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22222 TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba #6(30)

siciliuri urika

`antimafiuri pastoralis~ aucilebloba

leoluka orlandoleoluka orlandoleoluka orlandoleoluka orlandoleoluka orlando

sapatriarqo xels afarebs

religiur eqstremizms

sozar subarisozar subarisozar subarisozar subarisozar subari

ivnisi, 2004

Sinaarsi

#6(30)

310

47

Tavisufleba

ra aris samarTliani sasamarTlo28

kanoni `kanonieri qurdebis~ winaaRmdeg15

kardinali papalardokardinali papalardokardinali papalardokardinali papalardokardinali papalardo

irakli kotetiSviliirakli kotetiSviliirakli kotetiSviliirakli kotetiSviliirakli kotetiSvili

maiko oqruaSvilimaiko oqruaSvilimaiko oqruaSvilimaiko oqruaSvilimaiko oqruaSvili

TavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisuflebaTavisufleba#6(30) 33333

siciliuri

urika

leoluka orlando

siciliuri renesansis institutis prezidenti

kanonierebis kultura – sityvaTa SeTanxmeba,

romelic sityvebis TamaSis STabeWdilebas

tovebs. iseTi TamaSisa, romelic or sxvadasxva

realobas asaxavs: erTis mxriv, madliani da

tkbili warsuli da meores mxriv,

winaaRmdegobrivi da civi awmyo. mokled,

sityvebis STambeWdavi TamaSia.

swored sityvaTa am wyobaSi Cadebuli azri

miiCnia 2002 wels gaerTianebuli erebis

organizaciam danaSaulis prevenciisaTvis

brZolis prioritetad.

ufro metic, palermos xelaxali dabadeba

gaerom msoflios xuTi kontinentisaTvis

kanonierebis kulturis propagandis

samagaliTo modelad da simbolod gamoacxada.


ra moxda palermoSi da zogadad

siciliaSi saukunis da aTaswleulis

miwuruls?

siciliis ZirZvelma mcxovreblebma miiRes

gadawyvetileba, yovelgvari Zaladobis

gareSe, dapirispirebodnen Zaladobasa da

iseT aracivilizebul movlenas,

rogoricaa mafia.

moqalaqeTa xmamaRali `ara~ sikvdiliT

dasjas, sapatio moqalaqis wodebis

miniWeba msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi

sikvdilmisjilTaTvis (miuxedavad

mizezisa, radgan aravis aqvs mkvlelobis

ufleba, maT Soris arc saxelmwifos),

sapatio moqalaqis wodebis miniWeba me-14

dalai lamasaTvis, devnili qurTi

xalxisadmi solidarobis koncertis

gamarTva, nobelis premiis lauriatebis –

devid trimblisa da jon hiumisaTvis

sapatio moqalaqeobis miniWeba, massimos

Teatris aRdgena da xelaxali amoqmedeba,

aTwleulebis manZilze gapartaxebuli

qalaqis umSvenieresi centris

reabilitacia – es iyo kargad gaazrebuli

da harmoniuli kulturuli progrmis

Semadgeneli elementebi, romlebic

viTarca didi mozaikis patara kenWebi

qmnidnen erTian suraTs. damerwmuneT, es

srulebiTac ar aris periferiuli adminis-

traciis saqmianobisadmi protagonistuli

damokidebulebis gamoxatuleba.

Cvenma gamocdilebam daamtkica, rom mas

Teoriisa da modelis Rirebuleba aqvs da,

rom umuSevrobis winaaRmdeg aRtkinebuli

aqciebis gamarTva saxelmwifo

dawesebulebis saxuravebze, sanagve

yuTebis gadabruneba da gzebis gadaketva,

siciliuri dialeqtisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli mowodebebiT – `Cven am

saqmes dRis bolomde movagvarebT~, –

brZolis erTaderTi saSualeba ar aris.

Cveni es gamocdileba, dRes msoflioSi

vrceldeba da siciliuri renesansis insti-

tuti erTgulad avrcelebs pozitiuri

liderobis gamocdilebas, romelic

demokratiisa da kanonierebis tandems

efuZneba.

udavo WeSmaritebaa, rom demokratiasa da

mSvidobas Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobs.

isic ar aris sakamaTo, rom mSvidoba

erTob mniSvnelovani saqmea saimisod, rom

misi dacva mxolod samxedroebs mivandoT.

palermos magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom

demokratia da kanoniereba erTmaneTTan

aseve mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli, da rom

kanonireba metismetad mniSvnelovania

saimisod, rom misi dacva mxolod

policiasa da prokuraturas mivandoT.

siciliuri, orborbliani urika aris

modeli, romelic TvalsaCinoebisaTvis

gamodgeba. urika, romlis erTi borbali

kultura, xolo meore – kanonierebaa.

urika, romlis borblebma erTdroulad

unda itrialon, radgan Tu erTi borbali

gaCerda, urika adgilze daiwyebs trials.

ara aqvs mniSvneloba, romeli borbali

SeCerdeba – kulturisa Tu kanonierebis,

urika wreze itrialebs da es erTob

saxaliso sanaxaoba iqneba... romelime

mafiuri bosisaTvis.

qalaqis merad Cemi muSaobis dasawyisSi


(oTxmociani wlebis bolos) me, iseve

rogorc qalaqis sxva merebs, aRmiqvamdnen

rogorc policiels an prokurors,

romelic gauTaveblad laparakobs

danaSaulsa da sasjelze... urika ki

adgilidan ar iZvroda. misi orive borbali

Rrmad iyo Cafluli SiSisa da SeTqmulebis

WaobSi. magram me uryevad mwamda, rom

raRaciT unda damewyo da urika

moZraobaSi momeyvana.

uSiSari policielebisa da magistratori

moxeleebis meSveobiT moxerxda

kanonierebis borblis amoZraveba, magram

me Cems mTavar amocanas urikis orive

borblis Tanabari siswrafiT amoZravebaSi

vxedavdi.

da marTlac, orive borbali Tanabrad

amoZravda da erT dros CamorCenili

palermo Tavad iqca sxvaTa resursad da

magaliTad.

oTxmocian wlebSi, yovelwliurad 240/250

mkvleloba, romelic mafias ukavSirdeboda

(Tanac mxolod palermoSi), 2000 wlisaTvis

rva SemTxvevamde davida. Tanac am rvidan

arcerTi aRar ukavSirdeboda mafias.


oTxmocian wlebSi mavanni ambobdnen, rom

palermoSi demokratia da Tavisufali

sabazro ekonomikaa. me ar vici, ra demokrati-

asa da Tavisufal bazars xedavdnen iq,

sadac mTel ekonomikas mafiozebi

ganagebdnen da nebismier palermoels

hyavda megobari an naTesavi, romelic

mafiuri garCevebis msxverpli iyo.

2000 wels Cven namdvilad SegviZlia vilapa-

rakoT demokratiasa Tavisufal bazarze

palermoSi. palermoSi demokratia aris da

masTan erTad cocxlobs imedic da naklic

– Tumca es ukanaskneli arcTu iSviaTia.

da miuxedavad yvelafrisa, palermoSi

SesaZlebeli gaxda icxovro, imuSao da

awarmoo biznesi ise, rom mafiasTan ar

gqondes Sexeba.

Cemi merobis dasawyisSi, municipalur

administracias ara Tu regularuli

biujeti, saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli

qonebis nusxac ki ar gaaCnda. 2000 wels

palermos municipalurma administraciam,

misdami saerTaSoriso safinanso

organizaciebis ndobis reitingi awia im

niSnulamde, romelzec imyofebodnen iseTi

qalaqebi, rogorebicaa stokholmi,

bostoni, san francisko da gauswro am

reitingSi niu-iorks da Cikagos, romze,

milansa Tu turinze rom araferi vTqvaT.

gana me vamtkiceb, rom palermoSi mafia

aRar aris? ra Tqma unda, ara.

mafia arsebobs – palermoSic ki.

magram dRes mafia veRar akontrolebs –

rogorc warsulSi – palermos

moqalaqeebis gonebas da qonebas.

Tumca mafia – mxedvelobaSi maqvs axali

Zalis amkrefi mafia_ dResac cdilobs

aRidginos gavlena adamianebis gonebaze,

magram veRar axerxebs amas iseTi

tradiciuli Rirebulebebis moxmobiT,

rogorebicaa kultura, Rirseba da ojaxi.

amitom mafia Tavisuflebisa da warmatebis

arsis damaxinjebiT, anu im Rirebulebis

dakninebiT, romelic odiTganve italiuri

kulturis sayrdenia, cdilobs, gavlena

moaxdinos adamianebis cnobierebaze.

dRes palermoSi aris `Zveli~ da `axali~

mafia da orive moqmedebs. Tu `Zveli~

mafia e.w. `pirveli respublikis~

politikur garemoze iyo mibmuli da

oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis moralurma


afeTqebam Camoacila Zalauflebas, àxali~

mafia e.w. `meore respublikis~ politikur

garemozea morgebuli. Tu `Zveli~ mafiis

fesvebi ekonomikuri sirTuleebi iyo,

àxali~ mafia Tavis dasayrdens mogebis

ekonomikaSi arsebul simaxinjeebSi eZebs.

gamocdileba, romelic modelad

yalibdeba, dRes cvlis im realobas,

romlis sazRvrebi mafiam daadgina.

warsulSi mafia iyo genus-i anu warmomav-

loba da es warmomavloba erwymoda mafias.

mafia iyo siciliuri mafia – mafia iyo

sicilia, sicilia iyo mafia. Tumca dRes

ukve aris imis gageba, rom siciliuri mafia

aris monetis erTi mxare, xolo rusuli

mafia – meore, iseve rogorc mafiis

Cinuri da kolumbiuri variantebi. Tu

msoflioSi moqmedi sxvadasxva mafiozur

gamovlinebebs erTianobaSi gaviazrebT,

davinaxavT, rom warmomavlobas, gvarovnu-

lobas mafiasTan saerTo araferi aqvs. da

rom es sxva araferia, Tu ara e.w. ìndivi-

dualuri arakanoniereba~ anu ukanonoba

Serwymuli kulturul individTan.

rodesac vinme ganizraxavs, wagarTvaT

fuli, Tqven SegiZliaT, mimarToT

policias an prokuraturas. magram Tu

igive qmedebis ganxorcielebas gadawyvets

mZarcveli da am mizniT korsikul an

baskur Rirsebas, muhamedis swavlebas,

qristes sityvebs an iehovas moixmobs,

maSin policia da prokuratura sakmarisi

aRar arias. swored aq unda amoZravdes

siciliuri urikis meore borbali –

kultura.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saqmeSi skola,

sainformacio samyaro, mRvdelTmsaxurebi

da mTlianad samoqalaqo sazogadoeba unda

CaerTos.

ase rom, banditebisa da teroristebis

mier adamianis uflebebze ganxorciele-

buli Zaladobisas, miuxedavad maTi

`kulturuli kuTvnilebisa~, Cven

yovelTvis urikis im borbalze unda

vifiqroT, romelsac kultura hqvia da

romelmac palermoelebis cnobiereba

mafiis hegemoniisagan gaaTavisufla.

kultura, cxadia, aris musika da cekva,

magram upirvelesad da umTavresad, is

sakuTari individualizmisa da Temisadmi

kuTvnilebis gancdaa. gancda, romelic

pirovnebis humanizmisaken aris mimarTuli.

Tumca arsebobs safrTxe imasa, rom

`kulturulma individma~ dajabnos

pirovnuli humanizmi anu pirovnebis

fundamentaluri ufleba. aris aseTi

fenomeni, romlis Teorias me, salman

ruSdis cnobili wignis gavleniT, `satanur

poezias~ vuwodebdi.

es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac kulturuli

kuTvnilebis niSani adamianis uflebebis

winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba. es is SemTxvevaa,

rodesac kulturuli Rirebuleba

satanisturi poeziis qargaSi eqceva.

swored ase da amdagvarad iqca Rirsebisa

da ojaxis Rirebulebebi iaraRad mafiis

xelSi, rodesac am satanistur poezias

daqvemdebarebulma Rirebulebebma

saSualeba misca mas, moekla da gaeZarcva

adamianebi isev da isev Rirsebisa da

ojaxis saxeliT.


iseve rogorc baskuri Rirsebis,

kaTolikur-irlandiuli da korsikuli

Rirsebebis gamoyeneba mkvlelobisa da

ZarcvisaTvis... da yovelive es, isev da isev

Rirsebis dacvis saxeliT inaTleboda.

aseve iyo germaniaSi, rodesac germaneli

xalxis kanonmorCileba nacistebma

rasobrivi Cagvris samsaxurSi Caayenes...

esec tradiciuli germanuli wesis

saxeliT inaTleboda.

aseve SeiZleba moeqcnen Tavisuflebas,

usafrTxoebas da keTildReobas, Tu am

cnebebs satanisturi poeziis qargaSi

moaqceven da misi saxeliT mkvlelobis,

Zarcvisa da CagvrisaTvis mouwodeben.

es yovelive aris palermos gamocdileba.

ufro swored gakveTili, romelic Cven

palermoSi miviReT.

Cven, sicilielebs gvaqvs aseve didi

gamocdileba imisa, rom siamayis grZnobam

ar gagvitacos da mudam gvaxsovdes

bernard Sou, romelmac Tqva

gamocdileba aris is saxeli,

romelsac Cven Cvenive Secdomebs

varqmevT.

ase rom, sicilielebs gvaqvs didi

gamocdileba swored imitom, rom gvqonda

didi Secdomebi.

