So sánh một số luật BVNTD trên thế giới và đề xuất cho Việt Nam

Ti liu phc v cng tc xy dng Lut Bo v NTD Vit Nam

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BO CO NGHIN CU CHUYN 1

SO SNH LUT BO V NGI TIU DNG MT S NC TRN TH GII

BI HC KINH NGHIM V XUT MT S NI DUNG C BN QUY NH

TRONG D THO LUT BO V NGI TIU DNG CA VIT NAM

Ti liu phc v cng tc xy dng Lut Bo v NTD Vit Nam do

Cc Qun l cnh tranh - B Cng Thng thc hin

1 Bo co c hon thnh vi s h tr ca T chc CUTS ti H Ni


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MC LC

MC LC ..................................................................................................................................... 2

PHN 1: M U ........................................................................................................................ 7

1. Bi cnh v s cn thit ca nghin cu .................................................................... 7

1.1. Mc tiu nghin cu .............................................................................................................8

1.2. Phm vi v i tng nghin cu ......................................................................................8

1.3. Phng php nghin cu ...................................................................................................8

2. Tm tt ni dung nghin cu ......................................................................................... 8

PHN 2: SO SNH LUT BO V NGI TIU DNG CA MT S NC TRN TH GII . 10

I. Tng quan v php lut bo v NTD ............................................................................... 10

1. Cc cch tip cn ch o v php lut bo v NTD trn th gii .............................. 10

2. nh gi v phn tch cc cch tip cn v php lut bo v NTD ................................... 12

II. Nhng quy nh chung trong php lut bo v NTD ca mt s nc trn th gii

................................................................................................................................................. 13

1. Cc khi nim c bn ............................................................................................................... 13

1.1. Tng quan quy nh ca mt s nc ...................................................................... 14

1.1.1. Chu u ......................................................................................................................... 14

1.1.2. n ........................................................................................................................... 15

1.1.3. Canada ........................................................................................................................... 16

1.1.4. Anh ................................................................................................................................ 16

1.1.5. i Loan ......................................................................................................................... 17

1.1.5. Malaysia ........................................................................................................................ 17

1.1.6. Hn Quc ...................................................................................................................... 18

1.1.7. Thi Lan ......................................................................................................................... 19


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1.2. Phn tch v nh gi v quy nh ca cc nc ....................................................... 20

1.2.1. Khi nim NTD ............................................................................................................. 20

1.2.2. Khi nim hng ha dch v .................................................................................. 22

2. Cc quyn c bn ca NTD ................................................................................................... 23


2.1.1. Lin bang Nga ................................................................................................................ 26

2.1.2. Thi Lan ......................................................................................................................... 27

2.1.3. Trung Quc ................................................................................................................... 27

2.1.4. i Loan ......................................................................................................................... 28

2.1.5. Chu u ......................................................................................................................... 28

2.2. Phn tch v nh gi v cc quy nh ca cc nc .............................................. 28

3. Hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng .............................................................................. 29


3.1.1. Chu u ......................................................................................................................... 30

3.1.2. Anh ................................................................................................................................ 32

3.1.3. Php ............................................................................................................................... 33

3.1.4. c .................................................................................................................................. 34

3.1.5. Singapore....................................................................................................................... 35

3.1.6. Malaysia ........................................................................................................................ 36

3.1.7. Thi Lan ......................................................................................................................... 38

3.1.8. Canada ........................................................................................................................... 38

3.2. Phn tch v nh gi quy nh ca cc nc............................................................... 40

4. Hp ng tiu dng .............................................................................................................. 40


4.1.1. Chu u ......................................................................................................................... 40

4.1.2. i Loan ......................................................................................................................... 42


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4.1.3. Malaysia ........................................................................................................................ 43

4.1.4. Canada (Quebec) ........................................................................................................... 44

4.1.5. Php ............................................................................................................................... 47

4.2. Phn tch v nh gi quy nh ca cc nc................................................................... 49

5. Cc bin php bo v NTD .................................................................................................... 52

5.1.Tng quan quy nh php lut ca mt s nc ................................................... 52

5.1.1. Nht Bn ...................................................................................................................... 52

5.1.2. i Loan ......................................................................................................................... 52


6. Vn bo hnh .................................................................................................................... 54

6.1. Tng quan cc quy nh ca mt s nc ................................................................... 55

6.1.1. Chu u ......................................................................................................................... 55

6.1.2. Canada ........................................................................................................................... 56

6.1.3. Malaysia ........................................................................................................................ 57

6.2. Phn tch, nh gi quy nh ca cc nc .................................................................. 59

7. C ch gii quyt khiu ni ca NTD ................................................................................. 61

7.1. Tng quan cc quy nh ca mt s nc ............................................................. 61

7.1.1. i Loan ......................................................................................................................... 61

7.1.2. Trung Quc ................................................................................................................... 63

7.1.3. Hn Quc: ..................................................................................................................... 65

7.1.4. Php ............................................................................................................................... 67


7.2.1. Tn gi ca chng: ................................................................................................. 68

7.2.2. Khi nim: ..................................................................................................................... 68

7.2.3 V phng thc gii quyt tranh chp: .............................................................. 69


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8. Ch ti i vi hnh vi vi phm quyn li NTD ................................................................ 71


8.1.1. Quy nh Lut mu ca CI v bo v NTD ........................................................... 72

8.1.2. i Loan ......................................................................................................................... 72

8.1.3. Trung Quc ................................................................................................................... 73

8.1.4. Malaysia ........................................................................................................................ 74

8.1.5. Canada ........................................................................................................................... 75

8.1.6. Hn Quc ...................................................................................................................... 76

8.1.7. Singapore....................................................................................................................... 76

8.1.8. Php ............................................................................................................................... 76


8.2.1. Tn chng .................................................................................................................. 78

8.2.2. V hnh vi ................................................................................................................... 78

8.2.3. V loi ch ti ............................................................................................................ 79

8.2.4. V hnh thc x pht hnh chnh......................................................................... 79

III. Nhng quy nh c th trong Lut bo v tiu dng ca mt s nc trn th

gii .......................................................................................................................................... 80

1. Gii quyt xung t php lut ............................................................................................. 80


1.2. Phn tch v nh gi quy nh ca cc nc................................................................... 81

2. An ton cho NTD ......................................................................................................................... 82

2.1. Quy nh ca Hn Quc v an ton tiu dng ....................................................... 82


3. Trch nhim i vi sn phm ............................................................................................... 84




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PHN 3: XUT NHNG NI DUNG C BN C TH A VO LUT BO V NTD

CA VIT NAM .......................................................................................................................... 89

1. Nhm cc quy nh chung ................................................................................................... 89

1.1. Gii thch t ng ................................................................................................................... 89

1.2. Cc quyn c bn ca NTD ................................................................................................ 90

1.3. Ngha v ca cc t chc sn xut, kinh doanh v bo v NTD ............................. 92

1.4. Nguyn tc p dng lut ..................................................................................................... 92

2. Cc quy nh lin quan n hp ng tiu dng hng ha v dch v ..................... 92

3. Cc quy nh lin quan n trch nhim sn phm v bo hnh sn phm .............. 93

3.1. Trch nhim sn phm ......................................................................................................... 93

3.2. Bo hnh sn phm ............................................................................................................ 94

4. Cc quy nh lin quan n cc hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng ................... 96

5. Cc quy nh lin quan n gii quyt tranh chp ca tiu dng ............................... 98

5.1. Cc phng thc gii quyt tranh chp trong tiu dng .......................................... 98

5.2. T chc, c nhn c trch nhim gii quyt khiu ni ............................................ 99

5.3. Hnh thc khiu ni ............................................................................................................... 99

5.4. Thi hiu khiu ni ................................................................................................................ 99

5.5. Tip nhn v gii quyt khiu ni .................................................................................... 99

5.6. Gii tranh chp trong tiu dng bng th tc ho gii ti c quan qun l nh

nc ............................................................................................................................................. 100

5.7. Quyn rt khiu ni hoc rt ngh ha gii ca NTD ........................................... 101

5.8. Gii quyt t co ca NTD .............................................................................................. 101

5.9. Quyn khi kin ca NTD .................................................................................................. 101

6. Cc quy nh v x l hnh vi vi phm php lut bo v NTD .................................... 102

Ph lc 1: Tm tt quy nh c bn v Lut BV NTD ca mt s nc trn th gii.105

Ph lc 2: Tm tt ni dung cc vn nghin cu.110


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PHN 1: M U

1. Bi cnh v s cn thit ca nghin cu

Bo v quyn li NTD l mt trong nhng hot ng nhm thc hin mt x hi

cng bng, dn ch, vn minh, qua gp phn duy tr v thc y mt nn kinh t

pht trin nhanh v bn vng. Kinh nghim ca cc nc cho thy, khi nn kinh t th

trng c m rng v pht trin th s cng ny sinh nhiu vn gy nh hng xu

n quyn li ca NTD.

Quc

. Php lnh quy nh r cc quyn v trch nhim

ca NTD

; vn gii quyt khiu

ni, t co v x l vi phm... Ngy 02/10/2001, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s

69/2001/N-CP quy nh chi tit thi hnh Php lnh bo v quyn li NTD. Ngh nh

ny c thay th bi Ngh nh s 55/2008/N-CP ban hnh ngy 24/04/2008.

Trong thi k x hi pht trin hin nay v trong bi cnh Vit Nam ra nhp

WTO th vn bo v NTD ngy cng tr nn cn thit v l mi quan tm ca ton

x hi nhm nng cao mc sng v bo v quyn li cho NTD.

Tuy nhin, cc quy nh php lut Vit Nam hin nay v vn bo v NTD vn

cn kh n gin so vi nhng g thc t i hi v thc cht quyn li ca NTD vn

c bo m. Nhn vo mt s v vic mi y nh v nc tng en, xng pha

axeton c th thy rng quyn li NTD b vi phm nhng NTD rt kh t bo v

mnh v php lut bo v NTD Vit Nam vn cn qu chung chung v n gin, v vic

thc thi lut bo v NTD vn cn cha hiu qu.

Do vy, Lut bo v NTD c a vo chng trnh chnh thc trong Chng trnh

xy dng Lut, Php lnh ca Quc hi Vit Nam kho XII. D kin lut ny s c Quc

hi thng qua vo thng 10 nm 2010. Cc Qun l Cnh tranh - B Cng thng c giao

nhim v ch tr phi hp vi cc n v lin quan trong vic xy dng Lut ny.

Nghin cu ny, cng vi cc cng trnh khc nghin cu v h thng vn bn quy

phm php lut bo v NTD ti Vit Nam, h thng thit ch, c quan bo v NTD ti Vit

Nam v trn th gii, cng nh cc c im thng mi v tiu dng trn th trng, v.v, s l

ti liu tham kho gip cc nh hoch nh chnh sch v lm lut c cc nh hng ng

trong cng tc xy dng php lut.


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1.1. Mc tiu nghin cu

- Lm r c s khoa hc v vn bo v NTD v php lut bo v NTD

- Phn tch cc quy nh trong php lut cc quc gia pht trin v ang pht

trin trn th gii v cc vn c bn trong bo v NTD, cc u im v bt cp ca

cc quy nh ny v mt ni dung cng nh khi a vo thc tin.

- Trn c s , xut cc khuyn ngh v phng hng c th cho cng tc

xy dng Lut bo v NTD ti Vit nam, c bit v cu trc c bn, ni dung cc ch

nh chnh, v.v. m bo ph hp vi h thng php lut hin hnh ti Vit Nam, cng

nh thc trng v nh hng pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc.

1.2. Phm vi v i tng nghin cu

- i tng nghin cu l cc quy nh php l v bo v NTD trong php lut

cc quc gia trong khu vc v trn th gii cng nh cc lut mu v iu c quc t

nu c.

- Phm vi khng gian: Vit Nam v cc quc gia ang pht trin khc nh Thi

Lan, Trung Quc, n , cc quc gia pht trin v in hnh, cc nn kinh t mi nh

M, c, Cng ng cc quc gia Chu u, Canada (Bang Quebec), Hn Quc,

Malaysia, Singapore, i Loan, Nht Bn, v.v

- Phm vi thi gian: Cc quy nh php l gn y nht ca cc quc gia ni trn.

