn-io-

e\w kwbp-‡-ambn \S-ØpI.

tamWn-‰-dnw-Kn-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w ]q¿W-ambpw {]h¿Ø-\-£a-am-°-

Ww.

Ipń-I-fpsS {]tXyI Bh-iy-ßƒ (Special Needs) Xncn-®-dn™v IqSp-

X¬ XmXv]-cy-tØmsS CS-s]´p {]h¿Øn-°m-\pw Ipń-Iƒ°v Ah-

cpsS {]mb-Øn\pw Ign-hn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Ifn-I-fpw D]-I-c-W-

ßfpw Xnc-s™-SpØp \¬Ip-hm-\pw {]tXyI ]cn-KW A¿ln-°p∂

Ipń-I-fpsS c£n-Xm-°sf Iu¨kn-enwKv \S-Øm\pw Ign-bp∂ Xc-

Øn-ep≈ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv A[ym-]-I¿°v \¬tI-≠Xv.

Inclusive Education D]m-[n-I-fn-√msX F√m kvIqfp-I-fnepw \S-∏n-em-

°pI

\S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]mtbm-Kn-I -X-S- -ßƒ C√m-Xm-°p-I. ̀ uXnI

kml-N-cy-ßƒ A\p-Iq-e-am-°p-I.

sSÃv, C‚¿hyq XpSßn AUvan-j\v XS- -am-Ip∂ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-X-

Iƒ C√m-Xm-°p-I


Experimental V

ersion

Inclusive setting-̨ ¬ ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m≥ {]m]vX-cm-I-Ø-°-

hn[w A[ym-]-I¿°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-I.

Ipń-I-fpsS _u≤n-Ihpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb Ign-hp-I-fpsS G‰-°p-d-

®n-ep-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v ]mTy-]-≤Xn IqSp-X¬ Ab-hp-≈-Xm-

°p-I.

A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]T-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fp-sSbpw AXm-Xp-cw-KsØ hnZ-Kv[-

cp-sSbpw sF.-Sn. Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ kmt¶XnI kuI-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw

{]tbm-P-\w Dd-∏m-°p-I.

hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ F√m L -́ß-fnepw c£n-Xm-°-fpsS CS-s]-S¬

Dd-∏m-°pI.

{]ok¿hokv Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ F√m A[ym-]I ]cn-io-\-e-ß-fnepw

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\v CW-ß-p∂ t_m[-\-im-kv{X-

Øn\v Du∂¬ \¬Ip-I.

A[ym-]-\-coXn F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw ]T-\-co-Xn-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-

∂-Xm-IWw.

kvs]j-y¬ kvIqfp-Isf Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ -hn-Zym-̀ ym-k-Øn\v Bh-

iy-amb tkh\w \¬Ip∂ dntkm¿gvkv sk‚-dp-I-fm-°p-I.

hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-

°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS ]¶m-fnØw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

¢m n¬ A[ym-]-I-̨ -hn-Zym¿Yn A\p-]mXw 1:30 B°p-I. Dƒs∏-Sp-

Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn¬ (Inclusive Education) ¢m n¬ Ipń-I-fpsS

FÆw 20 F∂p \nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

¢m nse Ipń-Isf kw_-‘n® apgp-h≥ Npa-X-ebpw AXmXp ¢m v

So®¿am¿°v Bbn-cn-°-Ww. {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-

Iƒ°p-th≠n Fs¥-¶nepw {]tXyI klmbw Bh-iy-ambn hcp-

tºmƒ AXp e`y-am-°Ww.

]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bp-ambn _‘-∏´ F√m ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw ]cn-]m-Sn-I-

fpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-ksØ ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂

hn[-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

kvIqƒ {]n≥kn-∏¬am¿, slUvam-Ã¿am¿, a‰v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ XpS-

ßnb hnZym-̀ ymk ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn®p \S-∏m-°p∂ F√m-

h¿°pw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-amb Ah-

t_m[w D≠m-I-Ww.

{]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS Ign-hp-tI-Sp-Iƒ

{]Xn -̂en-∏n-°p∂Xn\p ]Icw Ah-cpsS kl-P-amb i‡nbpw


Experimental V

ersion

Ign-hp-Ifpw Is≠Øn hnI-kn-∏n-°p∂ ]T-\-co-Xn-Iƒ Is≠Øn

\S∏nem-°-Ww.

kzm{i-b-Xz-t_m-[hpw kml-N-cy-ß-tfmSv ka-c-k-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈

Ign-hp-Ifpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pX-Ip∂ ]T-\m-\p-̀ -h-ßƒ \¬I-

Ww.

kzX{¥-Pohn-X-Øn-\pw {]iv\-]-cn-l-W-Øn-\pw Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-

∂-Xn-\pw hni-I-e\ _p≤n-tbmsS Imcy-ßsf kao-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

ap≈ ]cn-io-e-\-amWv ]T\m-\p-̀ -h-ß-fn-eqsS e`n-t°-≠-Xv.

Ipń t\Sp∂ Adnhv ]c-kv]-c-_-‘n-Xhpw ka-{Khpw A¿Y-h-Øp-

am-Im≥ 4˛mw Xcw hsc Hcp A[ym-]nI F∂ coXn-bmWv kzoImcyw.

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ (Inclusive Education) {]tbm-P\w

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ C≥k¿hokv {]ok¿hokv ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-

Iƒ ]cn-jvI-cn®v ]p\ wL-Sn∏nt°≠-Xm-Wv.

hn`n-∂-]-T-\-io-eßfp≈ hnZym¿Yn-I-fn-te°v Aaq¿Øm-i-b-ßƒ

ê-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-abw sNø-s∏-Sm≥ ]‰nb coXnbn¬ Nn”-̀ m-jbpw

s{_bvenbpw A[ym-]-Isc ]cn-io-en-∏n-°Ww

\ΩpsS kaq-l-Øns‚ \m\m-Xz-tØmSpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ kaq-l-

sa∂ Bi-b-tØmSpw BZ-chv hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -́°q-

ńepw A[ym-]-I ]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw a\p-jym-h-Imi hnZym-

`ymkw F∂ LSIw IqSn Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv.

hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ F√m Awi-ßfpw ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v (_u-

≤n-I-hpw sshIm-cn-Ihpw a\-›m-e-I-hp-am-b) Iem-]-T-\-Øn\pw

{]hrØn ]cn-N-b-Øn\pw Xpey-{]m-[-m-\yhpw aqeyhpw Iev]n-t°-

≠-Xm-Wv.

{]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS {]th-i-\-Øn-t\m,

B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xnt\m Hu]-Nm-cn-I-X-Iƒ Hcp Xc-Ønepw

XS- am-I-cp-Xv.

¢mkp-I-fn¬ Ipń-Isf tXm¬∏n-°p∂ \bw Hgn-hm°n ]Icw Hmtcm

Ipń-sbbpw Ahs‚ {]bm-k-ßƒ XcWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-

t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

tIƒhn-°p-d-hp≈ Ipń-Iƒ°v Nn”-̀ m-jbpw (Sign language) ImgvN-

°p-d-hp-≈-h¿°v s{_bvenbpw ]T\-am-[y-a-am-°-Ww.

aq∂mw`mj-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ Nn”-̀ m-j-bpw ̂ nwK¿ s{_bvenbpw F√m

Ipń-Ifpw ]Tn-°-Ww.


Experimental V

ersion

3.3. tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn 2013 ̨ \b-tcJ

tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn ˛ 2013, \b-tc-J-bnepw "Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈

hnZym-̀ ymk'sØ Gsd {]m[m-\y-tØmsS N¿® sNbvXn-́ p-≠v.

3.3.1 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw (Inclusive Education)

"F√m-h¿°pw hnZym-̀ ymkw' (Education for all) F∂ BtKmf hym]I Bi-b-

Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv Inclusive Education F∂ ImgvN-∏mSv hnI-kn®Xv.

kvIqƒ {]mb-Øn-se-Ønb F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw

Ah-Im-i-ambn h∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ F√m-h-scbpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Xc-Øn-

ep≈ ]mTy-]-≤Xn Bhn-jv°-cn®p \S-∏n-em-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

3.3.2 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw ̨ {]k‡n

F√m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw hnZym-̀ ymk kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ BsI-Ø-s∂bpw F√m-

h-scbpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂, Bscbpw ]pd-¥-≈mØ \b-amWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠-

Xv. F√m-hn[ sshhn-[y-ß-sfbpw (diversity) AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw F√m-h-cp-

sSbpw ]¶m-fn-Øw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xp-amb ¢mkvdqw A¥-co-£-amWv kvIqfp-

I-fn-ep-≠m-th-≠-Xv. \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-ambpw c≠v hn`m-K-°m¿°v

IqSp-X¬ ]cn-K-W-\bpw {i≤bpw \¬In KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw Dd∏ph-

cp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

H∂m-a-Xmbn imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-hcpw ]T\

{]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cp-amb Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw, c≠m-a-Xmbn kmaq-ly-

hpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb ImcWß-fm¬ ]pd-¥-≈-s∏´ Ipń-

Iƒ ˛ Cu c≠v hn`m-K-ß-sfbpw ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw

¢mkvdqw A¥-co-£-hp-amWv th≠-Xv.

3.3.3 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp∂ Ipń-Iƒ

a. imco-cnIhpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ (Chil-dren With Disabilities - CWD)

{]tXyI {i≤, klm-bw, ]cn-K-W\ F∂nh Bh-iy-ap≈ Ipń-I-fm-

Wn-h¿. Ch-cpsS ]cn-c-£, hnZym-̀ ymkw F∂nhbn¬ hy‡n-]camb

{]tXyI {i≤bpw Du∂epw AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. tIƒhn-°p-dhv

(Hearing Impairment), ImgvN-]-cn-an-Xn (Visual Impairment), _p≤n]-

c-amb ]cn-anXn (Intellectually Challenged) Ne-\-]-c-amb ]cn-anXn (Lo-comotor Disability), ]T-\-ssh-Ieyw (Specific learning disability),Hmńkw (Autism), skdn-{_¬]mƒkn (Cerebral Palsy), _lp-apJ

sshI-ey-ßƒ (Multiple Disabilities), sshIm-cnI Ak-¥p-e-\m-h-ÿ-

bn-ep≈ Ipń-Iƒ (Emotionally Disturbed Group) {i≤m-]-c-amb ]cn-

anXn (ADHD) F∂nh Cu KW-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.


Experimental V

ersion

b. kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ ]pd-¥-≈-s∏´hcpsS

Ipń-Iƒ

hnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn\v Ah-kcw \ntj-[n-°-s∏-́ -h-tcm, ¢mkn-\-IØv th≠{X

]¶m-fn-Øhpw, ]cn-KW\bpw In´m-Ø-htcm Bb Ipń-I-fmWv {][m-\-

ambpw Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

$ ISpØ Zmcn{Zyw A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂-hcpw _me-the sNøp-∂-hcpw

$ {]m¥-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ hn`m-K-Ønse Ipń-Iƒ (Zfn-X¿, BZn-hm-kn-

Iƒ, tKm{X-h¿K Ipń-Iƒ)

$ Iem-]-_m-[nX {]tZ-i-ß-fnse Ipń-Iƒ

$ PmXn, aXw, h¿Ww, hwio-bX F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ hyXy-kvX-I-fpsS

`mK-ambn \yq\-]£ambn t]mIp-∂-h-cpsS Ipń-Iƒ

$ sXcp-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿

$ Fkv.-kn./Fkv.‰n hn`m-K-°m¿

$ {]IrXn Zpc-¥-ß-fpsS ̀ mK-ambn ]em-b\w sNø-s∏-́ -h¿

$ s]Ïp-́ n-Iƒ

$ A\y-tZ-iØv \n∂v IpSn-tb-dn-hcpw ÿnc-ambn Xmak kuIcyw C√m-

Ø-hcpw

Cu c≠p taJ-e-bn-ep≈ Ipń-Isf IqSmsX khn-tij-{i-≤bpw ]cn-K-W-

\bpw th≠-h-cmWv {]tXyI A`n-cp-Nnbpw Ign-hp-ap≈ Ipń-Iƒ (Gifted Chil-dren)

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw (Inclusive Education) Hcp Zm¿i-\nI \ne-]mSm-

Wv. AtX-k-abw F√m hn`mKw Ipń-I-sfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ignbpw hn[w

kvIqƒ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw ̀ uXn-I-km-l-N-cy-ß-sfbpw {Iao-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp

]≤-Xn-bp-am-Wv.

3.3.4 Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw ̨ kao-]\w

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw (Inclusive Education) {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-tºmƒ

\mw kzoI-cn-t°≠ coXn-imkv{Xw F¥m-bn-cn°pw? kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmº-Øn-

I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fm¬ th≠{X {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw Int -́≠- Cu hn`m-

K-°msc s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ tN¿Øv ]T-\m-\p-̀ -h-ßƒ e`n-®p-sh∂v

Dd∏phcp-Øm-≥ Ign-b-Ww. ]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]-I¬]\ sNøp-tºmƒ D≈-S-°w,

]T-\-t\´w (Learning Outcome) hn\n-a-b-co-Xn, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂o taJ-e-

Ifn¬ F√m hn`m-K-°m-scbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂p F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-

Ww.

imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw ]T-\-{]-bmkw

A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂ Ipń-Iƒ°pw {]tXyI ]T-\m-h-iy-ßƒ D≠v (Special Educa-tional Needs). ]cn-an-Xn-I-sfbpw hyXy-kvXXI-sfbpw Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw AwKo-


Experimental V

ersion

I-cn-°p-Ibpw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww CØcw Ipń-

I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-k-Im-cy-Øn-ep≈ \ΩpsS ASn-ÿm\ kao-]\w. sshI-ey-

ßfp≈ Ipń-I-fpsS {]tXyImh-iy-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ \ΩpsS hnZym-e-b-

ßƒ°pw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn°pw A[ym-]-I¿°pw s]mXpkaq-l-Øn\pw km[n-°p-

∂n√ F∂-XmWv bYm¿Y-Øn-ep≈ {]iv\w. Cu Xncn-®-dn-hm-bn-cn-°Ww

CØcw Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymk kao-]-\sØ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ≠ auen-I-amb

Nme-I-i-‡n.

1986 tZiob hnZym-̀ ymk \bw 1992˛ se B¿.-kn.sF BIvSv, 1995 se Personwith Disabilities Act, 2005 se tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv, 2007 se tIcf

]mTy-]-≤Xn N -́°qSv, 2009 se B¿.-‰n.-C. BIvS,v tIcf kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤Xn

2013 F∂nh-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°Ww sshI-ey-ap≈ Ipń-I-fpsS

hnZym-̀ ym-kw.

{]o -̨ss{]-adn apX¬ lb¿sk-°-≠dn hsc- KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZym-̀ ymkw

A\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬ kuP-\y-ambn ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw

e`y-am-°pI F∂ e£yw km£m¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v imkv{Xo-b-am¿K-ßƒ

kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

sshI-ey-ap≈ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw Ct∏mƒ \S-°p-∂-Xv {][m-\-ambpw

c≠p coXn-bn-emWv.

(1) sshI-ey-ap≈ Iqń-Iƒ°vth≠n am{X-ambn \S-Øp∂ kvs]jy¬

kvIqfp-Iƒ.

ImgvN--°p-d-hv, tIƒhn-°p-d-hv, am\-knI sh√p-hnfn F∂n-h-bp-≈ Ipń-

Iƒ°v th≠n \S-Øp∂ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ kwÿm-\Øv \ne-hn-

ep-≠v. a‰p ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ Ipń-Iƒ°p th≠n°qSn CØcw kvIqfp-

Iƒ XpS-tß-≠-Xp-≠v. GIo-Ir-Xhpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb ]mTy-]-≤Xn Cu

kvIqfp-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-am-Wv.

(2) 1974 ¬ C¥y-bn¬ Bcw-̀ n® kwtbm-PnX hnZym-̀ ymk ]cn-]m-Sn.

imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Isf km[m-

cW Ipń-I-tfm-sSm∏w s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bmWv Cu ]cn-

]m-Sn-bpsS kz`m-hw. k¿h-in£m A`nbm≥ t{]mP-IvSns‚ ̀ mK-am-bp≈

kvIoapw hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏ns‚ Iogn-ep≈ sF.C.-Un.-F-kv.-F-kv.

kvIoapw Cu cwKØv \ne-hn-ep-≠v.

3.3.5 ]mTy-]-≤Xn, D≈-S-°w, hn\n-a-b-co-Xn, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F∂n-h-bn¬

]cn-K-Wn-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ

s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-bp≈ Ipń-Iƒ°mbn

]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-ØWw. {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v hn[-Øn-

ep≈ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw (Adaptations) Bh-iy-am-Wv.


Experimental V

ersion

hn\n-a-b-co-Xn-bnepw D≈-S-°-Øn-ep-ap≈ A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ X{¥-

ß-fnepw D]m-[n-bn-ep-ap≈ am‰w, ̀ uXnI sshIm-cnI A¥-co-£-Ønse am‰-

ßƒ F∂n-h-bm-W-h. IqSmsX;

$ sshI-ey-ß-fp≈ Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ A[ym-]I im‡o-

I-cWw

$ CØcw Ipń-I-fpsS t£aw, ]cn-N-cWw, hnZym-̀ ymkw F∂n-h-bn¬ hnZ-

Kv[-c-S-ßp∂ (sskt°m-f-Pn-Ãv, Iu¨k-e¿am¿, kmaq-lnI {]h¿Ø-

I¿, kvs]jy¬ FUyp-t°-‰¿, dKp-e¿ So®¿) kwL-Øns‚ kw-tbmPnX

]n¥pW Dd∏v hcp-Øp-I.

$ dntkmgvkv sk‚dpIƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw hnZKv[ tkh-\-ßƒ Dd-∏p-h-

cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI.

$ ssiihIme ]cn-N-c-Whpw hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Dd∏p hcp-Øm≥ {]o -̨

ss{]-adn kvIqfpIƒ ÿm]n-°pI.

$ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ°mbn {]tXyI ]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jv°-cWw \S-

∏n-em-°p-I.

$ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ, dntkmgvkvsk‚-dm-bn Db¿Øp-Ibpw s]mXp-

hn-Zym-e-b-ß-ƒ°v ]qc-I-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

$ c£m-I¿Ør inip]cn-io-e\ -]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ (Early-Parent Infant TrainingProgramme) Bhn-jvI-cn®v \S-∏n-em-°p-I.

$ Xmc-X-tay\ ITn-\-X-c-Øn-ep≈ sshI-ey-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-amb _p≤n--]-

c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v ê-{]-Z-amb hy‡n-KX

t_m[\w e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\v kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-I-fmWv A`n-Im-ayw.

(F∂m¬ \nb-a-]-c-ambn CØcw Ipń-Iƒ°p-IqSn s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-

fn¬ ]Tn-°m≥ Ah-Im-i-ap-≠v).

$ sshI-ey-ßƒ t\csØ Xncn-®-dn™v CS-s]-Sm≥ (Early Intervention)kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Hcp-t°≠-Xp-≠v.

$ hnhn[ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ kvIqfn¬ FØm≥ Ign-bmØ, kvIqƒ {]mb-sa-

Ønb, InS-∏n-emb (bed ridden) Ipń-Iƒ°mbn Home based Education \S-

∏n-em-°-Ww. Ch¿°v s]mXp[mc-bn¬ CS-s]-Sm-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ßƒ

krjvSn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

$ khn-ti-j-amb coXn-bn¬ Iuamc hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Pohn-X-ss\-]pWn

(Life Skills) hnZym-̀ ym-khpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.

$ Ipń-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ A\p-̀ -hn-®-dn™v sIm≠v ]T-\-{]-

{In-b-Ifpw e£y-ßfpw cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A[-ym-]-Isc {]m]vX-cm-

t°≠-Xp-≠v.


Experimental V

ersion

$ {]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\ A¿ln-°p∂ hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf Xbm-dm-°p∂ A[ym-

]-I¿°mbn {]tXyI in-service course Iƒ \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp∂Xv DNn-X-

am-bn-cn-°pw.

$ A¥m-cmjv{S Xe-Ønepw tZiob Xe-Ønepw D≠m-Ip∂ \qX\mi-b-

ßfpw Bhn-jv-Im-cßfpw kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-Ifpw ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬

A[-ym-]-I-cn-seØn°Ww.

$ So®¿ FIvkvtN©v t{]m{Kmw {]mtZ-inI Xe-Ønepw kwÿm-\-X-e-

Ønepw tZiob XeØnepw \S∏n-te-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ Cu taJ-e-bnse BIvj≥ dnk¿®v {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn kmº-ØnI

klm-bhpw t{]m’ml-\-ßfpw \¬Imhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnhn-[-ß-fmb {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v A[-ym-]-I\v

]n¥p-Wbpw \n¿tZihpw \¬Ip∂ ÿncw kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ (DZm: Helpdesk) G¿s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZ-iobhpamb hnhn[ ÿm]-\-ßƒ kμ¿in®v A\p-

-̀h-ßƒ kzw-io-I-cn-°p-hm≥ A[-ym-]-I\v Ah-kcw \¬IWw

$ hnhn[ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-Ifpw Kh¨sa‚ v GP≥kn-Ifpw \S-Øp∂

AwKoIrX ]cn-io-e-\-ßƒ°v iº-f-tØm-sS-bp≈ ]T-\m-\paXn ]cn-K-

Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

3.3.6 {]tX-yI ]cn-K-W\b¿ln-°p∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS D∂-a-\sØ klm-bn-

°p∂ kan-Xn-Iƒ

CØcw hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-fpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\mbn kvIqƒ XeØnepw, Pn√m-

XeØnepw kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. kvIqƒ Xe kan-Xn--bpsS A[-y-£≥

hm¿Uvsa-ºdpw D]m-[-y-£≥ ]n.-Sn.F {]kn-U‚pw I¨ho-\¿ F®v.FΩpw

tPmbn‚ v I¨ho-\¿ Fkv.B¿.Pn I -̈ho-\-dp-am-I-Ww. Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏Sp∂

{]mtZ-inI km-aq-lnI {]h¿Ø-I¿, A[-ym-]-I¿ F∂n-h¿ kan-Xn-bw-K-ß-fm-

IWw.

k_vPn√m-Xe kan-Xn-bpsS A[-y-£≥ tªm°v ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚pw

I¨ho-\¿ F.C.-H. bp-amIWw. k_vPn√-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]©m-bØv {]kn-

U‚p-am-cpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-Iƒ, tUmIvS¿am¿, Iu¨kn-e¿am¿, kvs]j-y¬ FUyq-

t°-‰¿am¿ F∂n-h¿ Cu kan-Xn-Ifn-ep-≠m-IWw hnZ-Kvt[m-]-tZ-ißƒ

\¬Im\pw CS-s]-SepIƒ \S-Øm\pw Cu kanXn {]m]vX-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

Pn√m ]©m-bØv {]kn-U‚ v A[-y-£\pw Un.Un I¨ho-\-dp-amb Pn√m-Xe

kan-Xn-bn¬ Un.C.H˛am¿, Pn√mXe 2 sF.]n AwK-ßƒ, tªm°v ]©m-bØv

{]kn-U‚p-am¿, Cu taJ-e-bn¬ sshZKv[yw t\Snb tUmIvS¿am¿, kvs]jy¬

FU-yp-t°-‰¿am¿, Iu¨ke¿am¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.


Experimental V

ersion

]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ \qdn-e-[nIw hnZ-ym¿Yn-Ifp≈ hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fn¬ apgp-h≥ kab

kvs]jy¬ FU-yq-t°-‰¿am¿, Iu¨ke¿am¿, sIb¿tS°¿-am¿ F∂n-h-cpsS

XkvXn-I-Iƒ krjvSn®v \nb-a\w \S-Ømhp-∂-Xm-Wv.

a‰v hnZ-ym-e-b-ßƒ°v ¢Ã¿ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \nb-an® ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® hy-

‡n-I-fpsS tkh\w e -̀y-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

3.3.7 sF.kn.Sn ̨ bpsS km[-yX

Iº-yq-́ -dp-I-fnse kv‰n¬ doU-dp-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS C‚¿s\‰v, Cu sabn¬

kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ Dƒs∏sS ImgvN-bn-√m-Ø-h¿°v D]-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

Cw•ojv kvIm\-dns‚ klm-b-tØmsS A®Sn ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn-°p-∂-

Xn\pw C∂v kz-X{¥ tkm^v‰v shb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v km[-y-am-Wv. kvss{I_v

knÃsØ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v sF.‰n km[-yX ]cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-S-Ww. ae-

bmfw kv]o®v hnI-kn®v hcp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v, ae-bmfw hnh-c-k-am-l-cWw (In-formation gathering) C‚¿s\‰v D]-tbm-Kn®v km[n-°pw. ]{X- hmb-\bpw hn°n-

]o-Unb sk¿®pw CtX-X-c-Øn¬ km[y-am-Wv.

{ihW sshI-e-y-ap≈ Ipń-IfpsS ̀ mjm hnI-k-\-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn A[-c-N-

e-\-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw BwK-y-`m-j- A`-y-kn-°p-∂-Xn\pw hmb\

t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw sF.kn.Sn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømhp-∂-XmWv. k_v

ssS‰n-temSv IqSn-bp≈ Zri-y-ßƒ {Kl-W-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-b-

I-am-Ipw.

Ne\ sshI-e-y-ap-≈-h¿°v hb¿ekv Iot_m¿Uv/aukv, Hm¨ kv{Io≥

Iot_m¿Uv, dntam´v I¨t{Smƒ F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ sF.kn.Sn ]T-\w

Ah-ew-_n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.

am\knIambn sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°v Xncn-®-dn-b¬, {Iao-I-cWw, i_vZ-

\n¿Wbw, hnth-N\w, kwJym-]-T\w, Xmc-X-ayw, Nn¥m-ti-jn-bpsS h¿[-\hv

F∂n-h-bpsS kzmw-io-I-c-W-Øn\v sF.kn.Sn ]T\w klm-bn-°p-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn¬ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn\v kmt¶-XnI

hnZ-ybpsS klmbw ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hy-‡n-K-X-ambnØs∂

Iº-yq-́ ¿ A[n-jvTn-X-ambn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[-y-X-

Iƒ dntkmgvkv kn.Un. hgn \¬In ]T\w Imc-y-£-a-am-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

3.3.8 Ipń-Isf ]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ sa‚¿ Bbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ A[ym-

]-Is‚ tdmƒ

1. {]tNm-Z-I≥ ̨ A[-ym-]-I≥ Ipń-I-fnse Ign-hp-Isf DW¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw

{]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {]m]vX-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

2. A[-ym-]-I≥ klm-\p-̀ q-Xn-bp-≈-h-\m-I-Ww.


Experimental V

ersion

3. A[-ym-]-I\v ssIIm-cyw sNøp∂ ]cn-an-Xn-Ifp≈ hnZ-ym¿Yn-Isf-°p-

dn®v ka-{K-amb Adn-hp-≠m-I-Ww.

4. Ct∂m-th-‰¿ ̨ \h{]h-W-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw {]mh¿ØnI-am-Ip-

∂-Xn\pw Ignhp≠mIWw.

