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dr. Dea Amanda dr. Dea Amanda Program Studi Ilmu Program Studi Ilmu
KeperawatanKeperawatanUnitri MalangUnitri Malang
Axial Skeleton
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The Axial & Appendicular The Axial & Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton
Slide 5.20b
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.6
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Axial Skeleton..: Tdd tulang2 yg
membentuk sumbu tubuh
• Fungsi:Fungsi:menyokong & melindungi organ2 di kepala, leher, & batang tubuh
Axial : Skull 22 Auditory ossicles 6 Hyoid bone 1 Vertebral column 26 Ribs and sternum 25
----80
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Tengkorak.. (=skull)Tersusun dr:
– Tulang kranial (8)– Tulang fasial (14)
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1. Kranium..1. Kranium..• Membungkus & melindungi otakTdd:Tdd:• Os frontalis (1) –anterior roof• Os parietalis (2) -sides• Os temporalis (2) –lower sides• Os occipitalis (1) –posterior & inferior• Os sphenoidalis (1) -floor• Os ethmoidalis (1) –walls of nasal cavity
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Os Frontalis..Os Frontalis..
Membentuk: – dahi, – langit2 rongga
hidung, – langit2 orbita
Os frontalis
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Os Os Parietalis..Parietalis..• Membentuk:
– Sisi & langit2 kranium
• Sutura:Coronal frontoparietalSagital parietoparietalLambdoidea occipitoparietalSkuamosa temporoparietal
Os parietalis
Sutura coronal
Sutura lambdoidea
Sutura sagital
Sutura skuamosa
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Os Occipitalis..Os Occipitalis..
Os occipitalis
• Membentuk:– Dasar & belakang
kranium• Foramen Foramen
magnummagnum: – Pintu oval besar– Mghubungkan
rongga kranial-spinal
Foramen magnum
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Os Temporalis..Os Temporalis..Os temporalis• Membentuk:
– Dasar & sisi kranium
• Prosesus Prosesus mastoideus:mastoideus:– Tonjolan
membulat, – mudah teraba
di blkg telinga Prosesus mastoide
us
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Os Os Ethmoidalis..Ethmoidalis..
Os ethmoidalis
• Membentuk:– Cavum orbita– Penyanga cavum
nasalis
Os Os Sphenoidalis..Sphenoidalis..
• Berbentuk spt kelelawar dg sayap terbentang
• Membentuk:Membentuk:– Dasar anterior
kraniumOs
sphenoidalis
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2. Tulang-Tulang Wajah..2. Tulang-Tulang Wajah..• ≠ bersentuhan dg
otak
Tdd:Tdd:• Mandibula• Os vomer• Maxilla (2)• Os nasalis (2)
• Os lacrimalis (2)• Os pallatina (2)• Os zygomaticum (2)• Konka inferior nasalis
(2)
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Os nasalis..Os nasalis..• Membentuk:
– Bagian superior hidung
Os zygomaticum..Os zygomaticum..• Membentuk:
– Tonjolan pipi
Os nasalis
Os zygomaticum
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Maxilla..Maxilla..• =Rahang atas
Mandibula..Mandibula..• =rahang bawah• Bagian2:
– Corpus mandibula– Angulus mandibula– Ramus mandibula– Prosesus kondilaris
Maxilla
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Corpus mandibulaAngulus
mandibula
Ramus mandibula
Prosesus kondilaris
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Os vomer..Os vomer..• Membentuk:
– Septum nasalis– Bagian tengah langit2
Konka nasalis Konka nasalis inferior..inferior..
Os lacrimalis..Os lacrimalis..• Diantara os ethmoidalis-
maxilla• Trdpt celah u/ lintasan
duktus lakrimalis
Os vomer
Konka nasalis inf
Os lacrimalis
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Os Pallatina..Os Pallatina..• Membentuk dinding dr 3 rongga:
– Dasar & lateral rongga nasal– Dasar rongga orbita– Atap rongga mulut
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Auditory Ossicles• Di dlm os temporalis• Tdd:
– Malleus– Incus– Stapes
• menyalurkan suara dr telinga luar ke telinga dalam
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Os Hyoid• Di leher anterior• Berbentuk tapal
kuda• ≠ berartikulasi
dg tulang lain• Supports:
– Lidah (superior)– Larynx (inferior)
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Columna Vertebralis• Fungsi:
– Menyokong & memungkinkan gerakan kepala & badan
– Tempat melekatnya otot– Melindungi medulla spinalis– Tempat lewatnya nervi spinalis
• Tdd:– Vertebrae servikalis (7)– Vertebrae thorakalis (12)– Vertebrae lumbalis (5)– Os sacrum (5 fused)– Os coccygeus (4 fused)
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Columna Vertebralis..