1.3. Phng php nghin cu

- S dng cc phng php nghin cu truyn thng nh phn tch, thng k,

lun gii, v.v v phng php so snh lut hc c s dng nu bt nhng nt c

trng ring bit trong h thng php lut tng nc v bo v NTD.

- Phng php so snh-i chiu c dng nh gi kinh nghim nc

ngoi, t rt ra xut cho Vit Nam.

2. Tm tt ni dung nghin cu

Sau khi nghin cu Lut BVNTD ca mt s nc trn th gii2, bn cnh cc

ni dung mang tnh c th nh: an ton NTD, xung t php lut, trch nhim i vi

sn phm do s khc nhau v iu kin pht trin kinh t, x hi cng nh h thng

2 Xem Ph lc 1


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php lut ca mi nc, Nhm nghin cu nhn thy php lut bo v NTD ca cc

nc u c quy nh n mt s ni dung c bn nh:

- Khi nim v NTD, hng ho, dch v

- Cc quyn c bn ca NTD;

- Cc hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng;

- Hp ng tiu dng;

- Cc bin php bo v NTD

- Cc quy nh v bo hnh hng ho, dch v

- C ch gii quyt khiu ni ca NTD

- Ch ti p dng i vi cc hnh vi vi phm.

- T chc bo v NTD.

- C quan bo v NTD.

Tuy nhin, ring hai ni dung v t chc v c qun bo v NTD khng c

cp trong khun kh bo co ny do nhng ni dung ny s c nghin cu su trong

bn bo co nghin cu v thit ch bo v NTD ca cc nc hin ang c ng

thi trin khai nghin cu.

Ti mi vn cn li nu trn, Nhm nghin cu tp trung phn tch nh

gi v nhng u, nhc im ca cc quy nh ca cc nc i vi cc vn cn

nghin cu t rt ra cc bi hc kinh nghim cho Vit Nam.

Phn 3 ca Bo co nghin cu xut cc quy nh c th v cc ni dung

d kin c th c quy nh trong D tho Lut bo v NTD Vit Nam sp ti bao

gm:

- Cc quy nh chung: gii thch t ng, cc quyn c bn ca NTD, ngha v

ca cc t chc, c nhn kinh doanh, nguyn tc p dng lut)

- Cc quy nh lin quan n hp ng tiu dng hng ho v dch v

- Cc quy nh v trch nhim sn phm v bo hnh sn phm

- Cc quy nh v hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng

- Cc quy nh v c ch gii quyt tranh chp ca NTD

- Cc quy nh v x l hnh vi vi phm php lut bo v NTD.


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PHN 2: SO SNH LUT BO V NGI TIU DNG CA

MT S NC TRN TH GII

I. Tng quan v php lut bo v NTD

1. Cc cch tip cn ch o v php lut bo v NTD trn th gii

Do s yu th ca NTD trong mi quan h vi cc nh sn xut, cung ng dch

v, NTD i khi khng th a ra cc quyt nh mua sm, chn la ng n v ph

hp nht vi li ch ca h. Chnh v l do , Nh nc phi can thip bo v li

ch ca NTD. C hai cch tip cn ch o trn th gii thng qua Nh nc c th

bo v li ch ca NTD:

(i) xy dng mt h thng php l trong quy nh trch nhim php l

(liability) i vi cc bn sau khi (ex post) xy ra vi phm; hoc

(ii) xy dng mt h thng php l (regulation) iu chnh, ngn chn trc cc

hnh vi vi phm (ex ante) gim thiu vi phm.

Cch tip cn th nht l cch tip cn m theo cc bn lin quan phi bi

thng thit hi sau khi xy ra thit hi thc s. Theo cch tip cn ny, cc c quan

phn x, trong i a s cc trng hp l cc to n, bao gm c cc to chuyn bit,

s quyt nh mc bi thng thit hi, cn c trn bn cht v thc t v vic. Cc

bn lin quan s phi chu bi thng thit hi do hnh vi sai st ca h gy ra, nhng

ch sau khi bn b thit hi kin ra to hoc khiu ni n cc c quan chc nng c

thm quyn khc. Tuy nhin, mt iu cn lu l vic bn b thit hi kin ra to

khng c ngha l bn gy ra thit hi s chu bi thng cho nn nhn, v d nh trong

trng hp bn b thit hi khng th chng minh c rng bn gy hi c hnh vi

sai st. V d, anh Nguyn Vn A ung mt lon soda B do doanh nghip C sn xut.

Sau khi, anh A ung mt phn ca lon soda, bn ca anh A phn cn li ca lon

soda ra cc, pht hin thy c mt xc sn bin dng. Anh A b vim nhim d

dy do ung phi lon soda khng sch . Tuy nhin, nu anh A khng kin doanh

nghip C ra to, th doanh nghip C s khng b quy trch nhim php l. Trong trng

hp anh A khiu ni ra to n, v to n quyt nh rng thit hi v an ton v sc

kho ca anh A l do lon soda ca doanh nghip C sn xut gy ra, doanh nghip C s

phi bi thng thit hi cho anh A theo mc m to n quyt nh.


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Cch tip cn th hai mang tnh ngn chn, phng nga, trc (ex ante) khi xy

ra vi phm, theo cc bn lin quan phi chu pht k c trc khi c thit hi thc s,

do vi phm cc quy nh v tiu chun. V d, doanh nghip A sn xut v bun bn

m bo him xe my trn th trng Vit Nam, phi tun theo Quy chun m bo him

quc gia (gi tt l QCVN2) do B Khoa hc v cng ngh ban hnh. Nu nh nhng

chic m bo him khng ng quy chun ca doanh nghip A c bn ra trn th

trng, th d NTD c mua m em v i hay khng, hay d c xy ra mt an ton tai

nn giao thng do nhng chic m ny hay khng, doanh nghip A vn s b pht do vi

phm quy nh v cht lng ni trn. Mc pht vi phm c th s cn c theo quy nh

x pht vi phm hnh chnh ni chung hay quy nh ring ca B Khoa hc v cng

ngh trong lnh vc ny.

Theo cch tip cn ny, mt h thng quy chun phi c thit lp, khng lin

quan n vic c xy ra thit hi thc s cho NTD hay khng. Cc v vic n l, hay

c mt nhm cc vn , u c th c iu chnh bi cc quy nh chun chung ny,

gim thiu kh nng xy ra vic phi phn nh ng sai, hay gip trnh cc phn quyt

khng nht qun v thiu cng bng trn c s v vic. Cc bn lin quan s phi chu

pht ch khi cc c quan chc nng pht hin c rng h khng tun th cc quy nh

v tiu chun. V trong i a s cc trng hp, cc c quan chc nng s s dng cc

th tc hnh chnh xem xt cc thng tin k thut c lin quan, nhm i n kt lun

cui cng.

H thng quy nh lin quan n bo v NTD thng bao gm cc vn bn quy

phm php lut lin quan n tiu chun (standards), o lng (measurement), cht

lng (quality), mi trng, hay sc kho. nhiu quc gia trn th gii, h thng quy

nh ny do cc c quan chc nng gim st thc thi. V d nh ti n , cc vn

tiu chun do Cc Tiu chun n (c quan tn ti song song vi V Cc Vn

Tiu dng thuc B Cc Vn Tiu dng, Lng thc thc phm v Phn phi cc

Hng ho cng cng) chu trch nhim, ti Vit Nam cho n nay l Tng cc Tiu

chun o lng v Cht lng (thuc B Khoa hc v Cng ngh).

Trong khi , h thng quy nh trch nhim php l lin quan n bo v NTD

thng bao gm cc vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan n cc quyn c bn ca

NTD, trch nhim sn phm (product liability), cc hnh vi thng mi khng cng

bng (unfair trade practices), gii quyt tranh chp tiu dng (consumer redressal) v

cc ch ti p dng (remedies and corrective measures). y l cc quy nh thng

gp nht trong bt k mt o lut hay b lut v bo v NTD no trn th gii. Trong

mt s trng hp, h thng quy phm php l ny cng bao gm cc vn lin quan

n hp ng hng lot (standard forms of contracts) (v d, khi mt ngi bn hng

khng a ra iu kin bo hnh no cho hng ho c bn, khi bn hp ng hp


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ng hng lot m ngi lun s dng s khng c gi tr php l v ngi mua

hng c quyn ly li tin ca mnh), hay bo hnh (warranty) (v d, ngi bn phi

chu trch nhim n b cho ngi mua nu hng ho c bn b li - li c th do

sn xut, thit k l hng, hay do khng cnh bo y v cc iu kin bo qun v

s dng, hay do khng theo di gim st sau khi hng c bn). Cc v vic lin

quan n trch nhim php l thng do cc to n chung, cc to chuyn bit v NTD

(consumer courts), hay cc c quan qun l nh nc v bo v NTD c chc nng xt

x p dng v thc thi.

2. nh gi v phn tch cc cch tip cn v php lut bo v NTD

Sau khi cn nhc xem xt c hai h thng bo v NTD trn, c th ni rng

khng c h thng no c th loi b hon ton ri ro cho NTD. H thng quy nh tiu

chun khng th lm c iu ny, do cc c quan chc nng khng c thng tin

v cc hnh vi vi phm quy nh ca cc doanh nghip, cng nh chi ph thc thi cao,

v.v. Tri li, h thng quy trch nhim php l li tht bi do cc bn lin quan c th

khng kh nng bi thng thit hi, hoc c quan phn x khng th buc ti h do

bng chng khng thuyt phc hoc cc th tc php l phc tp.

Bn cnh , nhng im chung ca hai h thng ny cng t ra yu cu xem

xt kh nng kt hp c hai li thnh mt h thng php l bo v NTD ti u nht,

gim thiu cc nguy c thit hi cho NTD. y l mt thc t thng thy ti hu ht

cc quc gia trn th gii nh Php, Canada, Hn Quc, Malaysia.. Lut bo v

NTD, ch yu bao gm cc iu khon quy trch nhim php l, thng c b sung

bi quy nh ca cc vn bn quy phm php lut khc, v d nh v tiu chun, an

ton, bo him, sc kho, v.v. Cch tip cn ny gip m bo tnh chuyn bit ca

tng lnh vc php l khc nhau, gip cc c quan thc thi tp trung vo chuyn mn

ca mnh, tuy c mt tri l tnh ri rc, i khi c th dn n khng nht qun, hay

xung t php l. Ngc li, tham vng a qu nhiu cc vn khc nhau vo cng

mt o lut v bo v NTD c th lm gim hiu qu php l ca cc iu khon, hay

tng chi ph thc thi ca c quan thc thi hay h thng t php.

Trong trng hp c hai h thng ny c s dng b sung cho nhau, c hai

cu hi cn c lm r, c th t c gii php ti u trong gim thiu ri ro

thit hi, bo v NTD. l:

1) Nu mt bn tho mn tt c cc tiu chun quy nh t ra, bn c th

b quy trch nhim php l trong trng hp c thhit hi hay khng? V

2) Mt bn c th b quy trch nhim php l do khng tho mn cc tiu chun

quy nh t ra hay khng?


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Cu tr li l, vic tun th cc tiu chun quy nh khng c ngha l bn lin

quan c th thot c cc trch nhim php l lin quan n sn phm ca mnh. Mt

khc, vic khng tho mn cc tiu chun an ton trong thc t khng t ng lm pht

sinh trch nhim php l.

Cc quy nh v tiu chun thng c u tin p dng trong cc lnh vc nh

thit hi do cc thnh phn c hi gy ra, sn phm c li hay cc s sut trong khi

cha bnh, k n. Trong cc lnh vc ny, h thng t php thng khng c kh nng

thnh cng cao, do thiu hiu bit chuyn su v cc vn k thut lin quan n sc

kho v an ton, khng nhn lc hay cc th tc khng chuyn bit.

Trn c s cc khi qut chung v cch tip cn vn bo v NTD ni trn y,

Nhm nghin cu cho rng xt thc trng, bt cp v vic thc thi cc quy nh php

lut lin quan n bo v ngi tiu dng ti Vit Nam hin nay, Lut bo v ngi tiu

dng Vit Nam nn tip cn theo hng kt hp ti a hai h thng ny, theo s:

- i vi cc quy nh v tiu chun, an ton ca ngi tiu dng hin ang

c iu chnh ti cc vn bn php lut khc th s quy nh theo hng dn chiu.