5. k¿Km-fl-IX ˛ hnZ-ym¿Yn-I-ƒ°v A\p-Kp-W-amb coXn-bn¬ ]T\

{]{InbIƒ ]men-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ k¿Kmfl-IX D≠m-I-Ww.

6. CØcw ]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS am\kn-Ihpw imco-cn-I-hp-w kmaq-ln-Ihpw hnZym-

-̀ym-k-]chp-amb Bh-i-y-ßsf Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn-\pw- {]m-]vXn-bp≈ hy-‡n-bm-I-Ww, sa‚¿.

7. A[-ym-]-I≥ hn`h kam-l-c-W-Ønepw amt\-Pvsa‚nepw {]m]vX-\m-I-

Ww.

8. ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw km[m-c-W-°m-cmb Ipń-I-fp-tSbpw

as[ybp≈ ]me-am-IWw sa‚¿ Bb A[-ym-]-I≥. (Peer group support)9. ]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ Ipń-Iƒ°p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-K-Ønepw hnX-

c-W-Ønepw {i≤mephmIWw.

3.4. ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ̨ Bh-i-y-IX

Htcm- ÿm-]\-hpw hyXy-kvX -]m-Ty-hkvXp°ƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v imco-cn-I-ambpw

am\-kn-I-ambpw ]cn-anXn A\p-̀ hn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw XpS¿∂p

h∂-Xn-\m¬ Ipń-Iƒ°v ka{K hnI-k\w km[-y-am-Ip∂ ]e {]h¿Ø-\ßfpw

Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm e`n-°mØ Ahÿ tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-

∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-\-ß-fn¬ \S-

°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒt°m hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-Iƒt°m -sF-Icq]y-an√. AXp-

sIm≠v Xs∂ ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bmbn ]pd-Øp- t]mIp∂ Ipń-I-fn¬ \ne-

\n¬°p∂ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ°pw sFI-cq-]-y-an-√. CXv CØcw taJ-e-bnse Ipń-

Isf ]p\-c-[n-h-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnt\m PohnXw apt∂m v́ \bn-°p-∂-Xnt\m klm-

bIamIp-∂n-√. F√m-h¿°pw KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw Dd-∏m-°Ww F∂

tZio-b-e£yw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ipń-I-ƒ°p e`n-°p∂p F∂v Dd-∏m-°-W-sa-

¶n¬ \nb-X-amb N -́°q-Sn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bn-eqsS am{Xta

km[-y-am-Ip-I-bp-≈q. Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn F√m ÿm-]-\-ß-fnepw \S-∏m-°p-hm-

\p≈ `c-W-]-c-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ, B\p-Iq-e-y-ßƒ, klm-b-ßƒ, t_m[-

h¬°-cWw, F∂nhbneqsS am{Xta Cu hn`m-KsØIqSn \ap°v tZiob

ImgvN -∏mS v apt∂m´v hbv°p∂ e£-y -Øn -te°v FØn-°p -hm≥

km[n°pIbp≈q.

3.4.1 ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ̨ s]mXp-k-ao-]\w

imco-cn-Iambpw _p≤n-]-c-ambpw sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS


Experimental V

ersion

hnZ-ym-`-ym-khpw kwc£Whpw kaq-l-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzam-b-Xn-\m¬

Ch¿°p th≠ {]tX-y-I -{i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-khpw Ah-k-

chpw \¬Ip-hm-\p≈ _m≤-y-Xbpw s]mXp-k-aq-l-Øn\pw ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°p-

ap-≠v. Ch-cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-™p-- sIm≠v A\ptbm-

P-y-amb hnZ-ym-`-ymkw Dd-∏m-°p-I-bmWv A`n-Im-a-yw. Ipń-bpsS hy‡nXz

khntijX-Iƒ°pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°pw kml-N-c-y-ßƒ°pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb

Hcp ]mT-y-]≤Xn am{Xta Ch-cpsS apt∂m-́ p≈ Pohn-X-Øn\v KpW-I-c-am-Ip-I-

bp-≈q. AXp-sIm≠v Ch-sbms° Dƒ-s°m-≠p-sIm≠v ka-{Khpw F∂m¬

Abhp≈Xpamb Hcp kao-]-\amWv kzoImc-y-am-Ip-I.

s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-̀ -ym-k-cw-KØv kzoI-cn-®n-́ p≈ kao-]-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw hy-XykvX

kao-]-\-amhpw ChnsS tbmPn-°p-I. ]c-am-h[n ]cm-{i-b-an-√msX Pohn-X-km-

l-N-c-y-ßsf t\cn-Sp-hm≥ Ipń-Isf klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Hcp coXn-

im-kv{X-amWv kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv. Hmtcm Ipń-°pw hy-‡n-]-c-amb {i≤ Dd-∏m°n

Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-hn-Im-k-Øn-ep≈ kz-X-{¥-h-y-‡n-Xzw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-

b-Ww. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sS-bpw am\-knI \ne-hm-c-Øn\p tbmPn® hy-XykvX

{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]T-\-X-{¥-ßfpw kzo-I-cn-°-Ww. Ipń-I-fpsS B-h-i-y-ßsf

]c-am-h[n Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kmaq-ln-Im-¥-co£w Dd∏v hcpØn Ch-cpsS

hnIm-ksØ Xz-cn-X-s∏SpØWw.

kzo-I-cn-°p∂ F√m ]T-\-X-{¥-ßfpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn-

I-fp-sa√mw Ab-hp-≈-Xm-tI-≠-Xm-Wv. kz¥w {]tZ-i-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Dƒs°m-≈n®v Xbm-dm-°n-bn-́ p≈ {]mtZinI ]mT-ß-fpsS (Local Text) km[yX

]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\s∏Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Iº-yq-́ ¿ Dƒs∏sS-bp≈ kmt¶-XnI

kuI-c-y-ßƒ ]T-\-Ønepw aqe-y-\n¿W-b-Ønepw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

Ipń-Iƒ°v klm-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ambn kzo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-c-ßƒ

Hcp°pIbpw sNø-Ww.. \n¿ZnjvT tijn-Ifpw Bi-b-ßfpw t\Snb Ipń-Isf

XpS¿]-T-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-e-b-Øn¬ FØn-°p∂

coXnbpw kzo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ Cu hn`m-K-Øns‚ ]T-\-Øn¬ [mcmfw am‰-ßƒ Kth-j-

W-̂ -e-ambn h∂n-́ p-≠v. AØ-c-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°n-bn-́ p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬

\ap°v tbmPn-°p∂Xv \ΩpsS ]mTy]-≤-Xn-bpsS ̀ mK-ambn htc-≠-Xm-Wv. Kth-

jW ê-ambn Is≠Øn AhnsS \S-∏m-°n-s°m≠ncn-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ \mw Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xns‚ bp‡n s]mXp-kaqlsØ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-

hm-\p≈ t_m[-h¬°-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xp-ap-≠v.

imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Hmtcm Ipńbpw

hyXykvX-\m-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ Ah¿°v In-t´≠ {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-

\bpw klm-bhpw hy-X-y-kvX-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. hy-‡n-KX hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-]-cn-io-e-

\-]-cn-]mSn (Individualised Education Programme) bmbn-cn-°-Ww Ch¿°mbn


Experimental V

ersion

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hcp-°p-tºmƒ kzo-I-cn-t°≠ kao-]\w. Imen-I hb pw

(Chronological Age) am\-knI hb pw (Mental Age) XΩn¬ A¥cw {]I-Sn-∏n-

°p∂ Cu Ipń-Iƒ°v apJ-y-[mcm hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øn-teXv t]mse ]{¥≠p

h¿jsØ hnZ-ym-`-ymkw A\p-tbm-P-yhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-a-√. AXn-\m¬

Ch¿°p e`n-t°≠ {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W\bpw klm-bhpw ]cn-K-Wn®v ]e

L -́ß-fmbn Xncn®v {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xbm-dm°n \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xmhpw kzoImcyw.

hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øns‚ e£-y-ßƒ°p tNm¿® kw -̀hn-°msX {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬

Bh-i-y-amb A\p-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-Øn-s°m≠v apt∂-dp∂ Hcp kao-]-\-am-bn-

cn°pw DNn-Xw.

3.4.2. ]mT-y-]-≤Xn \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øm-\p≈ km[-y-X-Iƒ

tIc-f-Ønse Hmtcm Ipń-°pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Hcp ]mT-y-]≤Xn Xbm-dm°n

\S-∏m-°p-hm≥ C∂sØ ÿnXn-bn¬ km[-y-a-√. ImcWw e -̀y-amb IW-°-

\p-k-cn®v tIc-f-Øn¬ GI-tZiw 3% Ipń-Iƒ imco-cn-Ihpw am\knI-hp-amb

_p≤n-ap´v A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ah¿°v Hcn-°epw Hcp s]mXp ]mT-y-]-

≤Xn A\p-tbm-P-y-am-hn-√. Ch¿°mbn Hcp {]tXyI ]mT-y-]-≤Xn A\n-hm-c-y-

am-sW-∂-Xn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb [mcmfw kml-N-c-y-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS A\p-tbmPy hnZym-̀ ym-

k-Øn-\p≈ Bkq-{XnX ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ D≠m-h-W-sa∂v tIc-f-Ønse

`cWcw-KØns‚ Xe-∏-Øp-≈-h¿°pw A°m-Z-anI t\Xr-Xz-ßƒ°pw

Xncn-®-dn-hp-≠v.

$ Gsd-°psd hnZym-k-º-∂cpw kmaqly {]Xn_≤Xbp-- ≈-h-cp-amb c£m-

I¿Xr Xe-apd, _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂Ipń-Iƒ°v A\p-

tbmPy hnZym-`ymkw \¬Im≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. AXn-\m-bp≈

]n¥pW \¬Im\pw Ah¿ Xbm-dm-Wv.

$ Zp¿_-e-tcmSpw kmaq-ly-ambn Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-tcmSpw H∏w \n∂v

]ptcm-K-a\ \thm-∞m\ kmwkvIm-cnI ]mc-º-cy-ap≈ tIc-f-Øn¬ icn-

bmb t_m[-h¬°-c-WØneqsS IqSp-X¬ hy‡nIsfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-

sfbpw kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw Cu taJ-e-bn-te°v \bn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb ]cn-anXn A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS c£n-

Xm-°-fp-sSbpw hnZym-̀ ym-k-̨ -]p-\-c-[n-hm-k-̨ -km-aqly PohnXw sa®-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ F√m ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ°pw s]mXp kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw am[y-

a-ß-fp-sSbpw ]n¥pW e`n-°p∂ Xc--Øn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-t_m[w tIc-f-

Øn-ep-≠v.

$ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn, Fkv.-sF.-Fw.kn XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS t\Xr-

Xz-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ hnZ-Kv[-cpsS tkh\w {]tbm-

P-\-s∏-SpØn ]mTy-]-≤Xn ImgvN-∏mSpw {]h¿Ø\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw Xbm-

dm-°m≥ km[n-°p∂ A¥-co£w \ne-hnep-≠v.


Experimental V

ersion

$ A°m-Z-an-Ihpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Zo¿L-Im-e-ambn Ah-K-

Wn-°-s∏´p InS-∂n-cp∂ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ°v th≠nbp≈ ]mTy-

]-≤Xn cq]o-I-c-W-sØbpw _‘-s∏´ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw hfsc {]Xo-

£-tbm-sS-bmWv s]mXp-k-aqlw t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv.

$ Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ ]T-\-ßƒ, CS-s]-S-ep-

Iƒ Cu taJ--e-bnse Kth-jW ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, tUm.Fw.sI Pb-

cmPv IΩo-j≥ dnt∏m¿ v́ F∂n-h-bnse \n¿tZ-i-ßƒ ka-{K-amb ]mTy-]-

≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn\p Znim-t_m[w \¬I∂p.

$ s]mXp hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂

Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-k-co-Xn Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂Xp kw_-‘n®

ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn klm-b-I-amhpw.

$ s]mXp hnZym-e-b-ß-fntem kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-I-fntem t]mIm≥ Ign-

bmsX hoSp-I-fn¬ Ignbp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°pw hnZym-̀ ymkw \¬tI-≠-Xp-

s≠∂pw AXp kaq-l-Øns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-sW∂pw t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn N¿®-Iƒ hgn Xpd-°pw.

$ kvs]jy¬ kvIqfp-Ifpw s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ßfpw tN¿∂p≈ {]h¿Ø-

\-am-Xr-I-Ifpw A\p-]q-cI ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS km[y-X-Ifpw cq]-s∏-́ p-h-

cm\pw Cu ]mTy-]-≤Xn N¿®-Iƒ klm-b-I-am-tb-°pw.

$ ]mTy-]-≤Xn tcJ, A[ym-]-I¿°pw, c£m-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw klm-b-I-

amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ, Ipń-Iƒ°p≈ ]T\ kma-{Kn-Iƒ F∂nh Du¿÷n-X-

amb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fn-eqsS cq]o-I-cn-°m-\m-h-iy-amb a\pjy hn -̀h-tijn

tIc-f-Øn¬ e`y-am-Wv. AXp {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ km[n-°p∂ A°m-

Z-anI ÿm]-\-ßfpw \ap-°p-≠v.

$ hnhchn\nabkmt¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS {]tbmKw km¿h-{Xn-I-ambn°gn™

tIc-f-Øn¬ Cu kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS ASn-Ø-d-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈

]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-ab X{¥-ßfpw aqey-\n¿Wb kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw cq]o-

I-cn-°m≥ km[n-°pw. CXn-\mbn Cu cwK-Øp-≈-h-cpsS A\p-̀ -h-ßfpw

Ignhpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Fkv.kn.C.-B¿.Sn, SIMC XpS-ßnb

ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p km[n-°pw.

$ hy‡n-KX ]T-\-t_m-[\ coXn, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, c£m-I¿Xr]n¥pW,

A°m-Z-an-I-hpw `c-W-]-c-hp-amb tamWn-‰-dnw-Kv, ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS

{]h¿Ø\w, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬, am¿K \n¿tZ-iw, ]cn-io-e-\w, A\p-_-‘-

k-lm-bIkma-{Kn-Iƒ XpS-ßnb F√m taJ-eIƒ°pw Bh-iy-amb

{]h¿Ø-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-W-ßfpw GtIm-]n-∏n®p sIm≠p

t]mIm≥ Fkv.-sF.-Fw.kn °p km[n-°pw.


Experimental V

ersion

$ Fkv.-sF.-C.-‰n, sF.‰n.@ kvIqƒ, koam‰v, XpS-ßnb kwÿm\ ÿm]-

\-ßƒ, kvs]jy¬ hnZym-̀ ym-k-ta-J-e-bnse ]T-\-]-cn-io-e\ ÿm]-\-

ßƒ, Un.]n.sF °p Iogn-ep≈ sF.C.-Un.-F-kv.-F-kv. hn`m-Kw, k¿h-

in£m A`n-bm≥, B¿.-Fw.-F-kv.F XpS-ßnb t{]mP-IvSp-Iƒ, Ub‰v,

kn.‰n.-C. XpS-ßnb ]cn-io-e\ ÿm]-\-ßƒ, Cu taJ-e-bnse k∂≤

{]h¿Ø-I¿, cmPy-Øn-\-IØpw ]pd-Øp-ap≈ khn-tij hnZym-̀ ymk

hnZ-Kv[¿ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS tkh-\-ßƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v ]mTy-

]-≤Xn hn\n-a-b-Øn-\mbn Imcy-£-a-amb {]h¿Ø\ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ cq]o-

I-cn°m≥ km[n°pw.

3.4.3 ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ̨ e£-y-ßƒ

Ipń-I-fpsS ka-{K-hn-I-k\w e£-y-am-°n-bmWv ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ \ne-sIm-≈p-

∂-Xv. imcocnIhpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cnSp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS

]mT-y-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ {i≤ A\n-hm-c-y-am-Ip-∂p. Ipń-bpsS

{]IrXw, sshI-e-y-ß-fpsS sshhn[yw, tXmXv, XpS-ßnb [mcmfw hkvXp-X-

Iƒ ]cn-KWn-t°≠n hcpw. Ch-cpsS hnZym-̀ -ymkm-h-i-y-ßƒ, \ne-\n¬°p∂

{]Xn-k-‘nIƒ, ̀ mhn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏mSv F∂n-h-sb-√mw ]mT-y-]-≤Xn

e£-y-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-̂ -en-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-

∂-h-cpsS hnZym-̀ ymkmh-iy-ßƒ, \ne-\n¬°p∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ, `mhn-sb-

°p-dn-®p≈ ImgvN-∏mSv F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-ØnemWv e£yßƒ

cq]oIcn®n´p≈Xv. khn-ti-j-h-y-‡n-Xzap≈ CØcw Ipń-Iƒ°mbn Xbm-dm-

°p∂ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn Xmsg ]d-bp∂ e£-y-ßƒ apt∂m´v hbv°p-∂p.

(i) `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-ambpw hnZym-̀ ymk Ah-Imi \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn®pw F√m

Ipń-Iƒ°pw e`n-t°≠ Ah-Im-i-ßfpw Ah-k-c-ßfpw _p≤n-]-c-amb

sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿°pw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-I.

(ii) {]tXy-Im-h-iy-ßfp≈ Ipń-Iƒ A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ _lp-Xe kv]¿in-bmb

{]iv\-ßƒ°v km[yamb ]cn-lmc {]h¿Ø\w F∂ coXn-bn¬ hnZym-

`ym-ksØ kao-]n-°p-Ibpw sXmgn¬, ]p\-c-[n-hm-kw, kmaqly kpc-

£, XpS-ßnb LS-I-ß-fpsS ]n¥pW- hnZym-̀ ymk {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-

am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I.

(iii) Hmtcm Ipń°pw Xt‚-Xmb coXn-bn¬ ]Tn-°m\pw apt∂-dm\pw kzbw

Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-I.

(iv) _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h-cpsS hnZym-̀ ymk {]iv\-ß-

sf-°p-dn®pw ]cn-lmc coXn-I-sf-°p-dn®pw kPo-h-amb N¿®-Iƒ°pw

\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ°pw hgn-sbm-cp-°p-Ibpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp hnZym-̀ ymk

{Iaw cq]o-I-cn-°p∂-Xn-\p≈ B¥-cnI kΩ¿Zhpw t{]c-W-bpw hf¿Øp-

Ibpw sNøp-I.


Experimental V

ersion

3.5 ]mT-y-hnj-b-ßƒ

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-ƒ°p≈ ]mT-y-hn-j-b-ßƒ F¥m-

IWw? Fß-s\-bm-IWw? F∂Xv ka-{K-amb N¿®-Iƒ°pw Btem-N-\-

Iƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-t°≠ Imc-y-am-Wv. Ipń-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kz-̀ m-h-Ønepw,

s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw {]h¿Ø\-co-Xn-I-fnepw hy-X-y-kvX-cm-Wv. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw

Cu hy-X-ykvXX A[-ym-]-I\v henb sh√p-hnfn-bm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]mTy-hn-

j-b-ßƒ Xocp-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ Imcy-ßƒ \n¿_-

‘-ambpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfnt\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-bpsS s]mXp-hmb {]Ir-Xw.

$ Ipń-bpsS kmaqly--amb ]›m-Øew

$ ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[-y-X-Iƒ

$ Ipń-bpsS Btcm-K-y-]-c-amb Ahÿ

$ sa®-s∏´ PohnXkml-N-cyw sIń-∏-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠nbp≈ [mc-W-

Iƒ, ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ

3.5.1 ]mT-y-hnj-b-ßƒ ̨ taJ-e-Iƒ

kaq-l-Ønse Hcp hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ hf¿∂v hnImkw {]m]n-°-W-sa-

¶n¬ Ah-iyw t\Sn-bn-cn-t°≠ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ GsX√mw hnj-b-ß-fp-ambn

_‘-s∏ńcn°p∂p F∂Xv N¿® sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.

]Tn-Xmhv BZyw t\tS-≠Xv Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hp-ambn (Communication) _‘-

s∏´ ss\]p-Wn-I-fm-Wv. kmaq-l-y-Pohn F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xs‚ Bh-i-y-ßƒ

a‰p-≈-hsc [cn-∏n-°m\pw a‰p-≈-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv F¥m-sW∂v a\- n-em-°m\pw

]c-kv]cw Adn-bm\pw Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-Øn-eqsS am{Xta km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.

Bibhn\n-a-b-Øn-\p≈ kp{]-[m\ D]m-[n-bmWv `mj. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]Tn-

Xmhv Bibhn\n-a-b-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ ̀ mj-bn-ep≈ hnhn-[-ß-

fmb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

\nX-y-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂ IW-°p-Iq-́ -ep-Iƒ a\- n-em-°m\pw, ka-b-sØ-

°p-dn®pw, Znhkw ˛ amkw ˛ h¿jw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®pw Adn-bp-∂-Xn\pw

KWn-X-Øn¬ kmam-\-y-]-cn-⁄m\w thWw. KWn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-Isf kw_-

‘n®pw {]mtbm-KnI KWn-XsØ kw_-‘n-®p-ap≈ [mc-W-Iƒ Ipń-Iƒ

t\SWw.

Xm≥ hkn-°p∂ ̀ qan-sb-∏‰nbpw Xs‚ sXm -́SpØ ]cn-k-csØ kw_-‘n®pw

Poh-Pm-e-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw Ipń a\- n-em-°-Ww. Bb-Xn--\m¬ ]cn-k-c-

]T\w Hcp hnj-bambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.


Experimental V

ersion

a\p-j-y≥ Hcp kmaq-l-y-Po-hn-bm-Wv. kaq-l-Øns‚ {]tX-yXIsf- kw_-‘n®pw

kmaql-y-Po-hn-XsØ kw_-‘n®pw Ip´n Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. \ΩpsS ̀ c-W-kw-

hn-[m-\sØ kw_-‘n®pw, P\-Iob ̀ cW-\n¿-h-l-WsØ kw_-‘n®pw Ip´n

Adn-tb-≠-Xp-≠v.

Pohn-Xw Bk-z-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb Hcp a\- -n\v DS-a-bm-Ip-∂-

Xn\pw imco-cn-I-amb anI-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Iem ˛ ImbnI

anI-hp-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

Btcm-K-y-I-c-amb PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw aqe-y-t_m[w Dƒs°m≠v

{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Bh-i-y-amb ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\tS-≠-Xp-w AXym-h-iy-

amWv. hoSns\ Adn-bp-I, hoSp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-ßsf Ad-n-bpI,

hoSpw ]cn-k-chpw hrØn-bmbn kq£n-°p-I., sXm-gn¬ kw_-‘n® {]mYanI

[mcW-Iƒ t\SpI F∂nhbpw Gsd {]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.

hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnIhnZ-y ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠nbp≈

ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sp-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-K-W\ \¬I-Ww.

C{]-Imcw Xs‚ Pohn-XsØ Icp-∏n-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb F√m hnh-c-

ßfpw N¿® sNøm-\p≈ Ah-kcw hnhn[ ]mT-y-hn-j-b-ßfneqsS

e`yamIWw.


Experimental V

ersion

hnhn-[ -hn-`m-K-°m¿°p≈]mTy-]-≤Xn ˛hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ 4

A[ymbw

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ Ign-hp-I-fnepw tijn-I-fnepw

a‰p Ipń-I-fn¬ \n∂v hy-X-y-kvX-cm-Wv. hy-‡n-K-X-amb ]T-\-co-Xnbpw {i≤bpw

]cn-K-W-\bpw Ch¿°v A\n-hm-c-y-am-Ip∂p. ]e Ign-hp-Ifnepw s]mcp-Ø-t°-

Sp-Iƒ D≈- Ch¿°v s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-̀ -ym-kw hn`mh\w sNbvXncn°p∂ ]{¥≠v

h¿j hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-√. AXn-\m¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ \mev L -́

ßƒ ChcpsS ]T\Øn\pw t_m[\Øn\pambn kzoIcn-°mhp-∂XmWv.

{]mbw L´w ¢m v

0- 6 {]o˛-ss{]adn -˛

7 - 11 ss{]adn 1 - 512 - 14 sk°‚dn 6 - 715 - 17 {]o ˛ shm-t°-j-W¬ 9 - 12

18 and above shmt°-j-W¬ ˛

Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw imco-cn-Ihpw am\-kn-I-hp-amb hf¿®-bpsS tXmXv hy-

XykvX-am-bn-cn-°pw F∂-Xn-\m¬ Hmtcm Ipń°pw FØnt®cmhp∂ \n›nX

\ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-bm¬ ASpØ L -́Øn-te°v ÿm-\-°-b‰w \¬tI-≠-Xm-

Wv. ChnsS XnI®pw Ab-hp≈ kao-]-\-amWv kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xv. Hmtcm L -́

Ønepw Ipń-bpsS khn-ti-j-k-z-̀ m-hhpw Xm¬]cyhpw \ne-\n¿Øn A\p-

tbm-P-y-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Hmtcm Xe-Øn-

epw Ipń- t\-tS≠ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠v ]mTy-]-≤Xnbpw

AXnse Dt±-i-y-ßƒ t\Sm≥ Ign-bp∂ {]h¿Ø\ ]≤-Xnbpw Xbm-dm-t°-≠-

Xm-Wv. Hmtcm L´-Øn-epw \¬tI≠- {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS hniZmwißƒ

t\m°mw.

4.1 {]oss{]-adn (0 ˛ 6 hb- v)

{]oss{]adn L´Ønse ]qPyw apX¬ 3 hb- p-h-sc-bp≈ Ime-b-f-hmWv

G‰hpw {][m-\w. P\n-XI sshI-ey-tØm-sS-tbm, imco-cnI Ne-\-]-c-amb

sshI-ey-tØm-sStbm P\n-°p∂ Ipńsb t\csØ Is≠-ØpI F∂-XmWv

{][m-\w. P\n®p hogp∂ Hmtcm Ipń-sbbpw hnZKv[ ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnt[-

b-am-°p-I-sb-∂Xv cmjv{S-Øns‚ _m[y-X-bm-Wv. CXn-\mbn Xmeq°v Xe-Øn¬


Experimental V

ersion

saUn-°¬ hnZ-Kv[sc Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp ]m\¬ Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Btcm-

Ky-hIp∏v, kmaq-ly-t£-a-h-Ip∏v XpSßn hnhn[ GP≥kn-I-fpsS GtIm-]-\-

Øn-emWv Cu {]{Inb \S-t°-≠-Xv. sshI-ey-ap≈ Ipń-Isf Is≠-Øp-∂-

Xn\v Child Development Centre s‚ klm-bhpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw. Cßs\

Is≠Øp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°mbn Early Intensive Intervention BWv Bh-iyw.

kmaq-lnI t_m[-h-XvI-c-Whpw c£m-I¿Ør-hn-Zym-̀ ym-khpw CXns‚ `mK-

ambn \¬I-Ww. sshI-ey-Øns‚ kz`m-hhpw \ne-hm-chpw ]cn-K-Wn®v Bh-

iy-amb klm-bI-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. Bip-]{Xn, kvs]jy¬

kvIqƒ tI{μo-I-cn®v \S-Øm-hp∂ Early Development Therapic Centre F∂n-hn-

S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Cu Ipń-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb {i≤bpw ]cn-N-c-Whpw Dd∏p

hcp-Ø-Ww. ChnsS hnhn[ sXdm-∏n-Ãp-I-fpsS tkh\hpw e -̀y-am°-Ww.

imkv{Xob coXn-bn-eqsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \SØn, hf¿®-bp-sSbpw hnIm-k-

Øn-s‚bpw XpS¿{]-{In-b-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°-Ww. c£n-

Xm-hns‚ km∂n[yw IqSn Dd-∏p-h-cpØn Ipń-bpsS hnIm-ksØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Assessment Record Xbm-dm°-Ww.