,,


mafia kvlavac arsebobs. dasustebulia,

magram isev cdilobs `satanistur

poeziaSi~ CaiTrios Rirseba da ojaxi da

amave poezias daumorCilos Tavisufleba,

warmateba da simdidre.

umTavresi siciliuri gakveTili aris is,

rom mafiasTan brZola SesaZlebelia

siciliuri urikis orive borblis Tanabari

brunviT, kanonisa da pirovnebis pativisce-

miT, siciliaSi dabadebuli kanonierebis

kulturiT, romelic SiSsa da imeds Soris

gaCnda. mafiis damarcxeba SesaZlebelia

msoflios nebismier nawilSi iseve,

rogorc arakanonieri individis nebismieri

gamovlinebis aRkveTa. siciliuri gakveTili

gaeros ekonomikisa da socialur sakiTxTa

konsiliumma strategiul mimarTebad

aRiara da mas daukavSira Zaladobis

prevenciis strategiuli gegmac. Tumca es

gakveTili sabolood Camoyalibebuli ar

aris. mas esaWiroeba mudmivi daxvewa, raTa

Tavidan aviciloT iseTi boroteba,

rogoricaa ekonomikuri danaSauli da

dausabuTebeli Semosavlebi, veluri,

kanonis CarCoebidan gamosuli kapitalizmi

da iurisprudenciis usamarTloba, rasac

saboloo jamSi, sazogadoeba sazarel

sisxlisRvramde mihyavs.


rodesac 1970 wlis dekemberSi pirvelad Cavedi

palermoSi, iq jer kidev musirebda azri imis Sesaxeb,

rom Cemma winamorbedma, kardinalma rufinim uaryo

siciliaSi mafiis arseboba. es ase ar iyo. 1967 wlis

pastoralur werilSi kardinali werda:

mafia siciliis namdvili saxe ar aris~

(rogorc amas dResac amtkicebs zogierTi)

da rom sicilielebi unda ganvixiloT rogorc mafiis

msxverplni. xalxi, romlis mravalsaukunovani

kultura gansazRvravda maT qristianul saTnoebas da

Rirsebas. me aqve davumatebdi, rom kardinal rufinis

werilSi naTlad Canda is mizezi, romlis gamoc

Tavgasuli mafia esoden mZlavrobda am mxareSi. es

imis gamo xdeboda, rom am teritoriaze ar iyo

saxelmwifo, romelic uzrunvelyofda adamianis

ulebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas.

`antimafiuri

aucilebloba

pastoralis~kardinali papalardo

,,


dRes aRaravin uaryofs, rom aseTi viTareba

karga xani sufevda da moqalaqes, romelsac

raime sWirdeboda, magaliTad, municipali-

tetSi, regionalur an raionul administra-

ciaSi, iZulebuli iyo, eZebna Suamavali an

gavleniani megobari, an politikosebisaTvis

Tu pirdapir mafiozebisTvis miemarTa da

`pativad~ mieRo is, rac samarTliani

administrirebis pirobebSi mas isedac

ekuTvnoda. aseTi urTierTobebis dros

zogjer adamianebi imasac iRebdnen, rac

maT ar ekuTvnodaT, pirdapir rom vTqvaT,

moqalaqeebi kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebis

Tanamonawileebi xdebodnen.

mokled sicilia xangrZlivi droiT

aRmoCnda viTarebaSi, sadac faruli

garigeba da SeTqmuleba, maamebloba da

proteqcionizmi, cxovrebis dadgenil

wesad iqca. 1970 wels warmoebuli

gamoZiebis Sedegad, romelic mafiis

saqmianobas ukavSirdeboda, daido tomebi,

magram praqtikuli Sedegi arc amas

mohyolia. cxadi iyo, rom maTi saqmianoba,

visac faqtebi unda daedgina da saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi kanoni aemoqmedebina,

garkveul doneze, garkveul pirTa mier

daibloka da yvelaferi Zveleburad darCa.

unda vaRiaroT, rom maSin cota ram iyo

cnobili mafiis bunebasa da organizaciul

struqturaze. xalxma ubralod icoda, rom

es iyo raRac, risganac Tavi Sors unda

dageWira, Torem problemebs gadaeyrebodi.

miuxedavad amisa, Cems sajaro gancxadebas

imis Taobaze, rom mafia da mafiozebi e.w

`TeTr sayeloebSi~ anu elitaSic

arsebobda, garkveuli reaqcia mohyva.

mokled rom vTqvaT, maSin damkvidrebuli

iyo Sexeduleba, TiTqos mafia – wminda

wylis kriminali iyo da masTan saqme

mxolod policiasa da prokuraturas unda

hqonoda. is mkvlelobebi, romelic im

dros xdeboda, ganixileboda, rogorc

mafiis saSinao saqme da mxolod urTierT

angariSsworeba an zogierTi zedmetad

aqtiuri saxelmwifo moxelis dasaSinebeli

qmedeba. ufro metic, gamoCndnen iseTebic,

romlebic amtkicebden, rom swored mafiam

aarida sicilias organizebuli terorizmis

is gamZvinvarebuli talRa, romelmac erT

dros italiis mTeli naxevarkunZuli moicva.

aseve sagulisxmoa, rom kunZulze ganxorci-

elebuli mkvlelobebisa da yaCaRobebis

raodenobam da am mxriv tendenciis

sworma Sefasebam ganapiroba is, rom 1952

wels, regionalurma episkopatma daamkvidra

eklesiisgan imaTi gankveTis praqtika, vinc

aseT danaSaulSi imxileboda da is

kardinal rufinis drosac gamoiyeneboda.

es praqtika dResac ZalaSia.

sagulisxmoa isic, rom samociani wlebis

bolomde aqtiurad vrceldeboda

Sexeduleba, rom mafia, Tavisi kriminaluri

saqmianobis paralelurad, partniorul

urTierTobaSi imyofeboda xelisuflebas-

Tan da amdenad, kidev ufro ikveTeboda

zogadi pozicia, rom mafiasTan brZolaSi

mxolod policiasa Tu sasamarTloze

dayrdnoba ar SeiZleboda. regionaluri

prezidentis piersanti mattarelas da

palermos meris, general karlo alberto

dala kiezas mkvlelobebma kidev erTxel

warmoaCina situaciis tragizmi da

xelisuflebis mxridan radikaluri


nabijebis gadadgmis saWiroeba. Cems mier

general dala kiezas dakrZalvaze naTqvami

fraza:

Dum Romae consultar, Sagantumexpugnatur~ ( sanam romSi

msjelobden, sagantumi daeca)

xalxs gonebaSi CarCa, ufro metic, maT es

sityvebi xelisuflebisadmi mowodebad

aRiqves.

gzavnili iyo konkretuli: moqalaqeebi

aRar apirebdnen inertulad yofnas da rom

saxelmwifos pasuxismgebloba unda aeRo

Tavisi teritoriis kontrolze.

mas Semdeg, rac eklesiam naTlad dainaxa,

rom cxovreba kunZulze sul ufro metad

Sordeboda saxarebis im arss, romelsac

mRvdelmsaxurebi wirvebze qadagebden,

1965 wels aSkara gaxda `antimafiuri

pastoralis~ aucilebloba. SesaZloa,

Tavad pastoralis manera da stili ar iyo

bolomde daxvewili, magram mniSvnelovani

iyo Tavad faqti: is, rom eklesiam, sazoga-

doebriv-saganmanaTleblo formatSi

moaqcia Tavisi qmedeba da gamoxata Tavisi

pozicia. eklesiam mkafiod da kategori-

ulad ganacxada, rom bunebiTi wesiereba,

RvTaebrivi mcnebebis erTguleba,

bunebrivad gulisxmobs danaSaulisa da

mafiuri mentalitetis nebismieri

gamovlinebis miuReblobas.

episkoposTa es pastoraluri dokumenti

da regionaluri konferenciis mier

gamoqveynebuli komunike iyo mZlavri

impulsi, romelic kidev ufro gaaZliera

romis papma, romelmac 1991 wels

ganacxada:

es socialuri boroteba seriozul

safrTxes uqmnis ara marto

samoqalaqo sazogadoebas, aramed

eklesiasac, radgan Signidan

angrevs sicilieli xalxis

zneobriv cnobierebas da

qristianul kulturas~.

Cven TvalnaTliv davinaxeT, rom mafiaze

saubrisas unda agvemoqmedebina ara marto

kanonis ena, aramed gvesaubra eklesiis

kategoriebiTa da eniT, radgan mafia

Tavisi arsiT codvili movlenaa da mafiis

wevrebi siyvarulisa da Semwynareblobis

saxarebiseuli swavlebis mtrebi arian.

aseve mkacri iyo mimarTva, romelic 1992

wels (es weli magistratebis _ falkonesa

da barselinos sazareli mkvlelobiT

aRiniSna) palermoSi gamarTul italiis

eparqiaTa asambleaze gakeTda:

radgan mafia aris yalbi

Rirebulebebis kompleqsi,

romelsac aqvs sastiki,

damangreveli arsi... Cven Tavs

valdebulad miviCnevT, vamxiloT

misi sruli winaaRmdegoba da

SeuTavsebloba saxarebasTan...

mafia, romelic aris borotebis

samefos nawili da misi wevrebis gza

mxolod codvis da eSmakiseuli

gzaa...~

Cven yvelgan da yovelTvis vimeorebdiT,

rom yvela, vinc ama Tu im formiT

,, ,,

,,


CarTulia mafiis saqmianobaSi da xels

uwyobs mas, Seurigebel winaaRmdegobaSi

modis saxarebiseul swavlebasTan da

acdenilia ieso qristes gzas. maTi adgili

eklesiaSi ar aris.

aseTi gancxadeba, naTlad adasturebda da

sadaos ar xdida imas, rom eklesiis

pozicia iyo mkacri da radikaluri.

me SemiZlia kidev bevri citata moviyvano

epistolaruli werilebidan, romlebSic

saboloodaa gacxadebuli eklesiis

damokidebuleba mafiisadmi. magaliTad,

episkoposTa gancxadeba 1996 wels,

siciliis avtonomiis 50-e wlisTavTan

dakavSirebul asambleaze, romelSic

naTqvamia:

Cven vgmobT danaSaulis yovelgvar

formas da gansakuTrebiT mafias...

es aris samarcxvino socialuri

boroteba, romelic spobs

yovelives siciliaSi... vnebs

yovelive mSveniers, rac aq arsebobs...

Crdils ayenebs mis politikur da

socialur avtoritets~.

unda iTqvas, rom aseTma

mizanmimarTulobam Tavisi asaxva hpova maT

cnobierebaSi, vinc Tavs qristianad

miiCnevda. rac Seexeba sakuTriv palermos

eparqias, sxva eparqiebTan erTad, Cven

gavaZliereT e.w. saxalxo misionerizmi,

raTa gagveZlierebina Cveni monawileoba

da yofna sazogadoebaSi, yvelgan, qalaqad

da soflad, mravalsarTulian korpusebsa

,,


da kerZo saxlebSi, saxalxo Sekrebis

adgilebsa da Sexvedrebze. aTasobiT

moxalise misioneri, qali da kaci,

dauRalavad qadagebda cvlilebebisa da

moralis, religiuri Rirebulebebis

ganmtkicebis aucileblobas. swored am

dros gaizarda mrevlis odenoba. Cveni

gansakuTrebuli zrunva axalgazrdebisken

iyo mimarTuli da dauRalavad

vqadagebdiT sikeTis gzis upiratesobas

borot da qvena cxovrebis wesze. ufro

metic, taZrebSi vatarebdiT `antimafiur

mesas~, romelSic uamravi adamiani iRebda

monawileobas. palermos eklesia, romelic

yovelTvis xasiaTdeboda Rrma religiuri

RirebulebebiT, aZlierebda mis socialur

da humanur saqmianobas. mRvdelTmsaxurebi

gansakuTrebuli mondomebiT muSaobdnen

axalgazrdul jgufebTan, romlebic

mrevlis wevrebi iyvnen. isini cdilobdnen,

gaeTavisuflebinaT maTi sulebi egoizmi-

sagan da eCvenebinaT maTTvis sikeTis gza.

sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv da samoqalaqo

organizaciebTan TanamSromloba, am

saqmianobis aucilebeli komponenti iyo.

swored maTi enTuziazmi iyo imis garantia,

rom Cveni sityva da saqme yvela eparqias

da mrevlis TiToeul wevrs miswvda. maTive

daxmarebiT moxerxda saganmanaTleblo

skolebis daarseba da Teologiuri codnis

gavrceleba. aseTi ganaTleba integrire-

buli iyo samoqalaqo, samarTlebriv da

politikur ganaTlebasTan da

kaTolicizmis socialur doqtrinasTan.

mrevlSi swori saganmanaTleblo saqmiano-

ba aris saukeTeso antidoti, imuniteti,

romelic sazogadoebas daicavs momavalSi

araeTikuri, samarTlebrivi da socialuri

simaxinjeebisagan.

eklesiam Tavidanve sworad gansazRvra am

saqmianobaSi skolebisa da moswavleTa

mSoblebis roli da isini Tavisi

saqmianobis dasayrdenad aqcia, radgan

cxadi iyo, rom ganaTlebis globaluri

sistemis swori irientirebis gareSe,

SeuZlebeli iqneboda socialur

RirebulebaTa efeqturi propaganda.

simptomaturia, rom 1993 wels mafiam

mokla mRvdeli juzepe paglizi, romelic

palermoSi, brankaCios ubanSi eweoda Tavis

saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas. mafiam

swored imaSi dainaxa safrTxe, rom don

juzepe paglizi cdilobda axalgazrdebis

quCis damRupveli gavlenisagan dacvas da

sakvirao skolebSi maTi aRzrdis saqmeSi

warmatebasac aRwevda. maT dainaxes, rom

kulturis paralelurad, igi warmatebiT

aRvivebda bavSvebSi samoqalaqo codnasa

da Rirsebis grZnobas. palermos eklesi-

isaTvis don juzepe paglizis magaliTi

aris mafiasTan brZolis simbolo, romelic

dResac cocxalia. simbolo imisa, rom

samoqalaqo da religiuri cxovreba

harmoniulad erTiandeba qristianul

sarwmunoebaSi, romelic saukuneebis manZil-

ze iyo sicilieli xalxis cxovrebis wesi.


kanoni

`kanonieri qurdebis~

irakli kotetiSvili

mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelos parlamentma Tanamdebobis

pirTaTvis ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis

CamorTmevis sakanonmdeblo berketebi daakanona, man

organizebul damnaSaveTa da reketerebisTvisac

moicala.