- i vi cc vn lin quan n bo v ngi tiu dng cha c quy nh

ti cc vn bn no nh: thng mi in t, hp ng tiu dng, trch nhim i vi

sn phm hoc quy nh khng r rng th s c lm r ti D tho Lut BVNTD

ln ny.

Vi cch tip cn ni trn, cc phn tip theo ca ni dung nghin cu s tp

trung phn tch cc vn chung, hay ni cc khc l cc nhm quy phm ph bin,

c a vo php lut v bo v NTD ca mt s quc gia trn th gii cng nh cc

vn c th ca mi nc v cn nhc tnh kh thi hay cn thit ca vic a cc vn

/quy phm tng t vo lut bo v NTD ti Vit Nam.

II. Nhng quy nh chung trong php lut bo v NTD ca mt

s nc trn th gii

1. Cc khi nim c bn

Khi nim NTD v khi nim hng ha dch v l cc khi nim c bn v rt

quan trng, c s dng xuyn sut trong cc quy nh ca Lut bo v NTD. V

trng tm ca php lut bo v NTD chnh l NTD, do vy nn ni hm ca cc khi

nim ny s l kim ch nam cho cc ni dung khc c quy nh trong lut bo v

NTD, c bit l phm vi iu chnh ca Lut.


14

C th thy cc quan h gia NTD v nh cung cp hng ha dch v l cc quan

h t v bn thn NTD cng l mt bn trong quan h hp ng . Tuy nhin, do c

c im v s khc bit gia v th ca ngi cung cp v NTD trong quan h ny, c

th l NTD lun th yu hn, thiu thng tin hn, t chuyn nghip hn, nn cn thit

phi c s can thip nht nh ca nh nc vo quan h ny m bo quyn v li

ch hp php ca bn yu th. Do vy cn xc nh phm vi cc loi quan h t ny s

c iu chnh bi php lut bo v NTD, c th l php lut bo v NTD s can thip

vo nhng quan h t no, cn nhng quan h no s c iu chnh bi cc quy

phm php lut t khc. Xut pht t yu cu ni trn, vic xc nh cc i tng no

s c gi l NTD l mt vn ht sc quan trng. Nu vic xc nh ny lm cho

phm vi hp i th s c nhiu i tng khng c bo v theo ng mc ch ca

lut ny. Mt khc, nu phm vi c xc nh qu rng th s khin cho hiu qu bo

v ca Lut khng cao v c kh nng dn ti s can thip qu su v khng cn thit

ca nh nc vo cc quan h t.

Tng t nh vy, khi nim hng ha dch v cng l cc khi nim tng i

quan trng trong Lut bo v NTD. Xut pht t mt thc tin l rt nhiu cc hng ha

dch v u c quy nh ti cc lut chuyn ngnh v php lut v cht lng sn

phm hng ha nn khi nim ny ca php lut bo v NTD cn thit phi c cch quy

nh b sung nhng i tng cha c php lut ring iu chnh nhng trnh s

chng cho trng lp vi cc lut chuyn ngnh. Mt khc, nu phn loi hng ha theo

tiu ch phn loi ti sn th c c ng sn v bt ng. Nh vy ngoi cc hng ha l

ng sn thng thng cn c nhng loi hng ha l bt ng sn v dch v lin quan

n bt ng sn. V vy nn ni hm ca khi nim v hng ha dch v cng s nh

hng ti phm vi cc quan h x hi c iu chnh bi cc quy phm ca Lut bo

v NTD.

1.1. Tng quan quy nh ca mt s nc

1.1.1. Chu u

a. Khi nim NTD:

Khi nim NTD theo Ch th ca Chu u bao gm cc c im sau:

+ L bt k c nhn no

+ Mua hng theo hp ng

+ Mc tiu ca hp ng khng lin quan n thng mi, kinh doanh hay ngh

nghip.


15

Nh vy theo khi nim ny th khi nim NTD khng bao gm php nhn v

khng bao gm ngi s dng, th hng hng ha dch v m khng trc tip giao kt

hp ng vi nh sn xut, kinh doanh

b. Khi nim hng ha tiu dng:

+ Bt k ng sn hu hnh no

+ Khng thuc cc dng hng ha sau:

- Hng ho c mua bn theo quy nh ca lut ring;

- Nc v kh ga trong trng hp khng c bn vi khi lng gii hn hoc

khi lng nh sn;

- in.

- Hng c ti cc cuc bn u gi cng cng ni m NTD c c hi ch thn

tham d cuc mua bn

T khi nim ny c th thy hng ha theo Ch th ca EU th ch bao gm ng

sn v loi tr mt s loi hng ha c bit c lit k nh trn.

1.1.2. n

a. Khi nim NTD:

Ni hm ca khi nim NTD ca n bao gm:

+ L bt k ngi no

+ Mua bt k loi hng ha no hoc thu hay s dng bt k dch v no

+ Bao gm c nhng ngi s dng hng ha hoc c hng li t dch v

khc vi ngi mua hng ha hoc thu s dng dch v

+ Khng bao gm ngi m c c hng ha hoc s dng dch v nh vy

bn li hoc cho bt k mc ch thng mi no

Ngoi ra, khi nim NTD ca n cn quy nh r trong trng hp mua

hng hay thu s dng dch v ni trn thanh ton, ha tr, hoc tr mt phn v ha

tr mt phn, hoc di bt k phng thc thanh ton tr chm no th ngi

c coi l NTD. T quy nh ny c th thy lut ch r vic mt ngi c coi l

NTD ngay c khi h cha thanh ton hoc thanh ton mt phn hng ha dch v v


16

iu ny khng gii phng cc trch nhim ca nh cung cp hng ha dch v i vi

NTD theo cc quy nh ti Lut bo v NTD.

b. Khi nim hng ha:

Lut bo v NTD n khng a ra khi nim ring v hng ha m vin dn

khi nim trong Lut bn hng ha nm 1930.

1.1.3. Canada

a. Khi nim NTD:

Ni hm ca khi nim NTD theo Lut ca Quebec bao gm:

+ T nhin nhn

+ S dng hng ha hoc dch v

+ Khng phi thng nhn s dng hng ha dch v v mc ch kinh doanh.

Khi nim NTD ca Quebec khng c g c bit so vi quy nh ca cc nc

khc. Tuy vy yu t s dng hng ha hoc dch v khng phn bit r l pht sinh

trc tip t hp ng mua hng ha dch v hay l th hng cc hng ha dch v

t ngi khc nn y l im cha c gii quyt r rng trong khi nim NTD ca

Quebec-Canada.

b. Khi nim hng ha:

Khi nim hng ha theo quy nh ca Lut Quebec tng i rng, bao hm c

ng sn v bt ng sn. Tuy nhin i vi bt ng sn th lut c loi tr mt s loi

hnh giao dch c iu chnh bi mt s lut khc.

1.1.4. Anh

a. Khi nim NTD:

Lut bo v NTD ca Anh khng c khi nim NTD cng nh khng c vin

dn khi nim ny ti bt k vn bn no khc. Nh vy khi nim ny c th c

hiu v suy lun t cc quy nh khc ca lut bo v NTD.

b. Khi nim hng ha:

Khi nim ny theo Lut ca Anh c gi l sn phm (product) bao gm cc

loi hng ha (goods) v in. Tuy nhin lut khng vin dn ti khi nim hng ha

c quy nh ti iu no trong lut ny hay ti vn bn php lut no. Nh vy c


17

kh nng khi nim hng ha c quy nh ti vn bn php lut khc v cng c kh

nng c hiu l tt c cc loi hng ha c lu thng trn th trng v c th bao

gm c ng sn v bt ng sn.

Ngoi ra trong khi nim sn phm ca lut bo v NTD ca Anh, cc loi hng

ha c s dng lm nguyn liu, thnh phn cu to ca hng ha chnh hay bt k

hnh thc no khc khng c coi l mt hng ha c lp. iu ny c ngha khng

gii phng trch nhim ca nh sn xut chnh khi xy ra li ca thnh phn, b phn

cu to ca sn phm chnh i vi NTD.

1.1.5. i Loan

a. Khi nim NTD:

Khi nim NTD ca Lut bo v NTD i Loan c quy nh l nhng ai

tham gia vo cc giao dch, s dng hng ha hoc dch v v mc ch l tiu dng.

Nh vy ch th tham gia vo cc giao dch y c th c hiu l bao hm

c th nhn v php nhn, min l mc ch ca h l tiu dng.

V cch thc t c hng ha, dch v ca NTD, t phn tch quy nh ny c

th hiu rng NTD bao gm c ngi tham gia vo cc giao dch v nhng ngi s

dng hng ha, dch v t ngi khc nh th hng, nhn tng cho,

b. Khi nim hng ha:

Tuy c nhc ti hai t hng ha v dch v nhng Lut bo v NTD i

Loan khng c quy nh no v c khi nim ny cng nh khng vin dn ti bt k

quy nh ca php lut no v cc khi nim ni trn. Nh vy c th hiu cc khi

nim nh trng hp ni ti quy nh ca Lut bo v NTD ca Anh.

1.1.5. Malaysia

a. Khi nim NTD:

Khi nim NTD theo Lut bo v NTD ca Malaysia tng i chi tit v mc

ch s dng nhng ch ni ti khi nim ngi (person) m khng dng t c th l

th nhn hay c nhn nh cc nc ni trn. Vic quy nh thiu r rng nh vy c kh

nng dn ti hai cch hiu khc nhau, mt l ch bao gm c nhn v hai l bao gm c

th nhn v php nhn.

V cch thc t c hng ha, dch v (mi quan h gia NTD vi nh cung

cp), theo quy nh ni trn ca lut th NTD khng ch l ngi trc tip mua sn


18

phm hay thu dch v m bao gm c nhng ngi s dng hng ha dch v khng

ph thuc vo hp ng gia h vi nh cung cp.

V mc ch ca vic s dng hng ha ca NTD, tng t nh php lut ca

cc nc trn, Lut bo v NTD Malaysia quy nh NTD l ngi khng s dng hng

ha hoc dch v hoc dng hng ha dch v vo mc ch cung cp li v mc ch

thng mi; tiu dng chng vo qu trnh sn xut; hoc trong trng hp hng ha,

dch v sa cha hoc x l, cc hng ha v ti sn gn lin vi t khc. V mc ch

tiu dng vo qu trnh sn xut, y l mt loi tr tng i rng v n bao gm c

hng ha c s dng lm u vo ca qu trnh sn xut v c th l sn phm ph

tr cho qu trnh sn xut.

b. Khi nim hng ha:

Khc vi cc nc trn, khi nim hng ha theo lut bo v NTD ca Malaysia

c quy nh kh chi tit.

Ngoi vic quy nh v mc ch s dng v cch thc t c hng ha, khi

nim ny phn loi nhng loi hng ha da trn cc tiu ch c th bao gm cc loi

ng sn (c cy ci, ma mng v ng vt), bt ng sn, ti sn gn lin vi t v

khng bao gm tri quyn.

Bn cnh khi nim hng ha, lut ca Malaysia quy nh r v dch v chm

sc sc khe. Tuy nhin lut khng nhc ti cc khi nim dch v khc. Quy nh ny

tuy chi tit nhng ch i vi mt loi dch v d l dch v c th v rt thit yu

i vi NTD.

1.1.6. Hn Quc

a. Khi nim NTD:

V ch th, khi nim NTD Hn Quc s dng thut ng l nhng ai cho nn

c th hiu l khi nim ny khng hn ch c nhn m c th bao hm c php nhn.

V cch thc tip cn hng ha, dch v, lut ca Hn Quc ch ni l hng ha

dch v c cung cp bi cc doanh nghip m khng ch r l pht sinh trc tip

t hp ng hay bao gm c nhng ngi s dng, th hng hng ha dch v

khng t hp ng.

V mc ch s dng hng ha dch v, Lut Hn Quc khc vi cc nc khc

l khng ch hn ch mc ch tiu dng m bao hm c mc ch sn xut. Tuy

nhin quy nh ny khng ch r l c bao hm c mc ch thng mi khng. Ngoi


19

ra, quy nh ny cn vin dn ti Ngh nh ca Chnh ph m khng quy nh chi tit

s hn ch ca cc mc ch ny.

b. Khi nim hng ha:

Lut ca Hn Quc khng a ra khi nim v hng ha hay dch v. Nh vy

cng tng t mt s nc ni trn, khi nim theo quy nh ca php lut Hn

Quc c th c quy nh ti lut khc hoc c th hiu l tt c cc hng ha dch

v c NTD (theo nh ngha trn) s dng.