4 ̨ 6 hb v L -́Øn¬ Bh-iy-amb PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-

bmWv th≠-Xv. IEP (Individualised Educational Programme) bpsS km[y-X-I-

fmWv {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. ]c-am-h[n 4 Ipń-Iƒ°v Hcp A[ym-]-I≥/

A[ym-]nI F∂ coXn kzoI-cn-°Ww Self help, Motor development, Social de-velopment XpS-ßnb hnIm-k-L-́ -ßƒs°m∏w Pre-academic A¥-co£w Dd-

∏p-h-cp-Øp-I-bmWv th≠Xv. \nc-¥-c-hn-e-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS Ipń-bpsS ]T\]ptcm-

KXn Xncn-®-dn-b-Ww.

Task analysis t]mep≈ X{¥-ß-fm-bn-cn-°Ww kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv. c£m-I¿Ør

]cn-io-e-\hpw kam-¥c-ambn \S-°-Ww. hnIm-k-L-́ -ß-fn-eqsS Xr]vXn-I-c-

ambn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Ipńsb apJy-[mcmhnZym-̀ ym-k-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-

Im≥ Ah-k-chpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-Ww. sXdm-∏n-Ãv, tUmIvS¿, kmaq-ly-tk-h-

I≥, kvs]jy¬ FUyp-t°-‰¿, a\-»m-kv{X-]-cn-io-e-I≥, c£n-Xmhv F∂n-h-

cp-sS-sb√mw hni-I-e-\-Øn\pw ]n¥p-Wbv°pw Ah-kcw Cu Ime-L-́ -Øn¬

Ipń°v e`n-°-Ww.

Multi disciplinary team eqsS Bbn-cn-°Ww Ipń-Iƒ°v A\p-̀ -h-ßƒ \¬Ip-

∂Xpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xpw. Hmtcm Ipń°pw Ah-t‚-Xmb \ne-hm-c-Øn¬

t\Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂-tijn-I-fm-IWw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-Xv. ]c-kv]c Xmc-X-aytam

s]mXp-am-\-Z-fi-ßtfm kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xn-√. Hcp L -́Ønepw Ipń-Iƒ°v ¢m v

Ib‰w \¬ImXncn°cpXv. Ipń-I-fpsS hnIm-k-L-́ -ß-fpsS imkv{Xo-b-Xbpw

klm-b-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ Hcp-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xbpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂

ssI∏pkvXIw c£n-Xm-°ƒ°mbn Xbm-dm°n \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. {]oss{]-adn

bpambn _‘s∏´ ]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw hni-Zw-i-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ≠-

Xp≠v.


Experimental V

ersion

4.2 ss{]adn (7˛11 hb v)

Ggp hb p apX¬ 11 hb- p-hsc Primary group Bbn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. ChnsS

1 : 6 F∂ A[ym]I hnZym¿Yn A\p-]mXw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ipń-

bpsS _lp-apJ km[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn®v ]c-am-h[n DZv{K-YnX coXn kzoI-cn-

°mw. tam≠n-tkmdn coXn-bpw, {]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTnX ]T-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-

Ifpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. ̂ o¬Uv {Sn∏v, ]T-\-bm-{X, \rØw, A`n-\-b-°-

f-cn-Iƒ, kmaq-ln-Im-tLm-j-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬ ]¶m-fn-I-fm°n kmaq-lnI

CS-s]-S-en\v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°-Ww.

$ sshI-ey-Øns‚ tXmX-\p-k-cn®v Multi level activity Hcp-°-Ww.

$ `mj, ASn-ÿm-\-K-Wn-Xw, ASn-ÿm-\-imkv{Xw XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ßƒ

]T-\-Øn-\mbn Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ CtXm-sSm∏w kwKotXm]-I-c-W-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNø¬, t\Xr-]m-Shw

Dd∏v hcp-Øp∂ s]mXp ]cn-]mSn-Iƒ, Btcm-K-y-Im-c-y-ßƒ, hym-bmaw

XpS-ßn-bhpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ BZy c≠p-h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ c≠mw ̀ mj Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

IfnItfmSv Xm¬]cyw, Pn⁄mk, kwL-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Xm¬]cyw, kzbw

sNøm-\p≈ Ignhv XpSßn Cu Ime-L-́ -Ønse Ipń-I-fpsS F√m-{]-Ir-X-

ßfpw ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu Ime-L-́ -Ønse Ipń-I-ƒ-

°mbn Xbm-dm-°mhp∂ D≈S°-Øns‚ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ NphsS tN¿°p-∂p.

4.2.1. D≈-S°w ̨ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn Ipń-Iƒ°v e`n-t°≠ D≈-S°w, hn\n-a-b-coXn,

hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv GsXmcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bp-tSbpw anIhv \ne-

\n¿Øp-∂-Xv. s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-̀ -ym-k- taJebn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v Hmtcm

Xe-Øn-epw Fs¥ms° D≈-S-°-amWv th≠Xv F∂v Ah-cpsS \ne-hm-c-Øn-

\-\p-k-cn®v Is≠-Ømt\m ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømt\m {]bm-k-an-√.

F∂m¬ khn-ti-j-k-z-̀ m-h-ap≈ Ipń-Iƒ°mbn Xbm-dm-°p∂ ]mTy]≤Xn

ta¬]-d™h \n›-bn°p-tºmƒ c≠m-a-sXmcp Nn¥-IqSn th≠n-hcpw

ChnsS ]Tn-°p∂ Ipń-Iƒ HmtcmcpØcpw khnti-j-k-z-̀ m-h-Øn¬ t]mepw

hy-X-y-kvXcmWv F∂-XmWv ImcWw. \nc-¥-c-N¿®-I-fn-eq-sSbpw IqSn-bn-cn-∏p-

I-fn-eq-sSbpw Ch-cpsS ]mT-y-]-≤Xn cq]-s∏-Sp∂p. CXns‚ D≈-S°w A[-ym-

]-I-cp-tStbm a‰v klm-b-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fp-tStbm {ia-̂ -e-amb ]q¿W-X-tbmsS

Ipń-I-fn¬ FØn°m≥ Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. ]e-cm-P-y-ßfpw CØcw Ipń-I-fpsS

]mTy]≤Xn \n›-bn-°p-tºmgpw AXv hn\n-abw sNøp-tºmgpw Ipń-I-fpsS

{]I-rXsØ am\n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ IfnIƒ, \nX-y-Po-hn-XØnse ]cn-Nn-X-amb

kμ¿ -̀ßƒ, F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn-®n-́ p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. B coXn-Iƒ Xs∂-

bmWv \ΩpsS kml-N-c-y-Ønepw A`n-Im-a-y-am-bn-́ p-≈-Xv.


Experimental V

ersion

4.2.2. ]mTy]≤Xn cq]oIcW {]{Inb

]mTy-]-≤Xn cq]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ `mK-ambn cq]o-I-cW {Kq∏v BZyw N¿®

sNbvXXv CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ipń-I-fpsS {]Ir-X-am-Wv. Ch-cpsS Hm¿an-°m-\p≈

Ign-hv, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m-\p≈ tijn, [mc-W-t\-Sm-\p≈ Ign-hv, hni-I-e-\w

sNøm-\pw \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-\p-ap≈ Ignhv XpS-ßn-b-h-sbms° hfsc ]n∂m-

°-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cu Ipń-I-fpsS {]IrXw hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂ A[ymbw 2 ¬

N¿® sNbvXn-cp-∂t√m. c≠m-a-Xmbn {]m[m\yw sImSpØv N¿® sNbvXXv

khn-tij {i≤-th≠ Ipń-Iƒ ssIh-cn-t°≠ tijn-I-sfbpw ss\]p-Wn-I-

sfbpw kw_-‘n-®m-Wv.

Xs‚ Np‰p-]m-Sn-s\ a\ nem°m\pw, ̀ mjm-]-c-ambn Fgp-Xp-hm\pw hmbn-°p-

hm\pw {]XnIcn°phm\pw AXnse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw, sa®-

s∏´ BtcmKyw ssIh-cn-°p-hm\pw, tijn-ssI-h-cn-°p-hm\pw, \nXyPohn-X-

Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ AXymhiy-K-WnX hkvXp-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-hm\pw, kmaq-ly-Pohn F∂ \ne-bn¬ a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv CS-s]-Sphm\pw, X\n°v

]‰m-hp∂ sNdnb sXmgn-ep-Iƒ sNøp-hm\pw aqeyw Dƒs°m≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-

hm\pw Chsc {]m]vX-cm-t°-≠-Xns‚ Bh-iy-IX ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ {]Xn-̂ -

en-t°-≠-XmWv F∂v N¿®-bneqsS [mc-W-bnseØn.

Cu N¿®-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ 8 taJ-e-I-fn¬

[mcW ssIh-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-c-amWv CØcw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v \¬tI-≠Xv

F∂ [mc-W-bn-se-ØpIbp≠mbn.

4.2.3. D≈S°taJeIƒ

1. B-tcm-K-y-Po-hn-X-ss\-]pWnbpw aqe-y-t_m[hpw

2. `mjm-ss\-]pWn

3. KWn-X-ss\-]pWn

4. ]cn-kc ss\]pWn

5. kmaq-lnI ss\]pWn

6. Iem-Im-bnI ss\]pWn

7. {]mY-anI Km¿lnI ss\]pWn

8. kmt¶-XnI ss\]pWn

Cu 8 taJ-e-I-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v A°m-Z-anI Adn-hp-Iƒ,

Ign-hp-Iƒ, ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ at\m-̀ m-h-ßƒ F∂nh hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

Ah-k-c-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p.

Btcm-Ky-Po-hnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ CØcw Ipń-I-fn¬ hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠Xv Ah-

cpsS apt∂m-́ p≈ F√m hnP-b-Øn\pw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Ah≥ sNtø-≠Xv


Experimental V

ersion

Ah≥ Xs∂ sNøm≥ {]m]vX-\m-°p-I-bmWv e£yw. kzbw Blmcw Ign-

°p-hm\pw, hkv{Xw-[-cn-°p-hm\pw, Hcp-ßp-hm-\pw, {]mY-anI Imcy-ßƒ \n¿h-

ln-°p-hm\pw Ahs\ {]m]vX-\m-°-W-sa-¶n¬ Ahs‚ kq£va-Xe t]in-hn-

Imkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sp∂Xn\v A\p-tbmPy-ambXpw

Xmev]-cy-ap≈Xpamb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bh¿Øn®v sNøn-∏n®pw Bh-iy-

amb klm-bw -\¬Inbpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS kzoI-

cn-t°-≠-Xv. CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Btcm-Ky-kw-c-£-W-Øns‚ Bh-iy-I-

X, hy‡n-ip-Nn-Xzw, ]cn-k-c-ip-NnXzw F∂n-h-bn-te°v \bn-°-Ww.

aqe-y-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≠v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm\pw, kvt\lw, kl-h¿Øn-Xzw XpS-

ßn-b-h-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb ]T\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

\¬tI-≠Xpw AX-ym-h-i-y-am-Wv.

`mjm-ss\-]pWn hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kμ¿ -̀ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v i_vZw D]-

tbm-Kn®v kz¥w {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm\pw efn-X-amb ]Z-ßfpw

hmIy-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn™v hmbn-°p-hm\pw Fgp-Xp-hm\pw Ipń°v Ign-b-Ww.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ̀ mjm ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw Bh-iy-amb klm-b-ßƒ ̨ t\cn´pw,

]c-kv]-chpw ̨ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp kao-]-\-amhpw ChnsS

DNn-Xw. \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ ]Z-ßƒ {]mtbm-KnI

PohnX kμ¿ -̀ßƒ \¬In-bm-hWw hnI-kn-∏n-t°-≠-Xv.

kz¥w ]cn-k-csØ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw AXn-se {]-Xn-̀ m-k-ßƒ \nco-£n-°m\pw

[mcW cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw ]cn-k-c-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-tb-≠-Xp-≠v. Pohn-Iƒ,

hml-\-ßƒ, ]®-°-dn-Iƒ, sXmgn-ep-Iƒ, hnhn-[-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh

\nco-£n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS [mcmfw Bi-b-ßfpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw e`n-°p-hm≥ Ah-

k-c-ap-≠m-°-Ww. [mcmfw t\c-dn-hp-Iƒ e`n-°p-hm≥th≠n ]cn-k-csØ D]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØWw. ]cn-k-c-_-‘nX ]T-\-k-ao-]-\-amIpw ChnsS A\p-tbmPyw.

kaql-sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-bp-Ibpw hy-‡nbpw kaq-lhpw XΩnepw hy‡n-Iƒ

XΩnepap≈ ]c-kv]c _‘w Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-XmWv kmaq-lnI

ss\]pWn hnIm-k-Øn-eqsS Ipń-Iƒ°v e`n-t°-≠-Xv. kaq-ly-_-‘-ßƒ hnI-

kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ BtLm-j-ßƒ, BN-c-W-ßƒ, NS-ßp-Iƒ

F∂n-h-bn¬ ]s¶-SpØv kmaq-lnI ss\]p-Wn-hn-Im-kw hf¿Øp∂ Hcp kao-

]-\-amWv ChnsS Bh-iyw. s]mXp-k-aqlØn¬ \n∂pw H‰-s∏-́ p-\n¬t°-≠-

h-c√ CØcw hy‡n-Iƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw F∂v Xncn®dnbm≥ ChnsS Ah-k-

c-ap-≠m-I-Ww.

Hgnhv kabßƒ ê{]Zambn D]tbmKs∏SpØm\pw hnt\mZßfn¬

]s¶Sp°m\pw Ipńsb {]tNmZn∏n°p∂ {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsS BhWw

IemImbnI ss\]pWnIƒ hnIkn∏nt°≠Xv. X\n°pw kzX{¥ambn Nne


Experimental V

ersion

hkvXp°ƒ (]p°ƒ, Nn{Xßƒ) \n¿Ωn°m≥Ignbpw F∂ Bflhnizmkw

Hmtcm Ipńbnepw D≠mIp∂ XcØnembncn°Ww kao]\w.

hoSp-I-fn¬ sNdnb tPmen-Iƒ sNøm-\p≈ ]cn-io-e\w, Hmtcm tPmenbpw

sNøp-∂-Xn-\m-h-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ Is≠-Øm\p≈ tijn, D]-tbm-Kn-®-

tijw bYm-ÿm-\Øv Xncn-®p-h-bv°p-hm\p≈ Ignhv, F∂nhsbms°

t\Sn°gn-bp-tºmƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ASp°pw Nn´bpw h∂p-tN-cpw. {]mtbm-KnI

Km¿lnI sXmgn¬ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ kzmb-Ø-am-°pI hgn X\n°pw Nne Imcy-

ßƒ a‰p-≈-h¿°pw X\n-°p-ambn sNøm≥ Ignbpw F∂ Bfl-hn-izmkw

D≠m°p-hm≥ Ignbpw. AXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-I-

bmWv th≠Xv.

\nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ C∂v Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-ImØ H∂mWv kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS

hnI-k-\-̂ -e-ambn cq]s-∏-́ n-́ p≈ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ. tdUn-tbm. Sn.hn, samss_¬

t^m¨, Im¬°p-te-‰¿ XpS-ßnb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ kzbw Bh-iym\p-k-cWw

D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ ChnsS Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-IWw.

Hmtcm ss\]p-Wn-bpw thdn v́ Ipń-Iƒ°v \¬I-e√, adn®v Htcm {]h¿Ø-\w

\¬Ip-tºmgpw ]cam-h[n taJ-e-I-fnse ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sm≥ klm-bn°pw,

F∂-Xm-hWw So®-dpsS e£yw.

Cu taJ-e-I-fn¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw ]Tn-Xmhv t\tS≠ tijn-

Iƒ, [mcWIƒ, ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpƒs°m-≈p∂

]mTy-]-≤Xn Dt±-iy-ßfpw, ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v. CØcØn¬ ]mTy-]-≤Xn Dt±iy-

ßfpw, ]T\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbn

Ipń-bpsS PohnX Np‰p-]m-Sp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn

NphsS sImSp-Øn-́ p≈ 5 Bi-b-ßsf tI{μo-I-cn-

®p≈ D≈-S-°-amWv AXy-¥m-t]-£nXw F∂v

Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn.


Experimental V

ersion

4.2.4 BibtaJeIƒ

A. ˛ Blmcw

B. ˛ ]m¿∏nSw

C. ˛ Pohn-Iƒ

D. ˛ hml-\-ßƒ

E. ˛ BtLm-j-ßƒ

Ip´n-bpsS PohnX kml-N-cy-ßfpw, ]cn-k-chpw, kmaqly kml-N-cy-ßfpw

IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm≠pw apºv kqNn-∏n® 8 taJ-e-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-\am-°n-bp-

amWv Cu Bi-b-taJeIƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-Øn-́ p-≈-Xv. ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Cu Bi-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ Bkv]-Z-am°n {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv {ian-t°-≠-Xv. Hmtcm D≈-S-°-ta-J-e-bnepw Cu Bi-b-ta-J-

e-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-S-Ww.

4.2.5 ]mT\t\ -́ßƒ

D≈S°taJeIsf ASnÿm\am°n Xbmdm°nbn´p≈ ]mTy]≤Xn

Dt±iyßƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.

1. `mjm ss\]pWnIƒ

Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-]cw (Expressive)1. {]XnIcWßƒ°v i_vZw D]tbmKn°p∂p.

2. hmNnIambn {]XnIcn°pItbm BwKyßfneqsS Bibhn\nabw

\SØpItbm sNøp∂p.

3. tIƒ°p∂ hm°pIƒ A\pIcn®v ]dbp∂p.

4. kzbw ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂p. (t]cp ]dbp∂p)

5. tIƒ°p∂ i_vZßƒ A\pIcn°p∂p. (D]IcWßfpsSbpw

PohnIfpsSbpw i_vZw)

6. Bibhn\nabØn\v eLphmIyßƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

7. ]cnNnXamb hkvXp°fpsS D]tbmKw ]dbp∂p. t]cp ]dbp∂p.

8. icoc`mKßƒ ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂p. /Nq≠n°m´p∂p

9. Xs∂ kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcßƒ hniZambn ]d™v

]cnNbs∏SpØp∂p. (amXm]nXm°ƒ/c£I¿Ømhns‚ t]c,v sXmgn¬,

ta¬hnemkw, t^m¨ \º¿).

10. Bhiyßfpw hnImcßfpw hmNnIamtbm AwKNe\ßfneqsStbm

{]ISn∏n°p∂p.


Experimental V

ersion

11. hmNnIamtbm AwKNe\ßfneqsStbm eLptNmZyßƒ tNmZn°p∂p.

(F¥mWXv? F¥psIm≠v?.....)

12. kw`mjWØn¬ k¿h\maßƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

13. kwkmc`mjbn¬ ImekqNI]Zßƒ icnbmbn D]tbmKn°p∂p. (DZm:

Rm≥ \msf t]mIpw. C∂se t]mbn...)

14. eLpkw`mjWØn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂p.

15. efn-X-amb ]m´p-Iƒ ]mSp-∂p.

16. CjvSs∏´ sSenhnj≥/tdUntbm ]cn]mSnIƒ kw{Kln®p ]dbp∂p.

17. IYIƒ/kw`hßƒ icnbmb {Iaw ]men®v ]dbp∂p.

18. B\pImenI kw`hßƒ hnhcn°p∂p.

`mjm¿P-\-]-c-amb tijn-Iƒ

1. i_vZt{kmX pItfmSv {]XnIcn°p∂p. (i_vZw tI´ `mKtØ°v

t\m°p∂p....)

2. t]cp hnfn tIƒ°p∂Xnt\mSv IÆpIfpsS Ne\w/apJ`mhw/i_vZw

F∂n-h-bn-eqsS {]XnIcn°p∂p

3. efnXamb \n¿tZißtfmSv {]XnIcn°p∂p.

4. ]cnNnX hkvXp°ƒ icocmhbhßƒ Nn{Xßƒ F∂nh

Nq≠n°m´p∂p.

5. \n¿t±im\pkrXambn kz¥w {]hrØnIƒ {IaoIcn°p∂p. ({]hrØn

sNøp∂p. \n¿Øp∂p, XpScp∂p)

6. hmNnI{]XoIßƒ Xncn®dn™v ]men°p∂p.

7. A]ISIcamb kμ¿`ßfpw hkvXp°fpw kzbw Xncn®dn™v

Hgnhm°p∂p.

8. tI´ IYbv°\pkrXambn Nn{Xßƒ {Ias∏SpØp∂p.

9. hyXykvX kμ¿`ßtfmSv (lmkyw/timIw/t{Im[w/.. . . . . . . .)

{]XnIcn°p∂p. ̀ mh/i_vZ{]IS\w)

10. Adnbn∏pIƒ/hnfw_cßƒ F∂n-h -tbmS v icnbmb hn[w

{]XnIcn°p∂p.

hmb\

1. kmayap≈ hkvXp°ƒ Xncn®dnbp∂p. tbmPn∏n°p∂p. t]cp ]dbp∂p

2. hkvXp°sf Nn{Xcq]Øn¬ AhXcn∏n°p∂p.

3. Nn{Xßƒ/hkvXp°ƒ I≠v AhbpsS t]cv kqNn∏n°p∂ ]Zw

Xncn®dnbp∂p. tbmPn∏n°p∂p. hmbn°p∂p.

4. eLp]Zßƒ hmbn°p∂p. (kz¥w t]cv, hkvXp°fpsS t]cv....)

5. ]cnNnX hkvXp°fpsS BIrXn, \ndw, t]cv F∂nh Xncn®dnbp∂p.

6. kz¥w t]cpw ta¬hnemkhpw hmbn°p∂p.


Experimental V

ersion

7. IpSpw_mwKßƒ, kplrØp°ƒ F∂nhcpsS t]cpIƒ hmbn°p∂p.

8. Ie≠dn¬ \n∂v Znhkßƒ, amkßƒ F∂nhbpsS t]cv hmbn°p∂p.

9; ]cnNnX ]Zßƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ eLphmIyßƒ hmbn°p∂p.

10. hmbn®dn™ `mKsØ Dƒs°m≈p∂ eLptNmZyßƒ°v DØcw

]dbp∂p.

11. ]{Xam[yaßfnse Xes°´pIƒ hmbn°p∂p. Ahsb

Bkv]Zam°nbp≈ eLp tNmZyßƒ°v DØcw ]dbp∂p.

12. Nn{XIYIƒ hmbn°p∂p. (eLphnhcWßƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂h)

13. eLpJfinIIƒ hmbn°p∂p. (]{Xßfn¬ \n∂p≈hbpw, FgpXn

Xbmdm°nbhpw)

14. tlm´epIfnse `£Whnhc∏´nI hmbn®v Bhiyamb `£Ww

Bhi-y-s∏-Sp∂p.

15. efn-X-amb ]m´p-Iƒ ]mSp-∂p.

16. eLpIYIƒ hmbn®v tIƒ∏n°p∂p.

17. eLpIYIƒ au\ambn hmbn®v tI{μmibw ]dbp∂p.

18. Hcp Iq´w ]pkvXIßfn¬ \n∂v X\n°njvSs∏´Xv Xncn®dnbp∂p.

19. ]mNI°pdn∏pIƒ hmbn®v ]mNIw sNøp∂p.

20. \n¿tZißƒ hmbn®v AXn\\pkrXambn {]h¿Øn°p∂p. (_n¬UnwKv

tªm°pIƒ, PnKvtkm] nepIƒ....)

FgpØv

1. FgpXphm≥ A\ptbmPyamb hn[Øn¬ s]≥knepIƒ tNm°pIƒ

F∂nh ]nSn°pIbpw hcbv°pIbpw sNøp∂p.

2. amXrIbmbn \¬Inb Nn{Xßƒ, cq]ßƒ, A£cßƒ, ]Zßƒ

F∂nhbv°v apIfneqsS hcbv°p∂p.

3. Hu v́ sse≥ \¬Inb Nn{Xßƒ, cq]ßƒ, A£cßƒ F∂nh hc®v

]q¿Ønbm°p∂p.

4. \nb{¥nX ]cn[n \¬Inb hcIƒ°p≈n¬, cq]ßƒ°p≈n¬ \ndw

\¬Ip∂p.

5. \¬Is∏´ amXrIIƒ A\pIcn®v hcbv°p∂p/FgpXp∂p.

6. kz¥w t]cpw (]q¿Æambn) hnemkhpw FgpXp∂p.

7. eLp]Zßƒ FgpXp∂p.

8. eLphmIyßƒ FgpXp∂p.

9. sNdnb JfinIIƒ Nn”ßƒ Dƒs∏SpØn FgpXp∂p.

10. eLptNmZyßƒ°v DØcw FgpXp∂p.

11. eLp IØpIƒ (Ah[n At]£...) FgpXn Xbmdm°p∂p.


Experimental V

ersion

2. ]cnkc ss\]pWnIƒ

1. ]cnNnXamb hkvXp°ƒ, PohnIƒ, ]®°dnIƒ, ]gßƒ, hml\ßƒ

F∂nh Xncn®dnbpI. Ah-bpsS t]cp ]dbpItbm Nq≠n-

°mWn°pItbm sNøpI.

2. ]eXcw Blmckm[\ßƒ Xncn®dnbpI.

3. F√m PohPmeßƒ°pw Blmcw BhiyamsW∂v AdnbpI.

4. \ΩpsS BlmcØn¬ sshhn[yw D≠mIWw F∂dnbpI.

5. \√ Blmcioeßƒ, ipNnXzw, IfnIƒ hymbmaw F∂nh

BtcmKykwc£WØn\v BhiyamsW∂v AdnbpI.

6. `£ytbmKyhpw A√mØXpamb hkvXp°ƒ Xncn®dnbpI.

7. IrjnbmWv ̀ £yhn`hßfpsS apJyt{kmX v F∂dnbpI.

8. Np‰p]mSpap≈ kkyßƒ AhbpsS `mKßƒ F∂nh

Xncn®dnbpIbpw t]cp ]dbpIbpw sNøpI.

9. ]q°fpw ]gßfpw AdnbpI, Ahbp≠mIp∂ kkyßfpw

Xncn®dnbpI.

10. Hcp Blmckm[\w sIm≠v hnhn[ hn`hßƒ D≠m°mw F∂dnbpI.

11. ]eXcw hnt\mZßƒ, hnt\mtZm]m[nIƒ, BtLmjßƒ F∂nh

{]NmcØnep≠v F∂dnbpI.

12. HmWw \ΩpsS tZiotbm’hamWv F∂dnbpI.

13. hnhn[ XcØnep≈ hml\ßfp≠v F∂dnbpI. (BIrXn, hep∏w).

14. PeØnepw Icbnepw hmbphnepw k©cn°p∂ hml\ßfp≠v

F∂dnbpI.