2004 wlis ianvarSi saqarTvelos parlamentis mier

sisxlis da administraciul saproceso kodeqsebSi

cvlilebebis Setanam, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxda

prokuraturis sarCelis safuZvelze, Tanamdebobis

pirTaTvis, sasamarTlos wesiT, ukanono da

dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmeva, erTgvari

uxerxuloba Seqmna. uxerxuloba imis gamo, rom iseTi

“avtorietetebi” rogoricaa, magaliTad, kanonieri

qurdebi, romlebic aranakleb aqtiurad iyvnen Cabmuli

korufciul garigebebSi da saxelmwifo donis reketSi,

sakanonmdeblo regulirebis miRma rCebodnen.

winaaRmdeg


swored am sakanonmdeblo vakuumis Sevsebas

unda isaxavdes miznad saqarTvelos

iusticiis saministros mier momzadebuli

cvlilebaTa paketi zogierT sakanomdeblo

aqtSi, romlebic erTobliobaSi qmnian

qarTul `rikos kanons~. Tumca, vidre

aRniSnul cvilebebs ganvixilavdeT,

umjobesia, Tavdapirvelad Tvali

gadavavloT aSS-Si, rikos kanonis

samSobloSi, misi miRebisa da gamoyenebis

praqtikis istorias.

rikos aqti

The Racketeer Influenced and CorruptOrganizations (RICO) Act

ras emsaxureba rikos kanoni?

aSS-s kongresis mier rikos kanonis miRebis

mizani iyo, Statisa Tu federaluri

sasamarTlos meSveobiT, zaralis

anazRaurebis SesaZlebloba miscemodaT im

pirebs, visac finansuri ziani sxva pirTa

kriminaluri qmedebebis Sedegad miadga.

rodis miiRo kongresma

rikos kanoni?

sxva sakamaTo kanonproeqtebis msgavsad,

kongresi rikos aqts, wlebis Tu ara

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi ixilavda.

Tavad rikos kanoni 1970 wels miiRes.

Tumca, igi miRebisTanave ar amoqmedebula.

kanonis asamoqmedeblad iusticiis

departaments ramdenime weli dasWirda.

xolo sasamarTloebis mier samoqalaqo

sarCelebis ganxilva mxolod 1980-iani

wlebis dasawyisSi gaxda SesaZlebeli.

Tavdapirvelad metwilad rikos kanoni

gamoiyeneboda mxolod mafiis konteqstSi,

da gazviadebulad ar CaiTvleba Tuki

vityviT, rom rikos kanonis safuZvelze

samoqalaqo sarCelebi sasamarTloebSi

faqtiurad ar Sedioda.

rikos kanonis arsi

marTalia, rikos kanonis gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia, ase vTqvaT, „farTo

profiliT“, magram mis arsSi garkveva,

yvelaze ukeT kanonis Seqmnis miznidan

gamomdinarea upriani. es mizani ki mafiis

winaaRmdeg brZola iyo.

mafiis saqmeebSi braldebuls warmoadgens

naTlimama. „reketuli saqmianobaa“ iseTi

kriminaluri qmedebebi, romelSic mafiaa

CarTuli, magaliTad, rogoricaa

gamoZalva, qrTamis micema, mkvleloba,

narkotikebis aralegaluri gayidva,

prostitucia da sxva. radganac mafiis

ojaxi amgvar saqmianobaSi CarTuli iyo

Taobebis ganmavlobaSi, danaSauls

sakuTriv reketul saqmianobaSi

CarTuloba warmoadgens.

rikos kanonis safuZvelze saxelmwifos


SeuZlia, sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna

awarmoos e.w. klanis naTlimamis (kanonieri

qurdis) winaaRmdeg da Tavi ukras cixeSi

im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki personalurad mas

ar mouklavs vinme, ar gamouZalavs, qrTami

ar auRia an ar yofila CarTuli sxva raime

kriminalur saqmianobaSi. naTlimamis

gasamarTleba SesaZlebelia imitom, rom

igi xelmZRvanelobda da „amuSavebda“ im

danaSaulebriv organizacias, romelic

CarTuli iyo amgvar saqmianobaSi. ufro

metic, rikos kanonis 1964-e muxlis safuZ-

velze, mafiis qmedebebis msxverplis ojaxs

(magaliTad, biznesmens, romelsac gamosZales

fuli, damqiravebels, romlis mier

daqiravebuli pirebic moisyides, moklulis

ojaxis wevrebs) SeuZlia, uCivlos

naTlimamas samoqalaqo saqmis warmoebis

wesiT da ainazRauros is ekonomikuri

danakargebi, romelic man mafiis reketuli

saqmianobis Sedegad ganicada.

reketuli saqmianoba

reketuli saqmianobis gareSe, gaZneldebo-

da rikos sarCelis safuZvlianobis

mtkiceba, amitom pirma Tavdapirvelad

unda amtkicos Tavad reketul saqmianobad

miCneuli danaSaulis arsebobis faqti.

swored amis gamo rikos sarCeli iTvleba

erT-erT yvelaze Znelad mosagebad.

amboben kidec, imisaTvis, rom damtkicdes

reketuli saqmianobis arsebobis faqti,

prokurorma an mosarCelem unda daadas-

turon „danaSauli danaSaulSi“.

prokurorsa da mosarCeles ara aqvT Sansi,

daadasturon „SedarebiT didi“ danaSauli

(magaliTad, rikos samarTaldarRveva),

vidre Tavdapirvelad ar daasabuTeben

„SedarebiT mcire“ danaSaulis arsebobis

faqts (magaliTad, reketis faqts).

amrigad, rikos sarCelis dasasabuTeblad,

mosarCele an prokurori valdebuli

arian, Tavdapirvelad ganacxadon


mkvlelobis, gatacebis, SenobisaTvis

cecxlis wakidebis, yaCaRobis da sxva

danaSaulebrivi faqtebis Sesaxeb da

daamtkicon kidec isini. mxolod mas

Semdeg, rac mtkicebulebebiT dadastur-

deba es „SedarebiT mcire“ danaSauli,

mosarCeles da prokurors SeuZliaT,

amtkicon „SedarebiT didi“ danaSaulis

arseboba, rogoricaa danaSaulebrivi

organizacia, moqmedeba da menejmenti.

rikos kanonis 1964(g)-e muxliT

gaTvaliswinebuli zianis

anazRaurebis

samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi wesi

1970 wels, anu maSin, rodesac kongresma

rikos kanoni miiRo,

yvela moeloda, rom sasamarTloebSi

rikos sarCelebis umravlesobas

sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis gziT

aSS-s prokurorebi Seitandnen.

Tumca, 1980 wlidan rikos kanonis „kudma“

(anu zianis samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi

wesiT anazRaurebis SesaZleblobam) qicini

daiwyo.

am droidan rikos kanonis safuZvelze

samoqalaqo sarCelebis ricxvma

arnaxuli zrda ganicada, xolo

yovelwliurad sasamarTloebSi

sisxlis samarTlebrivi wesiT Sesuli

rikos sarCelebis raodenoba rikos

samoqalaqo sarCelebis umniSvnelo

procentiRa iyo.

kanonis Seqmnisas kongresi imdenad

uyuradRebod moekida rikos samoqalqo

sarCelebis wardgenis SesaZleblobas, rom

mas msgavsi sarCelebisTvis garkveuli

SezRudvebis daweseba mxedvelobidan

gamorCa.

samoqalqo-samarTlebrivi wesiT zianis

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb rikos kanonis

1964(g)-e muxlis Tanaxmad:

nebismieri piri, vis bizness an/da

sakuTrebas miadga ziani am kanonis

1962/e muxlis darRvevis gamo,

uflebamosilia, iCivlos aSS-s

nebismier kompetentur saolqo

sasamarTloSi da moiTxovos

zaralis sammagi odenobisa da

sasamarTlo xarjebis, maT Soris

advokatis ayvanisTvis saWiro

gonivruli moculobis Tanxebis

anazRaureba...“

miuxedavad imisa, rom es debuleba sakmaod

cxadad aris formulirebuli, rikos

samoqalqo sarCelis sasamarTloSi

Setanamde, saWiroa, ramodenime faqtoris

gaTvaliswineba.

SeuZlia Tu ara pirs, rikos

kanonis safuZvelze, waradginos

samoqalaqo sarCeli im

SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu

braldebuls ar Caudenia

danaSauli?

nebismieri rikos sarCeli unda

efuZnebodes piris mier sisxlis

samarTlis danaSaulis Cadenis, rogorc

Tavad kanoni ambobs, „reketis faqts“.

„reketul saqmianobas“ warmoadgens mZime

danaSaulebi, romlebic CamoTvlilia

,,


rikos kanonis 1961(1)-e muxlSi. samoqalaqo

mosarCelem unda daamtkicos ara marto

braldebulis monawileoba reketul

saqmianobaSi, aramed aseve rikos sarCelis

sxva elementebic. am SemTxvevaSi,

mosarCelis mtkicebis tvirTi, ra Tqma

unda, gacilebiT dabalia, vidre

prokuroris. samoqalaqo

mosarCelem mtkicebulebebis

wardgenis gziT, nafici

msajulebi unda daarwmunos

mxolod imaSi, rom piri

eweoda reketul saqmianobas;

maSin, rodesac prokurori

valdebulia, nafic msajulebs

gonivrul eWvs miRma daudasturos

reketis Cadenis faqti. sxva

ganmasxvavebeli niSani sisxlis da

samoqalaqo rikos sarCelebs Soris

aris saqmis saboloo Sedegi. Tu

mosarCele moigebs rikos samoqalaqo

sarCels, mas aunazRaurdeba

miyenebuli zaralis sammagi odenoba

da advokatis xarjebi. xolo Tuki

sasamarTlo daeTanxmeba prokuroris

sarCels, braldebuls sasjelis

saxiT Seefardeba patimroba.

prokurorze dakisrebuli aseTi

maRali mtkicebis tvirTi

gamarTlebulia saqmis saboloo

Sedegis gaTvalsiwinebiT,

radgan braldebuls ara

mxolod CamoerTmeva fuli,

aramed Seefardeba Tavisuflebis

aRekveTa.

rikos kanonis gansjadia Semdegi saxis

qmedeba:


reketuli saqmianobis minimum ori

SemTxveva, romelTagan erT-erTi

ganxorcielda am kanonis ZalaSi

Sesvlis Semdeg, xolo ukanaskneli...

bolo reketuli qmedebis Cadenidan

aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi“.

Tumca, kanonis amgvari defincia gaxda

ararelevanturi mas Semdeg, rac aSS-s

uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiRo

gadawyvetileba saqmeze H.J Inc v.Nortwestern Bell Tele. Co., 409 U.S.299 (1989).

H.J Inc-is saqmeze aSS-s uzenaesma

sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom

`gangrZobadobisa~ da „dakavSirebulis“

faqtorebi erTad qmnian qmedebis

Semadgenlobas. seriuli danaSaulebi

akmayofileben „gangrZobadobis“

moTxovnas, Tu is grZeldeba sakmaod did

xans (rogorc wesi, erTi weli an ufro

meti), an Tu arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom is

usasrulod gagrZeldeba. ukanaskneli

tipis gangrZobadobis magaliTia, rodesac

klanis wevri gamoTqvams muqaras:

gadamixade TveSi ori aTasi

dolari, Torem fexebs mogamtvrev“.

mas Semdeg, rac msxverplma gadaixada ori

Tvis fuli, gamomZalveli daapatimres.

gamoZalva grZeldeboda mxolod or Tves,

magram arsebobda muqara imisa, rom igi

gastanda usasrulod, magaliTad, Tu

gamomZalvels ar daapatimrebdnen,

msxverpls mudmivad mouwevda

yovelTviuri „gadasaxadis“ Segroveba.

sakmarisad gangrZobadTan erTad

danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi unda iyos

„erTmaneTTan kavSirSi“, magaliTad,

saxeze unda iyos msgavsi miznebi,

Sedegebi, monawileni, msxverpli, an

danaSaulis Cadenis msgavsi

meTodebi, an sxvagvarad unda iyvnen

erTmaneTTan kavSirSi

ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT da ar

unda warmoadgendnen izolirebul

movlenebs.“

Tuki braldebulis reketuli saqmianoba

akmayofilebs „gangrZobadobis“ da

„dakavSirebulobis“ faqtorebs, mas

(braldebuls) cnoben „reketuli

saqmianobis monawiled“.

,,

,,

,,


SesaZlebelia Tu ara rikos

kanonis gamoyeneba

korporaciebis winaaRmdeg?

1970 wels, anu Tavdapirvelad kanonis

mizani iyo aSS-s ekonomikaze mafiisa da

sxva kriminaluri sindikatebis gavlenis

Semcireba. saqmeze United States v. Turkette,542 U.S. 576 (1981), uzenaesma sasamarTlom

daadgina, rom rikos kanoni exeba orives,

rogorc kanonier, ise ukanono rikos

gaerTianebebs. am gadawyvetilebamde bevri

qveda donis sasamarTlo cdilobda,

SeezRuda rikos moqmedebis sfero mxolod

„kriminaluri“, „ukanono“, „reketuli“

komerciuli organizaciebiT. Turkette-s

gadawyvetilebaSi dafiqsierbuli poziciis

Semdeg rikos kanonis gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia ara marto mafiisa da sxva

kriminaluri organizaciebis winaaRmdeg,

aramed korporaciebis, politikuri

protest jgufebis, SromiTi gaerTianebe-

bis winaaRmdeg. sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom rikos kanonis gamoyeneba SesaZlebe-

lia nebismieri jgufis an organizaciis

winaaRmdeg, romelTa wevrebsac gaaCniaT

saerTo mizani.

bevri Tvlida, rom kanonis amgvari interp-

retacia gascda kongresis Tavdapirvel

mizans. Turkette-is gadawyvetilebis

kritikosebi Ciodnen, rom rikos kanonis

gamoyeneba unda SezRuduliyo mafiiT an

sxva aSkarad danaSaulebrivi

organizaciiT. Tumca aq ismis kiTxva, ras

niSnavs „aSkarad danaSaulebrivi

organizacia“? Sedgeba Tu ara aRniSnuli

organizaciebi mxolod italielebisa da


kolumbielebisagan? qveda donis

sasamarTloebi verasodes iZleodnen

pasuxs am kiTxvaze, nacvlad amisa, isini

ZiriTadad acxadebdnen:

Cven ar viciT rogor ganvmartoT

`kriminaluri~, `aralegitimuri~, an

`reketuli~ organizacia, Tumca

Cven vcnobT mas, rodesac igi

marTlac saxezea.~

es ar warmoadgens kanonier standarts,

romelsac daeTanxmeboda aSS-s uzenaesi

sasamarTlo. igi ar daeTanxmeboda am

definicias arc raime eTnikuri Tu rasob-

rivi niSnis gamo; gansakuTrebiT maSin,

rodesac Tavad kanoni ar Seicavs amgvar

SezRudvas. ase rom, Turkette-is gadawyveti-

lebaSi uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganacxada,

rom rodesac kongresi iyenebda termins

`gaerTianeba~, igi gulisxmobda yvela saxis

gaerTianebas —kanoniersac da ukanonosac.

qarTuli riko

15 maiss saqarTvelos mTavrobis

sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT parlamentSi

Sevida iusticiis saministros mier

momzadebuli kanonproeqtTa paketi,

romliTac gaTvaliswinebulia cvlilebebis

Setana prokuraturis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos

organul kanonSi, saqarTvelos sisxlis

samarTlis saproceso da materialur

kodeqsebSi da aseve gamiznulia calke

kanonis miReba „organizebuli

danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb“.

ra ZiriTad siaxleebs

iTvaliswinebs axali qarTuli

antireketuli kanonmdebloba?