1.1.7. Thi Lan

a. Khi nim NTD:

Theo quy nh ca Lut bo v NTD Thi Lan, NTD c th bao gm c th

nhn v php nhn.

V cch thc t c hng ha dch v ca NTD theo khi nim ny th h

phi l ngi mua hoc s dng dch v ca nh kinh doanh. Tuy quy nh ca Thi

Lan khng cp ti cc ch th s dng hng ha dch v nhng khng mua hng ha

hay thu dch v c l NTD hay khng nhng li c s m rng thm c giai on

c cho hng hoc c ngh mua hng hoc s dng dch v. Nh vy, ti thi

im c nh kinh doanh cho hng hoc ngh mua hng, cc ch th ni trn

c coi l NTD v c bo v theo cc quy nh trong lut ny.

V mc ch ca vic s dng hng ha, dch v, y l vn khng c

cp n trong khi nim NTD ca Lut bo v NTD Thi Lan. Nh vy c th hiu

NTD khng ch l nhng ngi s dng hng ha dch v vo mc ch tiu dng m

cn c nhng ngi s dng vo mc ch thng mi hoc sn xut. y l mt khi

nim th hin tm bao ph rng ca php lut bo v NTD Thi Lan.

b. Khi nim hng ha, dch v:

Lut Thi Lan nh ngha tng i y v c hai khi nim hng ha v

dch v.

Khi nim hng ha ca Thi Lan kh rng, n bao gm cc vt c sn

xut ra hoc c s hu dng bn. Nh vy n c th bao gm c ng sn v bt

ng sn nhng khng bao gm cc tri quyn.

Bn cnh khi nim hng ha, khi nim dch v cng c m t kh chi tit

trong Lut bo v NTD Thi Lan. Tuy nhin, lut cng loi tr cc loi hnh thu dch

v c iu chnh bi php lut lao ng.


20

1.2. Phn tch v nh gi v quy nh ca cc nc

Qua phn tch php lut mt s nc ni trn, chng ta thy hu ht cc quc

gia u quy nh cc khi nim ny ngay t chng u ca Lut bo v NTD.

1.2.1. Khi nim NTD

Qua phn tch khi nim NTD ca cc nc chng ta c th thy khi nim ny

gm ba yu t c bn:

a. V bn cht ca NTD: hin nay c ba cch quy nh v vn ny.

- Cch quy nh th nht ch quy nh l th nhn (hoc c nhn), y l cch

quy nh ca Chu u v Quebec. Cch quy nh ny th hin r lut bo v NTD ch

bo v i vi c nhn, cn php nhn do h c nhng v th v iu kin tt hn so vi

c nhn trong quan h vi nh cung cp nn lut bo v NTD khng cn thit phi can

thip vo quan h tiu dng ca h.

Tuy nhin cch tip cn ny cng c mt s im hn ch bi l theo quy nh

ca php lut th php nhn c nhiu loi bao gm c doanh nghip v cc c quan t

chc khc trong x hi. Cc i tng ny ngoi h cng c hot ng tiu dng thng

thng m khng nht cc quan h mua bn ca h u l cc quan h thng mi. Do

trong quan h tiu dng h cng khng phi l nhng ngi chuyn nghip v cng

nh NTD, h cng khng c sn ngun lc i ph vi nhng hnh vi vi phm t

pha nh sn xut v cng rt cn ti s bo v ca php lut bo v NTD.

- Cch quy nh th hai l quy nh r c th nhn v php nhn, y l cch

quy nh ca Hn Quc. Theo quy nh ny th NTD bao gm c php nhn. Quy nh

ny tuy c v hi rng v c th c quan im cho rng n s lm long i hiu lc ca

Lut bo v NTD. Tuy nhin cch quy nh ny khc phc c hn ch ca cch

quy nh th nht v khng phi lc no php nhn cng l ngi kh nng i

mt c vi cc vi phm t pha nh sn xut kinh doanh v hu qu l nu Lut bo

v NTD khng bo v h nh i vi cc c nhn tiu dng khc th quyn li ca mt

nhm i tng kh ln trong x hi b xm phm, gy thit hi chung cho ton x hi.

- Cch quy nh th ba l khng nu r ch l c nhn hay gm c c nhn v

php nhn. Cch quy nh ny ch ni l ngi no hoc nhng ai. Cch quy nh

ny c th dn ti nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v kh c th c p dng trong thc

tin bi l n c th c hiu l gm c t nhin nhn v php nhn, nhng cng c

th gii thch theo hng ch l t nhin nhn.

b. V mi quan h gia NTD v nh cung cp (hay cn gi l cch thc t

c hng ha dch v ca NTD)


21

V vn ny hin ti cng c hai cch tip cn

- Cch th nht l ch quy nh nhng ngi s dng hng ha dch v theo hp

ng, y l cch quy nh ti ch th ca Chu u. Cch tip cn ny hn ch i

phm vi nhng ngi c bo v theo cc quy nh ca Lut bo v NTD bi l NTD

khng bao gm nhng ngi th hng hng ha dch v t ngi khc thng qua quan

h tng cho, cho mn, tha k, Nhng trn thc t quyn li ca nhng ngi ny

vn b xm nh nhng ngi tham gia giao kt hp ng vi nh sn xut kinh doanh

v nu nh h khng thuc phm vi c bo v ca Lut bo v NTD th h s rt kh

c c hi yu cu nh sn xut kinh doanh bi thng thit hi cho mnh v h khng

phi l ngi trc tip giao kt hp ng.

- Cch th hai l coi NTD bao gm c nhng ngi s dng, th hng hng

ha dch v khng trc tip giao kt hp ng vi nh sn xut kinh doanh. Hu ht cc

nc u tip cn khi nim NTD theo cch ny. C th ni y l cch tip cn ton

din v th hin ng ngha ca NTD. Nh sn xut phi c trch nhim i vi bt k

ai s dng hp php hng ha dch v ca h.

Ngoi ra Lut ca Thi Lan cn c cch tip cn na l quy nh nhng ngi

mi c cho hng hoc c ngh mua hng ha, s dng dch v c th c

coi l NTD v h c th c bo v ngay t giai on ny. y l mt cch quy nh

kh hay bi l trn thc t quyn li NTD cng hay b xm phm t chnh giai on ny.

Tuy nhin nu trong khi nim khng coi h l NTD ti giai on ny th cc quy nh v

bo v quyn li NTD rt kh c th c p dng i vi nhng i tng ny.

c. V mc ch s dng ca NTD:

Theo quy nh ca cc nc th hu nh nc no cng quy nh mt ngi s

dng hng ha dch v c coi l NTD khi h s dng hng ha dch v vo mc

ch phi thng mi. Tuy nhin c nc nh Malaysia li phn bit v loi tr nhng

ch th s dng hng ha dch v tiu dng cho qu trnh sn xut. y l mt hn ch

ca quy nh ny v nu vic s dng hng ha dch v vi mc ch lm u vo cho

qu trnh sn xut kinh doanh th c th gi l mc ch thng mi, nhng hot ng

tiu dng cho qu trnh sn xut c th bao gm cc hot ng tiu dng khc v h vn

c th b xm phm nh bo h lao ng, lng thc thc phm cho cn b cng nhn

vin, Do vy nu quy nh NTD l php nhn th khng nn loi b mc ch ny ra

khi khi nim NTD. Nh vy phn mc ch trong khi nim NTD cn quy nh

theo hng l khng nhm mc ch kinh doanh.

Khc vi cc nc trn, Lut bo v NTD Hn Quc quy nh NTD bao gm c

nhng ngi s dng hng ha dch v vo mc ch thng mi hoc sn xut kinh

doanh. Nh vy khi nim ny ca Hn Quc l kh rng v c mt hn ch nh trn


22

phn tch l lm cho hiu lc bo v ca Lut bo v NTD b gim i do phi tri

rng mt cch qu mc.

Tuy nhin vic quy nh mc ch vo khi nim NTD c mt im hn ch l

pht sinh thm ngha v chng minh mc ch i vi NTD khi h mun thc hin cc

quyn c quy nh ti Lut ny. Do vy, cn thit phi c quy nh gii phng trch

nhim ny cho NTD nh NTD khng c ngha v phi chng minh mc ch s dng

hng ha ca mnh.

1.2.2. Khi nim hng ha dch v

a. V cch thc quy nh cc thut ng:

- Cch th nht l ch cp ti cc khi nim ny m khng c bt k nh

ngha no v cc khi nim ny.

y l cch quy nh ti Lut bo v NTD ca i Loan v Hn Quc. u im

ca cch ny l khng s b trng lp vi cc quy nh ca lut khc v khng hn ch

cc loi hng ha dch v m NTD s dng, khi c nhng loi hng ha dch v mi

pht sinh, NTD vn c bo v bi cc quy nh ca Lut bo v NTD. Tuy nhin,

im hn ch ca cch quy nh ny l s khin cho phm vi iu chnh ca Lut bo v

NTD mt mt c th tr nn qu rng v chng ln sang c phm vi iu chnh ca cc

lut c th khc nh php lut v bt ng sn, ngn hng,Mt khc vic khng quy

nh cc khi nim ny c th dn ti mu thun trong cch hiu v p dng cc quy

nh ca Lut ny khi khng r phm vi cc hng ha dch v c th.

- Cch th hai l vin dn ti quy nh ca php lut khc

Theo quy nh ca Lut bo v NTD ca n th khi nim ny c vin

dn ti Lut bn hng ha nm 1930. u im ca cch quy nh ny l Lut bo v

NTD khng cn phi quy nh li khi nim hng ha dch v m s dng lun khi

nim ny ti vn bn php lut chuyn ngnh. Tuy nhin quy nh ny c nhc im

l c th b thiu st nu nh phm vi cc hng ha dch v ca Lut chuyn ngnh

khng rng v khng trng vi phm vi ca Lut bo v NTD.

- Cch th ba l a ra khi nim c th

Trong cch ny c hai cch quy nh l quy nh c th v khi nim hng ha

dch v ca Lut bo v NTD v cch th hai l quy nh hn ch mt s loi hng ha

c iu chnh bi cc quy phm ca lut bo v NTD v loi tr cc loi hng ha

dch v c quy nh ti cc lut chuyn ngnh khc. in hnh ca cch quy nh

th hai ny l quy nh ti ch th ca Chu u v Lut ca Quebec. Nh vy cch quy


23

nh ny vn c th ch ra phm vi cc hng ha dch v thuc phm vi p dng ca

lut bo v NTD nhng vn gii quyt c xung t gia lut bo v NTD vi cc lut

khc xung quanh cc khi nim ny.

b. V loi hng ha dch v:

V vn ny hin cng c hai cch tip cn, mt s quc gia ch iu chnh

cc quan h lin quan n ng sn, cn mt s quc gia p dng vi c bt ng sn.

Theo cch th nht th hng ha c p dng Lut bo v NTD ch bao gm

ng sn. Hn ch ca quy nh ny l loi b mt s loi hng ha lin quan n

bt ng sn nh nh ca, ti sn lng tnh (nh thang my, nh lp sn) v cc dch

v lin quan n bt ng sn nh mi gii bt ng sn, nh gi bt ng sn, sn

giao dch bt ng sn, t vn bt ng sn, u gi bt ng sn,

Cch th hai quy nh p dng c i vi hng ha l bt ng sn. Quy nh

ny c p dng ti cc nc nh Malaysia, Thi Lan v Quebec. y l quy nh kh

ton din v bao qut c cc loi hng ha dch v m ti quyn li NTD c

kh nng b xm hi.

Vi cc phn tch ni trn chng ta c th thy vic quy nh cc khi nim

NTD v hng ha, dch v l ht sc cn thit. Ni hm cc khi nim ny s l nh

hng cho phm vi iu chnh ca Lut bo v NTD v vic quy nh cc khi nim

ny s thng nht c cch hiu v cc quy nh v mc tiu ca Lut bo v NTD,

to s thun tin v d hiu cho nhng ngi thuc phm vi p dng ca Lut, c bit

l NTD.

2. Cc quyn c bn ca NTD

Khi chng ta ni n cc quyn ca NTD mt cch chung chung, h thng

cng bao gm cc quyn khc nh nhn quyn, quyn x hi, cc quyn chnh tr v

quyn kinh t ca con ngi. Tuy nhin, xem xt di gc lut php v bo v NTD,

cc quyn c bn ny c nhng ngha c th xc nh.