15. hf¿ØparKßfpw h\yarKßfpw Ds≠∂v AdnbpI. t]cp ]dbpI.

16. Im¿jnImhiyØn\v P¥p°sfbpw hf¿Øp∂p F∂dnbpI.

17. IpSpw_mwKßƒ hnhn[ sXmgnepIfn¬ G¿s∏Sp∂p F∂dnbpI.

18. ]WnsNøpXn\v D]IcWßƒ BhiyamWv F∂dnbpI.

19. Hmtcm ]Wnbmbp[Øns‚bpw D]tbmKw ]dbpI.

20. D]IcWßƒ BIrXnbnepw hep∏Ønepw hyXykvXamWv

F∂dnbpI.

21. ag, shbn¬ F∂nhbn¬ \n∂v c£tXSm≥ ]m¿∏nSw klmbn°p∂p

F∂dnbpI.

22. \ap°v Np‰pap≈ hkvXp°fn¬ Nnehbv°v kmayap≠v F∂dnbpI.

23. hy‡nIƒ°v Pohn°phm≥ ]ecpsSbpw klmbw BhiyamWv

F∂dnbpI.

24. Iq´mb {]h¿Ø\w X\n°pw a‰p≈h¿°pw klmbIamIWw

F∂dnbpI.


Experimental V

ersion

25. C‘\ap]tbmKn®pw A√msXbpw {]h¿Øn°p∂ hml\ßfp≠v

F∂dnbpI.

26. KXmKX\nbaßƒ A\pkcn®m¬ A]ISßƒ Ipdbv°mw

F∂dnbpI.

27. Poh\p≈hbv°nSbn¬ \nch[n sshhn[yßfp≠v F∂dnbpI

(P¥p°ƒ, kkyßƒ)

28. kkyßfpw P¥p°fpw ]ckv]cw B{ibn°p∂p F∂dnbpI.

29. hfcp∂hbv°v Poh\p≠v F∂dnbpI.

30. PohnIfpsS k©mccoXnbn¬ sshhn[yap≠v F∂dnbpI.

31. PohnIfpsS BlmccoXnbn¬ sshhn[yap≠v F∂dnbpI.

32. PohnIƒ BlmchkvXp°ƒ hyXykvX AfhnemWv Ign°p∂Xv

F∂dnbpI.

33. BlmcØn¬ hnhn[ tNcphIƒ ASßnbn´p≠v F∂dnbpI.

34. BlmcØnse Hmtcm tNcphbpsSbpw Afhv hyXykvXamWv

F∂dnbpI.

35. P\ßfpsS Iq´mbvabnemWv BtLmjßƒ \S°p∂Xv F∂dnbpI.

36. HtcmcpØcpw AhchcpsS Ignhn\\pkcn®v hnhn[ tPmenIƒ

sNtø≠Xp≠v F∂dnbpI.

37. hnhn[ tkh-\-ßƒ sNøp-∂-hscbpw Ah¿ sNøp∂ tkh-\-ß-sfbpw

Xncn-®-dn-bp-I. (tUmŒ¿, So®¿, \gvkv t]mÃvam≥, Irjn°mc≥,.....).

38. Np‰p]mSpw D≈ {][m\ ÿm]\ßƒ Xncn®dnbpI. (t]mÃm^okv,

Bip]{Xn, kvIqƒ, sSent^m¨FIvkvtN©v, _m¶,v sdbn¬thtÃj≥,

N¥......).

39. hnhn[ D’hßƒ/ BtLmjßƒ , tZiob {]m[m\yap≈ Zn\ßƒ

F∂nh AdnbpI. Ah BtLmjn°p∂ kabw, BtLmjcoXnIƒ,

{]m[m\yw F∂nh Xncn®dnbpI.

40. kkyßfpsS hnhn[ `mKßƒ `£WØn\p]tbmKn°p∂p

F∂dnbpI.

41. BtcmKyIcamb PohnXØn\v hoSn\p≈n¬ Im‰pw shfn®hpw

e`n°Ww F∂dnbpI.

42. hnhn[Xcw ]m¿∏nSßfp≠v F∂dnbpI.

43. ]≠p≈ ]m¿∏nSßfn¬ \n∂v ]pXnb ]m¿∏nSßƒ°v LS\,

\n¿ΩmWcoXn \n¿an°m\p]tbmKn® kma{KnIƒ F∂nhbn¬

am‰ßfp≠v F∂dnbpI (higher level)44. hoSpIƒ Bhiyßƒ°v DXIp∂Xmbncn°Ww F∂dnbpI. (ho´nse

apdnIƒ AhbpsS D]tbmKØns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ Xncn®dnbpI.)

45. Hmtcm Xcw PohnbpsSbpw IqSpIƒ°v khntijXIfp≠v F∂dnbpI.


Experimental V

ersion

46. sshZypXnbpw sh≈hpw ]mgm°cpXv F∂dnbpI.

47. {]apJ tZiobt\Xm°sf Xncn®dnbpI, t]cp ]dbpI.

48. kz¥w ]©mbØv, ]´Ww, Pn√, kwÿm\w, cmPyw F∂nhbpsS t]cp

]dbpI. AhbpsS ̀ cWI¿Øm°fqsS t]cp ]dbpI.

49. \ΩpsS tZiob kwÿm\ Nn”ßƒ Xncn®dnbpI. (]pjv]w, hr£w,

arKw, Km\w)

50. tZiob ]XmIbpsS \ndßƒ Xncn®dnbpI , Hmtcm \ndhpw F¥ns\

kqNn∏n°p∂p F∂dnbpI, ]dbpI.

51. kqcy≥, N{μ≥, \£{Xßƒ F∂nhtbmSp _‘s∏SpØn cm{Xn ]I¬

Ch Xncn®dnbpI ]dbpI.

52. Imet`Zßƒ Xncn®dnbpIbpw AhbpsS {]tXyIXIƒ ]dbpIbpw

sNøpI (h¿jImew, th\¬°mew˛ Cu kabßfn¬ [cn°p∂

hkv{Xßƒ, FSpt°≠ ap≥IcpXepIƒ).

53. hnhn[ Xcw BlmccoXnIfpw (kkymlmcw, ktkyXcw)

`£yhkvXp°fpw ([m\yßƒ, ]bdph¿Kßƒ, ]ehyRvP\ßƒ,

kpK‘hyRvP\ßƒ....) Xncn®dnbpI, ]dbpI.

54. hoSpw ho´nse D]IcWßfpw Xncn®dnbpIbpIbpw ]dbpIbpw sNøp-

I.

55. IpSpw_hpw IpSpw__‘ßfpw Xncn®dnbpIbpw ]dbpIbpw sNøpI.

(henb IpSpw_w, sNdnb IpSpw_w, A—≥, AΩ......)

56. Km¿lnI D]IcWßƒ ssIImcyw sNøptºmƒ Adntb≠ Imcyßfpw

ap≥ IcpXepIfpw AdnbpI. (ASp°fbnse D]IcWßƒ, tai,

Itkc sshZyptXm]IcWßƒ,...........)

57. Pet{kmX pIƒ AdnbpIbpw ]dbpIbpw sNøpI.

58. hnhn[ am[yaßfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw Xncn®dnbpI.

59. tdmUv kpc£bpsS {]m[m\yw AdnbpIbpw Ah ]men°pIbpw

sNøpI.

3. KWnXss\]pWnIƒ

H∂mw h¿jw

1. ÿe]camb AhÿIƒ hniZoIcn°p∂Xn\v A\ptbmPyamb

]Zßƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

(apIfn¬/Xmsg, AIØv/]pdØv, Zqsc/AcnIn¬, ASpØv/AIse,

CSØv/heØv, BZyw/Ahkm\w, ap∂n¬/]n∂n¬

2. XmcXayØn\v A\ptbmPyamb ]Zßƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

(hepXv/sNdpXv, IqSpX¬/Ipdhv, \ofwIqSnbXv/Ipd™Xv

3. Hcp Iq´Øn¬ F{Xbp≠v F∂dnbp∂Xn\v FÆnt\m°Ww

F∂dnbpI.


Experimental V

ersion

4. \n›nX FÆw hkvXp°ƒ FÆnsbSp°p∂p. (1 ˛ 2)

5. kwJyIsf 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 F∂o A°ßƒ D]tbmKn®v

kqNn∏n°p∂p.

6. kwJyIƒ hmbn°p∂p, FgpXp∂p. (1 ˛9)

7. kwJyIƒ {IaoIcn°p∂p. 1 ˛ 2)

8. Hcp kwJytbmSv H∂v Iqńbm¬ ASpØkwJy In´pw F∂v

Xncn®dnbp∂p.

9. kwJyIfn¬ hepXpw sNdpXpw Is≠Øp∂p.

10. Hcp Iq´sØ hyXykvX XcØn¬ c≠v Iq´ßfm°p∂p.

11. hkvXp°sf BIrXn°\pkcn®v Xcw Xncn°p∂p.

c≠mw h¿jw

1. 9 t\mSv 1 Iqńbm¬ 10 In´pw F∂v a\ nem°p∂p.

2. 10 t\°mƒ henb kwJyIƒ 10 ˛ ambn _‘n∏n®v ]dbp∂p.

hkvXp°ƒ FÆnsbSp°p∂p. (20 hsc)

3. 2 ]Øns‚ Iq´ßƒ tN¿∂m¬ 20 BIp∂p F∂v Xncn®dnbp∂p.

4. Hcp Iq´sØ AXn¬ Xmsgbp≈ kwJyIfpsS Iqámbn hyXykv

XXcØn¬ Iq´ßfm°p∂p.

5. Hcp Iq´tØmSv as‰mcphn[ Iq´w tNcptºmƒ henb Hcp IqámIp∂p.

F∂v a\ nem°p∂p.

6. ct≠m AXne[nItam Iq´ßfnse BsI FÆw Is≠Øp∂Xn\v

k¶e\{Inb D]tbmKn°p∂p F∂v Xncn®dnbp∂p.

7. c≠v Iq´ßsf Iqńt®¿°p∂Xv kqNn∏n°m≥ "+' Nn”w tN¿°p∂p.

8. {Inbbpw {Inbmêhpw XΩnep≈ XpeyXsb "=' Nn”w tN¿Øv

kqNn∏n°p∂p. F∂v a\ nem°p∂p.

9. Hcp kwJytbmSv as‰mcp kwJy Iq´p∂p. (Hc°w + Hc°w)

10. Hcp Iq´Øn¬\n∂v FSpØpam‰ptºmƒ Iq´Ønse FÆw Ipdbp∂p


11. hyhIe\{Inbsb kqNn∏n°m≥ "˛' - Nn”w D]tbmKn°p∂p. F∂v

Xncn®dnbp∂p.

12. kwJyIsf hep∏Øn\\pkcn®v {IaoIcn°p∂p.

13. Hcp Iq´Ønse Nn{Xßsf BIrXn°\pkcn®v Xcw Xncn°p∂p.

aq∂mw h¿jw

1. Iq´Øn¬ \n∂v \n›nX FÆw hkvXp°ƒ FÆnsbSp°p∂p.

2. H∂p apX¬ 100 hsc kwJyIƒ FgpXp∂p. hmbn°p∂p.

3. 100 hsc kwJyIsf XmcXayw sNøp∂p.

4. Hcp Iq´Øn¬ \n∂v apgph≥ FSpØpam‰nbm¬ _m°n H∂pap≠mhn√



Experimental V

ersion

5. "H∂pan√' F∂Xns\ kqNn∏n°m≥ "0' D]tbmKn°p∂p.

6. Hcp Iq´sØ Xpey FÆap≈ H∂ne[nIw Iq´ßfm°p∂p.

7. H‰kwJyIfpw Cc´ kwJyIfpw Xncn®dnbp∂p.

8. c≠°kwJyIsf H∂pIfpw ]ØpIfpambn ]ncn®p ]dbp∂p.

9. c≠v kwJyIfpsS XpI ImWp∂p. (c≠°w + Hc°w) XpI 20 ˛ ¬

Xmsg

10. BgvNbnse ZnhkßfpsS t]cv ]dbp∂p.

11. h¿jØnse amkßfpsS t]cv ]dbp∂p.

12. {Iaw kqNn∏n°p∂Xn\v kwJy D]tbmKn°p∂p.

13. eLpkwJym]mt‰WpIfn¬ Is≠Øp∂p.

\memw h¿jw

1. c≠°kwJytbmSv c≠°kwJy Iq´p∂p. XpI (40 hsc)

2. H‰ kwJybn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp kwJy Ipdbv°p∂p. (20 ¬ Xmsg)

3. Ie≠¿ t\m°n Znhkw, amkw, XobXn, Ah[n Znhkßƒ, hntij

Znhkßƒ ]dbp∂p.

4. 2 hkvXp°fpsS ̀ mcw XmcXayw sNøp∂Xn\v {Xmkv D]tbmKn°p∂p.

5. t\m´pIfpw \mWbßfpw Xncn®dnbp∂p.

6. hm°pIfpsS khntijXIƒ°\pkcn®v hkvXp°sf Xcw Xncn°p∂p.

7. hnhn[ cq]ßƒ tN¿Øv h®v at\mlcamb cq]ßƒ D≠m°p∂p.

8. D≈fhpIƒ XmcXayw sNøp∂p.

9. \ofw XmcXayw sNøp∂p.

A©mw h¿jw

1. c≠°kwJytbmSv c≠°kwJy Iq´p∂p. (XpI 99 hsc)

2; {Ibhn{Ibßƒ°v \mWbßfpw t\m´pIfpw D]tbmKn°p∂p.

3. kvsIbn¬ h®v t\sc hcbv°p∂p.

4. \ofw Af°p∂Xn\v kvsIbn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂p.

5. kwJym]mt‰WpIsf°pdn®v [mcWbp≠mIp∂p.

6. Ie≠dn¬ \n∂v hnhn[]mt‰WpIƒ Is≠Øn FgpXp∂p.

7. kabw t\m°p∂Xn\p≈ D]IcWw t¢m°msW∂dnbp∂p.

8. Hcp kwJybn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp kwJyIpdbv°p∂p. (c≠°w ̨ c≠°w)

4. {]mYanI Km¿lnI sXmgn¬ ss\]pWn

1. \n¿tZim\pkcWw Km¿lnI amen\yw thÃv _mkv°‰n¬

\nt£]n°pI.

2. kz¥w hkvXp°ƒ bYmÿm\Øv IrXyambn hbv°pI.

3. kz¥w Np‰p]mSpIƒ ASp°pw Nn´bmbpw kq£n°pI.


Experimental V

ersion

4. hkvXp°ƒ AhbpsS {]tXyIXIƒ°\pkcn®v XcwXncn®v AXmXns‚

ÿeØv hbv°pI.

5. `£Ww Ign°p∂Xn\mhiyamb tπ‰pIfpw •m pIfpw kzbw

{IaoIcn°pI.

6. `£Wtijw tπ‰pw •m pw IgpIn bYmÿm\Øv hbv°pI.

7. ]gßfpw ]®°dnIfpw sXmenIf™v apdn°pI.

8. Sm∏n¬ \n∂v _°‰n¬ sh≈w tiJcn®v sIm≠phcnI.

9. IpSpw_mwKßƒ°pw AXnYnIƒ°pw hnfºnb ̀ £Ww sIm≠phcnI.

10. Ce°dnIƒ ]mNIØn\mbn Hcp°pI.

11. ]mNItPmenIfn¬ apXn¿∂hsc klmbn°pI. (]®°dnIƒ,

akmeIƒ FSpØpsImSp°pI, Nmb/Im∏n F∂n-hbv°v Bhiyamb

sh≈w Af∂psImSp°pI).

12. Hcp {]hrØn XS w IqSmsX sNøphm≥ km[n°pI.

13. hyXykvX ̀ mKßfp≈ hkvXp°sf Hcpan®v tN¿°pI.

14. Hcp {]hrØn ]q¿Ønbm°n Ignbptºmƒ D]IcWßfpw hkvXp°fpw

bYmÿm\ßfn¬ Xncn®p hbv°pI.

15. Bhiysa∂p hcptºmƒ Hcp {]hrØn Ahkm\n∏n°pI.

16. {Kq∏nse a‰wKßfpambn klIcn®v Hcp {]hrØn sNøpI.

17. Hcp {]hrØnbn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp {]hrØnbnte°v

amdm\mhiys∏Sptºmƒ hnapJX ImWn°msX sNøpI.

18. ta¬t\m´hpw hna¿i\ßfpw AwKoIcn°pI.

19. ssZ\wZn\ {]hrØnIfpsS `mKambn \ntbmKn°s∏´ as‰mcp

ÿetØ°v Hm¿Ωs∏SpØ¬ IqSmsX t]mIpI.

20. eLpb{¥ßƒ D]tbmKn°m≥ {]m]vXcmIpI (]©nwKv sajo≥,

tÃπ¿ ...).

21. ho´n¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ Bbp[ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøm≥ {]m]vXcmIpI.

(I{XnI, BWn, Np‰nI, kv{Iq ss{Uh¿)

22. kΩm\s∏mXnIƒ Ae¶cn®v Hcp°pI.

23. ho´nse InS° Hcp°pI. IgpIn DW°nb hkv{Xßƒ aS°n

Aeamcbn¬ hbv°pI.

24. efnXamb {]Ya ip{iqjIƒ sNøpI.

25. ]q°ƒ \qen¬ tIm¿Øv ]qame D≠m°pI.

5. kmaplnI ss\]pWn

1. Xs∂ a‰p≈h¿°v kzbw ]cnNbs∏SpØpI.

2. kwL°fnIfn¬ Iq´tcmSv klIcn°pI, Ah\hs‚ Dugw

ImØp\n¬°pI.


Experimental V

ersion

3. kz¥w Bhiyßƒ a‰p≈htcmSv hy‡am°pI.

4. ]cnNbap≈htcmSv ASp∏w Im´pI.

5. apXn¿∂hsc A`nhmZ\w sNøpI.

6. Iq´Ønep≈hcpsS {]IS\ßfn¬ Ahsc t{]m’mln∏n°pI.

(ssIsIm´n t{]m’mln∏n°¬, tj°vlm≥Uv \¬I¬)

7. kz¥w hkvXp°ƒ a‰p≈hcpambn ]¶phbv°pI.

8. X\n°v Bhiyap≈Xv Xncs™Sp°m\p≈ Ignhv.

9. a‰p≈hcpsS hkvXp°ƒ D]tbmKn°pXn\v ap≥]v AhcpsS A\phmZw

tNmZn°pI.

10. a‰p≈hcpsS hkvXp°ƒ D]tbmKØn\ptijw tISpIqSmsX

Xncn®psImSp°pI.

11. kz¥w hkvXp°ƒ \„s∏SmsX kq£n°m\p≈ Ignhv B¿Pn-°p-I.

12. sNdnb tPmenIfn¬ G¿s∏SpI.

13. s]mXp]cn]mSnIfn¬ ]s¶Sp°ptºmƒ ]ment°≠ acymZIƒ

]men°pI.

14. a‰p≈hcpsS hnImcßƒ am\n®v s]cpamdpI.

15. _‘p°ƒ, kplrØp°ƒ, A]cnNnX¿, ho´n¬ hnhn[ tkh\m¿Yw

FØp∂h¿ F∂nhsc th¿Xncn®dn™v s]cp-am-dp-I.

16. A\ptbmPyamb coXnbn¬ {]XnIcn°pI, s]cpamdpI.

17. {]h¿Ø\ßfn¬ DØchmZnXztØmSpIqSn ]s¶Sp°pI.

18. BtLmj]cn]mSnIfn¬ Xm¬]cytØmsS ]s¶Sp°pI.

19. ktμißƒ (t^m¨) kzoIcn°pIbpw a‰p≈h¿°v ssIamdpIbpw

sNøpI.

6. BtcmKyPohnX ss\]pWn

1. ]eXcw tcmKßfp≠v F∂-dn-bpI.

2. tcmKßfp≠mIm≥ ImcWßƒ ]eXmWv F∂-dn-bpI.

3. imcocnImkzmkvYyw a‰p≈hsc Adnbn°pI.

4. BtcmKy kwc£WØn¬ hoSn\p ]¶p≠v F∂-dn-bpI.

5. BtcmKyIcamb PohnXØn\v ip≤Pehpw ]cnkcipNnXzhpw

BhiyamWv F∂-dn-bpI.

6. A{i≤ A]ISßƒ°p ImcWamIp∂p. A]ISØn¬ s]´h¿°v Nne

{]Yaip{iqjIƒ sNtø≠Xp≠v F∂v a\- n-em-°pI.

7. hy‡nipNnXzw t]mse kmaplnI ipNnXzhpw {][m\s∏´XmWv F∂-

dn-bpI.

8. Zn\NcyIƒ {Iaambn sNøpI.

9. aqeyw Dƒs°m≠v s]cp-am-dp-I.


Experimental V

ersion

ÿqe-N-e\tijn-Iƒ (Gross Motor)1. Hcp ssIsIm≠v hkvXp°ƒ ]nSn°pI, kzX{¥am°pI.

2. hkvXp°ƒ FdnbpI, ]nSn°pI.

3. ssIIƒ Db¿Ønbpw XmgvØnbpw hkvXp°ƒ FdnbpI.

4. \S°pI.

5. hcbneqsS \S°pI.

6. ]SnIƒ IbdpIbpw CdßpIbpw sNøpI.

7. HmSpI.

8. IpØnbncn°pI.

9. s]cphncen¬ s]mßn \n∂v DbcØnep≈ hkvXp°ƒ IsøØn®v

FSp°pI.

10. Imepb¿Øn NmSpI.

11. H‰°men¬ NmSpI.

12. Zqtcbv°p NmSpI.

13. DbcØnte°pw, DbcØn¬ \n∂pw NmSpI.

14. hißfnte°v NmSpI.

15. hkvXp°ƒ ImepsIm≠v Xń FdnbpI (]¥v)

16. ssk°nƒ Nhn´pI.

17. \o¥pI.

kq£va-N-e\tijn-Iƒ (Fine Motor)1. hkvXp°ƒ HcpssIsIm≠v ]nSn°pI.

2. Zqscbp≈ hkvXp°ƒ FØn∏nSn°pI, hnSpI.

3. hkvXp°ƒ c≠pssIbpw D]tbmKn®v ]nSn°pI, hnSpI.

4. X≈hncepw Nq≠phncepw D]tbmKn®v sNdnb hkvXp°ƒ FSp°pI.

5. \qen¬ apØptIm¿°pI.

6. hkvXp°ƒ ASp°n shbv°pI.

7. ]m\obßƒ Cf°pI, Ie°pI.

8. hmXn¬ Xpd°pI/ HmSmº¬ {]h¿Øn∏n°pI/sImfpØnSpI.

9. Ip∏nIfpsS AS∏pIƒ Xpd°pI.

10. {ZmhIw \nd™ncn°p∂ •m v, t]∏¿I∏v XpS-ßn-bh Ncn™v

t]mImsXbpw Xqhnt∏mImsXbpw FSpØpsIm≠pt]mhpI.

11. Hcp ]m{XØn¬ \n∂v as‰mcp ]m{XØnte°v {ZmhIw Xqhnt∏mImsX

]IcpI.

12. tk v̂‰n]n≥ IcpXtemsS D]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbpI.

13. Nn{Xßƒ shń Hń°pI.


Experimental V

ersion

Blmcw Ign-°¬ (Eating)1. Blmcw \neØp IfbmsX hrØnbmbn Ign°pI.

2. sh≈w \neØp XqhmsX {i≤tbmsS IpSn°pI.

3. BlmcØn\p ap≥]pw ]n≥]pw ssIIfpw hmbpw hrØnbmbn IgpIpI.

4. Blmcw BhiyØn\p am{Xw FSpØp Ign°pI.

5. _m°n h∂ `£Wtam, F®ntem AXn\mbp≈ ]m{XØn¬

\nt£]n°pIbpw ]m{Xw hrØnbmbn IgpIn bYmÿm\Øp

hbv°pIbpw sNøpI.

6. ]gßƒ sXmen\o°n Ign°pI.

7. IqSpX¬ ̀ £Ww Bhiyambn h∂m¬ acymZm]q¿hw Bhiys∏SpI.

8. s]mXpÿeßfn¬ IpSnsh≈w e`n°p∂ CSw kzbw Is≠Øm≥

IgnbpI.

9. F√mhcpw tN¿∂v Blmcw Ign°p∂ Ahkcßfn¬ BhiyØn\p

am{Xw ̀ £Ww FSp°m≥ {ian°pI.

hkv{Xw [cn-°¬

1. ]mZc£Iƒ icnbmb coXnbn¬ AWnbm\pw Agn®p bYmÿm\Øp

hbv°m\pw IgnbpI (jq sebvkv sI´pI, _°nƒ CSpI.......)

2. hkv{Xßƒ icnbmbn AWnbm\pw Agn®p aS°n CSm\pw IgnbpI.(

_´¨ CSpI, h≈n sI´pI, kn∫v CSpI.......)

3. ]eXcØnep≈ hkv{Xßfpw AWnbm≥ ]Tn°pI.

4. ASnhkv{Xßƒ icnbmbpw hrØnbmbpw D]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbpI.

{Kqanßv (Grooming)1. Hcptß≠ icnbmb coXn AdnbpI (apJØp ]uU¿ D]tbmKnt°≠

coXn, apSn NoIn hbvt°≠ hn[w...... )

2. hy‡n ipNnXzØns‚ ImcyØn¬ kzbw ]cym]vXamIpI. (\Jw

sh´pI, sNhnIƒ hrØnbm°pI, XeapSn NoIn hrØnbm°pI, FÆ

tXbv°pI, Ipfn°pI, Ipfn Ign™v SuΔ¬ D]tbmKn®v Xebpw

icochpw XpSbv°pI, ssItekv D]tbmKn®v aq°p hrØnbm°pI,

tkm∏v D]tbmKn®v ssIbpw apJhpw IgpIpI, ]√ptXbv°pI,..........)

3. hm®p sI´pI.

4. XpΩpItbm aq°p No‰pItbm tIm´phmbnSpItbm sNøptºmƒ

ssItekv D]tbmKnt®m ssI D]tbmKnt®m hmbpw aq°pw ad®p

]nSn°pI.

5. Dudnhcp∂ Dan\o¿ kzbw ssItekv D]tbmKn®v XpS®p am‰pI.

6. s]¨Ip-́ n-Isf kw_-‘n®v amkapd Xncn®dnbpI, Adnbn°pI.

7. s]¨Ip-́ n-Isf kw_-‘n®v amkapd kabØv ]mUpIƒ icnbmbn


Experimental V

ersion

D]tbmKn°m\pw am‰m\pw Ah icnbmbn \n¿am¿P\w sNøm\pw

AdnbpI.

hnk¿P\w ( Toileting)1. tSmbve‰pIƒ D]tbmKnt°≠ icnbmb coXnIƒ AdnbpI (hmXneS®p

D]tbmKn°pI, D]tbmKn°pXn\p ap≥]pw ]n≥]pw sh≈w Hgn°pI.

hnk¿÷n®Xn\p tijw hrØnbmbn IgpIpI,.........)

2. tSmbve‰n¬ t]mIp∂Xn\p ap≥]v ASnhkv{Xw Agn®phbv°pI tijw

AWnbpI.