SesaZlebelia reketirisa da kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebul sxva pirTaTvis

reketuli saqmianobis Sedegad

mopovebuli qonebis CamorTmeva

(sarCelis Setana SeuZlia mxolod

prokurors);

sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 181-e

muxls (gamoZalva) reketiris mier am

danaSaulis Cadena erT-erT

damamZimebel garemoebad daemata;

gamartivebulia sisxlis

samarTalwarmoeba reketirad miCneuli

piris mimarT da igi uflebrivad

gaTanabrebulia Tanamdebobis pirTan.

axla konkretulad mimovixiloT SemoTava-

zebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi:

,,


kanoni organizebuli danaSaulisa da

reketis Sesaxeb:

saqarTvelos kanoni „organizebuli

danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb“

warmoadgens ZiriTad, e.w. CarCo kanons.

rogorc kanonproeqtis pirvelive

muxlidan irkveva, misi mizania

xeli Seuwyos organizebuli

danaSaulisa da reketis winaaRmdeg

brZolasa da prevencias

saxelmwifo, sazogadoebrivi da

kerZo interesebis dacvis mizniT~.

imisaTvis, rom kanonis interesis aRqma

adekvaturad moxdes, aucilebelia misi

Semadgeneli ZiriTadi elementebis

ganmarteba:

ras warmoadgens

reketuli saqmianoba?

kanonis mixedviT, reketi aris Semosavlis

an sxvagvari qonebrivi sargeblis sistema-

tiuri miRebis mizniT warmoebuli araerT-

jeradi da organizebuli saqmianoba,

romelic dakavSirebulia ganzraxi danaSa-

ulis CadenasTan (Tu ar aris gaqarwyle-

buli an moxsnili nasamarTloba), Tu is

ganxorcielda orjer mainc xuTi kalenda-

ruli wlis ganmavlobaSi, romelSic ar

Sedis reketiris dapatimrebisa da

sasjelis moxdis vada.

amgvari definicia gansxvavdeba misi

amerikuli analogisagan, rogorc minimum

or aspeqtSi:

a) amerikul rikos kanons ara aqvs

ukuZala, anu igi ar vrceldeba 1970

wlamde (kanonis miRebis TariRi)

Cadenil reketul qmedebad miCneul

danaSaulebze, maSin rodesac qarTuli

kanoni ar akonkretebs, Tu ramdenad

SeiZleba piris reketirad miCneva, Tu

magaliTad, 2003 wels ganaxorciela

gamoZalva da amas 2004 wels daemata

igive danaSaulebrivi qmedebis kidev

erTi faqti;

b) qarTuli kanoni orjer ufro amcirebs

reketuli qmedebis Cadenis vadebs. anu

Tu aSS-Si rikos kanonis moqmedebis qveS

eqceva reketuli saqmianobis minimum

ori SemTxveva, romelTagan erT-erTi

ganxorcielda kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis

Semdeg, xolo ukanaskneli... bolo

reketuli qmedebis Cadenidan aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli kanoni awesebs

xuT wels.

rogoria reketuli da

jgufebis definicia?

reketul dajgufebad iTvleba Tavisi

saqmianobiT reketTan dakavSirebuli

iuridiuli piri, aseve fizikur an/da

iuridiul pirTa nebismieri gaerTianeba.

anu es kanonproeqti warmatebiT exeba

rogorc registrirebul iuridiul pirebs,

ise sxvadasxva dajgufebas (e.w. saZmos da

bandas) da individebs.

,,


vin aris reketiri?

anu vis exeba kanoni?

reketiri aris piri, romelic damoukideb-

lad, an sxva pirTan an pirebTan erTad

warmarTavs reketuli dajgufebis

saqmianobas, an sxvagvarad monawileobs

reketuli dajgufebis saqmianobaSi da

misTvis cnobilia is, rom es dajgufeba

reketul dajgufebas warmoadgens, aseve

ukanonod wyvets an monawileobs reketul

dajgufebaTa, an reketul dajgufebasa da

sxva pirTa Soris davebis gadawyvetaSi.

es debuleba gansakuTrebiT „sayuradReboa“

e.w. „kanonieri qurdebisaTvis“, romelTa

„saqmianobis“ ZiriTadi tipia sxvadasxva

kriminalur elementebs Soris saqmis

garCeva, wilebis gadanawileba da sxva.

reketuli qonebis CamorTmeva

aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi

prokuratura uflebamosilia, moiTxovos

ara marto im reketuli qonebis CamorTmeva,

romelic imyofeba reketirTan, aramed

reketiris ojaxis wevris, axlo naTesavis

an dakavSirebuli piris Semosavali, qoneba

an qonebidan miRebuli Semosavali, romlis

marTlzomieri saSualebebiT miRebis

damadasturebeli sabuTi, an sxva

mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs.

aRniSnuli debuleba erTi SexedviT usamar-

Tloa, radgan ratom unda agos pasuxi,

magaliTad, griSam Tu igi aris reketiris

axlo naTesavi megobari. Tumca am dros

unda gavixsenoT, rom saqarTvelos sisxlis

samarTlisa da administraciul saproceso

kodeqsebSi ukve moqmedebs ukanono da

dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmevis

Sesaxeb normebi, romliTac sarCelis

Setana SesaZlebelia ara marto im ukanono

da dausabuTebuli qonebis Taobaze,

romelic Tanamdebobis piris mflobeloba-

Sia, aramed, misi ojaxis wevris, axlo

naTesavis an dakavSirebuli piris mimarTac.

qarTuli rikos kanonis aRniSnuli maxasi-

aTebeli erTgvar gagrZelebas warmoadgens

ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis Camor-

Tmevis Sesaxeb ukve moqmedi meqanizmisa,

radgan reketis Sesaxeb kanoni aucilebel

pirobad miiCnevs imas, rom reketiris

ojaxis wevri, axlo naTesavi an dakavSire-

buli piri Semosavlis, qonebis an qonebidan

miRebuli Semosavlis marTlozomierebas

ver adasturebdes Sesabamisi sabuTebiT.

anu am meqanizmiT saqarTveloSi SesaZlebe-

li xdeba ara marto Tanamdebobis piris

(ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis Camor-

Tmeva SesaZlebelia, mxolod Tanamdebobis

pirTaTvis) aramed nebismieri moqalaqis

(romelic reketiria) ojaxis wevris, axlo

naTesavis an dakavSirebul piris mimarT

sarCelis Setana.

vis ganixilavs kanoni

reketirTan dakavSirebul pirad?

kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad, aseTi aris is

piri, romelsac iuridiuli dokumentaciis

safuZvelze sakuTrebaSi aqvs qoneba da

arsebobs sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi, rom

igi miRebulia reketis Sedegad da am

qonebiT sargeblobs reketiri.


anu am SemTxvevaSi qonebis CamosarTmevad

sakmarisi safuZveli ar aris is, rom igi

miRebulia reketuli saqmianobis Sedegad.

amasTan erTad aucilebelia, rom reketu-

li qonebiT unda sargeblobdes reketiri.

cvlilebebi sisxlis samarTlis

saproceso kodeqsSi:

aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT, mniSvnelovnad

gamartivebulia sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba

reketiris mimarT da igi uflebrivad

gaTanabrebulia Tanamdebobis pirTan.

magaliTad:

Tu braldebuli Tanamdebobis piri an

reketiria da Tavs aridebs

sagamoZiebo organoebSi gamocxadebas,

sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba ar Cerdeba.

aseve,

Tu arsebobs sakmarisi mtkicebulebebi

dasabuTebuli varaudisTvis, rom

reketirma Caidina danaSauli da mZime

avadmyofobis gamo mis mimarT

SeuZlebelia sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis

Catareba, gamomZiebels, reketiris

dauswreblad, gamoaqvs dadgenileba


misi eWvmitanilad cnobisa da

dakavebis Sesaxeb, xolo braldebulis

saxiT sisxlis samarTlis

pasuxisgebaSi micemis da braldebis

wayenebis Semdeg, ufleba aqvs,

SuamdgomlobiT mimarTos

sasamarTlos mis mimarT aRkveTis

RonisZiebis SerCevis Sesaxeb.

190-e muxlis I I I nawilis mixedviT,

sasamarTlos SeuZlia yadaRa daados

qonebas, Tu aris sakmarisi monacemebi,

rom es qoneba reketulia.

311-e muxlis I nawilis mixedviT,

Tu braldebuli reketiria da Tavs

aridebs sagamoZiebo organoebSi

gamocxadebas, mtkicebulebebis

Segroveba da sabraldebo daskvnis

Sedgena SesaZlebelia braldebulis

dakiTxvis gareSe.

cvlilebebi prokuraturis

Sesaxeb organul kanonSi:

aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT organul

kanonSive dafiqsirda, rom prokurori

uflebamosilia saxelmwifos saxeliT

sasamarTloSi Seitanos sarCeli reketuli

qonebis saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis

Taobaze.

cvlilebebi sisxlis samarTlis

kodeqsSi:

aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT 181-e muxls

(gamoZalva) erT-erT damamZimebel

garemoebad damatebuli aqvs gamoZalva

Cadenili reketiris mier, rac isjeba

Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT vadiT rvidan

Tormet wlamde. anu aRniSnuli debulebiT,

ar xdeba reketuli saqmianobis calke

danaSaulad gamoyofa, aramed xdeba misi

integrireba gamoZalvis cnebaSi, rogorc

mis erT-erT damamZimebel garemoebad.

iZleva Tu ara qarTuli rikos

kanoni moqalaqeebis mier

reketiris winaaRmdeg

sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis

saSualebas miyenebuli zianis

anazRaurebis moTxovniT?

mxolod prokurors aqvs ufleba,

reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis sarCeliT

mimarTos sasamarTlos. moqalaqeebs ara

aqvT ufleba, sarCeli Seitanon

sasamarTloSi reketirisagan zianis

anazRaurebis moTxovniT.

am mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT kanonpro-

eqtis avtorebs aqvT kontrargumenti, rom

rigiT moqalaqes saqarTveloSi isedac Se-

uZlia saamoqalaqo sarCelis Setana zianis

anazRaurebis moTxovniT da Sesabamisad,

ar aris aucilebeli amis Taobaze rikos

kanonmdeblobaSi specialuri Canaweris

arseboba. Tumca, arsebobs sapirispirod

argumentebi. pirvel rigSi, saproceso

kanonmdeblobaSi, gansxvavebiT material-


urisagan, ar arsebobs principi – dasaSvebia

is, rac ar aris akrZaluli kanoniT. sapro-

ceso kanonmdeblobaSi (da rikos qarTuli

kanonmdebloba mTlianad saproceso nor-

mebs efuZneba) moqmedebs principi –

dasaSvebia is, rac mocemulia kanoniT.

rikos qarTuli kanonmdebloba arsad ar

amombobs, rom rigiT moqalaqeebs gaaCniaT

sarCelis Setanis uflebamosileba. metic,

ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis

CamorTmevis (qarTul) kanonmdeblobaSi

saproceso samarTlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

aRniSnuli principi gaiTvaliswines da

swored amitom, kanonSi arsebobs pirdapiri

Canaweri, rom nebismieri piri uflebamosilia,

aRniSnuli sarCeli Seitanos sasamarTloSi,

Tu igi daamtkicebs, rom warmoadgens

uSualod dazaralebuls.

rikos kanonis samSoblos (aSS) magaliTidan

aSkarad Cans, reketiris winaaRmdeg

reketuli qonebis CamorTmevis moTxovniT,

sarCelis Sesatanad mxolod rigiTi moqa-

laqeebi `iclian~. amas Tu davumatebT im

faqts, rom jer-jerobiT saqarTvelos

sasamarTloebSi prokuraturidan ar

Sesula arc erTi sarCeli Tanamdebobis

piris mimarT mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli

ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis Camor-

Tmevis moTxovniT, maSin advili savaraudoa,

rom moqalaqeebis mier Setanili sarCelebi

(Tu ki amas dauSvebs kanoni) Seadgendes

sarCelebis saerTo raodenobis did

umravlesobas. amasTanave aucilebelia,

rom am SemTxvevaSi pirma (mosarCelem)

daadasturos, rom igi warmoadgens

reketuli saqmianobis pirdapir msxverpls.