Ngy 9 thng 4 nm 1985, nh c nhng c gng vn ng khng ngng ca T

chc Quc t Lin minh NTD (nay i tn thnh Quc t NTD), Lin Hp Quc

thng qua mt tp hp Cc Nguyn tc ch o v Bo v NTD (bng Ngh quyt s

39/248 ca i Hi ng LHQ). Cc nguyn tc ny sau c sa i vo nm

1999. Cc nguyn tc ny nu ln cc quyn li v nhu cu ca NTD trn ton th gii

v to ra mt khun kh m theo cc chnh ph, c bit l chnh ph cc nc ang

pht trin hoc va ginh c c lp, c th s dng son tho, hay cng c chnh

sch v php lut bo v NTD ti quc gia h.


24

Bn Nguyn tc ny ca LHQ vch ra tm (08) lnh vc c bn c th pht

trin cc chnh sch bo v NTD, nay c chuyn thnh tm (08) quyn c bn ca

NTD, bao gm:

Quyn c tho mn cc nhu cu c bn

Cc nhu cu c bn ca qun chng nhn dn ca bt c mt quc gia no

(NTD) xut pht t vn tn ti hay sng mt cch ng hong. Ti cc quc gia

ngho hay cc nn kinh t ang pht trin, cc nhu cu c bn ni chung bao gm

lng thc, qun o v nh ca. Tuy nhin, c 3 nhu cu khc rt thit yu m bo

cuc sng ng hong cho con ngi, l dch v y t, nc sch v v sinh, v gio

dc. Thm 2 nhu cu khc, cng c th lit vo dng nhu cu c bn, v nu thiu chng

th kh m c th m bo c cc nhu cu c bn ni trn, l nng lng v

phng tin vn chuyn, i li.Vy c th ni, c tt c hai loi hng ho v su dch

v c coi l nhu cu c bn ca con ngi (NTD).

Quyn ny lin quan n cc chnh sch ca chnh ph nhm m bo cc knh

lu thng phn phi hng ho v dch v hiu qu n NTD, cng nh cho php lu tr

hng ho, nhu yu phm ti cc khu vc nng thn.

Quyn c an ton

Quyn c an ton rt quan trng trong vic m bo cho mt cuc sng an

ton v chc chn. Nu khng c cc bin php, quy nh tiu chun, NTD s b thit

hi nhiu nht v mt an ton. Quyn c an ton c ngha l quyn c bo v khi

cc sn phm, cc quy trnh sn xut v dch v c th gy nguy hi cho sc khe v

cuc sng. Quyn ny bao gm quan ngi v li ch lu di ca NTD cng nh nhu cu

trc mt ca h.

Quyn ny lin quan n cc chnh sch ca chnh ph nhm thit lp cc tiu

chun v cht lng v an ton sn phm, v theo , cc c s vt cht cng cng

nhm kim tra, gim nh v cht lng v an ton sn phm.

Quyn c chn la

Quyn c chn la lin quan n vn chn la gia cc kh nng khc

nhau. Quyn c chn la c th coi l mt s m bo, khi c th, v tnh sn c, kh

nng v kh nng tip cn mt s lng ln cc loi hng ho v dch v khc nhau

mc gi cnh tranh.


25

Quyn ny lin quan n cc chnh sch ca chnh ph nhm hn ch cc hnh

vi hn ch cnh tranh, cc loi hp ng khng cng bng, iu chnh cc hot ng

qung co v khuyn mi, v.v.

Quyn c thng tin

NTD phi c quyn c thng tri v cht lng, s lng, hiu lc, tinh

khit, tiu chun v gi c ca hng ho, dch v, c th a ra cc quyt nh ng

n v t bo v bn than h khi cc hnh vi lm dng. Bn cnh , NTD cn phi c

quyn tip cn cc thng tin lin quan n cc vn cng cng, vn do chnh ph v

cc c quan chc nng gii quyt.

Quyn ny khng nhng lin quan n vic cc chnh ph nn cng b v ph

bin rng ri ni dung ca cc chnh sch bo v NTD, cc c ch gii quyt khiu ni

v ch ti c th c p dng, m cn lin quan n cc chnh sch v yu cu bt

buc dn nhn mc (labeling) hng ho dch v v a ra cc cnh bo cng nh thng

tin cn thit cho NTD v cc iu kin trao i, mua bn, bo hnh, tn dng, s dng

hay bo qun sn phm.

Quyn c gio dc tiu dng

Quyn c gio dc tiu dng c ngha l quyn c c cc kin thc v

thng tin cn thit c th l mt NTD c hiu bit. Nhng ngi c hc rt d nhn

thc v cc quyn ca h cng nh hnh ng tc ng vo cc nhn t c nh

hng ti cc quyt nh ca NTD. Ni nh vy khng c ngha l nhng ngi khng

c hc hon ton khng h hay bit g nhng r rng l h th bt li hn, v h

khng th t c, vit mt cch thun li c.

Quyn c gii quyt v bi thng thit hi

Quyn ny v c bn lin quan n vic cc chnh ph xy dng v thng qua

cc quy nh php l, hnh chnh cng nh cc c ch thc thi to iu kin cho

NTD c th khiu ni v c gii quyt, bi thng thit hi thng qua cc th tc

chnh thc cng nh khng chnh thc mt cch nhanh chng, cng bng, vi t chi ph

v c th c tip cn d dng thun tin bi NTD khp ni.

Quyn c i din

Quyn c i din (hay quyn c lng nghe) c ngha l quyn c vn

ng ng h cho cc quyn li ca NTD vi mc tiu khin cho cc quyn li c

xem xt mt cch ton din v c ng tnh trong qu trnh xy dng v thc hin

cc chnh sch kinh t hay cc chnh sch khc c nh hng ti NTD.


26

Quyn ny lin quan cht ch n vic quy nh v a v php l (v d quyn

i din trong khiu ni v xt x, hay quyn i din a ra gp , kin ngh trong cc

qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch c lin quan) ca cc t chc bo v NTD, cc hi

NTD trong cc vn bn php lut v bo v NTD, cng nh cc c ch hu hiu

thc thi cc quyn .

Quyn c hng mt mi trng lnh mnh

Cc ngun lc s dng trong qu trnh sn xut v tiu dng hng ho, dch v

nn c s dng mt cch lnh mnh v thn thin vi mi trng sinh thi. y l l

do cn bn lm pht sinh quyn c hng mt mi trng lnh mnh ca NTD. NTD

c th thc thi quyn ny thng qua cc c ch khiu ni v thng tin.

Lut bo v NTD ca rt nhiu quc gia trn th gii nu r cc quyn ny,

tuy khng phi l lun y tm quyn trong mi trng hp, nh kim ch nam cho

cng tc bo v NTD. Bn cnh , c th ni rng tt c cc quy nh khc ca lut

bo v NTD cc quc gia ny cng nh cc vn bn php lut c lin quan u nhm

thc hin cc quyn ny hoc m bo rng chng c tn trong, tun th v thc

hin. Tuy nhin, cc phn tch sau y ch gii hn trong vic xem xt c th vic nu

r cc quyn c bn ny ca NTD nh cc nguyn tc ch o trong cc quy nh v

bo v NTD ca cc quc gia .


2.1.1. Lin bang Nga

iu 1 Lut Bo v NTD ca Lin bang Nga 1995 nu r: Lut ny s iu

chnh cc quan h pht sinh gia NTD vi nh sn xut, ngi thc hin, hay ngi bn

khi bn hng ho sn phm (hay thc hin cc cng vic, cung cp dch v), xc nh

quyn ca NTD c c cc hng ho (cng vic, dch v) c cht lng tt, an ton

i vi sc kho v cuc sng ca NTD; c c thng tin v sn phm (kt qu cng

vic, dch v) v ngi sn xut ra chng (hay ngi thc hin, ngi bn); c gio

dc tiu dng; c nh nc v cng chng bo v cc quyn li ca h; cng nh c

c cc c ch thc thi cc quyn ny.

Nh vy, ngay t u tin, Lut Bo v NTD ca LBN nu r 4 quyn c bn

ca NTD (bao gm quyn c an ton, quyn c thng tin, quyn c gio dc

tiu dng v quyn c gii quyt v bi thng thit hi) nh l cc mc tiu iu

chnh ca Lut. Trong , quyn c gio dc tiu dng c nhc li mt ln na

mt cch c th ti iu 3 ca Lut ny, quyn c an ton ti iu 7, quyn c

thng tin ti iu 8, v quyn c xem xt gii quyt khiu ni t php v bi thng


27

thit hi ti iu 17. Ngoi ra, quyn c i din ca NTD ti Nga c th hin ti

iu 45, quy nh v quyn ca cc t chc x hi v NTD.

2.1.2. Thi Lan

iu 4 Lut Bo v NTD 1979 ca Thi Lan (sa i vo nm 1998) quy nh:

NTD c cc quyn cn c bo v sau:

1. Quyn c nhn thng tin v m t v cht lng hng ho hoc dch v mt

cch y v chnh xc.

2. Quyn c t do la chn hng ho hoc dch v.

3. Quyn i hi an ton trong khi s dng hng ho hoc dch v.

3b. Quyn c c mt hp ng cng bng (theo nh sa i ti iu 5 cu

Lut Bo v NTD s 2 B.E. 2541 nm 1998 ca Thi Lan)

4. Quyn c chm sc v n b cho cc thit hi theo cc quy nh ca php

lut v vn hoc theo quy nh ca o lut ny

2.1.3. Trung Quc

Lut Bo v Cc quyn v li ch ca NTD nm 1993 ca Trung Quc danh trn

mt chng (Chng II gm 9 iu, t iu 7 n iu 15) nu r cc quyn ca

NTD m lut ny bo v. Cc quyn ny c nu kh c th, chi tit, gm cc quyn

sau y:

- Quyn c an ton v ti sn c nhn v thn th trnh khi cc xm phm

trong khi mua bn, s dng hng ho hoc tip nhn cc dch v;

- Quyn c nhn thng tin xc thc v tnh trng v iu kin ca mt hng

m h mua bn s dng hoc dch v m h tip nhn;

- Quyn c t do la chn hng ho dch v hay ngi cung cp;

- Quyn c giao kt hp ng cng bng;

- Quyn c bi thng theo quy nh ca php lut cc thng tn v thn th

hay thit hi ti sn pht sinh khi mua bn s dng hng ho hoc tip nhn dch v;

- Quyn c thnh lp cc t chc x hi nu cao cc quyn v li ch hp

php ca mnh;


28

- Quyn c nhn cc kin thc v tiu dng hay bo v cc quyn v li ch

hp php ca NTD;

- Quyn c tn trng phm gi cng nh cc phong tc tp qun theo bn sc

dn tc khi mua bn s dng hng ho v dch v; v

- Quyn c gim st cc hng ho, dch v cng nh cng tc bo v quyn v

li ch ca NTD.

Nh vy, trong 8 quyn c bn nu trc y theo cc nguyn tc ch o ca

LHQ v Bo v NTD, Lut ca TQ c nu r 6 quyn; loi b cc quyn c tho

mn cc nhu cu thit yu, v quyn c hng mt mi trng lnh mnh; thm vo

cc quyn giao kt hp ng cng bng, quyn c tn trng phm gi v phong tc

tp qun, v quyn gim st cng tc qun l nh nc v bo v NTD.

2.1.4. i Loan

Lut Bo v NTD 1994 ca i Loan khng nu r cc quyn c bn ca NTD.

Tri li, lut ny quy nh v ngha v ca cc bn lin quan m bo, v thc hin

cc quyn . V d, iu 4 & 5 ca lut quy nh rng: Cc doanh nghip kinh doanh

phi quan tm n sc khe, s an ton ca NTD i vi nhng hng ha, dch v do

mnh cung cp, ng thi phi gii thch cho NTD cch s dng hng ha, dch v, m

bo s trung thc trong giao dch, cung cp cho NTD nhng thng tin y , xc thc,

v thc hin cc bin php cn thit bo v quyn li NTD. & Chnh quyn, cc

doanh nghip kinh doanh v NTD phi cng nhau n lc tng cng thng tin tiu

dng v cung cp cc thng tin m NTD s dng qua m bo cch c x ph hp

v hp l ca NTD c chp nhn, m bo c li ch v s an ton ca h.