3. ]cklmban√msX tSmbve‰v D]tbmKn°m≥ IgnbpI.

4. tSmbve‰v kw_‘nbmb {]iv\ßƒ hcptºmƒ a‰p≈hcpsS klmbw

tXSpI.

5. ]cnNnXa√mØ ÿeØv tSmbve‰v FhnsSbmsW∂p At\zjn®v

I≠p]nSn®v D]tbmKn°pI.

6. s]mXpÿeßfn¬ ]pcpj≥am¿°pw kv{XoIƒ°pap≈ kuIcyßƒ

Adn™p D]tbmKn°pI.

7. IemImbnI ss\]pWn

1. ]q∏m{XØn¬ ]q°ƒ {IaoIcn°p∂p.

2. ]mh \n¿ΩmWw, BiwkmIm¿Uv \n¿ΩmWw, HdnKman, Xø¬,

Fwt{_mbnUdn, Ir{Xna ]q°ƒ \n¿ΩmWw, CXc eLp

IcIuiehkvXp°fpsS \n¿ΩmWw AdnbpI.

3. eLpIfnIfn¬ G¿s∏SpI. (Hm´w, Xhf®m´w, HmSnsØm´pIfn .........)

4. aWepw sh≈hpw D]tbmKn®p≈ IfnIfn¬ G¿s∏SpI.

5. eLphmb hnt\mZßfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI. (ItkcIfn, Hfn®pIfn,

]m nwKv Zn ]mgvk¬, IpfwIc, ............)

6. s]mXpIfnÿeØp≈ Ifn D]IcWßƒ D]tbmKn°pI.( …uIƒ,

PwKnƒ Pnw, Du™m¬,........)

7. hml\bm{X BkzZn°m≥ IgnbpI (ssk°nƒ, kvIq´¿, _kv, Im¿,

Xoh≠n..)

8. e£yÿm\Øv Fdn™psIm≈n°p∂ XcØnep≈ IfnIfn¬

G¿s∏SpI.

9. sIm∂n°fn/ sXm≠n°fn, …o∏nwKv sKbnw XpSßnbhbn¬

G¿s∏-SpI.

10. Iºyq´dns‚ ̀ mKßfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw AdnbpI. (Io t_m¿Uv,

aukv, tamWn´¿, kzn®v, bp ]n Fkv, s{]mk ¿...)

11. apXn¿∂htcmsSm∏w ISIfn¬ t]mbn km[\ßƒ hmßpI.

12. Dbcap≈ ÿeßfn¬/sNdnb Ip∂pIfn¬/sNdnb acßfn¬ Ibdm≥

IgnbpI.


Experimental V

ersion

13. apXn¿∂h¿s°m∏w tlm´¬, Xntb‰¿ F∂nhnSßfn¬ t]mhpI.

14. IpSpw_mwKßƒs°m∏tam kplrØp°ƒs°m∏tam hnt\mZ-

bm{XIfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI.

15. IpSpw_mwKßƒs°m∏w kn\na ImWpI.

16. k¬°mcßƒ Bkq{XWw sNbvXp \S∏m°p∂Xn¬ ]¶mfnbmIpI.

17. hmtZym]IcWßƒ D]tbmKn°pI.

18. ]mń\p AIºSnbmbn hmtZym]IcWßƒ D]tbmKn°pI.

19. sSenhnj\n¬ ]cn]mSnIfpw ]ckyßfpw ImWpI.

20. tdUntbm Sn hn ]cn]mSnIƒ I≠v IqsS XmfanSpIbpw \rØw

sNøpIbpw sNøpI.

21. tªm°pIƒ D]tbmKn®v Ifn°pI. (cq]ßƒ D≠m°pI, Agn°pI)

22. s]≥kn¬, {Itbm¨ F∂nh D]tbmKn®v Nn{Xßƒ hcbv°pI/ \ndw

sImSp°pI.

23. A\pIcW IfnIfn¬ G¿s∏SpI (AΩ/So®¿/ss{Uh¿/

I®hS°mc≥/t]meokv/.......)

24. kz¥w km[\ßƒ bYmÿm\Øv ASp°n hbv°pI.

25. amknIIƒ IodmsX adn®pt\m°pI.

26. XpS¿®bmbn 30 an\n´v t\cw hsc sSenhnj≥ ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWpI.

27. sImØ¶√v, GWnbpw ]mºpw t]mep≈ IfnIƒ ct≠m aqt∂m

t]tcmsSm∏w a‰p≈hcpsS klmbtØmsStbm A√msXtbm Ifn°pI.

28. amXrIIƒ t\m°n Xncn°p∂ tªm°pIƒ D]tbmKn®v cq]ßƒ

\n¿Ωn°pI.

29. Nn{Xßƒ hc®v \ndw sImSp°pI.

30. ]gb amknIIfn¬ \n∂v Nn{Xßƒ shńsbSpØv _p°n¬ Hń°pI.

31. Nn{X]pkvXIßfpw tIman°pIfpw ImWpI.

32. apdnIfn¬ km[\ßƒ icnbmbn {IaoIcn®v Hcp°pI.

33. hf¿ØparKßsf ]cn]men°pIbpw Ahbv°v ̀ £Ww \¬IpIbpw

sNøpI.

34. sSenhnj≥ ]cºcIƒ I≠v XpS¿®Iƒ AdnbpI.

35. Bhiyamb D]IcWßtfm hkvXp°tfm \¬Inbm¬ XpS¿®bmbn

5 an\n´v hnt\mZßfn¬ G¿s∏Sm≥ IgnbpI.

36. ]¥v ]nSn°m\pw Fdnbm\pw Xń°fnIm\pw IgnbpI.

37. hnc¬/{_jv D]tbmKn®v Nn{XcN\ \SØm≥ IgnbpI.

38 a‰p≈h¿°v ieyap≠m°msX sSenhnj≥ ]cn]mSnIƒ ImWpI.


Experimental V

ersion

39. kwL\rØKm\C\ßfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI.

40. eLp\nbaßƒ Dƒs°m≈p∂ sKbnapIfn¬ ]s¶Sp°pI.

41. ]qt¥m´\n¿ΩmWw ]®°dntØm´\n¿ΩmWw XpSßnbhbn¬

]s¶Sp°pI.

8. kmt¶XnIhnZym ss\]pWnIƒ

1. samss_¬ t^m¨/ em≥Uv t^m¨ ]cnNbs∏SpI.

2. samss_¬ t^mWn¬/ em≥Uv t^mWn¬ kwkmcn°pI.

3. samss_en¬ kv]oUv Ub¬ kwhn[m\w D]tbmKn°m≥ AdnbpI.

4. FgpXn \¬Inb \º¿ Ub¬ sNbvXv tImƒ hnfn°pI.

5. samss_en¬ D≈ tIm≠mIv‰n¬ \n∂v Bhiyamb \º¿ Ub¬

sNbvXp hnfn°pI.

6. tdUntbm Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm^v sNøm\pw AdnbpI.

7. tdUntbmbn¬ i–w {IaoIcn°m≥ AdnbpI.

8. tdUntbmbn¬ tÃj≥ Syq¨ sNbvXv C„ap≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ

tIƒ°pI.

9. tS∏v sdt°m¿U¿/ kn.Un sπb¿ Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm^v sNøm\pw

AdnbpI.

10. tS∏v sdt°m¿U¿/kn.Un sπbdns‚ i–w {IaoIcn°m≥ AdnbpI.

11. tS]v sdt°m¿U¿/ kn.Un sπb¿ Chbn¬ Imk‰v/ kn Un C´v tπ

sNøm≥ AdnbpI.

12. kn Un sπbdn¬ kn.Un temUv sNbvXv dntam´v D]tbmKn®v

{]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ AdnbpI.

13. sSenhnj≥ Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm v̂ sNøm\pw AdnbpI.

14. sSenhnjs‚ πKv kzn®v t_m¿Un¬ Dd∏n°pI.

15. Sn hn dntam´v {]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ AdnbpI.

16. Iºyq´dns‚ ̀ mKßfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw AdnbpI. (In t_m¿Uv,

aukv,

17. Iºyq´¿ Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm^v sNøm\pw AdnbpI.

18. Iºyq´dn¬ sk‰v sNbvX t]Pn¬ ]mt‰WpIƒ hc®v kvt{] s]bn‚ v

sNøpI.

19. Iºyq´dn¬ kzbw t]Pv sk‰v sNbvXv ]mt‰WqIƒ hc®v kvt{] s]bn‚ v

sNøpI.

20. Iºyq´dn¬ Iot_m¿Uv D]tbmKn®v A£cßƒ ssS∏v sNøpI.

21. Iºyq´dn¬ Iot_m¿Uv D]tbmKn®v kz¥w t]cv ssS∏v sNøpI.


Experimental V

ersion

22. Iºyq´dn¬ hnhcßƒ/Nn{Xßƒ tkhv sNøpI eLp FUn‰nwKv

sNøpI (A]q¿W Nn{Xßƒ ho≠pw Xpd∂v ]q¿Ønbm°pI)

23. Im¬°pte‰¿ Hm¨ sNøm\pw Hm v̂ sNøm\pw AdnbpI.

24. Im¬°pte‰dn¬ D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂ \ºdpIfpw Nn”ßfpw

AdnbpI.

25. Im¬°pte‰dn¬ eLp {InbIƒ sNøm≥ AdnbpI. (Hc°

kwJyIfpsS k¶e\w, hyhIe\w KpW\w).

4.3. amXrIm]T\{]h¿Ø\ßƒ

]mTy]≤Xn Dt±iyßƒ t\Sp∂Xn\pth≠nbp≈ Nne amXrIm

]T\{]h¿Ø\ßƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.

{]h¿Ø\w 1

Iq-Sp-tX-Smw]mT\t\ -́ßƒ

$ hy-Xy-kv-X Po-hn-I-fp-sS hm-k-ÿ-e-ßƒ th¿-Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ ]m¿-∏n-Sw kp-c-£-bpw kw-c-£-W-hpw \¬-Ip-∂p F-∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.-

L-́ w-̨ 1

km-a-{Kn-Iƒ

sXm-gp-Øv, tIm-gn-°q-Sv, ]-́ n-°q-Sv, Kp-l, In-fn-°q-Sv F-∂n-h-bp-sS Im¿-Uv-

t_m¿-Un¬ \n¿-Ωn-® am-Xr-I-Iƒ/`n-Øn-bn¬ H-́ n-°m-hp-∂ h-en-b Nn-{X-

ßƒ, ta¬-∏-d-™ Iq-Sp-I-fn¬ h-kn-°p-∂ Po-hn-I-fp-sS ap-Jw-aq-Sn-Iƒ,

Po-hn-I-fp-sS sN-dn-b Nn-{X-ßƒ, ]-›m-Ø-e-kw-Ko-Xw, a-g, C-Sn-sh-́ v, Im-

‰v F-∂n-h-bp-sS i-–w.

{]-h¿-Ø-\-{I-aw

$ I-fn-ÿ-e-Øv ]m¿-∏n-S-ß-fp-sS am-Xr-I-Iƒ/Nn-{X-ßƒ sh-°p-∂p.

$ kq-N-\-°m-bn Iq-Sn-\p-k-ao-]w A-Xn¬ ]m¿-°q-∂ Po-hn-bp-sS Nn-{Xw sh-

°p-∂p.

$ Ip-́ n-Iƒ C-„-ap-≈ ap-Jw-aq-Sn-Iƒ A-Wn-™v, kz-¥w Iq-Sp-I-fn¬ sN-∂v

\n¬-°p-∂p.

$ Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bpw Xm≥ B-cm-sW-∂pw- -kz-¥w ]m¿-∏n-S-Øn-s‚ t]-cv F-

¥m-sW-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p.

D-Zm: ""Rm≥ ]-ip. F-s‚ ho-Sv sXm-gp-Øv""


Experimental V

ersion

]-›m-Ø-e-kw-Ko-Xw Xp-S-ßp-tºmƒ Po-hn-Iƒ Iq-́ n¬ \n-∂v C-d-ßn-h-∂v ssa-

Xm-\-Øv I-fn-°p-∂p.

Ip-d-®p I-gn-bp-tºmƒ C-Sn-bpw a-g-bpw h-cp-∂p. (i-–w)

""C-Sn h-cp-t∂, a-g h-cp-t∂'' A-≤ym-]n-I hn-fn-®p Iq-hp-∂p.

Hm-tcm Po-hn-bpw kz-¥w Iq-Sp-I-fn-te-°v Hm-Sn-°-b-dp-∂p.

sX-‰p h-cp-Øp-∂ Ip-́ n-I-sf A-≤ym-]n-I k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

F-√m-h-cpw tN¿-∂v ]m-Sp-∂p.

""a-g-bpw sh-bn-epw sIm-≈m-sX

C-Sn-bpw an-∂-ep-ta¬-°m-sX

ho-Sn-∂p-≈n-en-cn-°m-tem

A-Ω-°-cn-In-en-cn-°m-tem''

L-´w-˛2

{]-h¿-Ø-\-{I-aw

Xm-sg-∏-d-bp-∂ hy-Xym-k-ßƒ Hgn-

®m¬ L-́ w 1 ̨ -te-Xp-t]m-se.

Iq-Sp-Iƒ-°-cn-In-ep-≈ kq-N-\m-

Nn{X-ßƒ So-®¿ F-Sp-Øv am-‰p-∂p.

Im-‰v, a-g C-h-bv°p ]-I-cw i-{Xp-

°ƒ (knw-lw, ]p-en) h-cp-∂-Xm-

bn I-fn-bn¬ am-‰w h-cp-Øp-∂p.


Experimental V

ersion

L-́ w-̨ 3

km-a-{Kn-Iƒ

I-S-em-kv, s]≥-kn¬, \n-d-ßƒ

{]-h¿-Ø-\-{I-aw

So-®-dp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bpw kz-¥w ho-Sn-s‚ Nn-{Xw h-c-°p-∂p.

]q¿-Øn-bm-b Nn-{Xw So-®-dpw Ip-́ n-bpw tN¿-∂v Np-h-cn¬ H-́ n-°p-∂p.

ho-Sn-\-cn-In¬ H-cp Ip-́ n-bp-sS Nn-{Xw h-c-®p-tN¿-Øv So-®¿ A-Xn-\-Sn-bn¬ Ip-́ n-

bp-sS t]-sc-gp-Xp-∂p. (D-Zm: A-∏p)

ho-Sn-s‚ Nn-{X-Øn-\p Xm-sg ""C-Xv A-∏p-hn-s‚ ho-Sv'' F-∂p-sa-gp-Xn-sh-°p-∂p.

Nn-{X-Øn-\-cn-In¬ \n-∂v Ip-́ n ]-d-bp-∂p. ""Rm≥ A-∏p. C-Xv F-s‚ ho-Sv""

F-√m Nn-{X-ß-fpw H-́ n-®p-I-gn-™v So-®-dpw Ip-́ n-I-fpw ssI-tIm¿-Øp-\n-∂v ]m-Sp-

∂p.

hoSv \√ hoSv

Rm≥ hc® hoSv

F¥p \√ hoSv

Fs‚ kz¥w hoSv

hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ kq-N-I-ßƒ

$ hn-hn-[ Po-hn-I-fp-sS ]m¿-∏n-S-ßƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

$ ]m¿-∏n-Sw kp-c-£-bpw kw-c-£-W-hpw \¬-Ip-∂p F-∂v a-\- n-em-°p-∂p.

{]-_-e-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

$ ]-cn-io-e-\ tkm-̂ v-‰v-sh-b-dn¬ Cu {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-\v A-\p-_-‘-am-bn

sIm-Sp-Øn-́ p-≈ A-̀ ym-k-ßƒ Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bpw ]-cn-io-en-°p-∂p.

$ dn-tkm-gv-kv kn.Un bn¬ \¬-In-bn-́ p-≈ h¿-°v-jo-‰p-Iƒ Hm-tcm Ip-́ n-bpw

]q¿-Øo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

Xp-S¿-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

hn-hn-[ Po-hn-I-fp-sS hm-k-ÿ-e-ß-fp-sS t^m-t´m-Iƒ, hn-Un-tbm F-∂n-h Ip-́ n-

I-sf Im-Wn-°p-∂p.


Experimental V

ersion

{]h¿Ø\w 2

]®°dn°mc≥]mT\t\ -́ßƒ

$ hnhn-[-bn\w ]®°dnIƒ Xncn®dn™v Ah-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-

Xn-\p≈ Ignhv t\Sp-∂p.

$ \n›nX XpIbv°v ]®-°dn hmßp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv B¿Pn-°p-∂p.

L´w˛1

kma{KnIƒ

km[mcWbmbn D]tbmKn°p∂ hnhn[Xcw ]®°dnIƒ, ]®°dn°mc\p-

Sp°m≥ sNdnb ap≠v, tXmfnenSm≥ tXm¿Øv, ]®°dnIƒ C´psImSp°m≥

t]∏¿_mKpIƒ, Ffp∏Øn¬ X≈n\o°mhp∂ \mepN{Iap≈ Ãm≥Uv.

{]h¿Ø\-{Iaw

$ Hcp Ip´n ]®°dn°mc\mbn thjanSp∂p.

$ So®dpsS klmbtØmsS ]®°dnIƒ h≠nbn¬ ASp°n sh°p∂p.

$ a‰pIp´nIƒ hcnbmbn ItkcIfn¬ Ccn°p∂p.

$ ]®°dn°mc\pw So®dpw ]m´v ]mSn h≠nbpw X≈n hcp∂p.

hcphn≥ hcphn≥ hmßnt°mfq

XpSpXpsSbps≈mcp ]®°dnIƒ

sNmIsNmI tNms∂mcp X°mfn

\o≠p saens™mcp sh≠°

B¿°pthWw, B¿°pthWw

an\pans\bps≈mcp I{Xn°

\\p\s\ Acnbm≥ Nocbne

ap≈pIfps≈mcp ]mh°

hcphn≥ hcphn≥ hmßnt°mfq

XpSpXpsSbps≈mcp ]®°dnIƒ


Experimental V

ersion

Hmtcm IpńbpsSbpw AcnInseØn ]®°dn°mc≥ tNmZn°p∂p. ""F¥v

thWw?''

Ipń Bhiys∏Sp∂ ]®°dnIƒ ]®°dn°mc≥ Hcp _mKnen v́ \¬Ip∂p.

F√mhcpw hmßn°gn™m¬ ASpØIpń hnev]\°mc\mIp∂p.

F√m IpńIƒ°pw ]®°dn°mc\mI\p≈ Ahkcw \¬Ip∂p.

L´w˛2

kma{KnIƒ

]®°dnIƒ, t]∏¿ _mKv, Ifnt\m´pIƒ, tXm¿Øv,

ap≠v

{]h¿Ø\-{Iaw

$ ¢m vapdnbn¬ HcnSØv Hcp

]®°dn°S k÷oIcn°p∂p.

$ ]®°dn°mc≥ hnev]\°mbn

\n¬°p∂p.

$ IpńIƒ HmtcmcpØtcmSpw

Hmtcm ]®°dn, \n›nX FÆw

hmßn hcphm≥ A≤ym]nI

\n¿t±in°p∂p.

$ Hmtcm Ipń°pw ]®°dn

hßm\p≈ ]Ww (Ifnt\m´pIƒ)

\¬Ip∂p.

$ ]®°dn°mc≥ Hmtcm Ipńbpw Bhiys∏Sp∂{]Imcw ]®°dn \¬In

]Ww hmßp∂p. (XpI IrXyamIWsa∂n√)

$ sX‰p IqSmsX km[\ßƒ hmßn hcp∂hsc So®¿ A\ptamZn°p∂p.

L´w˛3

{]h¿Ø\{Iaw

L´w˛2 teXp t]mse Ifn°p∂p.

CØhW ]®°dn°mc≥ Bhiys∏Sp∂ XpIbpw Ipń \¬Ip∂ XpIbpw

Xpeyambncn°Ww.

hnebncpØ¬ kq-NIßƒ

]®°dnIƒ Xncn®dnbp∂p. (L´w 1,2,3)

]®°dnIƒ Xcw Xncn°p∂p (L´w 1,2,3)


Experimental V

ersion

kμ¿t`mNnXambn {]XnIcn°p∂p. (L´w 1,2,3)

\mWbßƒ/t\m´pIƒ Xncn®dnbp∂p (L´w 2,3)

]Ww IrXyambn FÆnsbSp°p∂p (L´w 3)

{]_e\{]h¿Ø\ßƒ

$ ]cnioe\ tkm^v‰vshbdn¬ Cu {]h¿Ø\Øn\v A\p_‘ambn

sImSpØn´p≈ A`ymkßƒ Hmtcm Ipńbpw ]cnioen°p∂p.

$ dntkmgvkv kn.Un bn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ h¿°vjo‰pIƒ Hmtcm Ipńbpw

]q¿ØoIcn°p∂p.

XpS¿{]h¿-Ø\ßƒ

$ enÃv {]Imcap≈ ]®°dnIƒ hmßp∂p.

$ Xq°w A\pkcn®v hm-ßp-∂p

4.4. ]T-\-coXn

GsXmcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-bp-tSbpw D≈-S°w hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®mhpw

AXns‚ ê-{]m-]vXn. ]T\w F∂Xv A\p-̀ -h-ß-fp-tSbpw ]cn-ioe\ßfp-

tSbpw ê-ambn ]Tn-Xm-hn¬/Ipń-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-am-Wv. imcocn-Ihpw

am\-kn-I-hp-ambn ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp≈ Ipń-I-fn¬ CØcw am‰w hcpØpI {ia-I-

c-am-Wv. CØcw Ipń-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Xncn®dn™v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb

]T\-\-coXn \n›-bn-°p-I-bmWv A`n-Im-a-yw. hnhn[ cmP-y-ß-fn¬ \ne-

\n¬°p∂ ]T-\-coXnIƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Ifn-Iƒ°pw ]cnkcØn\pw {]m[m-

\yw \¬In-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp ]T-\-coXnbmWv \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂v ImWmw.

B coXn-X-s∂-bmWv \ap°pw A`nImayw. 5 Bi-b-ta-J-eIsf ASn-ÿm-\-

am°n [mcmfw Ifn-I-fn-eqsSbpw {]h¿Ø\ßfneqsSbpw Ipń-Iƒ IS∂p-

t]m-IpI hgn \n›-bn-°-s∏´ F´v tijn taJ-e-Ifnse ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ

t\Sm\mIpw.

A[-ym-]n-I- \n-c-¥-c-amb \nco-£-W-Øn-eqsSbpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eq-sSbpw Bbn-

cn-°-Ww Hmtcm Ipń°pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv. hy-

‡n-]-c-amb coXn-I-fn-eqsS ]T\w apt∂dn {Kq∏p-I-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Xc-

Øn-te°v Ipńsb sIm≠v t]mtI-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mgpw Nne Ipń-Iƒs°-¶nepw

hy-‡n-KX t_m[\w Bh-i-y-ambn hcpw. Ipń-I-fpsS A`n-cp-Nn°pw Xm¬]-

c-y-ß-ƒ°pw A\p-kr-X-ambn 5 Xoap-Ifn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

A\p-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS \S-Øp-hm≥ A[-ym-]n-Ibv°v Igntb-≠-Xp-≠v. \n›n-

X-amb Hcp ]T-\-coXn kzo-I-cn-°-Ww F∂v ChnsS Ch¿°mbn \n¿tZ-in-

°m≥ Ign-bn-√. adn®v Xs‚ Ipń°v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb ]T-\-coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-

°m\p≈ {]m]vXn A[-ym-]nI t\Sp-I-bmWv {][m-\w. IqSp-X¬ hni-Zmw-i-

ßƒ A[ymbw 6˛ ¬ \¬In-bn-́ p≠v.


Experimental V

ersion

4.5. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-epw Ipń-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ ss\]p-

Wn-Iƒ F{X-am{Xw t\Sn F∂v Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp≠v. CXn\v

klm-b-I--ambn Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚bpw Ah-km\w Nne kqN-I-ßƒ

\¬In-bn-́ p-≠v. CXv amXr-I-bmbn am{Xw kzo-I-cn®v IqSpX¬ kqNIßƒ

Is≠Øn hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \n¿hln°m≥ \ap°v Ign-b-Ww. \nco-£Ww,

tNmZym-hen, {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ F∂n-h-bn-eqsS Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw \ne-hmc

]cn-tim-[\ \SØn Hmtcm Ipńbpw \n›nX ss\]pWn F{X-am{Xw t\Sn

F∂v hnebncp-Ø-ens‚ ̀ mK-ambn So®¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. ICT- km-[-y-

X-bpsS ]c-am-h[n D]tbm-Khpw ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. (hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚

IqSp-X¬ hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ A[-ymbw 7 ̨ ¬ \¬Inbn´p≠v.

4.6. ]n¥pWm kwhn-[m\w

hnZ-ym`ym-k-cw-K-sØ-∂√ GXv cwKØmbmepw am‰-ßƒ hcp-tºmƒ {i≤-

tbmsSbpw Bkq-{XWtØmtSbpw Xøm-dm-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-∏m-°p∂

Hmtcm L -́Ønepw AXn-s‚ Dt±iysØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb hne-bn-cp-Øepw

]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ adn-I-S°m≥ X¬k-a-b- klmbIkwhn-[m-\-ßfpw A\n-hm-c-y-

am-Wv. F¶n¬ am{Xsa \mw B{K-ln-°p∂ e£yØnte°v FØn-t®-cm≥

Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. khn-tij kz-̀ mhw D≈ Ipń-Iƒ°mbn Xbmdm-°p∂ Hcp

]mT-y-]-≤Xn \S-∏m-°p-tºmƒ kzm-̀ m-hn-I-ambpw {]iv\-ßƒ D≠m-Ipw. AXv

]cnl-cn-°phm≥ klm-bI-kw-hn-[m\w D≠v F∂ hni-zmkw CXv \S-∏m-°p-

∂-h¿°v Bizmk-am-Ipw. AXn-\mbn SSA, RMSA XpS-ßnb hnZym-̀ ymk

t{]mPIvSv kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ SIEMAT, SCERT, DPI,IT@School XpS-ßnb ÿm]-\-ßfpw Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ R.C, DDE, Ub‰v, DEO,AEO F∂o kwhn-[m-\-ßfpw Dƒt®¿∂v {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp

i‡-amb tamWn-‰-dnwKv kwhn-[m\w {]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv A`n-Im-ayamIpw. Fkv.-

sF.-Fw.-kn.-bmIWw CØcw tamWn-‰-dnw-Kns‚ Bkq-{XWw \n¿h-ln-t°≠Xv.

]T\w KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈Xpw Imc-y-£-a-am-bXpamIp-hm≥ A°m-Z-anI ]n¥pW,

X¬k-ab klmbw, tUmIvS¿amcpsS tkh\w XpSßn hnhn-[-ta-J-e-bn¬

{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-hcpsS Iq´mb {iaw Bh-i-y-amWv. _p≤n]c-ambn ]n∂m°w

\n¬°p∂hcpsS F√m ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn®psIm≠p≈ Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-

Xn°v am{Xta Chsc°qSn s]mXp-[m-c-bn¬ sIm≠v hcm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈p.

