Sistem Pencernaan 1
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FAALSISTEM PENCERNAAN
RachmaniyahJurusan Kesling Surabaya Politeknik Kesehatan Surabaya
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ORGAN SISTEM PENCERNAAN
Meliputi : 1. Mulut + Kelenjar Saliva2. Pharynx3. Esophagus 4. Lambung5. Usus Halus (Duodenum,jejunum,ileum)6. Colon – Sigmoid – Rectum – Anus 7. Pancreas (Fungsi Eksokrin)8. Hepar9. Kandung Empedu
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Proses dalam Sistem pencernaan :
Makanan + air
sekresi Pencernaan
motilitas absorbsi V. porta
hepar
V.hepatika
Feses V. Cava Inferior
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SIFAT UMUMDinding UsusLapisan: dari luar ke dalam 1. Serosa 2. Otot longitudinal3. Otot sirkuler 4. Sub mukosa 5. Mukosa
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MULUT
Proses pencernaan secara :
- Mekanik : mastikasi - Kimia : bantuan saliva (enzim ptyalin)
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Proses sekresi di mulut
Saliva sekresi : 1,0 – 1,5 liter/hari pH : 6-7,4 ( pH optimum enzim ptyalin) Osmolaritas : hypotonic
Fase sekresi - Fase sefalik - Fase buccal - Fase Gastrointestinal
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Fungsi Saliva
Menetralkan keasaman makanan Melarutkan makanan- merangs Taste Bud Melembabkan mulut Mengandung : - Mukus : f/ melumatkan makanan- Alpha amilase (ptyalin) : f/ mencerna amilum- Anti bakteri : lisosime, thiosianat, antibodi- Elektrolit: Na, K, Cl, H
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Fungsi Lidah
Mendorong makanan ke permukaan kunyah Mencampur makanan - saliva Memilih makanan yang halus - ditelan Membersihkan sisa makanan Membantu proses bicaraMembantu proses menelan
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Fungsi Mastikasi
1. Mencegah kerusakan mukosa2. Mencerna cellulose 3. Memperluas permukaan makanan – enzim
bekerja lebih efektif 4. Merangsang sekresi saliva5. Mencampur makanan – saliva 6. Mempengaruhi pertumbuhan jaringan
mulut Proses mastikasi : proses reflek (strecth reflex)
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Penelanan (Deglutition / Swallowing)
Proses penelanan : - proses reflekTerbagi dalam 2 stadium1. Stadium Volunter 2. Stadium Involunter a. Stadium faringeal b. Stadium oesofageal
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a. Stadium pharyngeal - Palatum molle menutup nasofaring - Epiglottis menutup laring - Sfingter faringoesofageal relaksasi - Timbul gelombang peristaltic di pharyng - Napas berhenti sejenak
* Proses berlangsung selama 1-2 detik
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b. Stadium oesophageal : 1. Peristaltik primer : - lanjutan peristaltik dari faryng 2. Peristaltik sekunder : - timbul bila peristaltic primer tidak sp lambung mkn meregang dinding rangs Auerbach / reflek vagus * Proses : 5-10 detik * Dipengaruhi gaya gravitasi
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Refleks Gastrokolik
Signal dari Lambung (mis. Lambung yg terisi makanan / irritasi ) menimbulkan refleks di kolon (meningkatkan gerakan kolon: gerak mass)
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Refleks myenterikTimbul : bila usus terisi makanan merangs Miesnerr / Auerbachrefleks gerak usus - refleks sekresi usus
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Refleks Enterogastrik Signal dari usus, mis: - usus penuh / infeksi / irritasi - mengandung banyak protein, lemak - osmol, pH belum netral timbul refleks hambatan pengosongan lambung
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. Refleks Kolonoileal- Signal dari kolon ( mis. Kolon yg penuh /
infeksi / irritasi) timbul refleks hambatan pengosongan ileum