I. Sesavali

samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba adamianis uflebebis

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi normaa, romelic miznad

isaxavs individebis dacvas TviTneburi da arakanonieri

qmedebebisagan, an im ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis

xelyofisagan, romelTagan yvelaze Rirebuli adamianis

sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis uflebaa. es ufleba aRiarebulia

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqtis me-14 muxliT. am

normis mixedviT,

yvelas aqvs samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, rac

moicavs sajaro mosmenas kompetenturi, damoukidebeli da

moukerZoebeli tribunalis mier, romelic kanonis

Tanaxmad aris Seqmnili~.1

am uflebis fundamenturi mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba ara mxolod

imiT, rom mas ganmartebebis sakmaod sqeltaniani dokumentebis

ra aris

sasamarTlo

samarTliani

iuridiuli standartebis da praqtikis gzamkvlevi

,,

maiko oqruaSvilma

moamzada


nusxa mohyveba, aramed imiTac, rom

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis

paqtis Tanaxmad, igi paqtis me-4 muxliT2

garantirebuli, xelSeuvali uflebebis

siaSi unda Sevides. samarTliani

sasamarTlos ufleba vrceldeba rogorc

individis mier Setanili sarCelisas

e.w. `suit at law~, aseve sisxlis samarTlis

pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebisas. termini

`suit at law~ moicavs sasamarTlo warmoebis

mraval tips, maT Soris administraciul

samarTalwarmoebas. Tumca am publikaciaSi

samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas mxolod

sisxlis samarTlis warmoebisas ganvixilavT.

calkeuli saqmis specifikidan da monito-

ringis ganmxorcielebeli organizaciebis

interesebidan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia

sasamarTlo procesze zedmiwevniT detaluri

dakvirvebis gadmocema. Tumca SesaZloa,

ZiriTadi miznebis dajgufeba Semdegi saxiT:

sasamarTlom unda gaacnobieros, rom

qveynis xelisuflebisa da farTo

sazogadoebis interesi ama Tu im

sasamarTlo procesisadmi didia;

saWiroa sasamarTlos xelSewyoba, raTa

braldebulisTvis garantirebuli iyos

samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba.

sasamarTlo darbazSi damkvirveblis

daswrebis Sedegad gamowveuli zegavlenis

xarisxi maTematikuri sizustiT ver

gaizomeba. Tumca damkvirveblebma da

dacvis mxarem araerTgzis aRniSnes, rom

damkvirvebelTa yofna sasamarTlo

darbazSi xSirad cvlis atmosferos

pozitiuri niSniT, rac imaSi gamoixateba,

rom sasamarTlo meti yuradRebiT

ekideba dacvis mxaris argumentebs,

Tavis mxriv, dacvis mxarec ufro

kvalificiurad da damajereblad

pasuxobs braldebis argumentebs;

amasTanave izrdeba mediis interesi

sasamarTlo procesisadmi.

saWiroa, movipovoT rac SeiZleba meti

informacia konkretuli sasamarTlo

procesis da saqmis irgvliv da

gavecnoT kanonmdeblobas, romlis

safuZvelzec xdeba saqmis ganxilva;

saWiroa, SevagrovoT informacia

politikuri da iuridiuli safuZlebis

Sesaxeb, ramac SesaZloa, gavlena

moaxdinos saboloo Sedegze.


sakiTxs Tu ufro farTo WrilSi ganvixilavT,

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sasamarTlo procesis

monitoringi moicavs ara mxolod

damkvirveblis fizikur yofnas sasamarTlo

darbazSi, aramed mis mier gansaxilveli

saqmis Sesaxeb angariSis saTanadod

momzadebas im organizaciisaTvis,

romelsac is warmoadgens da mis farTod

gavrcelebas. am moxsenebis sajaroobaze

SesaZloa, didwilad iyos damokidebuli

braldebulis Sansi, misi saqme samarTlianad

ganixilon apelaciis dros. saboloo mizani

ki aris is, rom mivawodoT informacia

marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas

daSvebul Secdomebsa da darRvevebze da

xeli SevuwyoT imas, rom arsebuli praqtika

adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso

samarTlis standartebTan movides

SesabamisobaSi. qvemoT mocemulia zogadi

kriteriumebi, romliTac SesaZlebelia

sasamarTlos samarTlianobis Sefaseba.

II. samarTliani sasamarTlos

ZiriTadi kriteriumebi

standartebi, romlis mixedviTac sasamar-

Tlo procesis samarTlianoba ganisazRv-

reba aris mravalricxovani, kompleqsuri

da swrafad ganviTarebadi. es standartebi

SeiZleba asaxuli iyos im saerTaSoriso

xelSekrulebebSi, romlis wevric aris esa

Tu is saxelmwifo, savaldebulo normebis

saxiT, Tumca metwilad msgavsi standartebi

gvxvdeba iseT dokumentebSi, romelTac

formalurad savaldebulo Zala ara aqvT,

magram swored isini asaxaven ama Tu im

sferoSi samarTlis ganviTarebis tenden-

ciebs.3 sasamarTlos samarTlianobis

Sesafaseblad saWiroa, rom damkvirveblebma

gamoiyenon Semdegi normebi:

im qveynis samarTlis normebi, sadac

sasamarTlo procesi mimdinareobs;

adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso

xelSekrulebebi, romelsac konkretuli

qveyana SeuerTda;

saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis

normebi4;

III. uflebebi

wina sasamarTlo stadiaze

1. TviTneburi dapatimrebis

da dakavebis akrZalva


paqtis me-9 muxlis pirveli nawilis

mixedviT:

yvela adamians aqvs pirovnebis

Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis

ufleba~.

`adamianis Tavisuflebis~ interpretireba,

am muxlis miznebidan gamomdinare,

metismetad viwro gagebiT moxda da igi

niSnavs piris fizikuri gadaadgilebis

unars, romelic izRudeba, roca piri iseT

adgilas aris dakavebuli, rogoricaa

sapyrobile an izolatori.5 usafrTxoeba

ganmartebulia rogorc piris ufleba, ar

moxdes misi xelSeuxeblobis darRveva sxva

kerZo pirTa mxridan. samoqalaqo da

politikuri uflebebis paqtis me-9 muxlis

pirveli nawilis mixedviT:

,,


aravin unda daakavon an

daapatimron TviTneburad~

da

aravis SeiZleba aRekveTos

Tavisufleba kanoniT

gansazRvruli safuZvlebis gareSe

da kanoniT gansazRvruli

procedurebis Seusabamod~.

samarTlianobis principi, romelic

zemoaRniSnul normebSia ganmtkicebuli

rogorc arsobrivad, aseve procedurulad

adgens, rom termini `kanoni~ gagebul unda

iqnes abstraqtul normad, romelic yvela-

saTvis xelmisawvdomi da gasagebia da

asaxulia sakanonmdeblo aqtebsa Tu dauwe-

rel normebSi, romelic saerTo samarTalSi

gvxvdeba. `TviTnebobis~ akrZalva, romelic

zemoaRniSnul normebSi gvxvdeba, miznad isa-

xavs, arc Tavad kanoni iyos ganukiTxavi, anu

aSkarad araproporciuli,

usamarTlo da ganusazRvreli~,

amasTanave dakaveba ar atarebdes

diskriminaciul xasiaTs da efuZnebodes

saqmeSi arsebul garemoebebs.

2. piris ufleba, icodes dakavebis

mizezebi


saerTaSoriso paqtis me-9 muxlis meore

nawilis mixedviT:

yvela dakavebul pirs dakavebisTanave

unda ecnobos dakavebis mizezebisa

da wayenebuli braldebis Sesaxeb,

misTvis gasageb enaze~.

es norma ganimarta, rogorc piris ufleba,

dakavebisTanave Seityos dakavebis mizezis

Sesaxeb, aseve gonivrul vadaSi miiRos

Semdgomi iuridiuli braldeba da sxva

saTanado informacia. cxadia, pirs unda

waredginos sakmao informacia saimisod,

rom mas Semdgom SeeZlos misi dakavebis

kanonierebis6 gasaCivreba. marTalia,

dakavebis werilobiT sanqcias saerTaSo-

riso dokumentebi upirobod ar iTxovs,

magram orderis ararsebobam SesaZloa,

TviTneburi dakavebis da misi gasaCivrebis

safuZvlebi Seqmnas.

piris dakavebis mizezi da uflebebis

ganmarteba (magaliTad dumilis ufleba,

ufleba iuridiul daxmarebaze da a.S) unda

moxdes im enaze, romelic pirs esmis.

Sesabamisad, pirs ufleba aqvs, hyavdes

Tarjimani im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas

samarTalwarmoebis ena ar esmis. es ufleba

vrceldeba winasasamarTlo stadiazec.

3. iuridiuli daxmarebis ufleba

procesis samarTlianobis kvlevisas,

yvelaze mniSvnelovani da yuradRebiT

Sesaswavli iuridiuli daxmarebisa da

advokatTan urTierTobis uflebaa, radgan

yvelaze xSirad swored es ufleba irRveva.

advokatTa Sesaxeb ZiriTadi principebis

pirveli principis Tanaxmad:

yvela adamians aqvs ufleba,

moiTxovos mis mier arCeuli

advokatis daxmareba, raTa daicvas

Tavisi uflebebi sisxlis

samarTlis saqmis warmoebis

nebismier stadiaze~.

,,,,

,,

,, ,,


es ufleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

winasasamarTlo patimrobis SemTxvevaSi da

am TavSi mas swored xsenebul konteqstSi

ganvixilavT. dacvis ufleba aseve

mniSvnelovani elementia, rodesac

saubaria dacvis momzadebisaTvis

adekvatur pirobebze, Tumca dacvis

uflebas Cven mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

advokatTa Sesaxeb ZiriTad principebis

mexuTe principi da principTa erToblioba

nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatim-

rebuli piris dasacavad adgens, rom piris

dapatimrebisas da bralis wayenebisas,

kompetenturma organom dauyovnebliv

unda moaxdinos dakavebulis informireba

misi uflebis Sesaxeb _ moiTxovos mis

mierve arCeuli advokatis daxmareba.


me-7 muxlis Tanaxmad, dapatimrebul an

dakavebul pirs ufleba aqvs, dauyovnebliv

Sexvdes advokats, Tumca ara ugvianes

dakavebidan an dapatimrebidan ormocdarva

saaTSi. amrigad, piris ufleba advokatis

daxmarebaze warmoiSveba misi dakavebis an

dapatimrebis momentidan, miuxedavad imisa,

wauyenes Tu ara mas formalurad brali.

metic, Tu braldebuls ara aqvs advokatis

daqiravebis saSualeba, Sesabamisma

organoebma unda uzrunvelyon igi ufaso

advokatiT, Tu marTlmsajulebis

interesebi amas moiTxovs. miuxedavad

marTlmsajulebis interesebisa, ufaso

advokatis daniSvna damokidebeulia

braldebis simZimeze da mosalodneli da

potenciuri sasjelis simZimeze.


merve principis mixedviT:

yvela dapatimrebuli, dakavebuli

an sapyrobileSi myofi piri

uzrunvelyofili unda iyos saTanado

SesaZleblobebiT, droiTa da

pirobebiT, Sexvdes Tavis advokats,

masTan komunikaciisa da

konsultaciis mizniT, dayovnebis,

Seferxebisa da cenzuris gareSe,

sruli konfidencialurobis

dacviT. aseT konsultaciebs SeiZleba

Tvalyuri adevnos samarTaldamcavi

organos warmomadgenelma, Tumca

maTi mosmenis gareSe.~

4. sasamarTloSi dauyovnebliv wardgenis

ufleba, piris dapatimrebis an dakavebis

kanonierebis gasaCivrebis mizniT


Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-9 muxlis

mesame nawili sagangebod exeba sisxlis

samarTlis danaSaulSi braldebiT dakave-

buli an dapatimrebuli piris uflebas. am

normis Tanaxmad:

,,


sisxlissamarTlebrivi braldebis

safuZvelze dakavebuli an

dapatimrebuli piri dauyovnebliv

unda waradginon mosamarTlis an

sxva moxelis winaSe, romelsac

kanoniT miniWebuli aqvs

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

ganxorcielebis ufleba; aseve

gonivrul vadaSi gasamarTlebis an

sasamarTlo ganxilvamde

gaTavisuflebis ufleba~.

termini `dauyovnebliv~ adamianis uflebebis

komitetma Semdegnairad ganmarta: `piris

dakavebidan sasamarTloSi wardgenamde peri-

odi ar unda aRematebodes `ramdenime dRes~.7

paqtis me-9 muxlis mesame nawilis mixedviT

aSkaraa, rom winasasamarTlo patimroba ar

unda iyos `zogadi wesi~ da gulisxmobs,

rom dakavebuls ufleba aqvs, gaaTavisuf-

lon sasamarTlo sxdomamde giraos an sxva

alternatiuli garantiis safuZvelze.

amasTan igive normis mixedviT, Tu sasamar-

Tlo procesi ar gaimarTeba gonivrul

droSi, maSin braldebuli sasamarTlo

sxdomamde pirobiT unda gaaTavisuflon.

is, Tu ra periodia gonivruli vada,

damokidebulia konkretul saqmeze,

mxedvelobaSia misaRebi iseTi faqtorebi,

rogoricaa saqmis sirTule da sxva.8

amaze sagangebo miniSnebis gareSe, me-9 muxlis

meoTxe nawili uzrunvelyofs habeas korpusis

anu amparos uflebas, rac gulisxmobs

piris uflebas, sasamarTloSi gaasaCivros

misi dakaveba an dapatimreba da gaTavisuf-

ldes, Tu igi ukanonod iyo dakavebuli. am

konteqstSi unda aRiniSnos:

aRniSnuli normis miznebidan

gamomdinare, termini `sasamarTlo~

gulisxmobs saerTo iurisdiqciis

sasamarTlos, aseve specialur,

administraciul, sakonstitucio an

samxedro sasamarTlos;

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba moicavs

mxolod dakavebis kanonierebis sakiTxs;

rac Seexeba `dayovnebas~, misi ganxilva

unda moxdes yoveli konkretuli saqmis

garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

habeas korpusis procedurebi unda iyos

swrafi, martivi da ufaso, Tu dakavebul

pirs ara aqvs gadaxdis saSualeba9. dakave-

buls unda gaaCndes ufleba, gonivruli

intervalebis gasvlis Semdeg kvlav gaasa-

Civros misi dakavebis kanonierebis sakiTxi.10

da bolos, paqtis mecxre muxlis mexuTe

nawilis mixedviT:

yvelas, vinc gaxda ukanono dakavebis

an dapatimrebis msxverpli, aqvs

sasamarTlos ZaliT aRsrulebadi

kompensaciis ufleba~.

aseTi sakiTxi SeiZleba warmoiSvas, rodesac

irRveva mecxre muxlis (1-4 nawili) normebi,

aseve saxezea qveynis Sidakanonmdeblobis

darRveva. Tumca saerTaSoriso kanonmdeb-

lobiT ar aris daregulirebuli zusti

procedurebi, romelTa mixedviTac

SesaZloa kompensaciis miReba, Tumca

igulisxmeba, rom pirs aqvs ufleba,

samoqalaqo sarCeli Seitanos saxelmwifos,

konkretuli organos an pasuxismgebeli

piris winaaRmdeg.