At∏mƒ am{X-ta RTE - bpsS A¥- Ø t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q.

(A[-ymbw 8˛¬ ]n¥pWm kwhn-[m\w kw_-‘n® IqSp-X¬ hniZmwißƒ

\¬In-bn-́ p-≠v.)

4.7 sk°-≠dn (12 ˛ 14 hb v)

sk°-≠dn L´-Øn¬, ss{]adn L´-Øn¬ \n¿h-ln-®-Xn\v kam-\-amb


Experimental V

ersion

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

Ipń-I-fpsS [mc-Wbv°pw hnI-k-\-Øn\pw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ hf¿®bv°v Ah-

kcw D≠m-I-Ww. imco-cn-I-ambn hf¿®bn¬ FØn-bXp sIm≠v Xs∂ kmaq-

ln-I-hpw, sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb tijn-I-fpsS hnIm-k-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ Du∂¬

\¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

sk°-≠dn Xe-Ønse hnj-b-ta-J-e-Iƒ

$ Btcm-K-y-Im-bnI ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ

$ `mjm-ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ

$ Iem ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ

$ KWnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ

$ imkv{X ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ

$ Km¿ln-I, ]cn-kc ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ

$ kmt¶-XnI, hnh-c-hn-\n-ab ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ

Cu taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ D≈-S° hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ, hn\n-a-b-co-Xn, hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn XpS-ßn-bh cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xp≠v.

4.8 {]oshm-t°-j-W¬ (15˛17 hb v)

Cu L´w {]o shmt°-j-W¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-t‚-XmWv. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw

Ignhpw A`n-cp-Nnbpw Is≠Øn ̀ mhn Pohn-X-Øn\v klm-b-I-amb sXmgn¬

taJ-e-bn-te°v \bn-°p-I-bmWv {][m-\w. X\n°v ]‰nb sXmgn¬ta-Je

Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂-Xpw Cu L -́Øn¬ {]m[m-\-y-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. Pohn-X-Np-‰p-]m-

Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂p amdn bm{¥n-I-ambn GsX-¶nepw sXmgn¬ ss\]pWn t\Sp-∂-

Xv Ch¿°v ̀ mhn-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ klm-b-I-am-h-W-sa-∂n-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

A\p-tbm-Py-amb sXmgn¬ km[y-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øn, AXmXv sXmgn-en-Sßfn¬

Xs∂ Ah-k-c-ßƒ Hcp-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv.

4.9 shm-t°-j-W¬ (18 hb pw AXn-\p-ap-I-fnepw)

18 hb p apX-ep≈ shmt°-j-W¬ L´Øn¬ hnhn[ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-

I-fp-sSbpw k¿°m-¿ CXc GP≥kn-I-fp-sSbpw GtIm-]-\-Øn-eqsS Ch¿°v

In´m-hp∂ Ah-k-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw AXn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb coXn-bn¬

shmt°-j-W¬ ssKU≥kpw s{Sbn-\nwKpw \¬Ip-Ibpw thWw. Pn√m-X-e-

Øn¬ Ch¿°v hg-ßp∂ hyXykvX sXmgn¬ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn

shmt°-j-W¬ sk‚dp-Iƒ cq]oIcn°pIbpw thWw.

Ipdn∏v : Ct∏mƒ Xbm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-y-]-≤Xn ss{]adn (7 ̨ 11 hb v) ¢m nseIpń-Iƒ°v th≠n Xbm-dm-°nbn´p≈XmWv. CXp-t]mse {]tXyIw]mTy-]-≤Xn a‰v hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw Xbm-dm-t°-≠XmWv.


_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√phnfnt\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°p≈

kvIqfnse A[ym-]-I¿ 5A[ymbw

KpW-ta-∑-bp≈ hnZ-ym-̀ -ymkw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ A[-ym-]-Is‚ tdmƒ

]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. Xs‚ hnjbw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w hy-‡n-hn-Im-k-

Øn\pw, kmaq-l-y-{]-Xn-_-≤-Xbv°pw Du∂¬ sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈

{]h¿Ø\w A[-ym-]-Is‚ `mKØv \n∂v D≠m-I-Ww. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-

hn-fn -t\-cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS A[-ym-]-I¿ Gsd -{i-≤bpw, ]cn-Nc-Whpw Dd-

∏m-°m≥IqSn -{i-≤n-t°-≠-Xp≠v.

5.1. ]cn-io-e\w kn≤n® A[ym-]-I¿

khn-ti-j-hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ A[-ym-]I¿ {]tX-yI ]cn-io-e\w

t\Sn-b-hcmIWw. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fp-sS {]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw, A\ptbmP-y-amb ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bhn-

jvIcn°m\pw ss\]pWn kn≤n-®-h-cpam-I-Ww. Ipń-IfpsS {]Ir-X-Øn-\-

\p-k-cn®v ]T-\-t_m-[-\-co-Xn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°m\pw, Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw \ne-

hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿ ]cn-K-Wn®v hy-‡n-KX -]-T-\-{Iaw Xbm-dm-°m\pw Ah

\S-∏n-em-°m\pw {]mho-Wyw t\Sn-b-h-cm-IWw khn-ti-j-hn-Z-ym-e-b-Ønse

A[-ym-]-I¿. hnhn[ß-fmb s]cp-am‰ kz-`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ h®p

]pe¿Øp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v ssIØmßv \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\pw, amt\Pv sNøp-

∂Xn\pap≈ X{¥-ßƒ kzm-b-Ø-am-°n-bn-́ p-≈-h-cmIWw CØcw hnZ-ym-e-

bßfnse A[-ym]I¿.

5.2. A[ym-]-I≥ /A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS tdmƒ

Ipń-Isf ]T-\-]-c-ambn anI-hn-te°v

\bn-°pI F∂-Xn-\-∏pdw A[-ym-]nI

Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw imco-cn-Ihpw

am\-kn-I-hp-amb Bh-i-y-ßƒ°\p-k-

cn®v CS-t]-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. IpńIƒ°v

kpc-£n-X-X-z-t_m-[hpw, Bfl-hn-i-zm-

khpw P\n-∏n-°pI F∂Xv ]c-a-{]-[m-

\-am-Wv. Hcp IqSpw-_mw-KsØ t]mse

c£m-I¿Øm-°-fpsS hnizmkw


B¿Pn-°-Ww. Ipń-Iƒ°mbn Hcp-°p∂ ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ c£-mI¿Øm-

°-fp-sSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-Iq-e-amb CSs]-S-en\v Ahsc

k÷-cm-°-Ww. Ipń-I-fpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂v Ah¿ B¿Pn-

°p∂ t\´-ßfpw ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw c£mI¿Øm-°ƒ°v t_m[-y-s∏-SpØn

Ahsc {]Xo-£bpw Bfl-hn-i-zm-khpw D≈hcm°n-am-‰m≥ A[-ym-]n-Ibv°v

km[n-°-Ww. Ipń-bpsS ]T-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°mbn B[p-\nI kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-

Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-ØWw. CØcw Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-bn¬

Imen-I-ambn kw -̀hn-°p∂ am‰-ßƒ kzmwio-I-cn®v Ah¿°mbn {]h¿Ø-

\-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhnjv-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNtø≠XmWv.

5.3. Iq´mbva ˛ {]h¿Ø\w

khn-tij hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønse apgp-h≥ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw ê-{]-Zmbn \S-∏m-

°-W-sa-¶n¬ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fpsS i‡-amb Iq´m-bva A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.

amt\-Pvsa‚ v, PTA, LSGD,. a‰v k∂≤ kwL-S-\-Iƒ F∂n-h-sc-sb√mw hnZym-

e-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ IÆn tN¿t°-≠Xp≠v. hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn-\-IØv \S-

°p∂ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ (sXdm∏n, sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e\w, ss\]pWn

hnImkw, XpS-ßn-b-h) \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnhn[ taJe-I-fn¬

{]mhoWyap≈ A[ym-]-IcpsS Iq´mbva Bh-i-y-am-Wv. s]mXp-hn-Z-ym-e-b-ß-

fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ kvIqƒ dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v (SRG), kvIqƒ kt∏m¿´v

{Kq∏v (SSG) F∂n-h- khn-ti-j-hn-Z-ym-e-b-Ønepw kPo-h-am-tI-≠-Xp≠v.

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, hy-‡nKX]T-\-]-≤Xn, kmt¶-XnI hnZ-y-bpsS D]-

tbmKw F∂n-ßs\bp≈ Imc-y-ß-fn¬ A[ym]nIbpsS im‡o-I-cWw

(Teacher Empowerment) Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p∂ A[-ym-]I

Iq´mbvaIƒ D≠m-h-Ww.

5. 4. at\m-̀ mhw

khn-ti-j-hn-Z-ym-e-b-ß-fnse A[-ym-]I¿°v Ipń-Isf Ah-cpsS Zu¿_-ey-

ßƒ AwKo-I-cn®v Hmtcm Ipń-bnepw anI-hp-Iƒ (t\ -́ßƒ, Ign-hpIƒ.....)

\nco-£n-°m≥ km[n-°-Ww. kl-Xm]w, klm-\p-̀ qXn F∂nh {]I-Sn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw Ipń-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-amb Ign-hp-I-fp-sS- hn-Im-k-Øn-\p≈

`mh-\m-]q¿W-amb Btem-N-\bpw AXn-\p≈ Bkq-{X-W-hp-amWv A[-ym-

]nI \n¿hlnt°-≠-Xv. IpńIfpsS c£m-I¿Øm-°-fpsSbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-

ß-fpsSbpw {]bm-k-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ km[n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ at\m-

`mhw ]pe¿Øm≥ A[-ym-]n-Ibv°v km[n-°-Ww.

khntij hnZymebßtfmSpw AhnsS {]h¿Øn°p∂ A[ym]I-

cS°ap≈htcmSpw IpńItfmSpw kaqlØns‚bpw ̀ cWhn`mKØns‚bpw

\nehnep≈ at\m`mhØn¬ A\pIqeamb am‰hpw A\nhmcyamWv.


5.5 A[ym-]-I-cpsS tbmKyX

Cu cwKØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂ A[ym-]-I¿, RCI \njvI¿jn-°p∂ \n›nX

tbmK-yX t\Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww. Ipń-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v

(Hmńkw, skdn-{_¬ ]mƒkn, ]T-\ _lp-ssh-I-eyw...) {]tX-y-I -]-cn-io-

e\w t\Sn-b-h-cm-bn-cn-°-Ww A[ym-]-I¿. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-t\-cn-Sp∂

Ipń-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-sf-°p-d®v {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn a\- n-em-°n-

bn´p≈hcm-IWw Ah¿. AØ-c-Øn¬ tbmK-yX t\Sn-bn-́ p≠v F∂v Dd∏v

hcp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. hnh-c-hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ¢m p-

Iƒ ssIIm-cyw sNøm-\p≈ Ignhpw A[-ym-]-I¿ B¿Pn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ tImgvkp-I-fpsS kne_kv Imtem-Nn-X-ambn ]cn-jvI-

cn®v A[-ym-]-\-Øns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw. P\-d¬ _n.FUv/

Un.FUv Ic-ÿ-am°n hcp∂ A[-ym-]-I¿°v CØcw Ipń-Isf ssIIm-

cyw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ _p≤n-ap v́ a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v AØ-c-Øn-ep-≈-h¿°v

th≠n Hcp amk-sa-¶nepw \o≠p\n¬°p∂ {]tX-yI ]cn-io-e\w \¬tI-

≠-XmWv. P\-d¬ _n.F-Uvv/ Un.FUv Ic-ÿ-am-°n-b-h¿°v _p≤n-]-c-amb

]cn-an-Xn-bp≈ IpńIsf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ A[nI ]cn-io-e\

tImgvkp-Iƒ (Untπm-am-t{]m-{Kmw) SIMC bvt°m, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.bvt°m

\S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

5.6 C≥˛ k¿hokv A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\w

k¿ho-kn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ A[y-m]-I¿°pw ]cn-io-e\w \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

{]mcw` ]cn-io-e-\-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ NphsS \¬Ip-∂p.

]cn-io-e\ taJ-e-Iƒ

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-Xbp≈ Ipń-I-fpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw sshIm-

cn-I-hp-amb hnImkw.

$ ]T\w Imcy-£-a-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ \qX\ A[ym-]\X{¥-ßƒ.

$ sF.kn.-‰n. D]-tbmKw t_m[-\-Øn¬.

$ tamWn-‰-dnwKpw ]n¥pW kwhn-[m-\hpw.

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-Xbp≈ Ipń-I-fpsS ]T--\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v

Kth-j-W-]-c-ambn Is≠-Øn-bn-́ p≈ Imcy-ßƒ.

$ c£-mI¿Øm-hn-s‚bpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw tdmƒ.

$ Pohn-X-ss\-]p-WnIfpw sXmgn¬ ss\]p-WnIfpw t\S¬.

AXmXp taJ-e-I-fn¬ hnZ-Kv[-cmb Bfp-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ka-{K-amb

A[ym-]-I-]cn-io-e\ samUyqƒ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-Ibpw

thWw. CØcw Ipń-I-fpsS ]T\w Dd-∏m°n sa®-s∏´ Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-

ßƒ Dd-∏m-°m\pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb sXmgn¬ taJe Is≠-Øm\pw Ign-b-

Ww.


Hmtcm h¿jhpw 5 apX¬ 10 Znhkw hsc \o≠p \n¬°p∂ ]cn-io-e-\-]-cn-

]m-Snbpw kwL-Sn-∏n-°-Ww. CXns‚ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzw Fkv.-kn-.-C-.B¿.-Sn. °v

Gs‰-Sp-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

5.7 A[ym-]-I-cpsS tkh-\-th-X\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ

s]mXp-hnZyme-b-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[ym-]-I-sc-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ {i≤bpw

]cn-N-c-Whpw kvt\lhpw Chn-Sp≈ A[ym-]-I¿ Ipń-Iƒ°v \¬tI-≠-Xp-

≠v. Ipń-Iƒ°v hy‡n-]-c-amb {i≤bpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw \¬I-Ww. ka-btam

kμ¿`tam t\m°msX tkh-\-k-∂-≤-X-tbmsS I¿Ω-\n-c-X-cm-bn-cn-°p∂

A[ym-]-I-cmWv th≠-Xv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ s]mXp-hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \¬In

hcp∂ thX-\-\n-c-°n-t\-°mƒ sa®-s∏´ thX\w CØcw A[ym-]-I¿°v

\¬tI-≠-Xp-≠v. km[m-c-W-bp≈ hm¿jnI C≥{In-sa‚ v, t{KUv F∂n-

hbv°p ]pdsa kvs]jy≥ Ae-h≥kv \¬Ip∂ Imcyhpw ]cn-K-Wn-t°-≠-

Xm-Wv. kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-hsc AwKoIcn-°p-∂-Xn-

\p≈ \S-]-Snbpw kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

5. 8. hy-‡n-Xzw

A[-ym-]-I¿ anI® hy-‡n-X-z-Øns‚ DS-a-I-fm-IWw. NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-

°p∂ hy-‡n-Xz khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ at\m-̀ mhw AX-y-

¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv.

$ khn-tij hnZ-ym-e-b-Ønse A[-ym-]nI F∂ \ne-bn¬ Nn¥-bnepw

at\m-̀ m-h-Ønepw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw Ipń-Isf anI-hn-te°v \bn-°m-

\p≈ Xs‚ _m[-yX \nd-th-t‰≠Xp≠v.

$ Ipń-I-tfmSpw Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-tfmSpap≈ Xs‚ {]Xn-_-≤X

A[-ym-]n-I-bpsS Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw {]I-S-am-I-Ww.

$ ]pXnb Bi-b-ßfpw Nn¥-Ifpw Xpd∂ a\-t msS kzo-I-cn-°m\pw

Ah icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m-\p-ap≈ Ignhv A[-ym]nI

B¿Pn-°-Ww.

$ Xs‚ Hmtcm {]h¿Ø-\sØbpw hna¿i-\m-fl-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw

Bh-i-y-amb am‰-ßƒ hcp-Øm-\p-ap≈ k∂-≤X ]pe¿Ø-Ww.

$ Xpd∂ a\-ÿn-Xn-bpw kpXm-c-y-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw ]pe¿Øp-∂-tXm-

sSm∏w Iq´mbn {]h¿Øn°m\pw Ipń-Iƒ, kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿, IpSpw_w,

kaqlw F∂n-h-bn-te°v ê-{]-Z-ambn Bi-b-ssI-am‰w \S-Øm\pw

A[-ym-]I¿°v km[n-°-Ww.

kvIqfnse Ipń-I-fpsS anIhv A[-ym-]-I-cpsS Iq´m-bva-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-

Wv. slUvSo®¿ Dƒs∏sS Hcp Soambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ at\m-`mhw

A[-ym-]-I¿°p-≠m-I-Ww. AXn-\mbp≈ N¿®-I-fpw, Xocp-am-\-ßsfSp-°epw

\S-∏m-°-ep-I-fp-amWv Hcp kvIqfns‚ anI® hnP-b-Øns‚ BWn-°-√v.


hn\nabcoXn 6A[ymbw

]T-\-t_m-[\ {]{In-b-bn¬ hn\n-abcoXn°v kp{]-[m\ ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv.

_u≤nI-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn -Sp∂ Ipń -IfpsS ¢mkv apdn -bn¬

]mTy]≤Xnbnse D≈S°w hn\nabw sNøpI F-∂Xv Gsd {ia-I-c-am-Wv.

Ipń-bpsS {i≤ BI¿jn-®p-sIm≠v, AhcpsS CjvS-ßƒ°pw am\-knI

\ne-hm-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®pw thWw hn\n-abcoXn Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xv.

6.1 hn\n-a-b-coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ

hn\n-a-b-coXn Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ

{i≤n-°Ww.

$ Ipń-bpsS {]Ir-X-Øn\v CW-ßp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ Ipń-bpsS Xm¬]-cy-ta-J-e-Iƒ°v A\p-krX-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ tijn/ss\]pWn _‘n-X-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ ¢m nse samØw Ipń-I-sfbpw IW-°n-se-Sp-°p∂Xns\m∏w

hy‡nKX ]cnKW\Iƒ°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xmbncn°Ww.

$ BÀm-Z-I-c-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ H‰-bvt°m, Iq´mtbm \n¿h-ln-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ Ipń-I-fpsS kPoh ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn\p km[y-X-bp-≈-Xm-I-Ww.

$ ]T-\sØ {]tNm-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww.

$ bm{¥n-I-a-√mØ hn\n-a-b-co-Xn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.

6.2. hn\n-ab km[y-X-Iƒ

C{]-Imcw hn\n-ab coXn-Iƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-tºmƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp∂ hn\n-

a-b-km-[y-X-Iƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

6.2.1. hy‡n-KX hn\n-a-b-coXn

¢mkvap-dn-bn-em-bm-epw, ]pd-Øm-bmepw Ipń°v \¬Ip∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

hy‡n-\njvTX (Individualisation) AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. \¬Ip∂

{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ kPoh ]¶m-fn-bm-Im≥ km[n-°p-∂pt≠m? F¥v

{]iv\amWv Ipń t\cn-Sp-∂Xv? {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ a‰p-≈-h-tcm-Sp≈ kl-I-


cWw Fßs\? XpSßnb Imcy-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m-\mbn \nc-¥-c-amb \nco-

£Ww \S-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. ]T-\-{]-{In-b-bnse hy‡n-KX ]cn-K-W\ h¿[n-

∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp sa‚-dpsS klmbw Dd∏p hcp-Øp-∂Xpw DNnXamIpw.

Sow So®nwKv coXnbpw {]tbm-Kn-°mw. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw ]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn

hy‡n-K-X-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ]ptcm-KXn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p∂ L -́Øn¬

hy‡n-K-X-ambn A`n-\-μn-°p-Ibpw thWw. GXv Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-

coXnbmbmepw hy‡n-K-X-amb ]cn-K-W\ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]Sn {Ia-

ßƒ ]men®vsIm≠v apt∂m´p t]mIWw.

6.2.2. {]I-S-\m-[njvTnX hn\n-a-b-coXn

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb

hn\n-ab coXn-bmWv {]I-S-\m-flI coXn. Hmtcm Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-ta-J-e-bn-

sebpw {]I-S-\-ßƒ°v (Performance) km[y-X-bp≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ IqSp-

X¬ Is≠-Ø-Ww. Bh¿Ø\ hnc -kX D≠m-ImØ Xc-Øn¬

hyXykvXßfpw, k¶o¿WX C√m-Ø-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv Bkq-

{XWw sNtø-≠-Xv. Hmtcm {]I-S-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw F¥v ss\]p-Wn-bmWv

t\Sm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv F∂v ap≥Iqń ImWp-Ibpw AXv t\Sp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠

aps∂mcp°ßƒ \SØp-Ibpw thWw. {]I-S-\m-flI {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ ]d-

bm-\pw, Fgp-Xm-\pap≈ Ah-kchpw D≠m-I-Ww. hy‡n-KX {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ°pw, Iq´mb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww. AXp-t]mse

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hcp-°p-tºmƒ Xmgv∂ \nehmcØn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂ Xe-

Øn-te°v t]mIm-\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS km[y-Xbpw ImW-Ww. Nne Ipń-

Iƒ°v ASnÿm\ XeØn¬ am{Xta FØm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. F∂m¬

a‰p Nne¿°v XpS¿∂v hcp∂ L -́ß-fn-te°v \oßm≥ km[n-°pw. A{]-Im-

c-ap≈ km[y-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂n-Sp∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv.

6.2.3. Bkzm-Z-\-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ hn\n-a-b-coXn

]T-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hn\n-a-b-coXn ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Bkzm-Z-\-

tijn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-I-Ww. Bkzm-Z-\-Øn\v km[y-am-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈

ct≠m, aqt∂m hmNIß-fn-ep≈ eLp-I-Y-Iƒ, kw -̀h-ßƒ IYm-I-Y-\-co-

Xn-bn¬ `mh-tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Bkzm-Z-\-tijn h¿[n-∏n-°pw.

Bib kºp-jvS-amb Ipń-°-hn-X-Iƒ, \mS≥]m-́ p-Iƒ F∂nh Xmf-t_m-[-

tØmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°¬, sNdp kw -̀h-ßƒ \mSI-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n°¬,

{]bmkw Gsd-bn-√mØ Ifn-I-fn-te¿s∏-S¬ XpS-ßn-b-h-bn-eqsS Bkzm-Z-\-

tijn h¿[n-∏n-°mw. ]cn-k-c-_-‘n-X-amb ]T-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambn arK-ß-

sf-°p-dn®pw a‰p-ap≈ ]T\w Hcp arK-ime kμ¿in-®p-sIm-≠m-Imw. ]q°-

sf-°p-dn-®pw, sNSn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]T\w Hcp ]qt¥m´w kμ¿in-®p-sIm-

≠mImw. Im¿jnI hn`-h-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p≈ ]T\w Hcp Irjn-bnSw

kμ¿in-t®m, Hcp Im¿jnI hn]-W\ tI{μw kμ¿in-®p-sIm-t≠m BImw.


CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Ah-k-c-ß-fn-se√mw Ipń-bn¬ hnhn-[-ß-fmb A\p-̀ -h-ß-

fn-eq-sS, Bkzm-Zy-amb ]T\w \S-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. CØcw kμ¿ -̀

ßƒ ]T-\-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[n {]tbmP-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.

6.2.4. Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb hn\n-a-b-coXn

]T-\-{]-h¿Ø\ßƒ Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb A\p-̀ -h-ßƒ BI-W-sa-¶n¬ Iq´m-

b-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]T-\-{]-{Inb-bn¬ ]c-am-h[n Ah--k-c-ßƒ \¬I-Ww.

Iq´m-b-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS Ipń-I-fpsS kl-I-cW at\m-̀ mhw h¿[n-°p-∂p.

am\-kn-I-amb kt¥mjw D≠m-Ip-∂p. Iq´mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-tºmƒ ]c-kv]cw

klm-bn-°m-\pw, Bi-b-ßƒ ssIam-dm-\pw, a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv s]cp-am-dm-\p-ap≈

A\p-̀ -hm-[n-jvTnX ]T-\-Øn\v Ah-kcw Hcp-ßp-∂p. Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb A\p-

-̀h-ßƒ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ F√m kμ¿ -̀ßfpw A[ym-]-I¿ ]c-am-

h[n D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

Blvfm-Z-I-c-amb ]T-\-Øn\v DXIp∂ Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ NphsS sImSp-

°p-∂p.

˛ Ipd-™-k-a-b-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-hp∂ Ifn-I-fn¬ G¿s∏S¬.

˛ Iq´m-bva-tbm-sS-bp≈ A w-ªnMv (tbmPn-∏n-°¬) {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ.

Ifn-∏m-́ -ß-fpsS `mKw tbmPn-∏n-°¬, hoSv \n¿am-Ww, hml-\-ß-fpsS

tamU¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°¬, XpS-ßn-b-h.

˛ sNdnb Zqc-tØ-°p≈ ]T-\-bm-{X-Iƒ kwL-Sn-∏n-°¬.

˛ sNdp-kw-̀ -h-ß-fpsS \mS-Io-IcWw.

˛ Nn{Xhmb\

˛ ck-I-c-amb hoUntbm {]Z¿i-\-ßƒ ImW¬.

˛ {]Z¿i\w I≠-Xn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ A\p-̀ -h-ßƒ ]d-b¬.

C{]-Im-c-ap≈ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb A\p-̀ -h-ß-fn-eqsS BlvfmZ-I-c-amb hn\n-

a-b-coXn {]Zm\w sNøm≥ km[n-°pw.

6.2.5. {]h¿Ø-\m[njvTnX hn\n-a-b-coXn

]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]IrXw IW-°n-se-Sp-°m-sX-bp≈ A[ym-]-Is‚ GI-]-£o-

b-amb kwkm-c-ßfpw Ah-X-c-W-ßfpw _p≤n]camb sh√phnfn t\cnSp∂

IpńIƒ°v hfsc {]bm-k-ap-≠m-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fm-Wv. Bb-Xn-\m¬ ]Tn-Xm-

hns‚ Ign-hp -Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp -Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬, ]Tn -Xm-hns‚

Xm¬]-cy-ßƒ IW-°n-se-SpØv sIm≠v {]h¿Ø-\m-fl-I-amb hn\n-ab coXn

D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. Hmtcm ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-Ønepw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v hmNn-I-

ambn ]d-bm-\pw, {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\pw, kz¥-ambn cN\ \n¿h-

ln-°m-\p-ap≈ kml-N-cy-ßƒ D≠m-I-Ww.


{]h¿Ø-\m-[njvTnX hn\n-a-b-co-Xnbv°v Nne DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

$ eLp {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-°¬.

$ {Kq∏v Bbp≈ ASp-°-f-tØm´ \n¿am-Ww.

$ ]qt¥m´ \n¿am-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-\hpw

$ Iºyq-́ ¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Nn{X-c-N-\, \ndw-sIm-Sp-°¬

$ Iq´n-bn-́ p≈ hkvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂v Htc C\-Øn-ep-≈h Is≠Øn th¿Xn-

cn-°¬

$ ]pkvX-I-Ønse t]Pn¬\n∂v Htc hm°p-Iƒ Is≠-Ø¬

$ Hcp sNSn-bnse ]q°-fpsS FÆw, \ndw, hen∏w sNSnbpsS t]cv

F∂nh Is≠-Ø¬.