2.1.5. Chu u

Ch th s 1999/44/EC do Quc hi Chu u v Hi ng Cng ng cc quc

gia Chu u thng qua ngy 25/05/1999 v mt s kha cnh ca vic bn hng ho

tiu dng v cc bo m c lin quan c cp n cc t quyn ca NTD v

quyn c khiu ni v bi thng thit hi nh l tiu ca cc iu 3 v 4 ca

Ch th, nhng khng h nu ln cc quyn c bn ca NTD nh cp cc phn trn.

2.2. Phn tch v nh gi v cc quy nh ca cc nc

Quy nh ca cc quc gia phn tch trn v cc quyn c bn ca NTD c

mt im chung nht l hu ht u tn trng v c gng i st cc quyn ra theo

Cc nguyn tc ch o v bo v NTD ca Lin Hp Quc nm 1985. Nguyn nhn c

bn dn n hin tng ny l ch cc quyn do LHQ nu ra kh ton din v bao

trm c tt c cc vn c lin quan n cng tc bo v NTD, c th c c th


29

ho thnh cc quy nh c th v tiu chun, ngha v ca cc bn lin quan, hay quy

trch nhim php l. Trong trng hp c thiu ht v phm vi hay i tng iu

chnh, th cc quyn ny c th c lun gii thnh cc nguyn tc ch o vic thc

thi lut.

im khc bit gia cc quc gia ny ch yu hai im:

- C quc gia nu vn tt cc quyn c bn ny (nh trng hp ca Lin bang

Nga, hay Thi Lan), c quc gia nu c th v gii thch chi tit (nh trng hp ca

Trung Quc); v

- Cc quc gia chn cc tp hp quyn khc nhau trong s 8 quyn c bn do

LHQ xut a vo lut quc gia ca mnh. im khc bit th hai c th c l

gii l do iu kin thc t, thc h chnh tr v u tin ca tng quc gia. Cc quyn

c hu ht cc quc gia phn tch a vo lut bo v NTD ca h gm c quyn

c an ton, quyn c chn la, quyn c thng tin, quyn c giao kt hp

ng cng bng, quyn c gio dc tiu dng, quyn c khiu ni v bi thng

thit hi, v quyn c i din.

3. Hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng

Hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng (unfair practices in commerce or unfair

commercial practices or unfair business practices) c hiu bao gm hnh vi gy

nhm ln, la di khch hng (fraud, misrepresentation, misleading practices) v cng

bc, lm dng i vi NTD (aggressive practices)3.

Hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng c th pht sinh trong nhiu lnh vc trong

c cc lnh vc nh mua sm hng ho, dch v tiu dng, thu nh , hp ng bo

him, dch v i n thu v.v. Hnh thc ch ti ch yu i vi doanh nghip c hnh

vi thng mi khng cng bng l buc bi thng thit hi, buc bi thng c tnh

trng pht, buc phi tr chi ph php l cho cc kin tng c lin quan ca nguyn

n.

Quy nh v hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng vi t cch l mt nhm quy

phm bo v NTD c nhiu quc gia trn th gii ghi nhn. Mt din tin rt ng

lu l gn y, vo nm 2005, Cng ng cc quc gia Chu u ban hnh Ch th

s 2005/29/EC4.

3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_business_practices

4 Official Journal of the European Union, L149/22 - L149/39, 11th June 2005

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfair_business_practices


30


3.1.1. Chu u

tng c bn ca Ch th s 2005/29/EC l a ra mt mc bo v NTD

hp l trong khi vn m bo quyn li tho ng cho cc doanh nghip. Theo iu 5

ca Ch th ny, mi hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng u b cm. Mt hnh vi

thng mi s b coi l khng cng bng nu: (a) hnh vi tri vi cc yu cu v s

mn cn ngh nghip v (b) hnh vi lm bin dng hoc c kh nng lm bin dng

mt cch c bn hnh vi kinh t ca NTD thng thng lin quan n sn phm.

Ch th ny cn a ra danh sch nhng hnh vi c coi l hnh vi thng mi

khng cng bng trong mi tnh hung trong ph lc I.

- Cc hnh vi thng mi gy nhm ln gm:

+ Hnh ng gy nhm ln (misleading actions) (iu 6): l hnh vi y c

cha ng thng tin sai lch m v th la di hoc c kh nng la di NTD thng

thng khin cho NTD a ra cc quyt nh v giao dch mt cch sai lch m nu

khng c thng tin y NTD a ra quyt nh khc. Cc thng tin b sai lch c th

l thng tin sai lch v: (a) s tn ti hoc bn cht ca sn phm; (b) cc c trng c

bn ca sn phm nh v kh nng sn c ca sn phm, v cc li ch ca sn phm,

v cc ri ro lin quan n sn phm, v thnh phn cu to ca sn phm, v cc ph

tng, ph kin ca sn phm, v cc h tr hu mi, v gii quyt khiu ni, v phng

thc v ngy sn xut, cung ng, giao hng; v s ph hp ca sn phm cho mt mc

ch nht nh hoc cho mt cch s dng nht nh; v s lng, quy cch, phm cht;

v ngun gc a l hoc ngun gc thng mi; v cc kt qu, tc dng d kin t

vic s dng sn phm; cc kt qu hoc c im ch yu ca vic th nghim hoc

kim tra trn sn phm; (c) phm vi cc cam kt ca thng nhn, cc ng lc i vi

hnh vi thng mi, bn cht ca qu trnh bn, cc tuyn b hoc biu tng lin quan

trc tip hoc gin tip n vic bo tr, chp thun, ph chun ca thng nhn hoc

ca sn phm; (d) gi c hoc cch thc tnh gi hoc s tn ti ca hnh thc u i gi

c th; (e) nhu cu v dch v, sa cha, thay th; (f) bn cht, cc thuc tnh v cc

quyn ca thng nhn hoc i l ca thng nhn nh c im nhn dng, ti sn,

bng cp, a v, s chp thun, s gn kt, quan h v s hu cc quyn ti sn thng

mi, cng nghip, tr tu hoc cc gii thng hoc nhng chng nhn v s xut sc

ca mnh; (g) cc quyn ca NTD, bao gm quyn thay th theo Ch th s 1999/44/EC

ca Ngh vin Chu u v ca Hi ng ngy 25/5/1999 v mt s kha cnh c th

ca vic bn hng tiu dng v cc bo m c lin quan hoc cc ri ro m NTD c

th phi i mt.


31

Mt hnh vi thng mi cng b coi l gy nhm ln nu trong bi cnh thc t

tnh ti tt c cc c im hoc tnh hung ca n, hnh vi y lm cho hoc c th lm

cho NTD thng thng a ra cc quyt nh v giao dch m l ra h s khng lm

nh vy v hnh vi y lin quan n: (a) bt k s tip th sn phm no, bao gm c

vic qung co so snh, gy ra s nhm ln vi bt c sn phm, tn thng mi hoc

cc du hiu phn bit khc ca mt i th cnh tranh; (b) s khng tun th bi

thng nhn i vi cc cam kt c ghi trong b quy tc ng x m thng nhn

cam kt tun th, khi m: (i) cam kt y c th kim chng c v (ii) thng nhn ch

dn rng hnh vi thng mi ca thng nhn b rng buc bi b quy tc .

+ Khng hnh ng gy nhm ln (Misleading omissions) (iu 7): Mt

hnh vi thng mi s b coi l gy nhm ln nu, trong bi cnh thc t ca mnh, tnh

ti tt c cc c im, bi cnh v cc gii hn v phng tin truyn thng, hnh vi

y khuyt thiu nhng thng tin trng yu m NTD thng thng cn, theo bi cnh,

a ra quyt nh giao dch mt cch hp l v v th lm cho hoc c kh nng lm

cho cho NTD thng thng a ra cc quyt nh giao dch m l ra h s khng quyt

nh nh vy. Cng c coi l s khng hnh ng gy nhm ln khi, tnh ti cc vn

c m t trn, thng nhn giu hoc cung cp theo mt cch thc khng r

rng, khng r ngha, khng ng thi im nhng thng tin trng yu nh c m

t trn hoc khng thc hin c vic nhn ra nh thng mi ca hnh vi thng

mi nu iu khng r rng on ra t bi cnh, v khi, trong bt c trng hp no,

iu ny lm cho hoc c kh nng lm cho NTD thng thng a ra quyt nh giao

dch m l ra h s khng quyt nh nh vy.

Khi phng tin truyn thng c s dng thng tin v hnh vi thng mi

c p t cc gii hn v khng gian v thi gian, nhng s gii hn ny v bt c bin

php no c thc hin bi thng nhn cung cp thng tin cho NTD bng cc

phng tin khc s c tnh n khi quyt nh xem liu thng tin c b b qun

khng.

Trong trng hp mt li cho mua, thng tin sau y s c coi l trng yu,

nu bi cnh khng lm cho iu l r rng: (a) cc c im chnh ca sn phm,

trong phm vi ph hp vi phng tin v sn phm; (b) a ch v c im nhn din

thng nhn, nh tn thng mi v, khi c p dng, a ch a l, v c im nhn

dng ca thng nhn c i din; (c) gi c bao gm cc khon thu, hoc khi bn

cht sn phm c ngha rng gi c khng th c tnh ton trc mt cch hp l,

cch thc tnh gi, cng nh, khi ph hp, tt c cc khon cc ph vn chuyn, giao

hng, bu in hoc, khi nhng khon ph ny khng c tnh ton trc mt cch

hp l, v thc t l nhng khon ph ph c th s phi thanh ton; (d) cc dn xp

v vic thanh ton, giao hng, thc hin hoc chnh sch x l khiu ni, nu, cc ni


32

dung ny khc vi cc yu cu v s mn cn ngh nghip; (e) cho cc sn phm v

giao dch lin quan ti quyn c rt khi hoc chm dt, s tn ti ca quyn .

Cc yu cu v thng tin c quy nh trong Lut ca Cng ng EU lin quan

n truyn thng thng mi bao gm vic qung co hoc tip th, mt danh sch m

c nu trong Ph lc II, s c coi l trng yu.

- Hnh vi thng mi cng bc hoc lm dng i vi NTD (aggressive

commercial practices): Hnh vi thng mi b coi l cng bc hoc lm dng i vi

NTD, nu, trong bi cnh thc t ca n, tnh ti tt c cc c im v tnh hung,

bng s quy ri, cng bc, bao gm c vic s dng v lc hoc cc nh hng

khng hp l, m hnh vi y lm hi hoc c kh nng lm hi ng k quyn t do la

chn hoc t do hnh x ca NTD lin quan n sn phm v v th lm cho hoc c

th lm cho NTD ra quyt nh v giao dch m l ra NTD khng quyt nh nh

vy (iu 8).

Khi quyt nh xem mt hnh vi thng mi c s dng s quy ri, cng

bc, bao gm c s dng v lc hoc cc nh hng khng hp l, cc kha cnh cn

tnh n gm: (a) thi gian, a im, bn cht hoc tnh lp i lp li; (b) vic s dng

ngn ng/hnh vi c tnh e do hoc lm dng; (c) s li dng ca thng nhn i

vi nhng hon cnh o le, khng may mn mc m c th lm nh hng tiu

cc n s suy xt ca NTD m thng nhn thc, nh hng quyt nh ca

NTD lin quan n sn phm; (d) bt c ro cn ngoi hp ng no do thng nhn p

t trong trng hp NTD mun thc hin cc quyn theo hp ng, bao gm cc

quyn chm dt hp ng hoc chuyn sang sn phm khc hoc thng nhn khc; (e)

bt c s e do no lm cho vic thc hin cc hnh vi bo v quyn li khng thc

hin c (iu 9).