,,

,,


5. wamebis akrZalva da piris ufleba,

winasasamarTlo patimrobisas

imyofebodes adamianur pirobebSi


Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis me-7 muxlis

mixedviT, akrZalulia wameba, arahumanuri

da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyroba an

sasjeli. es norma saerTaSoriso

CveulebiTi samarTlis da jus cogensisnawilia. wamebis definicia da wamebisagan

dacvis RonisZiebebi Camoyalibda 1984

wlis wamebis winaaRmdeg konvenciaSi:

am konvenciis miznebisaTvis, termini

`wameba~ niSnavs nebismier qmedebas,

romliTac mZime fizikuri an

fsiqiuri tkivili an tanjva ganzrax

miadga pirs im mizniT, rom misgan an

mesame pirisagan moxdes informaciis

an aRiarebis miReba; piris dasjas im

qmedebisaTvis, romelic man an

mesame pirma Caidines, an

eWvmitanili arian mis CadenaSi; misi

an mesame piris daSinebiT an

iZulebiT an nebismieri mizeziT,

romelic raime saxis diskriminacias

efuZneba, roca aseTi tkivili an

tanjva miyenebulia an waqezebiT an

TanxmobiT an Tanamdebobis piris

usityvo TanxmobiT an sxva piris

mier, romelic moqmedebda rogorc

oficialuri piri. es ganmarteba ar

moicavs tkivilsa da tanjvas,

romelic gamomdinareobs,

ganuyofelia an SemTxveviT

gamoiwvia kanonierma sanqciam.~

wameba, romelic akrZalulia saerTaSoriso

sisxlis sasamarTlos statutiT, rogorc

kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili

danaSauli, Tu mas sistematiuri xasiaTi

da farTo masStabi aqvs, gacilebiT

farTodaa ganmartebuli statutiT, vidre

wamebis konvenciiT. konvenciisgan

gansxvavebiT, statuti moicavs wamebis

aqtebs, romlebic Cadenilia sajaro

moxelisgan damoukideblad, anu kerZo

pirebis mier kerZo motivebiT.

konvenciis meore muxlis Tanaxmad, ar

SeiZleba wamebis gasamarTlebad iseTi

gamonaklisi situaciebis gamoyeneba,

rogoricaa

saomari mdgomareoba, omis safrTxe,

Sida politikuri arastabiluroba

an sxvagvari areuloba~.

konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebu-

lni arian, miiRon efeqturi sakanonmdeblo,

sasamarTlo da sxva zomebi, raTa aRkveTon

wameba maTi iurisdiqciis teritoriaze (mux-

li 2 (1). amasTanave, me-2 (3) muxlis Tanaxmad,

arc zemdgom pirTa brZanebebi ar warmoad-

gens wamebis gasamarTlebel safuZvels.


saerTaSoriso paqtis meaTe muxlis

mixedviT:

yvela TavisuflebaRkveTil pirs

aqvs ufleba, humanurad moeqcnen

da pativi scen mis pirovnebas~.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom gansxvavebiT


saerTaSoriso paqtis meSvide muxlisgan,

romelic krZalavs wamebas da araadamianur

mopyrobas an sasjels, adamianuri mopyrobis

ufleba pozitiur valdebulebebs akisrebs

,, ,,

,,


saxelmwifos. es valdebuleba miznad isaxavs,

uzrunvelyos minimaluri standartebis

dacva dakavebisas.

zogadad unda aRiniSnos, rom humanuri

mopyroba, romelic meaTe muxliT aris

uzrunvelyofili, moicavs

adamianis Rirsebis ufro dabali

xarisxiT ugulebelyofas, vidre es

konvenciis meSvide muxliT aris

gaTvaliswinebuli~.11

amasTanave wamebis akrZalvis muxli exeba

piris Rirsebis specifiuri saxis Selaxvas

da vrceldeba yvela pirze, miuxedavad

imisa, dakavebulia es piri Tu ara, xolo

humanuri mopyrobis norma exeba mxolod

dakavebul pirebs. adamianis uflebebis

komitetis mier gakeTebuli komentarebis

mixedviT, saxelmwifoebs ara aqvT ufleba,

arahumanuri mopyrobis gasamarTleblad,

argumentad finansebis uqonloba

moimizezon. dakavebul pirebs unda

hqondeT adekvaturi sakvebi, tansacmeli,

samedicino daxmareba da saSualeba, rom

kavSiri hqondeT maT ojaxebTan.12

5. Incommunicado _ dakavebis akrZalva

adamianis uflebebis komitetma daadgina,

rom incommunicado dakaveba arRvevs


saerTaSoriso paqtis meSvide muxls,

romelic krZalavs wamebas, arahumanur,

sastik da Rirsebis Semlaxav mopyrobas.

principTa erTobliobis mecxramete

principis Tanaxmad:

dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirs

ufleba aqvs, awarmoos Sexvedrebi

da hqondes mimowera Tavisi ojaxis

wevrebTan da unda mieces

SesaZlebloba, hqondes urTierToba

gare samyarosTan kanoniT da sxva

kanonieri gadawyvetilebebiT

gansazRvruli pirobebisa da

SezRudvebis farglebSi~.

gare samyarosTan urTierTobis ufleba,

rogorc minimum, moicavs piris uflebas,

urTierToba hqondes mis ojaxTan,

advokatTan da eqimTan.

principTa erTobliobis meTeqvsmete prin-

cipis Tanaxmad, dakavebuli piris ojaxs

dauyovnebliv unda acnobon piris dakave-

bisa da adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb. piris

sxva adgilas gadayvanis SemTxvevaSi, amis

Sesaxeb unda ecnobos mis ojaxs. dakavebul

pirs ar unda aekrZalos mis ojaxTan komu-

nikacia ara umetes ramdenime dRisa, xolo

rodesac piri winasasamarTlo patimrobaSi

,,

,,


imyofeba, unda hqondes ufleba, rom is

moinaxulon ojaxis wevrebma, es ufleba

SeiZleba SeizRudos, rodesac es aucile-

belia marTlmsajulebis ganxorciele-

bisa da usafrTxoebis interesebisaTvis.

sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas, rom im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu piri ucxo qveynis

moqalaqea, mas unda hqondes ufleba,

Sexvdes misi qveynis warmomadgenlebs.13

IV. sasamarTlo mosmena

erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani norma,

romelic am sakiTxis ganxilvisas unda gaviT-

valiswinoT, aris samoqalaqo da politiku-

ri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-14

muxli. xsenebuli muxlis mixedviT, garanti-

rebulia sasamarTlos winaSe Tanasworoba,

samarTliani da sajaro mosmenis ufleba

kompetenturi, damoukidebeli da miuker-

Zoebeli tribunalis winaSe, romelic

kanoniT aris dadgenili, rogorc sisxlis,

aseve samoqalaqo saqmeebisaTvis.

1. sasamarTloebis Tanabari

xelmisawvdomobis da sasamarTlos

winaSe Tanasworobis ufleba

paqtis me-14 muxlis pirveli nawilis

Tanaxmad:

yoveli adamiani Tanasworia

sasamarTlosa da tribunalis winaSe~.

es norma ganimarta, rogorc piris ufleba,

diskriminaciis gareSe mimarTos

sasamarTloebsa da tribunalebs; aseve

rogorc akrZalva garkveul pirTa jgufe-

bisaTvis specialuri sasamarTloebis

Seqmnaze. Tumca saerTo iurisdiqciis

specialuri sasamarTloebis Seqmna, rogo-

riciaa, magaliTad, samxedro sasamarTlo-

ebi, mainc problematur sakiTxad rCeba.

adamianis uflebebis komisiis komentarebis

mixedviT, me-14 muxlis safuZvelze ar aris

akrZaluli samxedro sasamarTloebis

Seqmna, Tu gansazRvrulia da daculia

proceduruli garantiebi. Tumca arasam-

Tavrobo organizaciebs Soris gavrcele-

bulia Sexeduleba, rom samxedro sasamar-

Tloebis mier samoqalaqo pirTa

gasamarTleba aris ukanono.

me-14 muxlis pirveli nawilis meore winada-

debiT dadgenilia garantiebi sajaro mos-

menisaTvis, kompetenturi, damoukidebeli

da miukerZoebeli, kanonis safuZvelze

Seqmnili sasamarTlos an tribunalis mier.

2. samarTliani mosmenis ufleba

samarTliani mosmenis erT-erTi kriteriumi

aris sasamarTlo procesis dros prokurorsa

da dacvis mxares Soris mxareTa Tanasworo-

bis garantiebis dacva. mxareTa Tanasworobis

ufleba gulisxmobs, rom procesis

msvlelobisas prokurors da dacvis

advokats hqondeT Tanabari SesaZleblobebi

_ daayenon Suamdgomlobebi, warmoadginon

mtkicebulebebi da dakiTxon mowmeebi.

3. sajaro mosmenis ufleba


saerTaSoriso paqtis Tanaxmad, pirs aqvs

sajaro mosmenis ufleba, Tumca garkveul

,,


SemTxvevebSi arsebobs gamonaklisebi am

ZiriTadi wesidan. procesis sajarooba

moicavs rogorc sasamarTlo sxdomis

Riaobas, aseve gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis

momentis Riaobas. es ufleba ekuTvnis

rogorc braldebuls, aseve zogadad

sazogadoebas.

sajaro mosmenis ufleba niSnavs, rom sasa-

marTlo sxdoma unda Catardes zepirad da

unda iyos Ria, mxareTa moTxovnis gareSec.

sasamarTloebi da tribunalebi ki valde-

bulni arian, gonivrul vadaSi gaxadon

sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi infor-

macia sxdomis adgilis, droisa da sxva

detalebis Sesaxeb. sazogadoebis da, maT

Soris, presis warmomadgenlebs SesaZloa,

aekrZaloT mTel procesze an mis romelime

nawilze daswrebis ufleba im mizezTa gamo,

romlebic CamoTvlilia paqtis me-14 muxlis

pirvel nawilSi, Tumca aseTi akrZalva sa-

samarTlo gadawyvetilebiT unda dadgindes.

sazogadoebas SeiZleba aekrZalos sxdomaze

daswreba

moralis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis,

erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sxvaTa

interesebis dacvis mizniT~.

sazogadeobas SesaZloa aekrZalos

sxdomaze daswreba iseT SemTxvevebSic,

rodesac, sasamarTlos azriT,

sajaroobam SesaZloa, safrTxe

Seuqmnas marTlmsajulebis

interesebs~.

moraluri safuZvliT sxdomebze sazogado-

ebis daswrebis akrZalvas sqesobrivi dana-

Saulebis Sesaxeb procesebis dros vawyde-

biT. termini `sazogadoebrivi wesrigi

(ordre public)~ ganmartebulia rogorc

wesrigi sasamarTlo darbazSi, xolo

erovnuli usafrTxoebis dacva, SesaZloa,

samxedro saidumloebis gauxmaureblobiT.

Tumca nebismier SemTxvevaSi SezRudva

unda esadagebodes demokratiuli

sazogadoebis principebs.

maSin, roca sasamarTlo sxdomis daxurvis

mizezebi sakmaod farToa, igives Tqma ar

SeiZleba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis

gamocxadebaze, rac sajaro sxdomaze unda

moxdes14 , Tumca sxdomis es nawilic SesaZ-

loa daixuros, Tu saqme exeba arasrulw-

lovanTa interesebs, saojaxo saqmeebsa da

bavSvze meurveobis daniSvnis sakiTxebs.

rogorc Cans, am SemTxvevaSi sxdomis

sajaroobis SezRudvis safuZvlebi sakmaod

viwrod formulirebuli da zustia.

4. kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnili

kompetenturi, damoukidebeli da

miukerZoebeli sasamarTlo

meToTxmete muxlis pirveli nawilis

ZiriTadi arsi, sadac kanonis safuZvelze

Seqmnili kompetenturi, damoukidebeli da

moukerZoebeli sasamarTlos uflebaa

garantirebuli, aris is, rom Tavidan iqnes

acilebuli TviTneboba da mikerZoebuloba

sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis gadawyvetisas,

rac saxeze iqneboda, Tu saqmes ganixilavda

politikuri an administraciuli organo.

tribunali da sasamarTlo unda iyos

kompetenturi da kanonis safuZvelze

Seqmnili. orTave maxasiaTebeli erTi da

imave moTxovnis aspeqtebia: kompetencia

exeba saTanado personals, Tavad

,,

,,


gansaxilvel sakiTxs, mocemul saqmeze

sasamarTlos teritoriuli an droebiT

iurisdiqcias; termini `kanonis Tanaxmad

Seqmnili~ ki gulisxmobs im organos mier

miRebul kanons, romelsac amis

kompetencia da uflebamosileba gaaCnia.

orive SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia, rom

kanoni yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi iyos.

damoukidebloba gulisxmobs xelisufle-

bis danawilebis principis dacvas, rac

niSnavs sasamarTlo sistemis dacvas arasa-

Tanado zewolisa da Carevisagan aRmasru-

lebeli xelisuflebis, gacilebiT mcire

masStabiT ki sakanonmdeblo organos

mxridan. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

damoukideblobis ZiriTad principebSi15

Camoyalibebulia im aucilebel meqanizmTa

erToblioba, romlebic saWiroa sasamarT-

lo xelisuflebis damoukideblobisaTvis.

am mxriv, zogierTi praqtikuli saTadarigo

zoma SesaZloa, moicavdes mosamarTleTa

daniSvnisTvis saWiro kvalifikacias,

mosamarTleTa daniSvnis vadas16, mosamarT-

leebisTvis samarTliani, efeqturi da

damoukidebeli disciplinuri procedure-

bis arsebobas17, saxelmwifos valdebulebas,

uzrunvelyos mosamarTleebi adekvaturi

anazRaurebiTa da sakuTari movaleobis

SesrulebisaTvis saWiro resursebiT18. kon-

kretuli saqmis garemoebebidan gamomdinare,

sasamarTlos damoukidebloba SesaZloa,

Sefasdes misi urTierTobiT cnobil soci-

alur jgufebTan, rogoricaa politikuri

partiebi, media da sxva lobisturi jgufebi.

sasamarTlos damoukidebloba ZiriTadad

efuZneba meqanizmebs, romelTa mizanicaa

sasamarTlos garegnuli poziciis gamyareba,

miukerZoebloba ki exeba sasamarTlos

qmedebas, mis Semxeblobas konkretuli

saqmis saboloo SedegTan. amisaTvis saWiroa

iseTi meqanizmebis arseboba, romlebic

SesaZlebels gaxdis, saqmes CamovaciloT

mosamarTle, romelsac warsulSi Sexeba

hqonda konkretul saqmesTan an dakavSire-

buli iyo saqmeSi CarTul mxareebTan, aseve

is mosamarTleebi, romelTac ukve winaswar

aqvT Seqmnili mosazreba gansaxilvelis

saqmis saboloo Sedegze.