C{]-Imcw {]h¿Ø-\m-fl-I-am-bp≈ ]T\w km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-kcw

Hcp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

hn\n-a-b-coXn Hmtcm Ip´n-bp-tSbpw Ign-hpw, Xm¬]-cyhpw IW-°n-se-SpØp

sIm≠p≈Xm-I-Ww. Bkz-Zn®v ]Tn-°m-\pw, A\p-̀ -h-Øn-eqsS ]Tn-°m-\p-

ap≈ Ah-k-c-amWv Hcp-t°-≠-Xv.


hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ 7A[ymbw

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√phnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-IfpsS ]T\w Bkq-{XWw sNøp-

∂Xpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂Xpw Gsd {ia-I-c-amb {]hr-Øn-bm-Wv. C°m-cy-Øn¬

A[ym-]-I-cpsS tdmƒ ]c-a-{]-[m-\-am-Wv. Bh-iym-[n-jvTnX coXn-bn¬, Ir{Xn-

a-Xz-ß-fn-√msX {]h¿Ø-\m-fl-I-ambn ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-

k-c-ßƒ Hcp-°p-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Hmtcm Ipń°pw ]c-am-h[n Ah-k-c-ßƒ

\¬In-s°m≠v kzX-{¥-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-fmWv ]T-\-t_m-

[\ {]{In-b-bpsS `mK-ambn \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-t_m-

[\ {]{In-b-bpsS Ahn-̀ m-Py-L-S-I-amWv hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. Hmtcm ]Tn-Xmhpw

]T\w F{X-tØmfw Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿h-ln®p? ]T\w `mKn-I-ambn \n¿h-

ln-®-h¿ Bscms°? C\nbpw ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°m-Ø-h¿ Bscms°? t\cn-

Sp∂ {]bm-k-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? ]cn-lm-c-am¿K-ßƒ Fs¥√mw? F∂v XpSßn

At\Iw Nn¥-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ `mK-ambn \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

hnebncpØens\ c≠v XcØn¬ ImtW≠Xp≠v. H∂v \nc¥c

hnebncpØ¬. c≠v \n›nX CSthfIfn¬ \St°≠ ka{K

hnebncpØ¬. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ kw_-‘n® hni-Zmw-i-ß-fmWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿® sNøp-∂-Xv.

7.1. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ F¥v?

]T-\-{]-{Inb-bpsS `mK-am-bp≈ hnhn-[-ß-fmb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS-bpw,

A\p-̀ -hm-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]T-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw F{X-tØmfw Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-

Iƒ t\Sm≥ km[n-®n-́ p-≠v F∂ ]cn-tim-[-\-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. AXv

]T-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xm-I-Ww. ]T-\sØ t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-I-Ww.

]T\w kzbw \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-I-Ww.

7.2 hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ Fßs\?

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fn¬ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw {]iv\-

ßƒ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°pw. Bb-Xn-\m¬ CØcw Ipń-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ hy‡n\n-_≤w (Individualised) BI-Ww. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw hy‡n-

KX anI-hp-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ Xc-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

Ah-kcw Hcp-°-Ww. \n¿tZ-in-°-s∏´ Bi-b-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn

hnhn[ PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ F{X-tØmfw t\Sn F∂v hne-bn-cp-


Øp∂Xn\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ cp]-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ t{KUUv BbmWv Xbm-dm-t°-≠-Xv. Hmtcm PnhnX ss\]pWo

hnImk taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw hnhn[ t{KUUv {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

Xbm-dm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXn¬ G‰hpw Xmgv∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂

{]h¿Ø-\-w BZyhpw XpS¿∂v sXm´papIfnep≈ t{KUnep≈Xv F∂o {Ia-

Øn¬ \ne-hmcw IqSn hcp-∂-Xp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ BI-Ww. CØ-c-Øn¬

Hmtcm ¢mkn-te°pw/seh-en-te°pw th≠n-bp≈ hnhn[ Pohn-X-ss\-]pWo

taJ-e-I-fnse hnhn[ \nehmcØnep≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xbm-dm-°-Ww.

Hmtcm hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-Ønepw Bi-b-ßƒ hmNn-I-ambn ]d-bm-

\pw, {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-\pw, Fgp-Xm-\p-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

km[y-am-bXv Dƒt®¿°p-I. t{KUUv {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ \ne-

hm-c-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]h¿Ø\amWv hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-\mbn \¬tI-≠-Xv.

7.3. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]th-inX \ne-hm-c-Øns‚ (Entry level)hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

Hmtcm ]Tn-Xm-hn-t‚bpw Hmtcm h¿jsØbpw {]th-inX \ne-hmcw Fs¥∂v

Is≠-tØ-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. CXv Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v NphsS

sImSp-Øn-́ p≈ Sqfp-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

$ Ipń-bpsS BtcmKyw kw_-‘n® saUn-°¬ dnt∏m¿´v

$ Ipń-bpsS hy‡n-K-X-amb hnh-c-ßƒ ˛ dnt∏m¿´v

$ _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-bpsS tXmXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv.

$ ap≥ ¢mknse anIhv kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ dnt∏m¿´v

$ Cu ¢mkn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb ap≥[m-c-W-Iƒ kw_-‘n®

{]osSÃv ˛ kvtIm¿.

{]th-inX \ne-hmcw \n›-bn-°p-tºmƒ "ssh⁄m-\n-I-Xew', "sshIm-cn-I-

Xew', hy‡n-K-X-̨ -km-aq-ly-Xew' F∂n-ßs\ th¿Xn-cn®v I≠p-sIm-≠p≈

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ D≠m-I-Ww. Ch D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v ]Tn-Xm-hns‚

Hcp ¢mkn-te-°p≈ {]th-inX \ne-hmcw Xn -́s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \ne-

hmcw Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ kvtImdp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v ]Icw \ne-hmcw

kw_-‘n® Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ hmNn-I-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw DNn-Xw.

Ch samØ-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ t{KUp-Iƒ \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C{]-

Imcw Hcp kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ F√m Ipń-I-fp-sSbpw {]th-inX \ne-hmcw

kw_-‘n® hniZmwi-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ A[ym-]-I≥ hiw D≠m-I-Ww.

Cu {]th-inX \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠mWv Db¿∂ Xe-Øn-tebv°v

apt∂-dm≥ Ipńsb i‡n-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xv. Hmtcm A[y-b\ h¿jmw-cw-̀ -Ønepw

Ipń-bpsS {]th-inX \ne-hmcw kw_-‘n® hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ \SØn Ah

hy‡-ambn tcJ-s∏-SpØn kq£n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. sF.kn.‰n A[n-jvTn-X-ambn


{]th-inX \ne-hmcw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn®v Btem-Nn-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

7.4 \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v G‰hpw A`n-Im-ay-am-bn-́ p-

≈Xv \nc-¥c hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ BWv. Hmtcm PohnX ss\]pWo taJ-e-bp-

ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ]T\w \n¿h-ln-°p-tºmgpw F{X-tØmfw anI-hp-Iƒ

t\Sm≥ km[n®p F∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv th≠-Xv. Hmtcm PohnX ss\]pWo

taJ-e-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw \nc-¥-c -hn-e-bn-cp-Ø¬ C\-ßƒ

Is≠Øn Ah-bnse ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ {]I-S\w F{X-tØm-f-sa-∂mWv hne-bn-

cp-tØ-≠-Xv. eLp-t{]m-P-IvSp-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°¬, Ifn-bp]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿an-

°¬, {]I-S-\m-flI {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Gs‰-Sp-°¬, eLp Ah-X-c-W-ßƒ,

Xcw-Xn-cn-°¬ XpS-ßnb hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬Imw.

7.5 Pohn-X-ss\-]pWo hnIm-k-Øns‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

hnhn[ Bi-b-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn Is≠-Øn-bn-́ p≈ Pohn-X-

ss\-]pWo hnIm-k-ta-J-e-Iƒ°v A\p-Kp-W-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-

\-ßƒ t{KUUv Bbn cq]s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-

s∏´ Cu {]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-tcm-∂nepw ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ anIhv F{X-am-{X-sa∂v

td‰v sNøp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. tijn-Iƒ/ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambn ssIh-

cn-®-h¿ Bsc√mw? ̀ mKn-I-ambn ssIh-cn-®-h¿ Bsc√mw? H´pw Xs∂ ssIh-

cn-°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-h¿ Bsc√mw? F∂ coXn-bn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \S-

Øp-Ibpw ̀ mKn-I-ambn ssIh-cn-®-h¿°pw H´pw Xs∂ ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-

°m-Ø-h¿°p-ap≈ ]cn-lm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬In Ah-scbpw ss\]pWn

t\Sp∂ Xe-Øn-te°v FØn-°p-Ibpw thWw. F√m Ipń-Ifpw C{]-Imcw

F√m PohnX ss\]p-Wn-Ifpw \n¿ZnjvS \ne-hm-c-Øn¬ t\Sn F∂v Dd-∏m-

t°≠ _m[yX A[ym-]-I-\p-≠v. hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ \ne-

hn-ep≈ Ahÿ Adn-bp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w XpS¿{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-

°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Ifpw ap≥Iqń ImtW-≠-Xm-Wv. CØ-c-Øn¬ Pohn-X-

ss\-]p-Wn-Iƒ Bscms° F{X-am{Xw t\Sn F∂ hnebncpØn¬ tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Nne t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw.

s]mXp\nehmcw Af°p∂Xn\v \n›nX CSthfIfn¬ \StØ≠

{]h¿Ø\ßƒ

\nc¥chpw ka{Khpamb hnebncpØeneqsS Hmtcm ]T\{]h¿Ø\-

Ønepap≈ IpńbpsS ]¶v, ]T\{]h¿Ø\Øns‚ Dt±iyßƒ

kzmwioIcn°p∂ Xew, Ah {]tbmKn°p∂Xew, F∂nhsbms°

hnebncpØp∂p≠v. F∂m¬ Hcp ]T\{]h¿Ø\Øns‚bpw ]T-\-t\´w

XpS¿∂pw Ipńbn¬ \ne\n¬°p∂pt≠m F∂pw hnebncpØs∏tS≠Xp≠v.


]T\{]h¿Ø\Øn¬ IpńbpsS ]¶mfnØw \n›nX CSthfIfn¬

hnebncpØs∏tS≠XmWv. CXv Hcp amkØn¬ Hcp XhWtbm

aq∂pamkØnsemcn°tem \SØmhp∂XmWv. s]mXp\nehmcw Af°m≥

th≠n D]tbmKn°p∂ {]h¿Ø\w Hcp FgpØp]co£ BhWsa∂n√.

Nnet∏mƒ Hcp {]IS\m[njvTnX {]h¿Ø\amImw. s]mXp\nehmcw

Af°p∂Xn\v A[ym]nIbv°v DNnXamb coXn kzoIcn°mhp∂XmWv.

Cßs\ Hmtcm L´Øntebpw hnebncpØepIƒ t{KUpIfm°n Xcw

Xncn®v BXy¥nI t{KUv \evImhp∂XmWv.

7.6 hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ coXn

hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v t{KUnwKv k{º-Zmbw kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. 5 t]mbn‚ v

t{KUnwKv BWv \n¿tZin°p∂Xv.

t{KUnwKv \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]ń-I- NphsS sImSp-°p-∂p.

t{KUv t]mbn‚ v iX-am\w t{KUv

75 - 100 A

60 - 74 B

45 - 59 C

33 - 44 D

33 ¬ Xmsg E

Hmtcm Pohn-X-ss\-]pWn taJ-e-bnepw Ipń-bpsS t{KUv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. t{KUv Ipd-™-hsc kw_-‘n®v t\Sn-bn-´p≈ t{KUn¬ \n∂v

Db¿∂ t{KUn-te°v FØn-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-bmWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠-Xv.

7.7 hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ IrXy-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, kpXm-cy-am-°p-∂-Xn-\pw,

dnt∏m¿ńwKv ̂ e-{]-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bmWv hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Ø¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.

7.7.1 tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ B¿s°ms° Bh-iy-amWv?

$ ]Tn-Xm-hn\v ˛ Xs‚ t{KUpw \ne-hm-chpw Adn-bm≥

$ c£-I¿Øm-hn\v ˛ Xs‚ Ipń-bpsS anI-hv, hf¿® F∂nh Adn-

bm≥

$ So®¿°v ˛ H‰-t\m-́ -Øn¬ F√m Ipń-I-sfbpw Adn-bm≥

$ kvIqƒ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v ˛ kvIqfns‚ s]mXp-hmb anIhv Xn -́s∏-

Sp-Øm≥


$ sXdm-∏n-Ãv, ¢n\n-°¬ sskt°m-f-PnÃv F∂n-h¿°v ˛ Ipń-bpsS

]ptcm-KXn Adn-bp-∂-Xn\v

F√m Pohn-X-ss\-]p-Wn-ta-J-e-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-

ep-Iƒ Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂-Xn-\p≈ t^m¿am-‰p-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah D]-tbm-Kn®v hne-bn-cp-

Ø¬ IrXy-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. sF.kn.‰n bpsS klm-b-Øm¬ hne-

bn-cp-Ø¬ t{ImUo-I-cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-eqsS A[ym-]-Is‚ tPmen-̀ mcw

eLq-I-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

7.8 hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ dnt∏m¿ńwKv

]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Hmtcm h¿j-sØbpw anI-hp-Iƒ /ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-

cn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXv dnt∏m¿ v́ cq]-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°pIbpw thWw.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ anI-hns‚ dnt∏m¿´v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ 3 `mK-ßƒ D≠m-

I-Ww.

A. ]-TnXm-hns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

B. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Btcm-Ky-]-c-hpw, sshIm-cn-I-]-c-hp-amb hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ

C. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ A°m-Z-an-Ihpw sXmgn¬]-c-hp-amb anI-hp-I-fpsS hni-

Zmw-i-ßƒ

CXns‚ hniZmwißƒ NphsS sImSp°p∂p.

A. ]TnXm-hns‚ hy‡n-]-c-amb hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬ ]Tn-Xm-hns\

kw_‘n®p≈Xpw IpSpw-_-]-c-am-b-Xp-amb F√m hni-Zmw-i-ßfpw Dƒs∏-

Sp-ØWw.

B ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Btcm-Ky-]-c-hpw, sshIm-cn-I-hp-amb hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬

Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ß-sf kw_-‘n-®pw, _p≤n]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-bpsS

tXmXns\ kw_-‘n-®pw, Ipń-bpsS \ne-hn-ep≈ sshIm-cn-I-amb

Ahÿsb kw_-‘n®pw kqNn-∏n-°-Ww. sshIm-cn-I-amb Ahÿ

kqNn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Ipń c£-mI¿Øm-°-fn¬ \n∂v AI∂v Ign-bp-I-

bmtWm? am\-kn-I-amb km¥z\w e`n-°m-\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ, XpS-ßn-

b-h-sbms° tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

C A°m-Z-anI/sXmgn¬]c anI-hp-I-fn¬ sS¿an-\¬ Bbn ss\]p-Wn-IfpsS

anIhv t{ImUo-I-cn-°-Ww. H∂mw tSanse Ipń-bpsS anIhv F{]Im-c-

amWv F∂v t{KUv sNøp-Ibpw ]cn-lm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw

sNøWw. XpS¿∂v 2 -̨mw tSw, 3˛mw tSw F∂n-ßs\ sS¿an-\¬ Bbn

anI-hp-Iƒ dnt∏m¿´v sNø-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ dnt∏m¿ńwKv coXn D≠m-

I-Ww. ]Tn-Xm-hn\v F√m-hn-[-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]T\ ]n¥pW \¬Ip∂


A[ym-]-Is‚ s]mXp A`n-{]mbw hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw

dnt∏m¿ńs‚ t^m¿am-‰n¬ Ah-kcw D≠m-I-Ww. D t{KUv F¶nepw

t\Sm-Ø-hsc A[n-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \¬In/]cn-lm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

\¬In \n›nX t{KUn¬ FØn-°p -∂-Xn -\p≈ \S-] -Snbpw

kzoIcnt°≠Xm-Wv.

7.9. {]tamj\pw k¿ń^nt°j\pw

ss{]a-dn-X-e-Øn¬ 7 apX¬ 11 hb v hscbp≈ IpńIsf Hcp bqWn‰v

Bbn I≠psIm≠p≈ 5 h¿jsØ Hcp ]T\]mt°PmWv IpńIƒ°v

\¬Ip∂Xv. CXn¬ Hmtcm h¿jhpw hnhn[ PohnXss\]pWo

taJeIfpambn _‘s∏SpØn t\tS≠ tijnIfpw/[mcWIfpw

t\Sp∂Xn\p≈ {]h¿Ø\ßƒ t{KUUv Bbn Xbmdm°nbXv

t_m[\imkv{X {]{InbbpsS `mKambn \S∏m°p∂p. Cu

{]h¿Ø\ßfnse ]TnXmhns‚ anIhv F{XtØmfsa∂v t{KUv cq]Øn¬

sS¿an\¬ Bbn tcJs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv. C{]Imcw t\Snb t{KUv

hm¿jnIambn t{ImUoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. Cßs\ t{KUv \¬Iptºmƒ

Hmtcm taJebnepw 5 t]mbn‚ v t{KUn¬ an\naw D t{KUv (33˛44%) F¶nepw

t\Sp∂p F∂v Dd∏m°Ww.

C{]-Imcw t{KUv \¬In Xbm-dm-°nb anI-hns\ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ dnt∏m¿´v

Im¿Uv Hmtcm Ipń°pw \¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. kvIqƒ amdp-tºm-tgm, hn´p-t]m-Ip-

tºmtgm Cu dnt∏m¿ v́ Im¿Uv IqSn hnSp-X¬ k¿ń-̂ n-°-‰n-t\m-sSm∏w \¬tI-

≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp \n›nX seh¬ (12 hb v/18 hb- v) Ign-bp-tºmƒ Ipń-

bpsS anI-hp-Isf kw_-‘n-°p∂ k¿ń-̂ n-°‰v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ipń-

bpsS Ign-hp-Iƒ, {]tXyI ss\]p-Wn-ta-J-e-Iƒ, sXmgn¬]-c-amb ss\]p-

Wn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh kw_‘n® kqN-\-Iƒ k¿ń-̂ n-°-‰n¬ D≠m-I-Ww.

Cu k¿ń-̂ n-°-‰ns‚ t^m¿am‰v cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-

cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

7.10. sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø¬:

]Tn-Xm-°-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah hne-bn-cp-Øn

kvtIm¿/t{KUv \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw sSIvt\m-fPn ]c-am-h[n {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-

hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ kw_-‘n® dn°m¿UnwKv \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\pw,

am\-Z-fi-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v k¿ń-̂ n-°-‰p-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw sSIvt\m-f-Pn-

bpsS km[-y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

7.11. khntij hnZym-eb ]co£m t_m¿Uv (Board of Special School Examination Kerala)

hnZym-e-b-X-e-Øn¬ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw \ne-hmcw \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-


amb (CCE) hne-bn-cp-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww. hnh-c-

hn-\n-ab kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Pn√m-X-e-Ønepw kwÿm-

\-X-e-Ønepw CXv ssIam-td-≠-XmWv.

\nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-ambn hne-bn-cp-tØ≠ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-

°p-∂Xn\pw \n›nX CS-th-f-I-fn¬ Ipń-I-fpsS \ne-hmc ]cn-tim-[\ \S-

Øp-∂-Xn\pw SIMC -bpsS `mK-ambn Hcp ]co-£m-t_m¿Uv {]h¿Øn-t°-

≠-Xp-≠v. CCE, s]mXp-\n-e-hmc ]cn-tim-[\ F∂n-hbv°v Bh-iy-amb

Sqfp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-I, hne-bn-cp-Ø¬ {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°pI,

t{]m{Kkv dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, k¿ń-̂ n-°-‰p-Iƒ F∂nh hnX-cWw sNøp-I, ¢mkv

Ib-‰-Øns‚ am\-Z-fi-ßƒ A\p-k-cn®v {]tam-j≥ enÃn\v AwKo-Imcw

\¬IpI, XpS-ßnb Npa-X-e-Iƒ Cu t_m¿Uv \n¿h-ln-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ CØcw kvIqfp-I-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

GIo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw t_m¿Uv {]h¿Ø-\-ØneqsS km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

C{]-Imcw _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-bpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø¬

\nc-¥-chpw ka{K-hp-am-I-Ww. ]Tn-Xm-hns‚ Ign-hp-Iƒ ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°m-\pw,

anI-hp-Isf ho≠pw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw hne-bn-cp-Ø-en-eqsS km[n-°-Ww.

]T-\-Øn-\p-tijw Xs‚ Xm¬]cy-ta-J-e-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v sXmgn-en¬

G¿s∏´v PohnXw apt∂m´v \bn-°m-\p≈ at\m-̀ mhw krjvSn-°m≥ ]Tn-Xm-

hn\v km[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.


tamWn-‰-dnwKpw]n¥p-Wm-kw-hn-[m-\hpw 8

A[ymbw

8.1 Bkq{XWw

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ymkw cq]-I-ev]\

sNøp-∂Xpw {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-∂Xpw Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Imc-Ww,

Hmtcm Ipńbpw tijn-Ifn¬ ̀ n∂ \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp-∂-hcpw hyXy-kvXcp-

am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ IrXy-amb Bkq-{XWw ¢m v dqw {]h¿Ø-\-

ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-am-Wv. ùXnI kuIcy-ßƒ Hcp-°n-s°m≠pw ]n¥pWm

kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p-amWv kvIqf-[n-Ir-X¿°v Chsc

klm-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I. A[ym-]n-I-bm-Is´ ¢m nse Hmtcm Ipń-sbbpw

{]tXyIw I≠psIm≠v ]mTy-]-≤Xn {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-

≠-Xpap-≠v. sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fn-¬ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw {]iv\-

ßƒ ̀ n-∂-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw am\-kn-I-h-b pw hyXy-kvX-

am-bn-cn-°mw. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw \ne-hmcw IW-°n-

se-SpØv thWw ]mTy-]-≤Xn Bkq-{XWw sNøm≥. ̀ n∂\ne-hm-c-°m-scbpw

Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ß-sfbpw I≠-dn™v Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw tN¿∂ ]mTm-

kq{XWw \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ A[ym-]n-Ibv°v Ign-b-Ww. AXm-bXv ]mTm-kq-

{XWw Hmtcm Ipń°pw {]tXy-I-am-bp-≈XmI-Ww. CØ-c-Øn¬ hnZym-e-

bhpw, A[ym-]-Icpw t\cn-Sp∂ {]bm-k-ßfn¬ Ahsc klm-bn-°p-hm\pw

Bfl-hn-izmkw D≠m-°m\pw DX-Ip∂ i‡-amb ]n¥pWm kwhn-[m\w

D≠m--tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

8.2 tamWn-‰-dnwKpw X¬k-ab ]n¥p-Wbpw

ê{]-Z-amb tamWn-‰-dnwKv kwhn-[m\w Dd-∏m-°n-bm¬ am{Xta ]mTy-]-

≤XnbpsS Dt±iy e£y-ßfn¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q. X¬kab

klm-b-Ikwhn[m\hpw CXp-t]mse {][m-\-am-Wv. kvIqƒX-e-Ønepw

Db¿∂ Xe-Ønepw \SØp∂ Bkq-{X-W-ßfpw ]≤-Xn-Ifpw bYm¿Y Xe-

Øn¬ ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂pt≠m F∂ ]cn-tim-[n°m\pw ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Ds≠-

¶n¬ AXv hne-bn-cp-Øm\pw ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw tamWn-‰-dnw-Kn-eqsS Ign-bpw.

AXn-\mbn Hmtcm Pn√bnepw tamWn-‰n-dnwKv kwhn-[m\w cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww.

kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ SIMC bp-tSbpw Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ {]mtZ-in-I-tI-{μ-ß-fp-

sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tamWn-‰-dnwKv \S-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn SIMC, doPn-b-W¬


sk‚-dp-Iƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ hnZ-Kv[sc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw \ne-hn-ep≈

^m°¬‰n-Isf im‡o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. c≠p Pn√-Iƒ°v Hcp {]mtZ-

in-I-tI{μw F∂ \ne- BIp-∂-Xphsc Cu taJ-e-bn¬ e`y-amb hnZ-Kv[sc

Dƒs∏-SpØn Pn√m tamWn-‰-dnwKv kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. Pn√m-Xe tamWn-

‰-dnwKv kanXn F√m amkhpw tNcp-Ibpw dnt∏m¿ v́ Xbm-dm-°p-Ibpw thWw.

kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Ch ]cn-tim-[n-°m\pw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ \n¿tZ-i-

ßƒ \¬Im\pap≈ kwhn-[m-\hpw thWw.

tamWn-‰-dnwKv t]mse Xs∂ {][m-\-amWv X¬kabk-lm-bhpw. ]T\w

KpW-ta-∑-bp-≈Xpw Imcy-£-a-am-°m\pw th≠n-bp≈ ]n¥pWm ]cn-]m-Sn-I-

fmWv \S-∏m-t°-≠-Xv. AXn-\mbn ùXnI kml-N-cy-ßƒ Hcp-°¬, A°m-

Z-anI ]n¥p-W, X¬kab-k-lm-bw, tUmIvS¿am-cpsS tkh\w XpS-ßn-b-h-

sbms° Hcp-°-Ww. ]T\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Imcy-£-a-am-°m≥ A[ym-]-Isc

klm-bn-°p∂ sF.kn.‰n klmb kwhn-[m\-ßfpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

X¬k-ab klm-b-Øn-\mbn dntkmgvkv {Kq∏p-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°pbpw ¢mkv

dqan¬ X¬k-ab A°m-Z-anI ]n¥pW Bh-iy-sa-¶n¬ \¬Im≥ Ahsc

k÷-cm-°p-Ibpw thWw. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v

Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ Xncn-®--dn™v ]T-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNøp--

∂-Xn¬ saUn-°¬ hn`m-K-Øns‚ klm-bhpw KpW-I-c-am-Ipw.

8.3 A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\w

]cn-io-e-\-ßƒ A[ym]-\-ti-jo-hn-Im-k-Øn\pw im‡o-I-c-W-Øn\pw Hgn-

®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Wv. ]pXp-Xmbn \ne-hn¬ hcp∂ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw AXns‚

e£y-ßfpw {]{In-bm-X-{¥-ßfpw ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eq-sSam{Xta A[ym-]-I-cn-

se-Øq. _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°mbn Xbm-dm-°p∂

]pXnb ]mTy-{I-ahpw ]T-\-co-Xn-Ifpw A[ym-]-I--cn-se-Øp-∂Xpw Nn -́bmb

]cn-io-e-\-ß-fn--eq-sS-bm-Wv. ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn hn\n-abw sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS

Ipńbn¬ hf¿tØ≠ ss\]p-Wn-Iƒ˛ A°mZan-Ihpw A√m-Ø--Xp-am-b-h-̨ -

F-s¥m-s°-sb∂pw Ah Fßs\ Ipń-Iƒ°v hn\n-abw sNøm-sa-∂pap≈

X{¥-ßƒ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS t\Sm≥ Ign-b-Ww. Cu taJ-e-bnse F√m

A[ym-]-I¿°pw ]cn-io-e\w Dd-∏m-°-Ww. ]cn-io-e-\-ßƒ XpS¿®-bp≈Xpw

\n›nX CS-th-f-Iƒ h®v D≈-Xp-am-Ip-∂Xv A`nImay-am-Ipw.