3.1.2. Anh

trin khai cc quy nh trong Ch th s 2005/29/EC, nc Anh cng nh

nhiu quc gia khc trong khi Cng ng cc quc gia Chu u (EU) ban hnh cc

vn bn ni lut ho cc quy nh ca Cng ng Chu u. Theo quy ch v hnh vi

thng mi khng cng bng c ban hnh gn y, rt nhiu loi hnh vi thng mi

nu thng nhn thc hin th s b coi l thc hin hnh vi thng mi khng cng

bng v b cm. Chng hn:

- Cc hnh vi mang tnh cht mo nhn danh ting (falsely claiming

accreditation), v d: (1) tuyn b rng mnh xy dng c mt b quy tc ng x

trong qun tr doanh nghip nhng thc t th khng phi nh vy, (2) tuyn b rng

sn phm ca mnh hoc doanh nghip ca mnh t c mt du hiu, mt chng ch,

mt tiu chun v cht lng, v uy tn no nhng thc t th khng phi nh


33

vy, (3) tuyn b rng b quy tc ng x ang p dng trong doanh nghip ca mnh

c ph duyt bi mt c quan c thm quyn hoc mt c quan, t chc danh ting

no nhng thc t th khng phi nh vy;

- a ra cc thng tin sai lch v gi c, vic nh gi, v sn phm/dch v.

V d: (1) a ra qung co, thng tin, cho bn i vi hng ho, dch v m mnh

khng sn c; (2) a ra thng tin rng s lng hng ho tn li ch cn rt t, cn bn

gp trong mt thi gian hn ch, nhng thc t th khng phi nh vy; (3) a ra thng

tin rng vic bn hng ho, cung ng dch v nh vy l hp php trong khi trn thc t

iu l khng ng; (4) thng tin cho NTD rng h c hng mt c quyn t

vic mua sm hng ho, dch v trong khi trn thc t quyn nng ny php lut

quy nh r NTD c hng; (5) a ra li ha qu mc, chng hn, a ra tuyn b

sai lch rng sn phm c kh nng cha bnh hoc cha cc dng khuyt tt chc

nng; (6) cho bn sn phm nhng ri li t chi giao hng; (7) a ra nhng li tuyn

b c tnh do nt i vi NTD rng nu NTD khng mua sn phm y th c th nh

hng ti an ton cho bn thn NTD hoc gia nh ngi ; (8) to ra nhng th tc

phin phc NTD c th nhn c hng ho mua, thc hin c cc quyn m

hp ng cam kt.

- Cc dng hnh vi khuyn mi: (1) thu vit cc bi bo qung co sn phm

m khng nu r iu cho NTD bit; (2) bn hng gi, hng nhi; (3) tuyn b rng

doanh nghip ang bn hng gii phng hng chun b ng ca nhng thc t

khng phi vy; (4) a ra thng tin sai lch v tnh hnh giao dch hng ho trn th

trng khin cho NTD tin rng vic tm kim, mua sm hng ho s kh khn hn;

(5) cung ng hng ho, dch v ngoi yu cu ca NTD m yu cu NTD thanh ton;

(6) si gi cu - to ra n tng rng thng nhn thc hin hnh vi khng lin quan ti

hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh, trong khi k thc, hnh vi c lin quan ti hot

ng kinh doanh; (7) qung co hng vo tr em.

- Cc hnh vi lin quan ti cnh tranh v trao thng: (1) bn hng a cp

bt chnh; (2) khng trao gii thng cam kt; (3) ghi sai lch rng sn phm l

min ph k thc NTD vn phi tr cc khon chi ph nht nh;

- Bn hng hoc dch v hu mi: quy ri khch hng khch hng phi

mua sn phm; thng tin sai lch v dch v hu mi v.v.

3.1.3. Php

B lut tiu dng ca Php c quy nh kh chi tit v cc hnh vi thng mi

khng cng bng:


34

- Hnh vi la di (gy ra s nhm ln v sn phm, dch v, nhn hiu, tn

thng mi, du hiu phn bit sn phm vi sn phm ca i th cnh tranh; gy

nhm ln v bn cht, tnh nng, cng dng, gi c, phng php tnh gi, dch v hu

mi ca sn phm, dch v, nng lc chuyn mn ca t chc, c nhn kinh doanh; che

giu thng tin c bn v sn phm, dch v nh: c tnh ca sn phm, dch v; tn

gi, a ch ca t chc, c nhn kinh doanh, gi bn v cc khon ph, l ph, thu km

theo; phng thc thanh ton, giao hng, quyn tr li hng ho, dch v) (iu L121-

1). Hnh vi ny b cm. Thng nhn thc hin hnh vi ny c th b pht n 50% chi

ph qung co hoc chi ph thc hin hnh vi gy nhm ln.

- Hnh vi bn hng ho, cung cp dch v m khng c s t hng trc t pha

ngi tiu dng (unsolicited goods, services) (iu L122-3). B lut quy nh r s l

hnh vi vi phm php lut v b cm nu thng nhn gi hng ho, dch v cho ngi

tiu dng ngoi phm vi yu cu ca ngi tiu dng (hoc khi ngi tiu dng khng

c t hng) ri yu cu ngi tiu dng phi thanh ton tin cho cc hng ho, dch v

.

- Hnh vi tip th hng ho, dch v c du hiu lm cho ngi tiu dng tin rng

h s c gim gi nu thu ht c thm ngi khc tham gia vo mng li phn

phi (iu L122-6). Hnh vi ny cng b B lut cm.

- Hnh vi lm dng v tr yu th, s thiu hiu bit ca ngi tiu dng (iu

L122-8). Hnh vi ny b B lut cm. Thng nhn thc hin hnh vi ny s b pht t

n 5 nm (nu l c nhn) hoc b pht tin n 9 ngn EURO hoc c 2 hnh pht

trn.

- Hnh vi quy ri (li ko, kch ng thng xuyn, lp i lp li nhiu ln) lm

hn ch, bin dng quyn t do la chn ca ngi tiu dng, p buc ngi tiu dng

(khin ngi tiu dng khng t nguyn) (iu L122-11). Hnh vi ny b B lut cm

v c th b pht t n 2 nm hoc pht tin n 150 ngn EURO hoc b p dng c

hai hnh pht trn.

3.1.4. c

Ti c, theo o lut v hnh vi thng mi nm 1974 (TPA), hnh vi gy

nhm ln hoc la di (Misleading or deceptive conduct hoc thng ch c gi

l misleading conduct) cng b cm. iu 52 ca o lut ny quy nh r cm cc

cng ty thc hin cc hnh vi gy nhm ln, la di hoc c kh nng gy nhm


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ln, la di5. Cc o lut v thng mi cng bng cc Bang cng c quy nh

tng t i vi hnh vi gy nhm ln hoc la di do cc c nhn thc hin. iu

12DA Lut v y ban Chng khon v u t c nm 2001 cng c quy nh cm cc

hnh vi gy nhm ln hoc la di trong lnh vc dch v ti chnh. Mc ch chnh ca

cc quy nh ny l cung cp mt cng c cn thit bo v NTD bng vic ngn

nga doanh nghip thc hin cc hnh vi gy nhm ln hoc la di khch hng. Tuy

nhin, phm vi p dng ca hc thuyt ny l i vi mi hot ng thng mi. C

mt lot bin php ch ti c quy nh p dng trong trng hp c hnh vi gy

nhm ln hoc la di.

Tuy iu 52 quy nh rng "cng ty khng c, trong qu trnh hot ng

thng mi, thc hin cc hnh vi gy nhm ln, la di hoc c kh nng gy

nhm ln hoc la di" nhng cc c nhn c th phi chu trch nhim v vic vi

phm quy nh ti iu 52 nu c nhn ny cng bit r v vic thc hin hnh vi vi

phm v h tham gia vo vic thc hin hnh vi (theo quy nh ti iu 75B). Mt

hnh vi c b coi l "gy nhm ln" hay khng l vn "thc t" (question of fact).

y l hnh vi thng tin, a ra cc tuyn b khng ph hp vi thc t. Im lng cng

c th coi l hnh vi gy nhm ln trong nhng trng hp nht nh (chng hn nu

l trng hp tn ti ngha v phi tit l thng tin ni cch khc, im lng khng b coi

l hnh vi gy nhm ln tr khi c k vng hp l rng thng tin phi c cng

b).

3.1.5. Singapore

Lut Bo v NTD ca Singapore quy nh v hnh vi khng cng bng nh sau:

iu 4. Mt hnh vi ca nh cung cp c coi l khng cng bng trong quan

h giao dch tiu dng nu nh cung cp: (a) thc hin hoc ni bt c iu g, hoc

khng thc hin hoc khng ni bt c iu g, m v th, NTD thng thng c th b

la di hoc nhm ln; (b) a ra cc khng nh sai lch; (c) li dng NTD nu nh

cung cp bit hoc c th bit rng NTD (i) ang trng thi khng th t bo v

quyn li ca mnh hoc (ii) khng th hiu c c trng, bn cht, ngn ng hoc

h qu ca giao dch hoc cc vn khc lin quan ti giao dch; hoc (d) khng b

gii hn bi cc quy nh khi qut nu ti khon (a) ti (c) thc hin cc hnh vi

nu ph lc II ca Lut ny.

iu 5. (1) Hnh vi khng cng bng c th xy ra trc, trong hoc sau giao

dch tiu dng; (2) Hnh vi khng cng bng c th l hnh vi hnh ng hoc hnh vi

khng hnh ng (omissions); (3) Khi quyt nh xem liu ngi c thc hin hnh

5 Nguyn vn "cng ty khng c, trong qu trnh hot ng thng mi, thc hin cc hnh vi gy nhm ln,

la di hoc c kh nng gy nhm ln hoc la di"


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vi khng cng bng khng cn phi tnh ti cc yu t sau (a) tnh hp l trong hnh

ng ca mt ngi ri vo cng hon cnh; v (b) hnh ng hoc khng hnh ng

bi nhn vin hoc i l hoc ca ngi m c coi l hnh vi ca thng

nhn/ngi y quyn.

3.1.6. Malaysia

Lut Bo v NTD ca Malaysia c mt phn (chng) ring (phn II) quy nh

v cc hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng (t iu 8 n iu 18).

iu 9 ca Lut ny quy nh cm mi thng nhn thc hin hnh vi:

(a) lin quan n hng ha, gy nhm ln hoc di tr hoc c cho l gy

nhm ln hoc di tr i vi x hi v bn cht, quy trnh sn xut, c tnh, mc ch

s dng, hoc s lng hng ha; hoc

(b) lin quan n dch v, gy nhm ln hoc di tr hoc c cho l gy

nhm ln hoc di tr i vi x hi v bn cht, quy trnh sn xut, c tnh, mc ch

s dng, hoc s lng ca dch v

iu 10 ca Lut ny cm mi thng nhn thc hin vic a ra cc tuyn b

sai lch hoc gy nhm ln i vi: (a) hng ha l loi, tiu chun, cht lng, phm

cp, s lng, thnh phn, kiu dng c th; (b) hng ha c lch s c th hoc c qu

trnh s dng trc c xc nh; (c) dch v thuc loi, tiu chun, cht lng

hoc s lng c th; (d) dch v c cung cp bi nh cung cp c th hoc bt k

ngi no bng cch thc kinh doanh, kh nng hoc k nng c th; (e) mt ngi

c th ng nhn hng ha hoc dch v; (f) hng ha mi hoc tn trang; (g) hng

ha c sn xut, ch to, ch bin hoc tn trang ti mt thi im c th; (h)

hng ha hoc dch v c ch ti tr, u i tr li, c chng thc, c c tnh

vn hnh, ph kin, tnh hu ch hoc li ch; (i) ngi c bt k ch ti tr, u i

tr li, chng thc hoc xc nhn; (k) lin quan n s tn ti, loi tr hoc tc ng

ca bt k iu kin, bo hnh, quyn hoc bin php khc phc; hoc (l) lin quan n

ngun gc xut x ca hng ha. ( y: s lng c hiu bao gm cc thng s v

chiu di, b rng, chiu cao, din tch, khi lng, cng sut, th tch v s lng).

iu 12 ca Lut ny quy nh v vic ch dn sai v gi nh sau:

(1) Mt ngi b coi l phm mt khinh ti - (a) Nu anh ta ch dn sai NTD

v gi ca bt k hng ha hoc dch v no; hoc (b) Nu ch dn ca ngi cho

NTD v gi hng ha hoc dch v v sau khng tin hnh cc bc cn thit

ngn khng NTD tin theo ch dn .


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(2) Theo tiu mc (1), s khng phn bit (a) d ngi a ra ch dn trn danh

ngha ca anh ta hay i din cho ngi khc; (b) d ngi a ra ch dn l mt ngi

hay thuc mt nhm ngi c sn phm hoc dch v; (c) d ch dn gy nhm ln cho

tt c nhng NTD c cung cp hay ch mt vi trong s .