5. udanaSaulobis prezumfcia


saerTaSoriso paqtis meToTxmete muxlis

meore nawilis Tanaxmad:

TiToeul pirs, visac bralad edeba

sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis

Cadena, ufleba aqvs, iTvlebodes

udanaSaulod manam, vidre misi

damnaSaveoba ar damtkicdeba

kanonis Sesabamisad.~

rogorc samarTliani sasamarTlos erT-

erTi ZiriTadi komponenti, udanaSaulobis

prezumfcia, inter alia, niSnavs imas, rom

mtkicebis tvirTi sisxlis samarTlis

saqmeSi braldebis mxarezea. miuxedavad

imisa, rom paqtis 14 (2) muxlSi ar aris

zustad miTiTebuli mtkicebis tvirTis

standarti, zogadad miRebulia, rom brali

unda damtkicdes `gonivrul eWvs miRma~.19

udanaSaulobis prezumfcia unda gavrceldes

braldebulze ara mxolod sasamarTlo

stadiaze, aramed eWvmitanilzec winasasa-

marTlo etapze. sasamarTlo mosmenis dros

braldebulis xelborkilebiT, fexze

damagrebuli jaWviT, patimris samosSi

wardgena an misi specialur `galiaSi~

,,


ganTavseba ewinaaRmdegeba udanaSaulobis

prezumfciis princips. evropis adamianis

uflebebis sasamarTlom Seqmna SedarebiT

ganviTarebuli precedentuli samarTali

am sferoSi. saqmeSi mineli Sveicariis

winaaRmdeg20 sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

dairRva konvenciis meeqvse muxlis meore

nawili. am saqmeSi Jurnalisti sasamarT-

los gadawyvetilebis gareSe daajarimes

ciliswamebisTvis, radgan igive braldebiT

sxva Jurnalists sasamarTlom jarima

dauwesa. evropulma sasamarTlom daadgina,

rom, Tu pirs samarTlebrivi dacvis

saSualeba ar eZleva, aseT SemTxvevaSi

saxezea meeqvse muxlis darRveva. saqmeSi

alenet de ribemonti21 safrangeTis

winaaRmdeg sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

Sinagan saqmeTa ministris gancxadebebi,

rom dakavebuli pirebi danaSaulis wamqezeb-

lebi iyvnen, arRvevda udanaSaulobis

prezumfcias.

6. ufleba, droulad waredginos brali

sisxlis samarTlebrivi braldebis Camoya-

libebisas, yvelas Tanaswor safuZvelze

aqvs ufleba, droulad da misTvis gasageb

enaze iyos informirebuli mis winaaRmdeg

wayenebuli braldebis Sesaxeb. es movaleoba

moicavs rogorc braldebis zust iuridi-

ul aRweras (`danaSaulis tipi~), aseve am

danaSaulis damadasturebeli faqtebis

(`mizezi~) Sesaxeb informirebas. Sesabami-

sad, es ufleba odnav ufro farToa, vidre


paqtis me-9 (2) muxliT garantirebuli

ufleba, romelic dapatimrebis momentze

vrceldeba, es ki imiT aris ganpirobebuli,

rom braldebis wayenebisas wardgenili

informacia sakmarisi unda iyos,

procesisTvis dacvis mosamzadeblad.

termini `droulad~ ar yofila ganmartebu-

li, Tumca zogadad igulisxmeba, rom

sabraldebo aqtis wardgena unda moxdes

winaswari gamoZiebis dawyebisas an winaswari

mosmenisTvis. evropis adamianis uflebebis

sasamarTlom saqmeSi broziceki italiis

winaaRmdeg22 daadgina, rom dairRva

meeqvse muxlis mesame nawilis a) qvepunqti.

broziceki, romelic germaniis moqalaqe

iyo, italiaSi erT-erTi politikuri

partiis ofisis win gamofenili droSebis

Camoxevis gamo daakaves. policielma,

romelmac broziceki daakava, eWvmitanilis

mier gaweuli winaaRmdegobis gamo travma

miiRo. italielma samarTaldamcavebma

aplikants germaniaSi gaugzavnes sabraldebo

aqti, romelic italiur enaze iyo Sedgenili.

man moiTxova, rom misTvis mSobliur enaze

gaegzavnaT sabraldebo aqti, Tumca igi

mogvianebiT in abstencia gaasamarTles

savonas regionalur sasamarTloSi da

gaamtyunes. sasamarTlom daadgina, rom

italiel samarTaldamcavebs unda mieRoT

zomebi konvenciis meeqvse muxlis

dasacavad, Sesabamisad, braldebulisTvis

gasageb enaze SeetyobinebinaT misTvis

braldebis detalebisa da mizezis Sesaxeb.

7. braldebulis ufleba, hqondes saTanado

dro da pirobebi, sasamarTlo

procesisaTvis mosamzadeblad


saerTaSoriso paqtis me-14 (3) muxlis

Tanaxmad, braldebis wayenebis Semdeg

yvela pirs aqvs ufleba, hqondes saTanado

dro da pirobebi sasamarTlo sxdomisaTvis,

dacvis mosamzadeblad da mis mier arCeul

advokatTan Sesaxvedrad. es ufleba,

rogorc Cans, exeba ara mxolod braldebuls,

aramed vrceldeba mis advokatzec.

is, Tu ras niSnavs termini `saTanado~,

damokidebulia saqmis faqtobriv da

procesualur garemoebebze. mxedvelobaSi

ki misaRebia Semdegi faqtorebi: saqmis

sirTule, braldebulisaTvis mtkicebule-

bebis xelmisawvdomoba, sisxlis samarTlis

procesis dros Sida kanonmdeblobiT

gansazRvruli vadebi.

rac Seexeba `saTanado pirobebs~, igi

ganmartebulia rogorc braldebulis da

misi advokatis ufleba, miiRon da maTTvis

xelmisawvdomi gaxdes Sesabamisi informacia,

failebi da dokumentebi, romlebic saWiroa

sasamarTlo procesisTvis mosamzadeblad.

igi aseve gulisxmobs braldebulis da misi

advokatis uflebas, Sexvdnen iseT adgilze,

sadac daculi iqneba konfidencialoba.

piris ufleba _ Sexvdes mis mier arCeul

advokats _ warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze

mniSvnelovan elements, raTa dacva sasamar-

Tlo procesisaTvis saTanadod moemzados.

rac Seexeba evropis adamianis uflebebis

sasamarTlos precedentul samarTals am

mxriv, sasamarTlom saqmeze alberti da

le kompte belgiis winaaRmdeg23 daadgina,

rom eqimebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul discip-

linur procesisze 15 dRe dacvis mosamza-

deblad saTanado droa da Sesabamisad, ar

daadgina meeqvse muxlis darRvevis faqti.


8. piris ufleba, gaasamarTlon

usafuZvlo gaWianurebis gareSe

sisxlis samarTlebrivi braldebis Camoya-

libebisas yvelas aqvs ufleba, gaasamarT-

lon usafuZvlo gaWianurebis gareSe. es

ufleba ganmartebulia rogorc samarTli-

ani sasamarTlos mniSvnelovani elementi,

rodesac xdeba piris braleulobis dadgena,

saboloo gadawyvetilebis gamotana da Tu

saWiroa sasjelis Sefardeba. vadis aTvla

am SemTxvevaSi iwyeba piris informirebidan

imis Sesaxeb, rom samarTaldamcavi organoebi

iwyeben mis winaaRmdeg sisxlis samarTlbriv

devnas24. paqtis Tanaxmad, Tu ra CaiTvleba

usafuZvlo gaWianurebad, damokidebulia

konkretuli saqmis garemoebebze. amasTa-

nave, unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad imisa,

xdeba Tu ara saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis usa-

fuZvlo gaWianureba, pirs, romelic winasa-

samarTlo patimrobaSi imyofeba, ufleba

aqvs, gaaTavisuflon sasamarTlo mosmenamde.

9. piris ufleba, daicvas Tavi Tavad da

advokatis saSualebiT

piris ufleba, winaswari dakavebisas Sexvdes

advokats, mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli

sasamarTlos mosmenis stadiaze dacvis

uflebasTan. samoqalaqo da politikuri

uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis saTanado

muxlis mixedviT,

sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulSi

misi braleulobis dadgenisas,

TiToeul pirs aqvs ufleba, sruli

Tanasworobis safuZvelze, sxvaTa

Soris isargeblos Semdegi minimaluri

garantiebiT: gasamarTlebul iqnas

misi TandaswrebiT da daicvas Tavi

piradad an mis mier arCeuli dacvis

saSualebiT, Tu ar sargeblobs

iuridiuli daxmarebiT, iyos

informirebuli aseTi uflebis

Sesaxeb da gaewios iuridiuli

daxmareba nebismier SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac marTlmsajulebis

interesebi amas moiTxovs, amasTanave

usasyidlod, Tu mas ara aqvs saSualeba,

Tavad aanazRauros xarjebi~.

es norma Seicavs qvemoT CamoTvlil

specifiur uflebebs:

a) ufleba gasamarTlebul iqnas misi

TandaswrebiT _ aris erT-erTi yvelaze

sadao ufleba. am muxlis sityvasityvi-

Ti ganmartebiT, dauSvebeli iqneboda inabstencia gasamarTleba, am ideas karga

xania mxars uWeren saerTaSoriso

arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da bolo

xans sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso

sasamarTlos statutic25. adamianis

uflebebis komitetis komentarebis

Tanaxmad ki, in abstencia gasamarTleba

dasaSvebia gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,

Tu saxelmwifo miiRebs saTanado zomebs

da Seatyobinebs braldebuls sasamarTlo

procesis daCqarebis Sesaxeb da miscems

mas saSualebas, moamzados dacva;

b) daicvas Tavi piradad;

g) airCios advokati;

d) iyos informirebuli dacvis uflebis

Sesaxeb;

e) miiRos ufaso iuridiuli daxmareba.

am uflebebis moqmedeba SeiZleba Sejamdes

Semdegnairad

yvelas, visac bralad edeba

sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis

,,

,,


Cadena, gaaCnia upirvelesi da

SeuzRudavi dacvis ufleba, sadac

sasamarTlos akisria valdebuleba,

acnobos braldebul pirs am uflebis

Sesaxeb. Tumca pirs aqvs ufleba,

airCios advokati, Tu mas saTanado

finansebi gaaCnia, Tu pirs amis

saSualeba ara aqvs, maSin saxelmwifo

valdebulia, dauniSnos mas advokati,

Tu es saWiroa marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcielebisaTvis. es ukanaskneli

ki damokidebulia Cadenili

danaSaulis simZimesa da

potenciuri sasjelis vadaze~.26

10.mowmeTa dakiTxvis ufleba

sisxlis samarTlis braldebis

gansazRvrisas, yvela pirs aqvs ufleba,

dakiTxos mowmeebi, romlebic mis

winaaRmdeg aZleven Cvenebas, an

hqondes ufleba, rom es mowmeebi

sxvam dakiTxos, aseve gamoiZaxon da

dakiTxon misi mowmeebi imave

pirobebiT, rac arsebobs mis

winaaRmdeg gamosuli mowmeebisaTvis~;

(samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis

saerTaSoriso paqtis 14 (3) (e)).

es ufleba mniSvnelovani elementia mxareTa

Tanasworobis dasacavad. terminebi

`dakiTxos~ da `sxvam dakiTxos~ warmoadgens

ori sisxlis samarTlebrivi sistemis _

inkviziciuris da SejibrebiTi sistemebis

asaxvas mowmeTa dakiTxvis teqnikaze.

damatebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom paqtis 14 (3) (e)

muxli ganimarta Semdegnairad: prokurori

valdebulia, rom gonivrul droSi acnobos

dacvis mxares im mowmeTa Sesaxeb, romelTa

dakiTxvasac gegmavs braldebis mxare mTavar

sasamarTlo sxdomaze, raTa dacvis mxares

hqondes saTanado dro, rom moemzados am

mowmeebis dasakiTxad. braldebuls aseve

gaaCnia ufleba, daeswros mowmeTa dakiTxvas,

Tumca es ufleba SesaZloa, SeizRudos, Tu

arsebobs safuZvlebi, rom braldebuli

mowmes SemdgomSi zians miayenebs micemuli

Cvenebis gamo.

imisaTvis, rom srulad iqnas garantirebuli

braldebulis ufleba _ dakiTxos mowmeebi

an sxvam dakiTxos isini mis nacvlad, sasamar-

Tlo valdebulia, skurpulozurad

ganixilos rom braldebulis mowmeTa

dakiTxvaze daswrebis sakiTxi da gaaZevos

dacva sasamarTlo darbazidan mxolod

gansakuTrebul da iseT SemTxvevebSi,

rodesac arsebobs saTanado safuZvlebi,

rom braldebuli Surs iZiebs mowmeze.

Tumca arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar daiSveba

mowmis dakiTxva rogorc braldebis, aseve

dacvis mxaris daswrebis gareSe. aseve

dauSvebelia anonimuri mowmeebis Cvenebis

gamoyeneba, radgan igi arRvevs

braldebulis uflebas, dakiTxos mowme.

11.Tarjimnis ufleba

TiToeul pirs aqvs ufleba, misTvis

wayenebuli sisxlis samarTlis braldebis

ganxilvisas, sul mcire, sruli Tanasworobis

safuZvelze, miiRos Semdegi garantiebi:

isargeblos Tarjimnis ufaso daxmarebiT,

Tu ar esmis samarTalwarmoebis ena. am

frazis umniSvnelovanesi elementi,

romlis interpretaciac unda moxdes, aris

`samarTalwarmoebis ena~. unda davaskvnaT,

rom Tarjimnis ufleba mxolod zepir

procedurebs exeba da ar vrceldeba weri-

lobiTi dokumentebis Targmanze, Tumca

rogorc mecnierTa naSromebSi, aseve adami-

anis uflebebis sferoSi momuSave

arasamTavrebo organizaciebis praqtikis

safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es

,,


ufleba vrceldeba saqmesTan dakavSirebiT

arsebuli werilobiTi dokumentebis

Targmanzec27. amasTan, rogorc ukve

aRiniSna, Tarjimnis ufleba gaaCniaT

eWvmitanil pirebsac, romelTac

winasasamarTlo stadiaze mosamarTle an

policieli dahkiTxavs.

Tarjimnis ufleba Tanabrad vceldeba

rogorc qveynis moqalaqeebze, aseve ucxo

qveynis moqalaqeebze, Tumca ar SeiZleba,

is moiTxovos iqnes piris mier romelsac

saTanadod esmis samarTalwarmoebis ena28.