]cn-io-e\w Fßs\?

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ ]Tn-°p∂ hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse

A[ym-]-I¿°p≈ ]cn-io-e-\-ß-fpsS Npa-Xe kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Fkv.-

sF.-Fw.-kn., Fkv.kn.C.-B¿.Sn F∂o ÿm]-\-ßƒ°m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v cq]o-I-cn-°-Ww. ]cn-io-e\w Fß-

s\-bm-hWw F∂Xv dntkmgvkv {Kq∏pw taJ-e-bnse hnZ-Kv[cpw tN¿∂v Bkq-

{XWw \S-Ø-Ww. AX-\p-k-cn®v ]cn-io-e-\-sam-Uyqƒ Xbmdm-°p-Ibpw Pn√m-


X-e-Øn¬ khn-tij hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse A[ym-]--I¿ tN¿∂p≈ Pn√mXe

dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v cq]o-I-cn®v Ah¿°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ipbpw thWw. Xmsg

Xe-Øn¬ A[ym-]--I¿°v ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂Xv Pn√m dntkmgvkv {Kq∏v

AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°-Ww. kwÿm-\-X-e-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb samUyqƒ Xs∂-

bmWv ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\mbn kwÿm-\Øv F√m-bn-SØpw D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠Xv.

Pn√m-X-e-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ Npa-Xe B¿.-kn./Ub-‰p-Iƒ F∂n-h-cpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ thWw. `c-W-]-chpw A°m-Z-anIhp-amb tamWn‰ndnwKv

AXXp ka-bØv Npa-X-e-s∏-́ -h¿ \n¿h-ln-°p∂p-s≠∂v Dd∏p hcp-Ø-Ww.

8.4 kmaq-ly-]n-¥pW

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Isf kaq-l-Øns‚ `mK-ambn

Dƒs°m-≈m\pw Ah-cpsS D∂-a\w kaq-l-Øns‚ IqSn _m[y-X-bm-sW∂v

ImWm-\pap≈ Nn¥ Hcp ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v D≠m-th-≠-Xp-≠v.

Zp¿_-e-tcm-Sp≈ klm-\p-̀ q-Xn-b√ adn®v Ah-sc-°qSn H∏w Iqń apt∂m-́ p-

t]m-Im-\p≈ am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bmWv kaq-l-Øn-\p-≠m-tI-≠-Xv. `c-W-L-S-

\m-]-c-ambn Ah¿°v e`n-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ Dd--∏m°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS

Ign-hp-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn\v kuI-cy-sam-cp-°m\pw kaq-l-

Ønse hnhn[ GP≥kn-Iƒ°v ]¶p-≠v.

CXn¬ H∂m-asØ Npa-Xe c£n-Xm-hn--t‚Xv Xs∂-bm-Ipw. Ipń-bpsS kmaq-

lo-I-cW {]{In-b-bn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ]¶v c£n-Xm-hn-\m-Wp-≈-Xv. sh√p-hnfn

t\cn-Sp∂ Ipńsb s]mXp kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcn-°epw am‰n \n¿Ø-cp-Xv.

CXv Ipńsb H‰-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw AI-‰n-\n¿Øm\pw am{Xta CS hcp-Øq. c£n-

Xm-°ƒ Ipń-bpsS Xm¬]-cy-ßfpw Ignhpw ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Xncn-®--dn™v Ah-

k-c-ßƒ Hcp°ns°mSp-°-Ww. c£nXm-°-fpsS {ia-ßƒ°v kaq-lØns‚

]n¥pW Dd-∏m-°-Ww.

Xt±-i-kzbw`cW ÿm]-\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS `c-W-]--cn-[n-bn-ep≈ _p≤n-]-c-

amb sh√p-hn-fn-t\-cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Isf Is≠-Øp-Ibpw, Ah-cpsS hnZym-̀ ym-k-

-̨km-aq-ly-amb D∂-a-\-Øn\v th≠ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jv°-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw.

{]mtZ-inI `c-W-Iq-S-ß--fpsS Npa-X-e-I-fn¬s∏Sp∂ H∂m-WnXv. AXpsIm-

≠p-Xs∂ ]T-\-Øn-\pw, sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\pw, sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw

kuI-cy-ß--sfm-cp-°m-\pff ]cn--]m-Sn-Iƒ Ah¿ Bkq-{XWw sNø-Ww. AtXm-

sSm∏w sshZy-k-lmbw th≠-h¿°v XpS¿®-bmbn acp∂pw klm-bhpw

FØn®v \¬I-Ww. hnhn[ Kh¨sa‚ vklm-b-ßƒ GtIm-]n-∏n-°m\pw

ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ ta¬t\m´w hln-°m\pw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-

Iƒ°pw {]mtZ-inI k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°pw Ign-bpw. AXmXp {]tZ-isØ

sh√phnfn A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ hy‡n-Isf apJy-[m-c-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cm≥

CØcw CSs]SeneqsS Ign-bpw.


_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS kwc-£-W-sØ-°p-dn®v kaq-

lsØ t_m[-h¬°-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS ]n¥pW Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\pw

k∂-≤-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ, ¢∫p-Iƒ, hmb-\-im-e-Iƒ, IpSpw-_-{io, Ab¬°q´w

XpS-ßnb kwhn-[m-\-ß-fpsS klmbw D]--tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-mw. CØcw kwhn-

[m-\-ßƒ°v Ipń-Iƒ°v th≠ acp∂n\pw sshZy-k-lmbØn\pw kuI-cy-

ß-sfm-cp-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

8.5 Iu¨kenwKv; ssKU≥kv

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Isf km[m-cW Pohn-X-Øn-te°v

sIm≠p hcp-∂-Xn\v Iu¨k-enwKv Gsd klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. CØcw ÿm]-

\-ß-fn¬ Iu¨k-enw-Kn\v {]tXyI kuI-cy-ßƒ Hcp-°Ww. Ipń-I-fn¬

{]I-S-am-Ip∂ Ign-hp-Iƒ°-\p-k-cn®v GXv ]cn-io-e\w \¬IWw F∂

[mcW \¬Ip-hm≥ Iu¨kenw-Kn-eqsS km[n-°pw. s]mXp-Po-hn-X-Øn-te°v

Ipńsb \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Bfl-hn-izmkw \¬Ip-∂Xn\pw CXv klm-bn-

°pw. Iu¨k-enw-Kn-t\m-sSm∏w ssKU≥kpw \¬In Ipńsb Xs‚ tijn-

°-\p-k-cn®v sXmgn-en-tet°m a‰v {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-tet°m \bn-°m≥ Ign-

bpw.

Ipń-sb-t∏mse Xs∂ c£n-Xm-°ƒ°pw Iu¨k-enwKv Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ipń-

bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-Ifpw Ign-hp-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v t{]m’m-

l\w \¬Im\pw Iu¨k-enw-Kn-eqsS c£n-Xm-hn\v km[n-°pw. ap≥hn-[n-

tbmsS Ipń-bpsS {]iv\-ßƒ ImWp∂ c£n-Xm-°-fn¬ am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°m\pw

hf¿®-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Ipńsb ]cn-io-en-∏n-°m-\pap≈ Ah-t_m[w Ah-cn-

ep-≠m-°m≥ CXn-eqsS km[n-°pw.

^manen Iu¨kenwKmWv kzoIm-cy-amb as‰mcp coXn. IpSqw-_-Ønse a‰v

AwK-ßƒ°v _p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-bpsS {]iv\-ß-fpw,

Bh-iy-ßfpw, AhtcmSp≈ kao-]-\hpw Fß-s\-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v CXv

t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øpw. IpSpw_Øn¬ {]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\bpw klm-b-hpw

kvt\lhpw F{XtØmfw CØcw Ipń-Iƒ°m-h-iy-am-sW∂ Aht_m[w

IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fn¬ D≠mhWw.

A[ym-]I¿°pw Iu¨k-enwKv Bh-iy-ambn hcpw. hn`n∂ \ne-hm-c--ap≈

Ipń-Isf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥

A[ym-]-I¿°p≈ Iu¨kenwKv klm-b-I-c-am-Ipw.

]cn-N-b-k-º-∂cpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn Iu¨kenwKv coXn-Iƒ ]cn-io-en-®n-

´p≈hcp-amb Hcp Iu¨kenwKv Sow BhWw CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v

t\XrXzw \¬tI≠-Xv.


8.6 Btcm-Ky-]-cn-tim-[\

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂ Ip´n-I-fpsS hnZym-̀ ym-ksØ kw_-‘n-

®n-S-tØmfw Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-\m-hmØXpw {]Ya ]cn-K-W\ \¬tI-≠-Xp-amb taJ-

e-bmWv Btcm-Ky-]cntim[\. CØcw Ip´n-Iƒ Btcm-Ky-]-c-ambn Ht´sd

{]iv\-ßƒ t\cn-Sp∂Xmbn ImWmw. hnZymeb-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ahsc ]cn-

tim-[n-°m\pw acp-∂pƒs∏sS \¬Im-\p-ap≈ kuI-cy-ß-sfm-cp-°-Ww. amk-

Øn-sem-cn-°tem c≠m-gvN-bn-sem-cn-°tem hnZ-Kv[-cmb saUn-°¬ kwL-

Øns‚ klmbw e`y-am°n Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ømw. XpS¿®-

bmbn Btcm-Ky-{]-iv\-ßƒ t\cn-Sp∂p F∂-Xn-\m¬ ]cn-io-e\w e`n®

\gvkns‚ klmbw ÿnc-ambn e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ Xs∂

kuIcyw thWw. AtXm-sSm∏w ka-bm-k-a-b-ß-fn¬ kuP-\y-ambn acp-

∂p-Iƒ FØn®v sImSp-°-Ww. Cu klm-b-ß-sf√mw IrXy-ambn e`n-

°p∂pt≠m F∂ ]cn-tim-[\ tamWn-‰-dnwKv Sow sNtø≠Xp≠v. {]tXy-

In®pw A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-Sp∂ klm-b-ßfpw acp-∂p-Ifpw e`n-°p∂p F∂Xv

Dd∏p hcp-ØWw.


_p≤n-]-c-ambsh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp∂

Ipń-Iƒ°p≈ hnZym-ebw 9A[ymbw

kvIqƒ F∂Xv ]TnXmhns‚ c≠masØ `h\amWv (Second home). Hcp

hoSv \¬Ip∂ kuIcyßfpw, kpc£nXXzhpw, BlvfmZhpw kvIqfn¬

\n∂pw e`nt°≠XmWv. _p≤n-]-c-ambn sh√p-hnfn t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿ ]Tn-°p∂

hnZ-ym-e-b-ß-fnse kuI-c-y-ßƒ s]mXp-hnZym-e-b-ß-fp-tS-Xn¬ \n∂v sa®-

s∏-́ -Xm-h-Ww F∂-Xn¬ B¿°pw c≠-̀ n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-hn-√. ¢m v apdnbnse

kzX{¥amb Ne\w, Ccn∏nSw, ¢mkvdq-ans‚ hep∏w XpS-ßnb kuI-c-y-

ßƒ Ipń-Iƒ°v A\p-tbm-P-y-am-b coXn-bn¬ Bbn-cn-°-Ww. Ipń°v kz-X-

{¥-ambn k©-cn-°p-hm\pw Ifn-°p-hm\pw hn{i-an-°p-hm\pap≈ kuIcyßƒ

Hcp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

SCERT \S-Ønb ]T-\-ßfnepw, tUm. Fw.sI.Pb-cmPv IΩo-j≥

dnt∏m¿ńepw tIc-f-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS ̀ uXn-

I-ku-I-cyw kw_‘n®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-́ p-≠v. Hcp sNdnb kmºnƒ ASn-ÿm-

\-am-°n-bmWv ]T-\-ßƒ \S∂n´p≈Xv F¶nepw AXv tIc-f-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-

°p∂ CØcw ÿm]-\-ß-fpsSsb√mw Hcp ]cn-tOZw Xs∂-bm-Wv. \ne-

hn-ep≈ ̀ uXn-I-ku-I-c-y-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[\m hnt[-b-am-°n-b-Xn¬ \n∂v FØn-

t®-¿∂ \nK-a-\-ßƒ Nph-sS tN¿°p-∂p.

9.1. kvs]jy¬ kvIqfpIfpsS C∂sØ Ahÿ

ùXnI kuI-c-y-ßƒ

ASn-ÿm\ kuI-c-y-ßƒ Ct∏m-gsØ Ahÿ

$ anI® kuIcyßfp≈

¢m v apdnIƒ C√

$ {]h¿Ø\k÷amb LC D Projector C√

$ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ C√

$ Ifn D]-I-c-W-ßƒ `mKnIw

$ Building blocks D≠v

$ Ifn-ÿ-e-ßƒ `mKnIw

$ hn{i-a-ap-dn-Iƒ `mKnIw

$ em_v C√


$ sse{_dn C√

$ Iº-yq-´¿ dqw `mKnIw

$ Iu¨k-enwKv dqw `mKnIw

$ c£m-I¿Øm-°ƒ°p≈ apdn `mKnIw

$ dntkmgvkv dqw `mKnIw

$ Btcm-K-y-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°p≈ apdn C√

$ dolm-_n-en-t‰-j≥

sk‚¿ `mKnIw

$ ]®-°-dn-tØm´w `mKnIw

$ sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e\ tI{μ-ßƒ `mKnIw

$ Ipń-I-fpsS ]m¿°v `mKnIw

Cu kuI-c-y-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v KpWta∑bp≈ Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-

\S∏m°m≥ {]bmkamWv. ]mT-y-]-≤Xn apt∂m´v hbv°p∂ e£-y-ßƒ

km[yamIp∂Xn\v A\p-tbm-P-y -amb ùXnI kuI-c-y -ßƒ Cu

ÿm]\ßfn¬ Hcp-t°-≠Xv A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv.

9.2. Bh-i-y-amb ùXn-I-ku-I-c-y-ßƒ

]cn-io-e-\-ßƒ sImt≠m- B-h-i-y-amb tamWn-‰-dnwKv sImt≠m am{Xw ]mTy-

]-≤Xn bmYm¿Yy-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bn-√. A\p-tbm-P-y-hpw AXymh-i-y-hp-amb

ùXn-I-ku-I-c-y-ßƒ Dd-∏m-°p-tºmƒ am{Xta \ap°v ]mT-y-]-≤Xn Imc-y-

£-a-ambn \S-∏m-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. khntij-k-z-̀ mhw D≈ Ipń-I-

ƒ°v CW-ßp∂ F√m kuI-c-y-ßfpw Hcp°pI F∂Xv {]bm-k-I-c-am-sW-

¶nepw ]mT-y-]-≤-Xn-e-£-y-ßƒ bmYm¿Yy-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ \mw CØcw kuI-

c-y-ßƒ IqSn Hcp-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

9.2.1. inip kulr-Z-¢m- p-Iƒ

_p≤n-]-c-ambpw imco-cn-I-hp-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°v kz-

X{¥-ambn Nen-°p-hm\pw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb

¢mkv apdn-Iƒ, Bhiym\pkcWw Nen-∏n-°m-hp∂ Ccn-∏n-S-ßƒ, kzbw

cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ {]Z¿in-∏n-°phm-\pw kq£n®v hbv°m-\p-ap≈

kuI-c-y-ßƒ, kz-X-{¥-ambn hc-bv°m\pw Fgp-Xm\pw A\p-tbm-P-y-amb

t_m¿Up-Iƒ (`nØn-Iƒ Xs∂ t_m¿Umbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ XcØn¬ Ipń-

I-fpsS Db-c-Øn¬ {Iao-I-cn-®-Xv) Ah-cpsS hkvXp-°ƒ kpc-£n-Xambn

hbv°m-hp∂ sj¬^p-Iƒ XpS-ßnbh tN¿∂-Xm-hWw inip-ku-lr-Z-¢mkv

apdnIƒ. Im‰pw shfn®hpw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ P\-ep-Iƒ, ^m\p-Iƒ XpS-

ßnb kuI-c-y-ßfpw Cu ¢mkv dqan¬ {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-t°≠-Xm-Wv.


9.2.2. anI® D]-I-c-W-ßƒ

]T\Øn¬ Xm¬]cyw D≠m-°p-hm≥ A\p-tbm-P-y-amb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿_-

‘-ambpw D≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv. F¬.-kn.-Un. s{]mP-IvS¿, Iº-yq-́ ¿, hmtZym-]-

I-c-W-ßƒ, Ifn D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, tS∏v dn°m¿Up-Iƒ, kn.Un tπb¿, a‰p

]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ F∂nh D≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

9.2.3. em_v, sse{_dn, Iºyq-́ ¿ dqap-Iƒ

kz-X-{¥-ambn sNdnb {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ sNøm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-

ßƒsIm≠v k÷-am-°n-bn-́ p≈ em_v dqw, Nn{X-ßƒ, Nn{XIY-Iƒ, I´v

Hu´p-Iƒ XpSßn Ipń°v Xm¬]cyw P\n-∏n-°p∂ (hmb-\-bnepw Fgp-Øn-

epw) F√m hkvXp-°fpw Hcp-°n-bn-́ p≈ sse{_dn dqw, Bh-i-y-amb tkm v̂‰v

shb¿ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXn-́ p≈ Iº-yq-́ ¿, Ipń-I-fpsS FÆ-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v

{Iao-I-cn-®n-́ p≈ Iºyq´¿ dqw F-∂nh ]T\w Ipń-Iƒ°v B-bm-k-c-ln-X-am-

°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°pw.

9.2.4. Ifn-ÿ-e-ßƒ

Ipń-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ifn-Iƒ F√m-b vt∏mgpw Xm¬]-cyw

DW¿Øp-∂-h-bm-Wv. ¢m v dqanse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sIm≠pam{Xw Ipń-bpsS

imco-cnI hnImkw km[y-a-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ Ipń-Iƒ°v kz-X-{¥-ambn Ifn-

°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Ifn-ÿ-e--ßƒ A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. Ifn-ÿ-e-ß-

fpsS Np‰pw XW¬ hr£-ßƒ h®v ]nSn-∏n®v BI¿jIam°p∂Xpw KpW-

IcamWv. hr£-ß-fpsS Nph-́ n¬ Ccn-∏n-S-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn-°p∂Xpw ê-{]-Z-

am-bn-cn°pw

9.2.5. dntkmgvkv dqw

Ipń-I-fpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-fpsS Xo{hX ]c-am-h[n Ipdbv°p∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-

P-y-amb D]IcWßƒ sIm≠v k÷-am-°n-bn´p≈XmIWw dntkmgvkv dqw.

Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw {][m\s∏-́ -Xv ̂ nkn-tbm-sX-dm-∏n BWv. A\p-tbm-P-y-amb

[mcmfw D]-I-c-W-ßƒsIm≠v k÷-am-IWan-Xv. CXp-t]mse kv]o®v

sXdm∏n, tπ sXdm∏n, ayq-knIv sXdm∏n, H°pt∏jW¬ sXdm∏n XpS-ßnb

hnhn[ sXdm-∏n-Iƒ \S-Øp∂Xn\v klm-b-I-c-amb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ sIm≠v

kºp-jvT-amb Hcp dntkmgvkv dqw Cu ]mT-y-]-≤Xn-bpsS hn\n-a-b-Øn\v

A\nhmcyamWv.

9.2.6. Iu¨kenwKv dqw

kz-̀ mh cq]o-I-c-W-Øn\v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb H∂mWv Iu¨k-enwKv. {]iv\w

A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Sp∂ Ipń°pw/hy-‡n°pw {]iv\w -]-cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-

°p∂ Iu¨ke¿°pw kuI-c-y-{]-Z-ambn Ccn-°p-hm≥ th≠n k÷am-°n-


bn-́ p≈ apdnbmWv CXv. bmsXm-cp-hn[ XS- -ßfpw C√m-Xn-cn-°m≥ (A[nI

i_vZw, shfn-®w) {]tX-yIw {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ D≠m-h-Ww.

9.2.7. hn{i-a-ap-dn-Iƒ

hn{ia kabw Ipń-Iƒ°v ê-{]-Z-ambn sNehnSp-∂-Xn\v A\p-tbm-P-y-

amb apdn-bm-Wn-Xv. Ipń-Iƒ°v Ifn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ sN-dnb D]-I-c-W-ßƒ/

hkvXp-°ƒ (]¥p-Iƒ, PnIvtkm XpSßnb ) Cu apdn-bn¬ k÷o-I-cn-®n-́ p-

≠m-bn-cn-°Ww.

9.2.8. Btcm-K-y-{]-h¿Ø-I¿°p≈ apdn

Btcm-Ky {]h¿Ø-I-cpsS \nc-¥-c-k-μ¿i-\hpw {i≤bpw CØcw Ipń-I-

fpsS imco-cnI am\-knI {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p∂Xn\v A\nhm-c-y-am-Wv.

c≠m-gvN-bn¬ Hcn-°tem amkØn¬ Hcn-°tem Hcp saUn-°¬ Sow Hmtcm

ÿm]--\hpw kμ¿in®v Ipń-Isf ]cntim[n®v Bh-i-y-amb acp-∂p-Iƒ

\¬tI-≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp \gvkns‚ km∂n[yw F∂pw D≠m-hp-Ibpw thWw.-

sa-Un-°¬ Soan\v Ccn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ipń-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠p∂

kuI-c-y-ßtfmSv IqSnb apdn-bmIWw CXv. Bh-i-y-ap≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ kq£n-

°p-hm\p≈ kuI-c-yhpw apdn-bn¬ D≠m-h-Ww.

9.2.9. hrØn-bp≈ ]mN-I-ÿew

Ipń-Iƒ°v t]mj-ILS-I-ßƒ ASßnb `£Ww \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v A\p-

tbm-P-y-amb apdn-bm-Wn-Xv. `£Ww ]mNIw sNøp-∂-Xn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]m{X-

ßƒ a‰v kuI-c-y-ßƒ F∂nh D≠m-th-≠-Xm-Wv.

9.2.10. `£Ww Ign-°p-hm-\p≈ ÿew

Xbm-dm-°p∂ ̀ £Ww F√m Ipń-Iƒ°pw Hcpan®ncp∂p Ign-°p-hm≥ ]‰p∂

Hcp ÿew Bh-i-y-am-Wv. Ipń-I-fpsS Db-c-Øn\v A\p-tbm-P-y-amb Ccn-∏n-S-

ßƒ, IpSn-sh-≈ -kw-hn[m\w, ssII-gp-Ip-hm-\p≈ Sm∏p-Iƒ F∂nh {Iao-

I-cn°Ww. `£Ww Ign-°p-hm-\p≈ ]m{X-ßƒ kq£n®v hbv°p-hm-\p≈

kuI-c-y-ßƒ D≠mh-Ww.

9.2.11. ]®-°-dn-tØm´w

`£Ww Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v th≠n ]®-°dn km[-\-ßƒ kzbw D≠m-°p-

hm≥ k-lm-bn-°p∂ Hcp ]®-°-dn-tØm´w D≠m-Ip-∂Xv \√-Xm-Wv. IoS-\m-

in-\n-c-ln-X-amb ]®-°-dn- e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw Ipń-I-fn¬ Irjn-tbmSv Xm¬]-

cyw hf¿ØpI, ]cn-kcw BI¿j-I-am°pI F∂o KpW-ßƒ hf-cp-hm≥

CXv klm-b-I-am-Ipw.


9.2.12. sXmgn¬ ]cnioe\ tI{μßƒ

_p≤n-]-c-ambn sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-h¿ ASn-ÿm-\-ss-\-]p-Wn-Iƒ t\Sn-

°-gn-™m¬ GsX-¶nepw Hcp sXmgn-en-te°v Ahsc \bn-t°≠Xp-≠v.

CXn\v klm-bn-°p-∂-XmWv sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-tI-{μ-ßƒ. Ipń-Iƒ°v

Xm¬]cy-ap≈ GsX-¶nepw Hcp sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-en®v Ah-cpsS PohnXw

kzbw apt∂m´v \bn-°p-hm≥ {]m]vX-cm-°pI F∂-XmWv CØcw Ipń-I-

fpsS hnZ-ym-̀ -ym-k-Øns‚ BX-y-¥nI e£-yw. AXv t\Sp-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-

°p∂ Hcp sXmgn¬ ]cn-io-e-\-tI{μw F√m ÿm]-\ßfnepw A\n-hm-c-y-

am-Wv.

9.2.13. Ipń-I-fpsS ]m¿°v

Ipń-Iƒ°v hn{i-akabw ̂ e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw {]Ir-Xn-kvt\lw

hf-¿-Øm\pw Ipń-I-fp-sS -]m¿°v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

9.2.14. hnhn-t[m-t±-i-y-ßƒ°p≈ apdn

Ipń-Iƒ°v tbmK, saUn-t‰-j≥, hym-bmaw XpS-ßnbh sNøm≥ A\p-tbm-

P-y-amb apdn-bm-Wn-Xv. CXn\v klm-b-I-c-amb {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ ChnsS D≠m-

h-Ww.

_p≤n-]-c-amb sh√p-hn-fn-Iƒ t\cn-Sp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°mbn Hcp ]mT-y-]-≤Xnbpw

]mT-y-{I-ahpw \S-∏m-°m≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ apI-fn¬ ]d™ ùXn-I-ku-I-

cy-ßƒ IqSn IW-°nseSpØn-s√¶n¬ \mw \S-Øp∂ F√m {ia-ßtfbpw

hnP-b-Øn-te°v \bn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ CXn\pw {]tXyI {i≤

\¬In Cu ]≤Xn \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v CXv F√m ÿm]-\-Ønepw

D≠v F∂v Dd-∏m-t°-≠-Xv A\n-hm-c-y-am-Wv. CXn-\p≈ CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ

hnZym`ymk hIp∏ns‚ `mKØv \n∂v D≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv.

_p≤n-]-c-amb]cn-anXn A\p-̀ -hn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-ebw BI¿j-I-

ambn ]cn-]m-en-°p-∂-Xm-I-Ww. BÀm-Z-I-c-ambn IS-∂p-h-cm-\p≈ at\m-̀ mhw

Ipń°v D≠m-I-Ww. Ifn-ÿ-e-ß-fpw, Ifn D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw, sXmgn¬ ÿe-

ß-fpw, sXmgn¬ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw, kvt\lw hnf-ºp∂ A[ym-]-I-cpw, a‰v

Poh-\-°m-cpw XpSßn F√mw sIm≠pw Ipńsb kvIqfn-te°v \nXyhpw hcp-

hm≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p∂ Hcp ÿm]-\-ambn hnZym-ebw h¿Øn-°-Ww. Cu Ipń-

Iƒ B{K-ln-°p∂ kvt\lhpw ]cn-em-f-\bpw \¬Im≥ hnZym-e-b-Øn-\-

√msX as‰m-∂n\pw Ign-bp-I-bn-√.

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