Refleks defekasiTimbul bila: Rektum terisi feses
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Proses Defekasi
Feses Rectum
Distensi
• Nafas dalam • Kontraksi dada perut• Mendorong dasar pelvis
Transmisi ke spinal cordMerangsang sistem syaraf afferen
Pleks.Auerbach
Gelombang peristaltik• Kolon• Sigmoid• Rektum
Memperkuat Lewat parasimpatis
Anus • Receptive relaxation sphincter ani int • Relaksasi sfingter ani eks
(dengan kemauan) Defekasi
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Macam gerakan saluran cerna
Prinsip:1. Propulsive Movement peristaltik 2. Mixing Movement
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Kontraksi Tonik
Kontraksi terus menerus : sphincterFungsi : memberikan tahananTerjad akibat seri spike potential
Kontraksi Ritmik
Frekuensi : 3-12 kali/menitMisal : gelombang peristaltic
gelombang mencampur Terjadi akibat slow wave
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Vaskularisasi cerna
Sirkulasi Splanchnic
Usus
Lien
Liver
Pancreas
V. Porta sinusoid hepar
V. Hepatica V.Cava Inferior
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Hormon pencernaan1. H.Gastrin : ~ disekresi di antrum (sel G) ~ rangs sekresi : - bila ada makanan masuk lambung ( t.u daging) - asetilkolin, parasimpatis, vagus - regangan dinding lambung
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Effek Gastrin
Merangsang 1. Peningkatan gerak lambung2. Pengosongan lambung3. Relaksasi sfingter ileosekal4. Gerak mass5. Sekresi getah lambung6. Sekresi getah pankreas
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Hormon Kholesistokinin~ disekresi di duodenum (sel i)~ rangs sekresi : bila duodenum isi lemak~ effek : - menghambat pengosongan lambung - merangsang gerak usus - merangs kontraksi kandung empedu - merangs sekresi empedu - merangs sekresi enzim pankreas
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Hormon Sekretin~ sekresi di duodenum (sel S)~ rangs sekresi : bila isi duodenum asam~ effek : - menghambat pengosongan lambung - menghambat gerak usus - merangs sekresi elektrolit pankreas
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Rangsangan sekresi
- hormonal - saraf pusat : nuclei salivatorius melalui :
n. facialis kelj. submandibular
kelj. sublingualis n. glossopharyngeus kelenjar parotis
- obat-obatan
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Proses Pencernaan di mulut : PtyalinAmilum Polisakarid
Proses Absorbsi di Mulut
- hanya untuk obat-obatan Gangguan di Mulut - Mulut kering : mudah infeksi - Kekurangan saliva: Xerostomia mudah caries gigi
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OESOPHAGUSFungsi : - tempat lewat mkn dari mulut lambung - (tak ada sekresi enzim tak ada pencernaan) - ada sekresi mukus : - pelicin - proteksi mukosa salivamakanan Bolus mastikasi
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Proses penelanan• Melibatkan Nervus V, IX, X dan XII• Saat menelan : - udara ikut tertelan : Aerophagia - Udara dikeluarkan kembali : Ruktus - Udara dikeluarkan mell anus : Flatus
Proses absorpsi Oesophagus
- Tidak ada absorpsi
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Sfingter Kardia = Sfingter gastroesofageal
- bukan otot sphincter - tetapi punya tonus yang tinggi berfungsi menyerupai sphincter
- Fungsi : mencegah kembalinya (refluks) isi lambung ke oesophagus
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Gangguan Oesophagus
- Gangguan proses menelan - gangguan otot / saraf
mis: - Poliomyelitis pd N. V, IX, X, XII
- Encephalitis - Anastesi
- Myastenia gravis - Botulism
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Achalasia - sebab : tidak ada pleksus Auerbach - kegagalan relaksasi sfingter Kardia - menimbulkan Mega Oesophagus - Tersering di daerah : Kardia