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Vertebrae dipisahkan o/ discus intervertebralis
N: Memiliki kurvatura
Diberi nama ~ sesuai dg lokasinya
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Struktur Vertebrae..Struktur Vertebrae..• Corpus vertebraeCorpus vertebrae
– Menyangga sebagian besar berat tubuh
• Arcus vertebraeArcus vertebrae (=neural arch)– Tdd: 2 pedikel & 1
lamina– Membungkus foramen foramen
vertebralisvertebralis
Corpus vertebra
e
Pediculus arcus
vertebrae
Lamina arcus
vertebrae
Foramen vertebralis
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Struktur Struktur Vertebrae..Vertebrae..• Prosesus Spinosus
– Menonjol dr lamina ke inferoposterior
– Tempat perlekatan otot• Prosesus
transversus– Menonjol ke lateral
• Prosesus artikularis– Superior & inferior– u/ berartikulasi dg
vertebra lain
Proc. spinosus
Proc. transversus
Proc. articularis
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Vertebrae Servicalis..Vertebrae Servicalis..• Corpus vertebrae:
kecil, persegi pjg • Foramen vertebralis:
besar & triangular• Processus spinosus: horizontal, pendek,
berujung 2 (C2 – C6)• Processus transversus: pendek & bercabang,
foramen transversarium (+)
Foramen transversariu
m
Tampak cranialTampak cranial
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Atypical vertebrae.. Atypical vertebrae.. • Atlas (C1)
– ≠ memiliki corpus vertebrae & prosesus spinosus
– Fovea dentis: u/artikulasi dg C2
Tampak cranialTampak cranial
Tampak caudalTampak caudal
Fovea dentis
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• Axis (C2):Axis (C2):Memiliki dens axis berartikulasi dg fovea dentis (C1)
Tampak cranial Tampak cranial dorsaldorsal
Tampak Tampak ventralventral
Dens Dens axisaxis
C1 & C2 C1 & C2 tampak tampak dorsaldorsal
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• Vertebra prominens(C7):– Prosesus spinosus
panjang, ≠ bercabang – Terlihat pd pangkal
leheru/hitung proc.spinosus
cervical-thoracal
Tampak cranialTampak cranial
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Vertebrae Thoracalis..Vertebrae Thoracalis..• Corpus vertebrae:
berbentuk hati, fovea costalis superior & inferior (+)
• Foramen vertebralis: >> kecil & >> bulat
• Processus spinosus: pjg, mengarah ke kaudal• Processus transversus: fovea costalis (+)
Tampak Tampak laterallateral
TampaTampak k
cranialcranial
Fovea costali
s
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Vertebrae Lumbalis..Vertebrae Lumbalis..• Corpus vertebrae:
besar, berbentuk ginjal
• Foramen vertebralis: >> kecil & triangular
• Processus spinosus:
horizontal, tebal, di samping agak datar
Tampak Tampak lateral lateral dorsaldorsal
Tampak Tampak cranialcranial
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SCOLIOSISSCOLIOSIS• Lateral curvature of
the spine• Idiopathic
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?? ?
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Os Os Sacrum..Sacrum..
• Tulang triangular– Basisberartikulasi
dg L5– Apex dg Os Os coccygeuscoccygeus
• Crista sacralis medial = proc. Spinosus Crista sacralis
medial
Os coccygeusTampak Tampak dorsaldorsal
Tampak Tampak ventralventral
Os sacrum
Basis ossis sacri
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SternumSternum.. .. • Bagian2:
– Manubrium sterni– Corpus sterni– Prosesus
xiphoideus★ Angulus sterni: the junction of
manubrium-corpus, which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally
Manubrium sterni
Prosesus xiphoide
us
Corpus sterni
Angulus
sterni
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Angulus Sterni..Angulus Sterni..
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Costae..Costae..General featuresGeneral features
– Ribs 1~7 :true ribs (=costae vera)
– Ribs 8~10 :false ribs (=costae spuria)
– Ribs 11~12 :floating ribs (=costae fluctuantes)
Corpus costae
Caput costae
Tuberculum
costae
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Continued..Continued..To BeTo Be