Tarjimnis momsaxureba braldebulisaTvis

Tu eWvmitanilisTvis ufasoa da ar

SeiZleba SeizRudos gadasaxadis gamo.

12.TviTinkriminaciis akrZalva

sisxlis samarTlis braldebis ganxilvisas,

TiToeul pirs aqvs ufleba, ar misces

Cveneba mis winaaRmdeg an aRiaros danaSauli

(samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis

saeraTaSoriso paqtis 14 (3 muxli). es norma

miznad isaxavs rogorc winasasamarTlo,

aseve sasamarTlo stadiaze fizikuri Tu

fsiqikuri daSinebis akrZalvas, romelic

SesaZloa, aRiarebis misaRebad gamoiyenon.

miuxedavad imisa, rom am normaSi pirdapir

ar aris miTiTebuli, ra elis im mtkicebu-

lebebs, romlebic amgvari daSinebis

meTodiT aris miRebuli, miCneulia, rom

sasamarTloSi aseTi mtkicebulebebis

miReba dauSvebelia29. dauSvebelia aseve

dumilis gamoyeneba braldebulis

sawinaaRmdegod an bralis asaxnelad.

13.ukuqceviTi sisxlis samarTlis

kanonebis gamoyenebis akrZalva

miuxedavad imisa, rom samoqalaqo da

politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso

paqtSi sisxlis samarTlebrivi uflebebis

CamonaTvalis bolos mocemulia e.w.

kanonierebis prinicpi nullum crimen sinelege, igi SesaZloa, miviCnioT erTgvar

gadaxrad samarTliani sasamarTlos

uflebidan. farTo gagebiT, igi gamoxatavs

kanonierebis princips, romlis mixedviTac,

aravin SeiZleba cnon damnaSaved

iseTi sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis

CadenisaTvis, romelic iseTi

moqmedebis Tu Secdomis Sedegia,

romelic misi Cadenis momentSi

moqmedi saxelmwifos Sida

kanonmdeblobisa Tu saerTaSoriso

samarTlis Sesabamisad ar iTvleboda

sisxlis samarTlis danaSulad.~

ufro viwro gagebiT ki, es norma gulisx-

mobs ukuqceviTi Zalis mqone kanonebis

gamoyenebis akrZalvas. es norma ganekuT-

vneba paqtis im normebs, romelTaganac

gadaxveva da romelTa darRvevac

dauSvebelia nebismier SemTxvevaSi.

kanonierebis principi avaldebulebs

saxelmwifos, gansazRvros sisxlis

samarTlis danaSaulebi naTlad da ara

abstraqtuli formiT da xelmisawvdomi

gaxados es normebi yvelasTvis. aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom ukuqceviTi Zalis mqone

normebis gamoyenebis akrZalva exeba yvela

danaSauls, dasjads rogorc Sida

kanonmdeblobiT, aseve saerTaSoriso da

CveulebiTi samarTliT.

14.ganmeorebiTi devnis akrZalva

aravin SeiZleba gaasamarTlon an

dasajon ganmeorebiT

danaSaulisaTvis, romlisTvisac

,,

,,


igi ukve iyo msjavrdadebuli an

gamarTlebuli romelime qveynis

kanonisa da sisxlis samarTlis

procesualuri samarTlis

Sesabamisad~

(paqtis 14(7) muxli).

ne bis in idem anu ganmeorebiTi devnis

akrZalva miznad isaxavs pirisTvis erTi da

imave danaSaulisaTvis xelmeored

gasamarTlebis Tavidan acilebas. am

SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania iurisdiqciis

ganszaRvra im danaSaulisTvis, romlisTvi-

sac asamarTleben pirs. adamianis uflebebis

komitetis ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es akrZava

exeba mxolod erTi iurisdiqciis

fargelbSi piris orjer gasamarTlebas,

zogi ki miiCnevs, rom es akrZalva zogadia

da nebismier iurisdiqciaze vrceldeba.

saintereso kiTxva warmoiSva saerTaSoriso

sisxlis samarTlis tribunalebis

daarsebisas _ iTvleba Tu ara ganmeorebiTi

devnis akrZalvis sawinaaRmdegod

tribunalebis mier im pirTa gasamarTleba,

romlebic ukve gaasamarTles qveynis

SigniT? umravlesobis azriT, miCneulia

rom am SemTxvevaSi ganmeorebiTi devnis

akrZalvis principi ar irRveva.

V. uflebebi post sasamarTlo

stadiaze

1. gasaCivrebis ufleba


saerTaSoriso paqtis Tanaxmad

TiToeul msjavrdebul pirs aqvs

ufleba, misi braldeba da ganaCeni

kanonis Sesabamisad gadasinjos

zemdgomma sasamarTlom.~

gasaCivrebis ufleba miznad isaxavs,

uzrunvelyofil iyos saqmis ganxilva ori

sasamarTlos mier, aqedan meore unda iyos

zeda instanciis sasamarTlo. gasaCivrebis

procedurebi aseve gonivrul vadaSi unda

jdebodes. gasaCivrebis ufleba vrceldeba

yvela pirze, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis

danaSaulSi edeba brali aRniSnul pirs.

2. kompensaciis ufleba

Tu romelime pirs saboloo

gadawyvetilebiT dasdes msjavri

sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisaTvis

da SemdgomSi mis winaaRmdeg

gamotanili ganaCeni gauqmda an

misTvis naboZebi iyo Sewyaleba

raime axali an misTvis ucnobi

garemoebebis gamo, romlebic

uciloblad amtkicebs, sasamarTlo

Secdomas, maSin aseTi msjavrdadebis

Sedegad, dasjili piri kompensacias

iRebs kanonis Sesabamisad, Tu ar

damtkicdeba, rom aRniSnuli ucnobi

garemoeba Tavis droze ver aRmoaCines

misi an nawilobriv misi mizeziT~.

(paqtis 14(6) muxli).

kompensaciis ufleba warmoiSveba mxolod

maSin, rodesac ZalaSia Sesuli saboloo

ganaCeni da Setanilia sarCeli

kompensaciis misaRebad. aseve kompensaciis

misaRebad aucilebelia, rom arsebobdes

Semdegi kumulatiuri pirobebi:

1. marTlmsajulebis Secdoma gamoswordes

Semdgomi gadawyvetilebiT an

SewyalebiT;

2. marTalmasjulebis Secdomis Sedegad

piri unda dasjiliyo.

,,


1 samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, miRebulia generaluri

asambleis mier 2200A (XXI) rezoluciiT, 1966 wlis 16 dekembers da ZalSia 1976 wlis 23

martidan;

2 ix. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis mesame fakultaturi oqmi,

yvela SemTxvevaSi samarTliani sasamarTlos garantiis Sesaxeb, danarTi I;

3 arasavaldebulo dokumentebi, romlebic samarTliani sasamarTlos standartebs da sisxlis

samarTalwarmoebas exeba: patimarTa mopyrobis ZiriTadi principebi, miRebulia generaluri

asambleis 45/111 rezoluciiT 1990 wlis 14 dekembers; patimarTa mopyrobis standartuli

minimaluri wesebi, miRebulia ekonomikuri da socialuri sabWos 663 C (XXIV) rezoluciiT

1957 wlis 31 ivliss; nebismieri formiT dakavebuli an dapatimrebuli piris dacvis

principebi, miRebulia gaerTainebuli erebis generaluri asambleis mier 43/173

rezoluciiT 1988 wlis 9 dekembers; ZiriTadi principebi iuristTa rolis Sesaxeb,

miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis danaSaulis aRmofxvrisa da patimarTa mopyrobis Sesaxeb

merve kongresze, 27 agvisto-7 seqtemberi, 1990; sasamarTlo xelisuflebis

damoukideblobis ZiriTadi principebi, miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri

asambleis 40/32 rezoluciiT, 1985 wlis 29 noembers da 40/146 rezoluciiT, 1985 wlis

13 dekembers; gaerTianebuli erebis standartuli minimaluri wesebi arasrulwlovnebTan

dakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb, miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis

generaluri asambleis 40/33 rezoluciiT, 1985 wlis 29 noembers; samarTaldamcavTa qcevis

wesebi, miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri asambleis 34/169 rezoluciiT,

1979 wlis 17 dekembers; saxelmZRvanelo principebi prokurorTa rolis Sesaxeb,

miRebuli 27 agvisto-7 seqtembers, 1990 wels;

4 adamianis uflebebis universaluri deklaraciis (miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis

generaluri asambleis 217 A rezoluciiT, 1948 wlis 10 dekembers) normebis umetesoba

aRiarebulia rogorc saerTaSoriso CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi, rac gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania im qveynebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic ar arian mierTebuli samoqalaqo da

politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqts da sxva Sesabamis konvenciebs;

5 The ensuing interpretation of ICCPR is primarily based on Manfred Nowak Commentary;

6 magaliTad, evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlom konvenciis me-5 muxlis meore nawilis

ganmartebisas aRniSna, rom: `dakavebul pirs martivad, misTvis gasagebi eniT da

arateqnikuri terminologiiT unda ganumarton dakavebis iuridiuli da faqtobrivi

mizezebi imgvarad, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mas SeeZlos dakavebis kanonierebis

Semdgomi gasaCivreba...~ Tumca, sasamarTlom iqve aRniSna, rom ar aris aucilebeli, pirs

dakavebisTanave detalurad ecnobos misi yvela braldebis Sesaxeb (Fox, Cambell andHartley (18/1989/178/234-236, 1990 August 30 para 40);

7 Human Rights Commitee, General Comment # 8, July 27, 1982 para 2. evropis adamianis

uflebebis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom piris sasamarTloSi wardgenis dagvianeba oTxi

dRiTa da eqvsi saaTiT arRvevs konvenciis me-5 muxlis meore nawils (ix. brogani da sxvebi

gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg, 29 noemberi, 1988 weli). interamerikuli komisia ki

erTkviriani dayovnebas sakmaod did drod miiCnevs (Inter-American Commission SeventhReport on the Situation on Human Rights in Cuba, 1983);

8 evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlom daadgina, rom kompetenturma organoebma unda

gamoiCinon `specialuri gulisxmiereba~ sisxlissamarTalwarmoebis dros, rodesac piri

winasasamarTlo patimrobaSi imyofeba (i.x. tomasi safrangeTis winaaRmdeg, 27/1991/279/

350, 25 ivlisi 1992, aseve abdoela niderlandebis winaaRmdeg, 1/1992/346/419,28

oqtomberi, 1992);

9 ix. principTa erToblioba nebismieri formiT dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirTa

dasacavad, principi 32 (2);

10 principTa erToblioba nebismieri formiT dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirTa

dasacavad, principi 11 (3), 32, 39;

SeniSvnebi:


11 manfred novakis komentarebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso

paqtTan dakavSirebiT gv. 186;

12 am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, damatebiT ixileT principTa erToblioba, nebismieri

formiT dakavebul an dapatimrebul pirTa dasacavad da patimarTa mopyobis

standartuli minimaluri wesebi;

13 venis konvencia sakonsulo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, 24 aprili, 1963 weli, 36-e muxli;

14 es muxli vrceldeba samxedro sasamarTloebzec da saapelacio instanciis

sasamarTlozec, ix. adamianis uflebebis komitetis zogadi komentari # 13/21/ 12

aprili, 1984;

15 ZiriTadi principebi sasamarTlos damoukideblobisaTvis, miRebulia gaerTianebuli erebis

danaSaulis sawinaaRmdego da samarTaldarRvevTa mimarT mopyrobis Sesaxeb meSvide

kongresis mier, milani, 1985 wlis 26 agvisto-6 seqtemberi; ZalaSi Sevida generaluri

asambleis 1985 wlis 29 noembris 40/32 da 13 dekembris 40/146 rezoluciebiT;

16 principi 12;

17 principebi 17-20;

18 principebi 10-11;

19 adamianis uflebebis komiteti zogadi komentari # 13/21 12 aprili, 1984;

20 Mineli v. Switzerland, A62 (1983) 5 ECHR 554;

21 Allenet de Ribemont v. France, A.308 (1995) ECHR;

22 Brozicek v. Italy, A 167 (1989) 12 ECHR 371;

23 Albert and Le Compte v. Belgium A58 (1983) 5 ECHR 533;

24 ix. manfred novakis komentarebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso

paqtTan dakavSirebiT;

25 ix sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos statutis 67 (1) (d) muxli;

26 magaliTad, adamianis uflebebis komitetma SemTxvevaze, romelic exeboda pirs, romelsac

bralad edeboda iseTi danaSaulis Cadena, romlisTvisac gaTvaliswinebulia sikvdiliT

dasja, daadgina, rom advokatis monawileoba saqmeSi savaldebuloa (Henry and Douglas v,Jamaica 571/1994), 26 ivlisi 1996, UN Doc CCPR/C/57/D/571/1994, para 9.2), Tumca sxva

SemTxvevaSi daadgina, rom pirs, romelsac bralad edeba sagzao wesebis darRveva, ar

daeniSneba savaldebulo dacva saxelmwifos xarjze (OF v. Norway (158/1983), 26 oqtomberi

1984, 2 Sel Dec 44. interamerikuli sasamarTlos prcedentebis mixedviT dadginda, rom

advokatis monawileoba savaldebuloa, Tu es saWiroa piris samarTliani mosmenis

uzrunvelsayofad (Inter-America Court, Advisory opinion of August 1990, OC 11/90, Exceptions tothe Exhaustion of Domestic Remedies, OAS/Ser.L/V/III23 Doc 12 rec 1991, paras 25-28);

27 magaliTad interamerikuli sasamarTlos praqtikis mixedviT, dokumentebis Targmani iseve

mniSvnelovania samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebisaTvis, rogorc zepiri

samarTalwarmoebisas Tarjimnis daxmareba (Report on the Situation of Human Rights of aSegment of the Nicaraguan Population of Miskito Origin, OEA Ser.L/V/11.62, doc.10, rev. 3, 1983.);

28 Cadoret and Bihan v France (221/1987 and 323/1988), April 11, 1991, Report to the HRC (A/46/40),1991 at 219;

29 ixileT wamebis winaaRmdeg konvenciis me-15 muxli, romelic mtkicebulebebis gamoyenebis

akrZalvas Seicavs, aseve evropis adamianis uflebebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze

murai gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg 41/1994/488/570/8 Tebervali, 1996, para 45.

SeniSvnebi:


sapatriarqo

xels afarebs

4 ��, ��, �� – �� , �� , �� . �� , �� .

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