(3) Theo quy nh ca mc ny, mt ch dn gy nhm ln cho NTD v gi hoc

cch thc xc nh gi nu iu m ch dn truyn t hoc iu m NTD c th mong

i mt cch hp l c suy ra t ch dn hoc bt k s b qun no t n, bao gm:

(a) gi hoc cch tnh khng nh thc t vn c ca n; (b) gi hoc cch tnh khng

da trn thc t hoc nhng vn m thc t n phi cn c vo; (c) gi hoc cch

tnh tnh c nhng vn c tnh b sung; (d) mt ngi trn thc t khng c

mong i cho rng: (i) gi tng hoc gim bt k ti thi im nht nh hoc theo

mt lng nht nh; (ii) gi, hoc gi tng hoc gim, tu vo trng hp, c duy

tr bt k ti mt giai on nht nh no; (iii) phng php c thay th cho d ti

mt thi im nht nh no; (iv) phng php hoc phng php c thay th, ty

trng hp, c duy tr cho d ti mt giai on nht nh no; (e) v thc t hoc

hon cnh m NTD c th mong mun mt cch hp l rng gi tr ca bt k s so

snh no c to bi hoc suy ra t ch dn khng nh trn thc t.

(4) Theo quy nh ca tiu mc (3)(e), s so snh l s so snh lin quan n gi

hoc phng thc xc nh gi, ty tng trng hp c th, nu l s so snh gia

gi hoc cch tnh gi hoc bt k gi no c xc nh bi cch v (a) bt k

gi hoc gi tr no c tuyn b hay ng hoc c quy cho hng ha hoc dch v

c ni n; hoc (b) bt k cch thc no c tuyn b, ng hoc c th c p

dng xc nh gi hoc gi tr ca hng ha hoc dch v c ni n, hoc gi

hoc gi tr ca bt k hng ha, dch v no khc.

iu 13 ca Lut ny quy nh vic qung co mang tnh quy nhiu nh sau:

(1) Khng ngi no c qung co cung cp mt hng ha dch v vi gi c th m

ngi (a) khng d tnh ngh cung cp; hoc (b) khng c cn c ng tin cy

no cho rng c th c cung cp, vi gi trong thi hn v vi s lng m c

th hp l i vi th trng m ngi tin hnh hot ng kinh doanh v bn cht

ca qung co.

iu 14 ca Lut ny quy nh v vic tng qu, trao gii thng v cho

hng min ph, v.v. nh sau: (1) Khng ngi no c cho hng vi bt k qu tng,

gii thng hoc cc mn min ph khc- (a) m c khng cung cp chng; hoc

(b) c khng cung cp nh cho hng.

(2) Khng ngi no c cho hng vi bt k qu tng, gii thng hoc mn

min ph khc cho vic mua bt k hng ha hoc dch v no cho d c ph thuc


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vo vic mua hng hoc dch v khc hay khng (a) tnh gi cao hn gi thng thng

i vi hng ha v dch v c mua; hoc (b) gim cht lng hoc s lng hng

ha hoc dch v c mua.

(3) Mt ngi ngh qu tng, gii thng hoc cc mn min ph c th p

t nhng iu kin hp l cho li ngh

(4) Khi mt ngi p t iu kin cho li ngh ca mnh, anh ta s - (a) phi

m t r rng iu kin; (b) bo m rng iu kin phi r rng gn vi khi nim

min ph hoc li ngh min ph, ty tng trng hp c th; v (c) bo m

rng dung lng cho vic m t iu kin phi t nht bng mt na dung lng dnh

cho vic din t min ph hoc li ngh min ph.

(5) Theo mc tiu ca mc ny: "min ph" hoc "li ngh min ph" bao

gm bt k s th hin no c ngha tng ng; "gi thng thng" l gi ca hng

ha hoc dch v tng t thng c bn trn th trng.

3.1.7. Thi Lan

Lin quan n vic iu chnh hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng, Lut Bo

v NTD ca Thi Lan ch tp trung iu chnh 2 loi hnh vi chnh l: (1) qung co

gian di v (2) ghi nhn gian di.

iu 22 Lut Bo v NTD ca Thi Lan quy nh: cm vic thc hin cc hnh

vi qung co cha ng tuyn b khng cng bng vi NTD hoc gy hi cho x hi

bt k l hnh vi v ngun gc, iu kin, cht lng, m t hng ho, dch v hoc

th tc mua sm, giao hng, cch s dng hng ho, dch v. Nhng tuyn b nh sau

s b coi l khng cng bng vi NTD hoc c hi cho x hi: (1) tuyn b khng ng

s tht hoc qu mc s tht; (2) tuyn b gy ra s hiu lm v nhng yu t thit yu

lin quan n hng ho/dch v, bao gm c trng hp a ra tuyn b da trn cc

bn bo co k thut, s liu thng k hoc bt c th g khng ng s tht hoc b

thi phng; (3) tuyn b trc tip hoc gin tip khuyn khch vic thc hin cc hnh

vi bt hp php hoc v o c hoc hnh vi gy nh hng tiu cc ti vn ho dn

tc; (4) tuyn b gy mt on kt trong cng chng; (5) cc hnh vi khc c quy

nh trong quy ch ca B trng. Tuyn b m ngi bnh thng cng bit rng iu

khng th l s tht u b cm theo quy nh ca khon 1 k trn.

3.1.8. Canada

Lut Bo v NTD ca Bang Quebec dnh hn 1 phn quy nh v hnh vi

thng mi khng cng bng (phn II) t iu 215 n iu 243.


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iu 218 ca Lut ny quy nh xc nh liu c hay khng c mt tuyn b

to ra mt hnh vi cm, phi tnh n ngha en ca nhng iu khon c s dng

trong tuyn b , nu c.

Tuyn b khng ng s tht (iu 219): Cm thng nhn, nh sn xut hoc

ngi qung co a ra tuyn b khng ng s tht hoc gy hiu nhm i vi

NTD d bng bt k cch no.

iu 220. Mi thng nhn, nh sn xut, nh qung co u khng c php,

d bng bt c hnh thc no, gy sai lc trong vic: a) xc quyt rng hng ho, dch

v c mt c tnh u vit no ; b) m bo rng vic th c hoc s dng hng ho,

dch v y s mang li mt li ch v ti chnh no ; (c) bo m rng vic th c

hoc s dng hng ho hoc dch v s a n hoc bo m nhng quyn nng,

hoc ngha v no .

Hnh vi b cm lin quan n cht lng hng ho/dch v (iu 221): Khng

thng nhn, nh sn xut hoc nh qung co no, d bng bt c cch thc no, c

php gy sai lc trong vic: a) bo m rng hng ho, dch v c nhng ph tng, ph

kin nht nh; b) bo m rng hng ho c khi lng, kch c, dung tch nht nh;

c) bo m rng hng ho ph hp vi mt tiu chun nht nh; d) tuyn b rng

hng ho thuc mt chng loi, mt mu, mt loi hoc mt nm sn xut nht nh;

e) bo m rng hng ho l mi, sa cha li hoc s dng n mt mc nht

nh; f) bo m rng hng ho c mt lch s s dng no hoc c s dng

cho mt mc ch nht nh; g) xc quyt v nhng c trng nht nh trong vic thc

hin i vi hng ho, dch v.

- Hnh vi b cm (iu 222): Khng thng nhn, nh sn xut, nh qung co

no c php, d bng bt c cch thc no, gy sai lc trong vic: a) nu ra trng

hp c th cho bn hng ho, dch v; b) lm mt uy tn hng ho, dch v c cho

bn bi ngi khc; c) bo m rng hng ho hoc dch v c lm mi; d) bo

m rng hng ho c ch to theo mt phng php sn xut c bit; e) bo m

rng hng ho hoc dch v l cn thit thay th mt phn hoc phc v vic sa

cha no ; f) bo m rng hng ho hoc dch v c mt ngun gc a l c th; g)

ch dn v s lng hng ho, dch v c th cung ng.

- Gi khuyn mi phi c ch dn r (iu 223): thng nhn phi ch dn r

(n mc c th c c) v gi khuyn mi trn tt c cc loi hng ho, hoc trn

bao b hng ho (nu hng ho b ng gi) c a ra cho bn khuyn mi.

- Hnh vi b cm lin quan n gi (iu 224-225): thng tin sai theo bt c

cch thc no rng khin cho NTD phi tr gi cao hn gi qung co; a ra thng


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tin sai v vic gim gi; ch dn sai v gi thng p dng; lm cho NTD tin rng gi

hin ti l mt u th.

- T chi bo hnh (iu 226-227): vic t chi bo hnh m thng nhn/nh

sn xut cam kt u b cm. Vic a ra thng tin gian di v ch bo hnh,

phm vi, thi hn bo hnh u b cm.

- Cc hnh vi b cm khc: Thng tin sai v ngha v ca ngi mua hng (iu

228); Khng tit l yu t trng yu (iu 228); a ra thng tin sai lc c hi kinh

doanh ca thng nhn, nh sn xut, nh qung co (iu 229); Yu cu NTD thanh

ton tin cho cc mt hng ngoi yu cu ca NTD (iu 230).

3.2. Phn tch v nh gi quy nh ca cc nc

C th thy rng, ch nh v hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng c quy

nh kh ph bin trong Lut Bo v NTD ca nhiu quc gia. V c bn, c 3 dng

hnh vi thng mi khng cng bng b cm l:

(1) Nhng hnh vi cung cp cc thng tin sai s tht, gy nhm ln (v bt c

vn g lin quan n giao dch tiu dng nh lin quan n nhn thn ca thng

nhn, lin quan n bn thn hng ho, dch v, lin quan n bn cht giao dch, lin

quan ti cc quyn v ngha v ca cc ch th c lin quan n hp ng, lin quan

n gi c, lin quan n ch hu mi v.v.);

(2) Nhng hnh vi che giu hoc khng cung cp y nhng thng tin cn

thit cho NTD khin NTD khng c thng tin cn thit cho vic ra cc quyt nh

lin quan n giao dch tiu dng;

(3) Thc hin cc hnh vi mang tnh cng bc, lm dng i vi NTD.

y u l nhng hnh vi lm cho quan h mua sm hng ho, dch v trn th

trng tr nn bt cng, xm phm trc tip quyn li ca NTD. Chnh v th, khi xy

dng Lut Bo v NTD Vit Nam trong tng lai, nhng nhm hnh vi nh vy cn

c quy nh.

4. Hp ng tiu dng


4.1.1. Chu u

EU ban hnh nhiu ch th lin quan n NTD nhm khuyn co cc nc

thnh vin m bo thc hin trong cc quy nh php lut ca mnh. Mt trong nhng


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Ch th ng ch nht l Ch th s 1999/44/EC ca Ngh vin Chu u v Hi ng

Chu u ngy 25 thng 5 nm 1999 v vic bn hng ha cho NTD v bo hnh km

theo (sau y gi tt l Ch th). Ch th khng a ra mt quy nh mang tnh c th

v Hp ng tiu dng m quy nh nhng vn mang tnh nguyn tc. Tuy nhin,

nhm m bo quyn li NTD, mt s ni dung trong cc quy nh ca Ch th cng c

cp n ch nh hp ng.

Ti iu 2 ca Ch th v Vic tun th theo hp ng quy nh rng ngi

bn phi cung cp hng ha cho NTD theo nhng iu khon trong hp ng mua bn

v a ra cc tiu ch c coi l tun theo hp ng nh: a) tun theo ng vi

nhng miu t m ngi bn a ra v t cht lng hng ha sn phm m ngi bn

cho mi vi NTD nh hng mu; b) Ph hp vi mc ch c th m NTD cn v

nhng g NTD cho ngi bn bit ti thi im giao kt hp ng v ngi bn chp

nhn; c) ph hp vi mc ch s dng cho nhng ci m hng ha cng loi c th s

dng c;

Khon 5, iu 3 cng a ra mt s trng hp m NTD c th yu cu gim

gi hoc hy hp ng nh: trong trng hp NTD khng chp nhn sa cha hoc i

mi; ngi bn khng hon thnh bin php n b trong thi gian hp l, hoc; ngi

bn khng thc hin bin php m khng trnh khi vic gy nh hng ln n NTD.

So sánh một số luật BVNTD trên thế giới và đề xuất cho Việt Nam

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Transcript of So sánh một số luật BVNTD trên thế giới và đề xuất cho Việt Nam